Journal articles on the topic 'Japanese Western influences'
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Harris, Michael W., and Jane Thaler. "The soft power of the information sciences: Western influences on the development of Japan's library and archival systems." Library and Information History 36, no. 1 (April 2020): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/lih.2020.0005.
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The history of information practices in Japan runs parallel to its larger cultural influences — namely its long history of adaptation of the cultures of China and Korea, with a more recent turn towards the West. The soft power, the use of culture to extend influence over a foreign country, exerted by the US on Japanese libraries and archives can be felt in official policies and professional practices. In order to understand the variation and complicated nature of hegemonic influences the West has had on Japan's information culture, this paper will examine the history of librarianship and archival practices via the lens of practices imported to and/or avoided by the nation.
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Sonnenberg-Musiał, Katarzyna. "Z japońskiej perspektywy." Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 28, no. 4(58) (December 18, 2022): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.28.2022.58.06.
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FROM A JAPANESE PERSPECTIVE: THE WESTERN INFLUENCES IN THE WORKS OF ŌGAI
The article focuses on how Mori Ōgai (1862-1922), a Japanese writer, translator and literary critic, incorporated references to European literature and culture in his novellas: Maihime (The Dancing Girl, 1890), Mōsō (Delusion, 1911) and Hanako (1910). The hermeneutic approach sheds light on the Japanese author’s vivid interest in foreign languages, cultural symbols, philosophy and arts which contributes to the intricate image of foreign influences in his oeuvre and invite his readers and translators in Europe to revisit their own cultural tradition.
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Ueyama, Takahiro. "The Development of the Japanese Nursing Profession: Adopting and Adapting Western Influences." Social History of Medicine 18, no. 3 (December 1, 2005): 521–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hki072.
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Doering, Keiko, Judith McAra-Couper, and Andrea Gilkison. "Hermeneutic Phenomenology: Bridging Western and Japanese Perspectives and Languages." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 21 (January 2022): 160940692211036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16094069221103667.
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This article offers the reader methodological insights emerging from a hermeneutic phenomenological study that examined the meaning of the woman–midwife relationship in Japan. The methodology of hermeneutic phenomenology was chosen because it is well suited to reveal women’s and midwives’ lived experience that is often taken for granted in day-to-day maternity care settings. However, implementing the methodology was not without its challenges. These challenges included whether hermeneutic phenomenology, based on Western philosophy, could be appropriate for conducting a study involving a researcher and participants who identify as Japanese. Further, while the study required final write up in English, the interviews were conducted in Japanese. Utilizing hermeneutic phenomenology relies on language as the tool for accessing the phenomenon of enquiry. However, Japanese culture is less expressive and, relative to Western cultures, values non-verbal communication. Beyond verbal expression, language also conveys unique influences of each culture. Although it may be challenging to conduct research between different cultures, and their unique ways of thinking and languages, it is not an impossible situation and can be rewarding. The value of using hermeneutic phenomenology for a Japanese centered study helped to convey the meaning of the woman–midwife relationship in Japan. This article details the unique process of the study, in terms of the philosophical foundation and languages, to provide methodological insights and advances for future cross-cultural qualitative research.
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Kamakura, Toshimitsu, Juko Ando, and Yutaka Ono. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Self-Esteem in a Japanese Twin Sample." Twin Research 4, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.6.439.
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AbstractThe purpose of the present study is to clarify the mechanism of Japanese self-esteem (SE) in genetic and environmental influences using twin methodology. Eighty-one pairs of adolescent twins, including 50 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins and 31 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins, participated in this study. Self-esteem was assessed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), translated into Japanese. As a result of using univariate twin analyses, model comparisons using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) indicated that the AE model was the best fit (AIC = −5.35). In the best-fitting AE model, the heritability (a2) of SE was revealed to be moderate, accounting for 49% of the variance; environmental influences (individual-specific environmental factors) explained 51% of the variance. These results are consistent with the findings of some behavioral genetics studies of SE in the West and show that there is no difference between Western and Japanese populations in the mechanism of SE considering genetic and environmental influences. The results also suggest the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors in studies of Japanese SE.
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Hastings, Sally A. "The Development of the Japanese Nursing Profession: Adopting and Adapting Western Influences (review)." Monumenta Nipponica 61, no. 3 (2006): 416–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mni.2006.0031.
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Dmitruk, Natalia. "Wierzenia z perspektywy estetyki japońskiej. Mushishi Yuki Urushibary." Literatura i Kultura Popularna 23 (May 31, 2018): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0867-7441.23.7.
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Religious beliefs from the perspectiveb of Japanese aesthetics: Mushishi by Yuki UrushibaraThe Japanese culture is often portrayed as unique, in particular when compared to broadly-understood Western culture. It is important to notice, however, that the main trait of the Japanese culture is its openness towards outside influences and the ability to modify them to fit better with the Japanese system of values. The same could be applied to the Japanese aesthetics, which concernsm various aspects of life, not only the ones that would be described as art in Western culture. The contemporary Japanese culture and the aesthetics along with it is occasionally a combination of tradition and modern ideas; the works of popular culture, which includes comics and animation, may hold the most interesting cases in that regard. This article describes the issues of the Japanese aesthetics in Mushishi, a comic book by Yuki Urushibara. The author, while inspired by the classical works of Japanese literature and legendary tales, presents her own stories, in which the primary aesthetic value is the harmony between human and nature, sometimes represented by the supernatural beings known as mushi.
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Nugroho, Dhimas Adi, Fitri Alfarisy, Afizal Nuradhim Kurniawan, and Elin Rahma Sarita. "Tren Childfree dan Unmarried di kalangan Masyarakat Jepang." COMSERVA Indonesian Jurnal of Community Services and Development 1, no. 11 (April 24, 2022): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/comserva.v1i11.153.
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The entry of western cultural influences into Japan brought various kinds of trends, both in the form of technology, science and trends, one of which is the trend of child-free and unmarried, this trend began to be followed by Japanese people, especially in urban areas. child-free and unmarried trends. This research uses descriptive analysis method, describes the current trends in Japanese society, and data obtained from literature studies. The development of this trend has had a major impact on Japan, especially women and on the rate of population growth, the patriarchal culture that has existed for a long time has spurred Japanese women to voice their rights in self-determination. The feminist movement developed and had a great influence on Japanese women. From this trend, it can be concluded that population problems are starting to emerge, including the increasing number of elderly people and the low rate of population growth. In addition, the Japanese government's efforts have emerged so that the rights of Japanese women are fulfilled and population growth increases
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Demeulenaere-Douyère, Christiane. "Japan at the World’s Fairs: A Reflection." Journal of Japonisme 5, no. 2 (September 7, 2020): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24054992-00052p01.
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Abstract The primary purpose of world’s fairs was commercial and industrial, focused on the celebration of technical and material progress. At the same time, they were places of immaterial exchanges between exhibitors and visitors, all of whom contributed a diversity of customs and cultures. As major exhibitions developed in Europe (1850–1900), Japan was opening to Western influences after a centuries-old period of self-isolation. The advent of the Meiji era marked the decision to transform feudal Japan into a modern capitalist state; in order to find economic partners, Japan became a regular presence at the world’s fairs. Openness gave way to confluence: European visitors discovered a living, rich image of Japan, complete with its traditions and arts. The revelation, to a wider audience, of Japanese art was at the origin of an artistic movement – Japonisme – which would have a lasting influence on European artists. Japan’s regular contributions to world’s fairs, especially those in Paris (1867, 1878, 1889, and 1900), enjoyed great popular success and shaped the European understanding of, and taste for, Japanese arts and culture.
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Yao, Keisuke. "The Fundamentally Different Roles of Interpreters in the Ports of Nagasaki and Canton." Itinerario 37, no. 3 (December 2013): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000855.
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With the expansion of Western power from the seventeenth century onward, many Asian countries were confronted with difficult political and economic problems in their relations with Europe. In several countries in Asia, in order to suppress Western cultural influences within their own nations, governments often employed foreigners as interpreters for their own diplomacy and trade with Europeans, with some governments even prohibiting their people from learning foreign languages.But, in the case of Japan, interpreters played a crucial role in both the study of the Dutch language and the integration of Western knowledge during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It seems that early-modern Japanese interpreters were quite different from the interpreters of Western languages in other countries in Asia, as in Nagasaki interpreters of the Dutch language were shogunate-appointed Japanese nationals.Here I will examine and compare several aspects of the Chinese pidgin-English interpreters at Canton and the Japanese Dutch-language interpreters at Nagasaki, in particular their origins, incomes, duties, learning, and businesses. Through this examination I will demonstrate how the so-called Westernisation processes adopted in China and Japan were actually reflected in and represented by the different models of foreign trade at the ports of Canton and Nagasaki.
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Cwiertka, Katarzyna J. "Eating the World: Restaurant Culture in Early Twentieth Century Japan." European Journal of East Asian Studies 2, no. 1 (March 24, 2003): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-00201005.
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In this paper, I examine the rise of Western-style and Chinese-style dining in early twentieth century Japan, and the role multicultural eating played in the process of turning Japan into a modern, mass society. I argue that the new dining facilities not only played an important role in the mass entertainment of the urban population, but also that they facilitated the rise of a completely new consciousness among Japanese people, connecting them to a world beyond. Food serves here as a medium for identifying the agency of China and the West in the process of Japan’s self-definition. The popularity of Western and Chinese cuisine in interwar Japan denotes the cultural implications of imperialism in East Asia. The eagerness with which the Japanese masses engaged in ‘eating the West’ and ‘eating Asia’ suggests an ambiguity in the position of Japan at the time—a coloniser with a consciousness that had been colonised by the West. ‘Ethnic’ cuisines, unfamiliar foodways, exotic ingredients, ‘fusion’ cooking, multi-cultural culinary influences and more, are all now familiar elements on the contemporary (industrialised) social scene. Indeed, the final decade of the twentieth century seems to have witnessed curiosity on a mass-scale about unfamiliar eating that represents a striking interest in unaccustomed tastes, recipes and cuisines.
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Jones, Robin. "Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Culture in Republican China. By Andrew D.Morris. [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004. xx+368 pp. ISBN 0-520-24084-7.]." China Quarterly 182 (June 2005): 447–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005310265.
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Over the last decade, there has been a growing media interest in the rise to world prominence of Chinese sport, fuelled first by the startling performances of China's athletes in the mid- 1990s, then by their declared interest in staging the 2000 Olympic Games, and ultimately their successful bid for the 2008 Games. As if to underline this, China leapt into second place in the medals tally of the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, thus ensuring that the media took full note of the Middle Kingdom. However, in the corresponding period (and in fact much further back) there has been little serious interest amongst Western authors writing specifically about sport in China. Indeed, of the four hundred or so references in Marrow of the Nation, just a handful are by Western authors.In finely honed detail, Andrew Morris traces the development of sport in Republican China from the early years of the 20th century, drawing a carefully argued distinction between the Anglo-American and the Euro-Japanese influences that had a major effect in shaping China's early sporting identity (although the separation of the two influences, associating Anglo with American and Euro with Japanese, glosses over the importance of European figures in British sporting history). What is striking in unravelling the threads of Chinese history, is the manner in which China “swayed with the winds of foreign influence” as the leaders tried to develop a national and modern sporting consciousness. As chapter two reveals, by the 1920s, there were also clear traces of Soviet influence – fitness and hygiene, new nationalism, new Chinese man, new meanings for sport.
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Petruzzellis, Luca, Antonia Rosa Gurrieri, Alberto Pezzi, and Marco Lenoci Lenoci. "Strategic Alliances between Japanese-Western Companies: A Win-Win or Win-Lose Relationship? The Case of the Automobile Industry." International Journal of Business and Management 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n11p1.
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<p>Inter-firm cooperative arrangements involving flows and linkages that use resources and/or governance structures from autonomous firms based in different countries help in accomplishing both the individual objectives and the collective ones. Through collaboration with foreign partners, firms are able to exploit new market opportunities, minimise investment risks, set up more efficient and effective distribution channels or create products, product features, brands or services and, above all, absorb key capabilities and technologies from the partner. Literature on strategic alliances raised the issue on an alleged appropriation of benefits by Japanese firms when participating in strategic alliances. Japanese companies have experienced higher shareholders’ returns in strategic alliances with Western partners, both in the short term and in the medium one. The choice of Japanese and Western companies calls for a deeper understanding of the drivers of the alliances and the determinants of value creation without misleading influences deriving from different business environments.</p>This paper analyzes the wealth distribution taking into account the reaction of the market to the alliance as an indicator of a successful strategy. It explores the case of the automobile industry, which is characterised by a high use of inter-firm cooperation, such as strategic alliances and mergers & acquisitions, to effectively compete in the global market and face the global crisis.
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Mason, W. L., and T. Connolly. "What influences the long-term development of mixtures in British forests?" Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpaa003.
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Abstract Six experiments were established between 1955 and 1962 in different parts of northern and western Britain which used replicated randomized block designs to compare the performance of two species 50:50 mixtures with pure stands of the component species. The species involved were variously lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.), Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Lamb. Carr.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong. Carr.) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.). The first four species are light demanding, while Sitka spruce is of intermediate shade tolerance and western hemlock is very shade tolerant: only Scots pine and silver birch are native to Great Britain. In three experiments (Bickley, Ceannacroc, Hambleton), the mixtures were of two light-demanding species, while at the other three sites, the mixture tested contained species of different shade tolerance. The experiments were followed for around 50 years, similar to a full rotation of even-aged conifer stands in Britain. Five experiments showed a tendency for one species to dominate in mixture, possibly reflecting differences in the shade tolerance or other functional traits of the component species. In the three experiments, the basal area of the mixtures at the last assessment was significantly higher than predicted based on the performance of the pure stands (i.e. the mixture ‘overyielded’). In two of these cases, the mixture had had a higher basal area than found in the more productive pure stand indicating ‘transgressive overyielding’. Significant basal area differences were generally more evident at the later assessment date. The exception was in a Scots pine: western hemlock mixture where greater overyielding at the earlier date indicated a nursing (‘facilitation’) effect. In the remaining experiments, the performance of the mixture conformed to predictions from the growth of the component species in pure stands. Taken overall, the results suggest that functional traits can be used to interpret the performance of mixtures but prediction of the outcome will require better understanding of the interplay between species and site characteristics plus the influence of silvicultural interventions.
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Hermawan, Daniel. "You are Victim: The Depiction of Enemies in Japanese Super Hero Series." IZUMI 10, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.10.1.84-91.
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The depiction of Super-Villain in Japanese Super Hero series usually showing the western country as the main villain. The result of World War II primarily influences this. Nevertheless, recently there have been several Super Hero Series that depicted the minorities as the main villain. The purpose of this study is to present the issue of minorities in the Japanese Super Hero Series. Through the cultural study approach, this paper will discuss how minorities being represented by the antagonist character, Roimudde. This study had two aims (i) how does the Roimudde representing the minorities in Japanese society. (ii) how the characters Heart and Medic represent that minorities were victims of society. We found that the Roimudde was a different race from humans representing the minorities through content analysis of the Children television series Kamen Rider Drive. At the same time, Heart and Medic have painful memories that made them grudge toward humanity. It is also mean that this film was recognizing the minorities as the victim of prejudice by society. It is necessary to throw all prejudice to other people just because of physical or race differences to enter transnational society without prejudice.
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Parkes, Aneta. "Lean Management Genesis." Management 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/manment-2015-0017.
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Summary Lean Management is a philosophy and management concept, based on reduction of the waste and resources used in the process of producing goods and providing services. Lean Management genesis dates back to scientific management in America (for example concepts of H. Ford and F.W. Taylor) and quality management, including development of TQM concept. Japanese Toyota Production System has been inspired by chosen elements of these concepts, and then it evolved towards global concept called Toyota Way (which connects production rules with values and work attitude). TPS is considered to be a major precursor of lean manufacturing and now more widely – Lean Management. LM is a broader set of organisational and management tools, formed mainly by the Japanese culture, but also subjected to the Western influences in the field of organisation and management (Jakonis 2011, Parkes 2014).
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Irina Pelea, Crînguța. "Exploring the Iconicity of Godzilla in Popular Culture. A Comparative Intercultural Perspective: Japan-America." Postmodernism Problems 10, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46324/pmp2001018.
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The present study aims to compare the representation of Godzilla or Gojira, considered one of the most representative cultural icons of Japanese cinematography within the intertwinement of the fluid, versatile and dynamic context of contemporary Japanese and North American film industry. The undying popularity of Godzilla is puzzling, and one can ask himself where the appeal of this irradiated dinosaur-like fictional monster lies in. The author adopts a comparative intercultural perspective, one that integrates research into a much broader sociohistorical context, with particular attention to how the culturally enhanced linguistic component influences the symbolism incorporated by Godzilla in Japan and how it is reimagined in its Hollywood counterpart.Hence, the theoretical section brings into discussion relevant and previously unpublished Japanese-language literature on Godzilla, thus trying to balance both Western and Japanese perspectives academically. The present research applies the methodology of narrative analysis to investigate from a comparative perspective significant differences existing in the narrative development and portrayal of the iconic monster in “Shin Godzilla” (Japan, 2016) versus “Godzilla: King of the Monsters” (the USA, 2019). One of the most relevant findings refers to the impossibility of ultimately transferring or translating the cultural specificity of the iconic beast within the North American media context, despite recycling almost the same film narrative: therefore, Gojira is inherently Japanese.
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Hudson, Mark J., Ilona R. Bausch, Martine Robbeets, Tao Li, J. Alyssa White, and Linda Gilaizeau. "Bronze Age Globalisation and Eurasian Impacts on Later Jōmon Social Change." Journal of World Prehistory 34, no. 2 (June 2021): 121–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10963-021-09156-6.
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AbstractFrom northern China, millet agriculture spread to Korea and the Maritime Russian Far East by 3500–2700 BC. While the expansion of agricultural societies across the Sea of Japan did not occur until around 900 BC, the intervening period saw major transformations in the Japanese archipelago. The cultural florescence of Middle Jōmon central Honshu underwent a collapse and reorganisation into more decentralised settlements. Mobility increased as Late Jōmon influences spread from eastern into western Japan, and populations expanded to offshore islands such as Okinawa and the Kurils. In Kyushu and other parts of western Japan, the eastern Jōmon expansion was associated with the cultivation of adzuki and soybeans but, contrary to earlier assessments, there is no evidence for the introduction of cereal crops at this time. Here, we analyse archaeological and historical linguistic evidence of connections between the Eurasian mainland and the Japanese Islands c. 3500 to 900 BC. A re-evaluation of archaeological material discussed since the 1920s concludes that the transformations in Jōmon society during this period were at least in part a response to contacts with Eurasian Bronze Age cultures. Evidence for linguistic contact between Koreanic and the Ainuic languages which are presumed to have been spoken by Jōmon populations is also consistent with new Bronze Age mobilities. Although prehistoric Japan was one of the most isolated regions of Eurasia, we conclude that the historical evolution of societies in the Japanese archipelago after the third millennium BC was linked with processes of Bronze Age globalisation.
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Iwamoto, Kazumasa. "Planning perspectives of Dutch civil engineers that influenced the formation of urban infrastructure in modern Japan." Impact 2022, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2022.3.15.
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Dr. Kazumasa Iwamoto, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Japan, is interested in the history of the modernization of Japan and how this was influenced by an influx of innovations and Western philosophies. His analyses of urban space formation involve a historical approach, as well as civil engineering and architecture techniques and an awareness of technology's contributions. Iwamoto's work is novel as research themes linking civil engineering and history are unusual. He is exploring the planning and design influences of other countries, including how the planning and urban theory of Dutch engineers influenced the formation of urban infrastructure in modern Japan. In one project, Iwamoto and the collaborator investigated the role of Dutch civil engineering in modern port planning in Japan over the period of the 1870s to the 1890s by studying original Dutch and Japanese documents including investigative reports, design drawings, and survey maps, and then exploring the transfer of civil engineering techniques for port planning through three case studies. Through this research, they found that Dutch civil engineers had a significant impact on Japanese port planning through technological innovation, an example of which is the construction of artificial basins. The researchers are also investigating transport, including electric tramways and hydroelectricity, in Wakayama prefecture, and how this played a role in the industrialization of Wakayama and its development as a tourist resort.
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Fadli, Zaki Ainul. "DEUS VERSUS OHIRUME DALAM CERPEN KAMIGAMI NO BISHOU: BENTURAN BUDAYA ANTARA BARAT DENGAN JEPANG." IZUMI 7, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.7.2.94-106.
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(Title: Deus Versus Ohirume in Kamigami No Bishou: Cultural Clash Between West and Japan) The Kamigami no Bishou short story is one of the most famous Japanese literary works, Akutagawa Ryuunosuke. Kamigami no Bishou was created by Akutagawa in 1922 which tells the meeting of Organtino, a Christian missionary in Japan with an old man who was the embodiment of one of Japan's ancient gods. The purpose of this article is to reveal how the clash of cultures between the West and Japan was reconstructed in Kamigami no Bishou short stories. To achieve this goal, the following steps are taken. First, an explanation of the terms contained in the Kamigami no Bishou Short Story. Second, explained the actions of two figures in the short story that are in opposition to the Greimas model's official scheme because this scheme can make it easier to understand the actions and motivations of the characters. Third, the analysis of one of the short story structural elements is a theme with the aim of understanding the essence and purpose of the entire short story. Fourth, further explanation about the reconstruction of Western versus Japanese cultural clash which is explained by the presentation of binary opposition. After going through all four stages, it was concluded that the reconstruction of cultural clash in Kamigami no Bishou short stories was presented by Akutagawa in a conversation between the Organtino character and the old male character. Through a dialogue centered on Deus versus Ohirume carried out by Organtino figures and old male figures, Akutagawa indirectly wanted to convey the message that Japanese tradition and culture would not be destroyed due to influences from foreign cultures that entered.
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Ikeda, Shinnosuke. "The Relationship Between Emotion Recognition from Facial Expression and Self-Construal." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 12, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2021.81.
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Previous studies have identified cultural differences in the patterns of emotion recognition, with Eastern cultures emphasizing emotional expression through the eyes and Western cultures emphasizing the facial expression around the mouth. The influence of self-construal has been considered a factor of these cultural differences, but no direct examination has been conducted to clarify how cultural factors are related to self-construal. To examine this relationship and exclude cultural influences other than relational self-construal, this study involved three experiments regarding self-construal and emotion recognition in Japanese subjects. The results showed that the participants perceive sadness more strongly through the eye region when they have a high degree of interdependence, and they perceive happiness more strongly through the mouth region when they have a high degree of independence. The results partially confirm the results of previous research and highlight that self-construal plays a role in interpreting facial cues; these findings suggest that more detailed studies and research focusing on other cultures should be conducted to clarify (1) cultural influence on self-construal and (2) cultural influence on emotion recognition.
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Ikeda, Shinnosuke. "The Relationship Between Emotion Recognition from Facial Expression and Self-Construal." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 12, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/10.5178/lebs.2021.81.
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Previous studies have identified cultural differences in the patterns of emotion recognition, with Eastern cultures emphasizing emotional expression through the eyes and Western cultures emphasizing the facial expression around the mouth. The influence of self-construal has been considered a factor of these cultural differences, but no direct examination has been conducted to clarify how cultural factors are related to self-construal. To examine this relationship and exclude cultural influences other than relational self-construal, this study involved three experiments regarding self-construal and emotion recognition in Japanese subjects. The results showed that the participants perceive sadness more strongly through the eye region when they have a high degree of interdependence, and they perceive happiness more strongly through the mouth region when they have a high degree of independence. The results partially confirm the results of previous research and highlight that self-construal plays a role in interpreting facial cues; these findings suggest that more detailed studies and research focusing on other cultures should be conducted to clarify (1) cultural influence on self-construal and (2) cultural influence on emotion recognition.
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Itakura, Hikaru, Yoichi Miyake, Ryoshiro Wakiya, and Shingo Kimura. "Environmental influences on late-summer individual Japanese eel diel activity and space utilization patterns in a shallow western Japan brackish lake." Fisheries Science 88, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-021-01560-3.
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Deng, Zhaochao, Xiuliang Wang, Shengyong Xu, Tianxiang Gao, and Zhiqiang Han. "Population genetic structure and selective pressure on the mitochondrial ATP6 gene of the Japanese sand lance Ammodytes personatus Girard." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 06 (April 17, 2019): 1409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000225.
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AbstractThermoregulation has been suggested to influence mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolution. Previous studies revealed that the mitochondrial protein-coding genes of fish living in temperate climates have smaller dN/dS (Non-synonymous substitution rate/Synonymous substitution rate) than tropical species. However, it is unknown whether different geographic populations of one fish species experience stronger selective pressures between cold and warm climates. The biological characteristics of the Japanese sand lance, Ammodytes personatus in the North-western Pacific is well-suited for assessing the performance of mtDNA evolution among separate geographic populations. In this study, we focused on the mitochondrial ATP6 gene of A. personatus using 174 individuals from eight different sea temperature populations. Two distinct haplotype lineages and a significant population structure (P = 0.016) were found in this species. The frequencies of the two lineages varied with the changes of annual sea temperature. The southern lineage (lineage A, dN/dS = 0.0384) showed a larger dN/dS value than the northern lineage (lineage B, dN/dS = 0.0167), suggesting that sea temperature greatly influences the evolution of the two lineages. The result provides robust evidence of local adaptation between populations in A. personatus.
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Campbell, K. E., L. Dennerstein, M. Tacey, N. Fujise, M. Ikeda, and C. Szoeke. "A comparison of Geriatric Depression Scale scores in older Australian and Japanese women." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 26, no. 1 (January 8, 2016): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796015001110.
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Aims:The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Australian and Japanese populations of community-dwelling older women using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). In addition, the relationship between lifestyle and health factors and higher ratings of depressive symptoms was also examined to determine if there were culturally consistent risk factors associated with higher depressive symptom scores.Methods:A total of 444 community based women aged between 65 and 77 years completed a depressive symptom measure (GDS-15) and provided information on common lifestyle factors. The Australian sample (n = 222) were drawn from the Women's Healthy Ageing Project and the age-matched, Japanese sample from the Kumamoto Ageing Study of Mental Health (n = 222). The GDS was chosen to; (1) reduce the impact of physical symptoms associated with old age and, (2) reduce the inflation in scores that may result from the Japanese tendency to endorse somatic items more often than Western adults.Results:Mean GDS total scores were significantly higher for the Japanese population 3.97 ± 3.69 compared with 1.73 ± 2.7 for Australian women. The percentages of women scoring in the normal; mild and moderate ranges for depression were 91, 7 and 2% for Australia and 67, 24 and 9% for Japan. Scores remained significantly higher for the Japanese cohort when controlling for lifestyle and health factors associated with depression. The analysis of lifestyle and health characteristics showed that the greatest difference between cohorts was in the area of living status, with more Australian women living with their partner and more than three times as many Japanese women living with their children. When the data for the countries was considered independently employment status affected the likelihood of higher depression scores in the Australian sample while heart disease and poor sleep impacted the risk for the Japanese population.Conclusions:Significantly more Japanese women scored within the mild and moderate ranges on the GDS compared with their Australian peers, even when controlling for possible confounding factors. Of the lifestyle and health factors assessed in this analysis no single variable was a common risk factor for higher depressive scores for both countries. The presence of cultural influences that may impact the risk of experiencing depressive symptoms, and culture specific patterns of item endorsement on depressive symptom measures, needs to be explored in more detail.
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Olson, Tom. "The development of the Japanese nursing profession: Adopting and adapting western influences (RoutledgeCurzon Studies in the Modern History of Asia, London and New York)." Nursing Inquiry 13, no. 4 (December 2006): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2006.00336.x.
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Juen, Sarah Anna. "Between Jazz, Cherry Blossoms, and Baseball: Transculturality in the Publications of Murakami Haruki." Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2017-0003.
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Abstract In this day and age a continuous flow of ideas and culture takes place, which is part of the globalisation process. These exchanges influence the development of a transcultural literature. Murakami Haruki is not only a transcultural writer, but one of the most popular and internationally acclaimed authors of contemporary Japanese literature who has changed the literary scene in Japan since the publication of his debut novel Kaze no uta o kike (Hear the Wind Sing). Murakami has experimented with postmodern expressions and eventually developed his own writing style, which integrates elements of Western cultures into his works. This paper focuses on the author’s transcultural strategy, which is often reflected in his choice of the setting and time frame, the frequent mentioning of cultural consumer goods and linguistic features such as the utilisation of loanwords. In particular, references to music and literature play a major role in Murakami’s publications. This paper analyses how and to what extent transculturality influences the characters, their actions, and the storyline on the basis of the short story “Nemuri” (Sleep) published in 1989. In the process it is concluded that, above all, these references underpin aspects such as the search for identity, the escape into ‘another world’, and the rejection of societal norms and values.
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Strand, Svein E. "Transcendence Descended." Mission Studies 31, no. 1 (February 26, 2014): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733831-12341308.
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Abstract Our worldview, the basic assumptions of and for reality, strongly influences our perception of the Gospel. Thirty years ago Paul G. Hiebert wrote about the excluded middle, arguing that his “Western” assumptions of reality prevented him from grasping the spiritual world he faced as a missionary to India. This article, written thirty years later, argues that in parts of Europe there is, rather than an exclusion of the middle, an increasing tendency to exclude the top. That is to say, there is a greater opening for spiritual realities than we saw a few decades ago, but there is also an increased reluctance to accept spiritual absolutes. There is no authority on the top of the hierarchy. A parallel to a religiosity with an excluded top is seen in the immanentist religious culture found in Japan, where God is not easily seen as transcendent from the creation. The article makes use of worldview theory and insights from Japanese culture in its argument for “transcendence descended” – that God is increasingly limited to the immanent sphere.
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Enn, Rosa. "Re-learning of traditional knowledge in times of modernity." Campus-Wide Information Systems 31, no. 1 (December 20, 2013): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cwis-08-2013-0038.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to an indigenous community that lives in the periphery of Taiwan. The Tao were confronted with modernization beginning with the Japanese colonial time and later through missionary work and Sinicization. These exogenous factors had a major influence on the Tao's traditional lifestyle and cultural habits. After democratization and due to the Tao's empowerment and efforts of multicultural education as well as interactive learning applications, a revitalization of traditional knowledge, and cultural customs became visible. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology is inspired by social scientific methods that are common in anthropological research. The data collection are based on ethnographic field work that provides a unique and authentic picture of the subject. Besides participating and systematic and informal observation, qualitative forms of interviews were applied. Findings – The paper highlights the influences and dynamics of exogenous and endogenous factors on the traditional lifestyle of an indigenous community in the western Pacific. Due to global influences of modernity, the Tao's spiritual belief lost its importance and the traditional structures of the people began to change. However, the Tao were not only passive toward the transformation to a modern society, but they also contributed to the cultural revitalization on their own in terms of education and teaching management. Originality/value – The paper provides valuable insights into an indigenous community in Taiwan and their way of dealing with modernity. After periods of structural discrimination, the people contributed to their own well-being and cultural revitalization with multicultural learning. In recent times, networks with other communities in Southeast Asia and the Pacific region were established to foster the empowerment of traditional ecological knowledge and to develop new adequate teaching technologies.
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Austin, Melissa A. "Ethical Issues in Human Genome Epidemiology: A Case Study Based on the Japanese American Family Study." Circulation 103, suppl_1 (March 2001): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9998-21.
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P21 The rapid advances in genetics and molecular biology are dramatically increasing our ability to understand genetic susceptibility to disease and to develop targeted prevention strategies using genetic and molecular epidemiology approaches. The implementation of these human genome epidemiology studies, however, raises serious ethical concerns. This analysis used a “case study” approach to explore ethical issues in the context on the ongoing Japanese American Family Study in Seattle, a population-based study of extended kindreds of Japanese descent living in a Western Culture that is examining genetic influences on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Issues related to study design, protocol implementation, and reporting study results were considered. Study design issues include the advanatages and disadvantages of using a genetically homogeneous group for study. Selecting such a population may decrease genetic heterogeneity and increase the possibilty of detecting genetics effects. However the potential social effects of such findings, including stigmatizing the group under study, must be considered. Further, whether or not it is appropriate to obtain community consent remains a controversial issue. In implementing a community-based family study, maintaining the confidentially of study data is essential, especially for individuals within families. Avoiding coercion of family members can be difficult in certain cultural settings, and informed consent for DNA banking requires specific informed consent procedures. Once the study results are available, investigators must make difficult decisions about whether or not to provide genotyping results to study participants, and when to involve genetic counselors. Finally, publishing the study results that include pedigrees, while avoiding identifying family information, is challenging. Careful analysis of ethical issues in study design, protocol implementation, and reporting study results can provide useful guidance for the successful completion of human genome epidemiology studies.
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Takeda, Hiroshi, and Trevor Boyns. "Management, accounting and philosophy." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 27, no. 2 (February 7, 2014): 317–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-10-2013-1495.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the “Kyocera approach” to business, i.e. the relationship between the Kyocera philosophy, the amoeba management system (AMS) and the associated management accounting system. Design/methodology/approach – Utilising a variety of secondary sources, including semi-autobiographical works written by Inamori, the architect of AMS, the authors examine in detail the links between the underlying Kyocera philosophy and the management and accounting principles derived therefrom. These sources are used to examine the historical origins of these principles, their influence on both the AMS and the management accounting system, and how these have developed over time. Findings – Both the AMS and the associated management accounting system can be shown to contain a mixture of influences, including traditional Asian/Japanese factors, but also Inamori/Kyocera-specific factors linked to Inamori's underlying philosophical approach to life and specific life experiences encountered by him. This suggests that while the Kyocera approach may be applicable more widely in Japan or Asia, outside of this context, the conflicts between Western and Asian cultures, although not necessarily insurmountable, may provide barriers leading to incomplete applications of the Kyocera approach Originality/value – This study adds to the understanding of the interrelationship between management philosophy and management accounting practices, and the ability of individuals to determine culture within organisations. It illustrates the importance of historical research in obtaining a detailed understanding of the philosophical, cultural and religious underpinnings of current management and accounting practices.
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Cole, Emily. "Photography magazines and cross-cultural encounters in postwar Japan, 1945-1955." Mutual Images Journal, no. 8 (June 20, 2020): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32926/2020.8.col.photo.
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This article examines cross-cultural encounters between Japanese and western (European and American) photographers in the immediate postwar period (1945-1955), asking how these encounters influenced Japanese photographic trends. In addition, this article considers what photographic representations of western cultures reveal about postwar constructions of Japanese cultural identity. Building upon recent research framed by conceptions of photography as sites of cross-cultural encounter (see Melissa Miles & Kate Warren), this article argues that photography magazines provided space for consistent exchange between western and Japanese photographers through multiple platforms: interviews and round table discussions of photographic trends; articles on and photo series by western photographers; and images by both western and Japanese photographers depicting western cultural material and landscapes, such as photographs of western-style fashions, domestic space, and daily life in European and American cities. Such encounters directly influenced photographic trends in Japan. Features on European nude photographers popularised nude photography as an art form among Japanese photographers, and works contributed by the likes of Henri Cartier-Bresson, Robert Capa, and Robert Doisneau contributed to a rising interest in photographic humanism. Further, these encounters provided a conduit through which photographers and readers encountered western cultural material at a time when Japan underwent a cultural identity crisis brought on by the devastation of defeat and foreign Occupation. In this way, photography magazines simultaneously functioned as spaces that negotiated what exactly “Japanese culture” meant in Japan’s new postwar world.
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Vétu, Guillaume. "Animist influence and immutable corporeality: Repositioning the significance of Japanese cinematic zombies." East Asian Journal of Popular Culture 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/eapc_00042_1.
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In terms of zombie film output, Japan’s is perhaps the second largest in the world after the United States and above the United Kingdom. Yet only a relatively small number of these films have received academic attention. Having sourced and verified an exhaustive catalogue of over 160 feature-length Japanese zombie films produced between 1959 and 2018, and through recent field work in Japan, including personal interviews with local film, media and folklore scholars and professionals, this article constructs a clearer overview of this uncharted corpus. It presents some of the most predominant cultural specificities of Japanese zombie films and their compelling narrative and stylistic heterogeneity. Previous assertions confined these films to a ‘cult’ sub-genre, restricting the Japanese monsters they feature to mere western imports; however, this article demonstrates that Japanese cinematic zombies defy simple categorization and repeatedly challenge some of the key posits at the centre of zombie studies, especially regarding their defining characteristics. The Japanese folklore and literary tradition in particular provides a new lens through which these popular fictional ‘Others’ can be (re-)examined, uncovering new significance and offering new insights into both Japanese and western cultures.
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Huang, Xinyi. "The influence of Japanese Ukiyo-e on Western painting art in the 19th Century." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 20 (October 18, 2022): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v20i.2334.
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Ukiyo had a profound influence on western painting in the 19th century. It can be seen from the works of Artists such as Monet and Van Gogh that they extensively used, imitated and improved Japanese Ukiyo techniques such as brushwork, composition and color. In addition, under the historical background and social environment at that time, the expression of thoughts and emotions was also greatly influenced by Ukiyo. This paper, starting from the origin and characteristics of Japanese Ukiyo, explains in detail the influence of Japanese Ukiyo-e on western painting in the 19th century, explores the way of expression of Impressionist and post-Impressionist works, analyzes the process of its absorption and re-innovation of Ukiyo-e, in order to provide some reference for modern painting creation. This paper explores the influence of Japanese Ukiyo on western painting in the 19th century in two chapters. First of all, from the origin of Japanese Ukiyo, style, techniques, representatives of the detailed interpretation of Japanese Ukiyo artistic characteristics; Secondly, based on the background of the introduction and integration of Ukiyo in western painting art, the paintings of Monet and Van Gogh, the representative painters of Impressionism and post-Impressionism, are extracted respectively, so as to explore the influence of Japanese Ukiyo on western painting art in the 19th century in terms of style, techniques and ideas.
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Schlachet, Joshua. "On Bread and National Ruin." Asian Medicine 17, no. 2 (November 10, 2022): 296–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341517.
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Abstract This article explores a reactionary, and ultimately failed, medical dietary movement that sought to counter the influence of Western nutritional sciences at the turn of the twentieth century. Its supporters looked to the early modern past to create a vision of traditional Japanese foodways based on whole grains, unpolished rice, and locally grown vegetables, a nutritional regimen they called cerealism. In articulating a Japanese national diet, cerealism offered a new promise to not only recapture Japan’s food culture but its national subjectivity by envisioning native eating habits that could build both superior physique and quality of character. The intrusion of the Western staples of bread and meat, supporters feared, could cause the downfall of the Japanese nation on bodily, spiritual, and economic grounds. Cerealism thus sought to upend the universal claims of Western medical science by posing a simple question: Was there such a thing as Japanese nutrition?
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KOWNER, ROTEM. "‘LIGHTER THAN YELLOW, BUT NOT ENOUGH’: WESTERN DISCOURSE ON THE JAPANESE ‘RACE’, 1854–1904." Historical Journal 43, no. 1 (March 2000): 103–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x9900895x.
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During the half century (1854–1904) which followed the opening of Japan's ports, Westerners scrutinized the rediscovered archipelago and attempted to classify its inhabitants within their racial system. Despite the claim for ‘scientific’ objectivism, Western racial views of the Japanese were largely dictated by contemporary political and moral attitudes toward Japan. Hence, writings on the Japanese ‘race’ reflected not only the racial knowledge of the period but also the asymmetry between the West and Japan. These writings embodied a genuine discourse: they were propounded in texts, historically located, and displayed a coherent system of meaning. Critically, the Western discourse regarding the identity of the Japanese people aimed to maintain, and even produce, power relations between the colonial powers and the local population, and as such it exerted ideological influence on both Western readers and the Japanese. The present article traces this racial discourse, and attempts to explain the rapid transformation of the image of the Japanese people from an almost unknown racial entity to a national group Westerners perceived as a major racial threat.
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Miyazaki, Ken'ichi, Andrzej Rakowski, Sylwia Makomaska, Cong Jiang, Minoru Tsuzaki, Andrew J. Oxenham, Gregory Ellis, and Scott D. Lipscomb. "Absolute Pitch and Relative Pitch in Music Students in the East and the West." Music Perception 36, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.36.2.135.
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Absolute pitch (AP)—an ability to identify an isolated pitch without musical context—is commonly believed to be a valuable ability for musicians. However, relative pitch (RP)—an ability to perceive pitch relations—is more important in most musical contexts. In this study, music students in East Asian and Western countries (Japan, China, Poland, Germany, and USA) were tested on AP and RP abilities. In the AP test, 60 single tones were presented in a quasirandom order over a five-octave range. In the RP test, ascending musical intervals from 1 to 11 semitones were presented in four different keys. Participants wrote down note names in the AP test and scale-degree names or musical interval names in the RP test. The conservatory-level Japanese students showed the highest AP performance and more than half of them were classified as accurate AP possessors, but only 10% were classified as accurate RP possessors. In contrast, only a small percentage of participants from Poland, Germany, and the USA were identified as accurate AP possessors, whereas many more were accurate RP possessors. Participants from China were typically intermediate on both measures. These noticeable contrasts between AP and RP performance in different countries suggest influences of the underlying socio-cultural conditions, presumably relating to music education. Given the importance of RP in music, the results suggest that more emphasis should be place on RP training, particularly in East Asian countries.
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Tyagunova, E. O. "Japanese Woodblock Prints From the Second Half of the 19th to Early 20th Century in the Context of the Influence to the Western Art." Art & Culture Studies, no. 4 (December 2021): 198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.51678/2226-0072-2021-4-198-215.
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There are known periods of development of Japanese traditional ukiyo-e engraving: from its origin in the 17th century and its flourishing in the 18th — first half of the 19th century to the “decline” in the second half of the 19th century. The period of Meiji Restoration (1868–1912) was marked by the opening of Japan after more than two hundred years of self-isolation, acquaintance with Western achievements in the field of industry, science and art. The article discusses the search of combination of Western and national traditions by Japanese artists. Familiarity with the new artistic language and intention to introduce it into the space of traditional ukiyo-e engraving became the basis for the masters of this period. Changes in the field of traditional genres are noted: instead of images of actors (yakusha-e), beauties (bijinga) and landscapes (fukeiga), there were appeared images of foreigners with their manners (yokohama-e), Japan’s modernization (kaika-e), as well as the battle genre (senso-e) dedicated to the events of the Japanese-Chinese (1894–1895) and Russian-Japanese (1904–1905) wars. These attempts to transform the national art allowed to form the ground for the creativity of young masters in the 20th century, who brought traditional engraving to a new level.
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Thompson, Mark R. "East Asian Authoritarian Modernism: From Meiji Japan’s “Prussian Path” to China’s “Singapore Model”." International Studies Review 17, no. 2 (October 19, 2016): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01702006.
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The significance of Meiji Japan’s “Prussian path” to authoritarian modernity has largely been ignored in the social sciences because it contradicts prevailing modernization theory. Meiji Japanese reformers, after carefully examining several Western country’s political systems, chose the German model because of its illiberal but modern politics. This argument regarding the authoritarian modernity of Imperial Germany and Meiji Japan contradicts modernization theory which claims that advanced industrialization leads to liberal democracy. Similarly, Meiji Japan’s influence on the “developmental states” of East Asia (East and Southeast Asia) has not been given much weight by modernization theories. More recently, Singapore’s successful combination of non-democratic rule with advanced capitalism has been dismissed as a (literally) small exception to the general democratizing rule, with even autocratic China expected by modernization theorists to democratize soon given its rapid economic growth over the past generation. This article explores the impact of the Imperial German model of authoritarian modernism on Meiji Japan and, in turn, Japanese influence on political development in East Asia as well as the influence of the “Singapore model” on China. It explores three forms of linkages: social structural, state formational, and ideological.
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Haferkamp, Marshall R., R. K. Heitschmidt, and Michael G. Karl. "Influence of Japanese Brome on Western Wheatgrass Yield." Journal of Range Management 50, no. 1 (January 1997): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4002704.
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Boles, Coleton. "Westernization and Its Effects on the Sound of Japan." Global Insight: A Journal of Critical Human Science and Culture 3, no. 1 (September 29, 2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32855/globalinsight.2022.003.
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A major source of influence on Japanese musicians has historically been Western art, and the resulting music has also served to influence much of Western contemporary music. This paper forms a timeline containing some key moments in Japanese music history, including the pioneering of Japanese-language rock, synth-pop, and Shibuya-kei. This investigation into these important moments is supplemented by quotes from interviews of musicians, including Haruomi Hosono of Yellow Magic Orchestra and Happy End, Keigo Oyamada of Flipper’s Guitar, and Yasuharu Konishi of Pizzicato Five. This paper finds that a country’s art and culture, in this case Japanese music, can evolve through the importation and assimilation of foreign culture.
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Shin, Seungyop. "Living with the Enemies: Japanese Imperialism, Protestant Christianity, and Marxist Socialism in Colonial Korea, 1919–1945." Religions 13, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13090824.
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During the Korean War, conflicts between right-wing Protestants and radical socialists escalated and erupted into massacres, killing thousands of Korean civilians. Such extreme violence and tumultuous events afterwards—including Korea’s division into two separate states and the Cold War system—eclipsed the imbricated interactions between Protestant Christianity and socialism under Japanese colonial rule. While focusing on Korean Protestantism and socialism to probe their contest and compromise for survival, this article traces the tripartite relationship among the followers of Protestant Christianity, Marxist socialism, and Japanese imperialism as it evolved throughout colonial Korea between 1910 and 1945. These 35 years comprised a period of multiple possibilities for interaction among Korean Protestants, socialists, and Japanese authorities in the changing global environment. The international organizations with which they were associated influenced Korean Protestants and Marxist socialists while facing the common crisis of Japan’s assimilation. Namely, the Korean Protestant churches affiliated with Western missionaries’ denomination headquarters in their home countries and world Christian conferences, while the Korean socialists allied with Moscow’s Comintern and other radical political movements abroad. Within this broader context, these two religious and ideological forces competed for supremacy, cooperated in a joint struggle against the colonial regime, and antagonized each other over their divergent worldviews. By examining their complicated tripartite relationship, this essay comprehensively depicts the dynamic history of the Western-derived religious and political doctrines meeting a non-Western empire in a foreign land.
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Tret'yakova, M. "SHOP-WINDOWS IN JAPAN: WESTERN "OMOTE" AND JAPANESE "MA"." Technical Aesthetics and Design Research 3, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2687-0878-2021-3-1-5-14.
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The article is devoted to the national specifics of Japanese shop-windows in an urban environment. In this regard, shop-windows are viewed from the point of view of the interaction of internal and external space, and not just as decor. The purpose of the article is to analyze how the traditional Japanese understanding of space was transformed under the influence of the Western lifestyle and the role of facades and shop-windows began to change. At the same time, it is important to understand that the Japanese designers managed to preserve the Japanese designers in shop-windows design after Westernization. First, according to F. Maki, the traditional Japanese concept of space "oku" ("oku - omote") is considered. Then, its transformation is investigated using the example of the so-called "sign houses" (kamban-kentiku). Then, in search of the national specifics of modern shop windows, the article studies modern shop-windows, and also analyzes the category of modern Japanese aesthetics "intermediate" "ma".
The study concluded that the traditional Japanese understanding of space as a reversible void, when the most important thing is located in the depths of the “oku”, faced with the western way of life, is transformed into the model “Japanese oku (depth) - western omote (front side) ". Thus, there are “signage houses” of the kamban-kenchiku, the facade of which is “western”, and the rest with its “oku” is Japanese. In the further transformation, initially "western" shop-windows are also beginning to acquire Japanese characteristics. The most important role in this process is played by the modern category of Japanese aesthetics "ma", although it is closely related to tradition. It can be understood both as a generating void and as a connecting space.
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Kajimura, Toru. "History of Japan’s chart production in 150 years." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-157-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In 1853, the United States sent Commodore Perry with 4 warships to Japan, and urged opening the country to the world. Since then, Japan had entered into treaties of commerce with Western nations, and opened the ports for these nations. However, Japan was in military disadvantage with other nations having charting knowledge of Japan and it surroundings. As a result, a decision was made to establish chart production capabilities in Japan in the view of the national security. Soon after, the Japanese chief military commander opened two naval officer training facilities in Nagasaki (1855) and Tsukiji (1857). Surveying was also one of the subjects of taught at these training organizations.</p><p>Japan Hydrographic Department (JHD, currently Japan Hydrographic & Oceanographic Department) was established as the organization for chart production under the navy in 1871, and graduates of the above naval officer training facilities led the activities of JHD in its early stage. The first Chief Hydrographer YANAGI Narayoshi was one of them. JHD published its first navigational chart “KAMAISHI BAY of RIKUCHU” in 1872, the next year of its establishment, and expanded its chart series after that.</p><p>As Japan experienced several wars and expanded its national jurisdiction by 1945, JHD expanded its chart series. Most of these charts were open to the merchant ships, but some of them were not open to public as military secrets at that time. Furthermore, JHD, as one of the organizations under the navy, made aeronautical charts for naval airplanes. These charts have been stored in archives, but some were lost in fires. Not all of charts ever published by JHD exist now. The existing charts published by 1945 are kept in the Hydrographic & Oceanographic Museum.</p><p>After World War II, JHD was restructured as one of the organizations of Japan Coast Guard under the Ministry of Transport (currently the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport). The chart production of Japan in post war days has received big influences by the economic situation of Japan and the world, frameworks of international societies and developments of the technologies.</p><p>In the viewpoint of the economic situation, the number of chart publication increased due to the large number of the constructions of domestic harbours in the periods of the post war reconstruction and the following high economic growth of Japan, but it has decreased little by little since 1970’s by the influences of such as depressions of domestic economy, and decrease of ships registered in Japan and Japanese mariners. On the other hand, JHOD has published navigational charts written only in English in recent years for foreign mariners which number increases like supplementing a decrease of Japanese mariners. Moreover, JHOD has published basic maps of the sea as basic material of use, development, environmental preservation and the natural disaster prevention etc. of the ocean.</p><p>In the viewpoint of the frameworks of the international societies, JHOD has published fishery charts which show the fishery areas on the agreements between neighbouring countries, and also writes the straight baselines and limits of the territorial sea on the navigational charts according to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.</p><p>In the viewpoint of the developments of the technologies, innovations of positioning technology and improvement of the computer ability influenced largely in chart production. JHOD used to publish Decca charts and Loran charts in the age of radio navigation. Because satellite navigation became common in recent years, the difference between WGS84 and Tokyo-datum (nearly 500&thinsp;m) was put in questions. Corresponding to it, JHOD temporarily published some Tokyo-datum charts on which latitude and longitude lines based on WGS84 in green were added, and since 2000, JHOD has published navigational charts based on WGS84 and no more on Tokyo-datum. Furthermore, with the growth of computer ability, JHOD has shifted its chart compilation from full manually to by using computer assisted partly, and in 1996, JHOD established chart compilation process under fully computer assisted. In addition, JHOD published the first electronic navigational chart (ENC) in the world in 1995.</p><p>JHOD as the responsible organization of Japan for chart production will continue to produce charts in the future adjusting to the environment that surrounds charts and navigations.</p></p>
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Saaler, Sven. "THE KOKURYŪKAI (BLACK DRAGON SOCIETY) AND THE RISE OF NATIONALISM, PAN-ASIANISM, AND MILITARISM IN JAPAN, 1901–1925." International Journal of Asian Studies 11, no. 2 (July 2014): 125–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147959141400014x.
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In the conduct of prewar Japanese foreign relations, political associations (seiji kessha) – we might also call them pressure groups – exerted considerable political influence, particularly on Japan's relations with China and other Asian nations. One of the best known of these political associations is the Kokuryūkai (the “Amur Society,” also known as the “Black Dragon Society”), which was founded in 1901 and, in 1946, was banned as an ultranationalist association by the American occupation authorities. The Kokuryūkai was also identified as the center of an expansionist conspiracy to steer Japan towards war with the Western powers.In the absence of detailed studies of the Kokuryūkai, this article aims to clarify the organization's political views and activities and to demonstrate its influence on Japanese foreign relations and involvement in East Asia in the early twentieth century. Drawing on primary sources such as the association's publications and its leaders' memoranda and letters, I show that the Kokuryūkai engaged in intensive networking activities and the accumulation of social capital involving not only Japanese but also Chinese and Korean politicians and diplomats. Nevertheless, I conclude that the association's influence on the origins of the Asia-Pacific War should not be overstated, since its activities reached a climax in the late 1910s and effectively ended with the death of founder Uchida Ryōhei in 1937.
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Kuwahara, Mai, Yu Tahara, Takahiko Suiko, Yuki Nagamori, and Shigenobu Shibata. "Effects of Differences of Breakfast Styles, Such as Japanese and Western Breakfasts, on Eating Habits." Nutrients 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 5143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14235143.
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A balanced diet and protein source intake are reportedly good for health. However, many people skip breakfast or have a light breakfast. Thus, this study aimed to examine the influence of breakfast styles on eating habits among Japanese workers, including traditional Japanese-style breakfast (JB), a pattern in which Japanese foods are eaten; Japanese-Western-style breakfast (J–W B), a pattern in which Japanese and Western foods are eaten alternately; Western-style breakfast (WB), a pattern in which Western foods are eaten; and cereal-style breakfast (CB), a pattern in which cereal is eaten. We hypothesized that breakfast style may be related to good eating habits. Data from 4274 respondents (67.97% male, 33.03% female, age 48.12 ± 0.19 years), excluding night shift workers and breakfast absentees out of a total of 5535 respondents, were analyzed. The results suggest that Japanese food is linked to the intake of protein sources such as fish, eggs, and soy. Furthermore, it was suggested that Japanese food breakfast is effective for good eating habits, such as not eating irregular amounts of food, not eating snacks, not drinking sweet juices, and having a balanced diet.
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Kimm, Jong Soung. "The Legacy of Mies van der Rohe in Modern Movement and the Modern Architecture in Korea." Reuse, Renovation and Restoration, no. 52 (2015): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/52.a.rwd0uw0t.
Full textAbstract:
The following article is an edited version of the keynote presented at the 13th International docomomo Conference that took place in Seoul, Korea, on September 2014. The paper discusses how “Western” architecture was first introduced to Korean soil: a French Catholic missionary-architect built the Seoul Cathedral at the end of the 19th century. American and Canadian architects built educational buildings for the Protestant missionary-founded colleges in Korea. Japanese civil servant architects built some public buildings during the colonial rule. The work of two prominent Korean architects, Kim Chung-Up and Kim Swoo-Geun are discussed. The author discusses his education at Mies van der Rohe’s Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in mid-1950s, his work for the Master during the 1960s, and his teaching at IIT 1966 and 1978. He describes how his dual position of teaching at IIT and working for Mies gave him the opportunity to work on three projects of importance: the Mies Retrospective in Berlin in 1968; the exhibition proposal for the extension of the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston of 1969; the Toronto-Dominion Bank executive floor and Banking Pavilion of 1966–1968. The author discusses several works of Mies van der Rohe to “demystify” the general perception that Mies was a rigid aesthetician: how Mies van der Rohe would arrive at design decisions not always sticking to the module, grid and geometry, contrary to the conventional reading of his architecture. The author then discusses five works from his three decades of practice with sac International in Seoul, highlighting where Mies’ influences might be found in these works: the Korea Military Academy Library of 1982; Seoul Hilton Hotel of 1983; the Weight-lifting Gymnasium for ‘88 Seoul Olympics of 1986; Kyongju Museum of Art of 1991; and the SK Group Office Building in Seoul of 1999. The paper also reflects on its relationship to the main theme of the recent International docomomo Conference in Seoul, Expansion and Conflict.
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Sweet, Helen. "Aya Takahashi, The development of the Japanese nursing profession: adopting and adapting western influences, Routledge Curzon Studies in the Modern History of Asia, 15, London and New York, Routledge Curzon, 2004, pp. xiii, 209, £60 (hardback ISBN 0-415-30579-9)." Medical History 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300009571.
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Лю, Тяньцюань. "China - Japan - Europe: Chinese painting‘s absorption of western European traditions in the late 19th - early 20th century." Академический вестник УралНИИпроект РААСН, no. 3(54) (September 30, 2020): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25628/uniip.2022.54.3.014.
Full textAbstract:
В статье исследуется влияние западноевропейского искусства на китайскую живопись, которое шло через опыт японских художников и обучение в Японии китайских мастеров. Роль японской культуры в освоении китайским искусством западноевропейских традиций до сих пор остается недооцененной, часто исследователи не упоминают о связях с Японией, обращаясь сразу к периоду обучения китайских художников в европейских странах, прежде всего во Франции, который был по времени позднее. Однако именно мастера Страны восходящего солнца в конце XIX - начале XX века серьезно повлияли на формирование нового «европейского» языка изобразительного искусства Китая. The article examines the influence of Western European art on Chinese painting, which went through the experience of Japanese artists and training of Chinese masters in Japan. The role of Japanese culture in mastering the Western European traditions in Chinese art is still underestimated, and often researchers do not mention the ties with Japan, referring directly to the period of training of Chinese artists in European countries, primarily in France, which was later in time. However, it was the Japanese masters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that seriously influenced the formation of the new «European» visual language of China.
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Han, Taeil, and Changhee Nam. "Kim Jung-geon’s Wonjong (元宗) and the anti- Japanese independence activities of Shin Honggyun, a Korean medical doctor." Barun Academy of History 13 (December 31, 2022): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.55793/jkhc.2022.13.43.
Full textAbstract:
Japanese colonial rule ultimately aimed at destroying Korean history, culture, and its national spirit. Korean traditional medicine is a precious national asset containing the spirit and philosophy of the Korean people that has been preserved for 5,000 years. Based on Japan’s policy guidelines of assimilation, the Government-General of the Japanese Empire attempted to root out Korean traditional medicine, which had accumulated a national tradition and spirit. With the beginning of Japanese colonial rule, the alien rulers in Korea launched a program of subjugating the medical system of Joseon to Western medical science under the name of modernization. This article is a historiographic and biographic study on the life of Shin Hong-gyun, a Korean Independence Army (military surgeon) member, who bravely joined the battle of Daejeonjaryeong (大甸子嶺). It was Kim Jung-geon who led Shin Honggyun to join the difficult path of the anti-Japanese struggle. Kim Jung-geon founded Wonjong (元宗), which aimed to renovate Korean society to present a new ideal world called Daegonghwamukuk (大共和無國). He developed his strategy of the anti-Japanese independence movement through implementing a social reform, Ubokchon (魚腹村), which embodied his philosophy and experience. The relationship between Shin and Kim lasted for 17 years through their collaborative works in the anti-Japanese independence movement and social reform. This article introduced the trajectory of how Kim Junggeon’s philosophy influenced Shin Hong-gyun’s determination to join the independence army.