Academic literature on the topic 'Japanese language Readers Law'
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Journal articles on the topic "Japanese language Readers Law"
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Ellis, Tom, Chris Lewis, and Mai Sato. "The Japanese Probation Service: A third sector template?" Probation Journal 58, no. 4 (December 2011): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0264550511420750.
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The use of probation in Japan is similar in some respects to probation in England and Wales (E&W) and unrecognizable in others. This article provides an outline of the structure and operation of probation in Japan and draws comparisons and contrasts with probation in England and Wales. It is intended to provide an overview for those who know little about Japanese criminal justice in general and about Japanese probation in particular. The focus in on accessible English language sources that will enable readers to follow up their interest and deepen their knowledge.
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Mack, Edward. "The Japanese-Language Newspaper Novel Abroad." Humanities 11, no. 6 (December 13, 2022): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h11060158.
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This article presents initial findings about the history of the publication of serialized novels in Japanese-language newspapers published in North and South America. An under-studied publishing venue for literature to begin with, even less is known about the serialization of novels in these diasporic communities despite them being the most widely circulated fiction. Focusing on what can be reconstructed of the history of these works and their publication, this study focuses on five newspapers and their serialized novels during the 1930s, with a particular focus on the novel Constellations Ablaze by Ozaki Shirō and the lesser-known author Nakagawa Amenosuke. This preliminary survey suggests an industry that navigated international copyright law, reader’s tastes, and the interconnection of different local readerships.
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Таїчі Ямашіта and Гсіао Гсуан Гунґ. "The Investigation of Learning Strategies of American Learners of Chinese and Japanese for Character Learning." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2016.3.1.tai.
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It has been widely recognized that Chinese and Japanese languages are exceptionally difficult to learn. One of the reasons is their logographic characters (i.e. hanzi in Chinese, kanji in Japanese) that are extremely different from alphabet-based orthography (Tong & Yip, 2015; Xu & Padilla, 2013). Accordingly, there have been research investigating how L2 learners of Chinese and Japanese deal with the difficulty by exploring learners’ strategy (Gamage, 2003; Shen, 2005). However, learning strategies for a certain aspect of characters (i.e. shape, sound) have not been investigated as much as learning strategies in general (but see Shen, 2005). In addition, there are limited longitudinal research exploring how learners change their strategies. Therefore, the researchers investigate strategies that L2 learners of American university students are using most frequently for Chinese and Japanese character learning. The study had 66 L2 learners taking either Chinese or Japanese course at an American university. They took a questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of a semester. It was found that reading, context, decomposition, rote-writing, and listening were the most frequently used strategies. Moreover, the results indicated that strategies vary depending on which aspect of characters they learn. Furthermore, learners did not change their learning strategies over three months to a notable extent.
References
Chikamatsu, N. (1996). The effects of L1 orthography on L2 word recognition: A study ofAmerican and Chinese learners of Japanese. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18,403–432.
Everson, M. E. (1998). Word recognition among learners of Chinese as a foreign language:Investigating the relationship between naming and knowing. The Modern LanguageJournal, 82, 194–204.
Everson, M. E. (2011). Best practices in teaching logographic and non-Roman writingsystems to L2 learners. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 249–274.
Haththotuwa Gamage, G. (2003). Perceptions of kanji learning strategies: Do they differamong Chinese character and alphabetic background learners?
Hayes, E. B. (1988). Encoding strategies used by native and non‐native readers ofChinese Mandarin. The Modern Language Journal, 72, 188–195.
Ke, C. (1998). Effects of language background on the learning of Chinese charactersamong foreign language students. Foreign Language Annals, 31, 91–102.
Liskin-Gasparro, J. (1982). ETS Oral Proficiency Testing Manual. Educational TestingService, Princeton, NJ.
McGinnis, S. (1999). Student goals and approaches. Mapping the course of the Chineselanguage field, 151–188.
Mori, Y., Sato, K., & Shimizu, H. (2007). Japanese language students' perceptions on kanjilearning and their relationship to novel kanji word learning ability. LanguageLearning, 57, 57–85.
Packard, J. L. (1990). Effects of time lag in the introduction of characters into the Chineselanguage curriculum. The Modern Language Journal, 74, 167–175.
Rose, H. (2013). L2 learners' attitudes toward, and use of, mnemonic strategies whenlearning Japanese kanji. The Modern Language Journal, 97, 981–992.
Shen, H. H. (2005). An investigation of Chinese-character learning strategies among nonnative speakers of Chinese. System, 33, 49–68.
Tong, X., & Yip, J. H. Y. (2015). Cracking the Chinese character: radical sensitivity inlearners of Chinese as a foreign language and its relationship to Chinese wordreading. Reading and Writing, 28, 159–181.
Yuki, M. (2009). Kanji Learning Strategies: From the Viewpoint of Learners with Nonkanji Background. 関西外国語大学留学生別科日本語教育論集, 19, 143–150.
Xu, Y., Chang, L. Y., & Perfetti, C. A. (2014). The Effect of Radical‐Based Grouping inCharacter Learning in Chinese as a Foreign Language. The Modern Language Journal, 98,773–793.
Xu, X., & Padilla, A. M. (2013). Using meaningful interpretation and chunking to enhancememory: The case of Chinese character learning. Foreign Language Annals, 46, 402–422.
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Sagan, Galyna, and Ganna Semekha. "The establishment of gender principles in education in japan at the beginning of the 20th century." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 2 (2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.2.1518.
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User Username Password Remember me Language Select Language Information For Readers For Authors For Librarians Open Journal Systems Article Tools Print this article Indexing metadata How to cite item Email this article (Login required) Email the author (Login required) Home About Login Register Search Current Archives Announcements Home > No 1 (7) (2018) > Sagan THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GENDER PRINCIPLES IN EDUCATION IN JAPAN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY Galyna Sagan, Ganna Semekha Abstract Now the principle of gender equality is a well-established phenomenon in the educational scheme of Japan. Starting from secondary and higher education, there is practically no difference in the ratio of enrollment of students between men and women. However, historically, especially at the beginning of the formation of the modern education system, the opportunities for girls to get education were less favorable than for boys. Even in the compulsory primary school, the frequency of girls attending educational institutions was very low. Access to secondary education for girls was also limited. The situation began to change at the turn of the 19–20 centuries. In Japan, a number of laws were passed that opened the doors of educational institutions for girls. In September 1872, the Law on Education was passed, which introduced compulsory primary education for all. Representatives of all social groups, as well as women received the right to education. According to this law, by 1880, 25,000 primary schools should be created in the country. It is important to remember that then almost all children began to attend school. At that time, foreign specialists are actively involved, who help to adapt to the new system, and teach in schools. Education along with military service and the taxes payment became the third important duty of the Japanese. Japan has achieved gender equality in education, at least provided equal opportunities for access to every level of education. There was an imbalance in the gender distribution of students at some faculties and departments in higher education institutions. Thus, for example, women were prevailing in the field of education, literature, nursing, men were prevailing in science and technology. However, thereafter, the number of female students specializing in science and technology substantially increased. Today, many girls are studying at the National Defense Academy and the University of Marine Science and Technology. All this became possible thanks to the reforms that the Japanese educational system began in the early twentieth century
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Newsham, Grant Frederick. "Japan’s Yakuza – still alive, and yes, they do matter." Journal of Financial Crime 26, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 938–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-12-2018-0138.
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Purpose This paper aims to inform the reader of the nature of Japanese organize crime (“the Yakuza”) and the extent to which it has penetrated and is a powerful force in nearly all facets of Japanese society – with particular focus on the “legitimate” business and financial worlds. The paper also describes in detail the actual harmful effects of Yakuza influence and also provides a cautionary note for foreign business ventures in Japan. Design/methodology/approach The paper offers an in-depth narrative description based on the author’s over 20 years’ experience researching the topic along with practical experience gained while working in the business risk mitigation field in Japan and assisting private entities in avoiding underworld entanglements. Findings The paper demonstrates how the Yakuza remains a potent force with widespread influence in Japan, despite the government’s enactment of specific regulations designed to pressure underworld organizations. Research limitations/implications The paper offers insights into an aspect of Japanese society that receives limited examination, and the information contained in the article is potentially useful to other scholars and the foreign business community as well. The Yakuza are a broad topic, and the author’s perspectives are necessarily focused on cases of Yakuza involvement in the legitimate economy and political world rather than the entire panoply of underworld activity. Practical implications The insights and descriptions of underworld involvement in “legitimate” parts of Japanese society might encourage Japanese authorities to assess why the Yakuza remain entrenched and take appropriate counter measures. Social implications The paper is potentially of use to foreign business and governmental organizations in better understanding and countering risks and threats posed by the Japanese underworld, both in Japan and beyond its borders. Originality/value This topic is infrequently covered in any depth in English language sources and seldom if ever by someone with over two decades of practical experience identifying and helping private entities navigate around Yakuza dangers.
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Yum, Yen Na, and Sam-Po Law. "N170 reflects visual familiarity and automatic sublexical phonological access in L2 written word processing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728920000759.
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AbstractThe literature has mixed reports on whether the N170, an early visual ERP response to words, signifies orthographic and/or phonological processing, and whether these effects are moderated by script and language expertise. In this study, native Chinese readers, Japanese–Chinese, and Korean–Chinese bilingual readers performed a one-back repetition detection task with single Chinese characters that differed in phonological regularity status. Results using linear mixed effects models showed that Korean–Chinese readers had bilateral N170 response, while native Chinese and Japanese–Chinese groups had left-lateralized N170, with stronger left lateralization in native Chinese than Japanese–Chinese readers. Additionally, across groups, irregular characters had bilateral increase in N170 amplitudes compared to regular characters. These results suggested that visual familiarity to a script rather than orthography-phonology mapping determined the left lateralization of the N170 response, while there was automatic access to sublexical phonology in the N170 time window in native and non-native readers alike.
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AKAMATSU, NOBUHIKO. "A similarity in word-recognition procedures among second language readers with different first language backgrounds." Applied Psycholinguistics 23, no. 1 (March 2002): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716402000061.
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This study investigated word recognition among fluent readers of English as a second language (ESL). Specifically, the study examined whether ESL readers' first language (L1) affects the procedures underlying second language word recognition, with respect to the effects of word frequency and regularity on word recognition. The results revealed a similarity in word-recognition procedures between fluent ESL readers with various L1 backgrounds (i.e., Chinese, Japanese, and Persian). In processing high-frequency words, all the ESL groups recognized exception words as quickly as regular words; low-frequency exception words, on the contrary, took longer to recognize than low-frequency regular words.
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Upton, Thomas A., and Li-Chun Lee-Thompson. "THE ROLE OF THE FIRST LANGUAGE IN SECOND LANGUAGE READING." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 23, no. 4 (December 2001): 469–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263101004028.
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Reading in a second language (L2) is not a monolingual event; L2 readers have access to their first language (L1) as they read, and many use it as a strategy to help comprehend an L2 text. Owing to difficulties in observing the comprehension process, little research has been conducted to determine what role the L1 plays in the reading strategies of L2 readers. Using think-aloud protocols and retrospective interviews with 20 native speakers of Chinese and Japanese at three levels of language proficiency studying in the United States, this study explores further the question of when L2 readers use their L1 cognitive resources and how this cognitive use of the L1 helps them comprehend an L2 text. We conclude by suggesting that the results support a sociocultural view of the L2 reading process.
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Klassen, Kimberly. "Exploring How Japanese Second Language English Readers Respond to Proper Names." Onomástica desde América Latina 3, no. 6 (October 10, 2022): 77–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.48075/odal.v3i6.29367.
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An assumption in second language (L2) vocabulary and reading research is that L2 readers can easily understand the proper names they encounter, though empirical support for this conjecture is lacking. The aim of this study is to explore how L2 English readers perceive and respond to proper names. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Japanese low-intermediate L2 English readers (N = 4) to investigate: the affective factors involved when encountering unknown proper names in texts; what strategies they use when encountering new names; and any difficulties they experience in proper name processing. The participants were also asked to read aloud a short text and report the referents of several proper names, using modified think-aloud protocol. It was found that main source of confusion for the interviewees stemmed from their inexperience with proper names; that is, uncertainty about which proper names are family names and personal names; the gender of names; nicknames; and proper name phonology. Participants also reported on various strategies they use when encountering novel proper names, such as doing online searches, and using contextual and orthographic clues. The findings suggest that it may be incautious to assume unfamiliar proper names are a low burden to L2 readers of English.
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Li, Wenchao. "Text genres, readability and readers’ comprehensibility." European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejcsit.2013/vol10n45262.
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This study applies mathematical linguistics to explore the association between text genres, readability and readers’ comprehensibility. The target readers are students from Korea, Thailand and China, studying in Japanese universities, pursuing 20 different disciplines. Japanese is their third language, and all students have passed the Japanese-Language Proficiency Test Level 1. The textbook’s readability and readers’ comprehensibility are measured at two levels using two metrics. Mean dependency distance (MDD) is employed for measuring syntactic diversity; moving-average morphological richness (MAMR) and moving-average mean size of paradigm (MAMSP) are calculated for measuring lexicon diversity. The findings indicate that in terms of lexical diversity, textbooks of humanities seem simpler than natural science and engineering. In syntactic complexity, the textbook of informatics shows the simplest structure while that of social welfare presents the highest. Text genres relate to a textbook’s readability and eventually influence readers’ comprehensibility. Moreover, lexical diversity is not corelated to syntactic complexity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Japanese language Readers Law"
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Sawai, Mari. "Perception of Japanese Folktales by Readers from Different Cultural Backgrounds." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1363089346.
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Furuta, Kimi. "Reading strategies for Japanese as a second language: A study of English and Chinese native readers." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3783.
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Research in second languages (L2) has identified that reading in L2 requires a reader
to use both top-down processing (e.g., use of background knowledge) and bottom-up
processing (e.g., letter processing), and that relying heavily on one type of processing may
impede successful comprehension. However, in the area of Japanese as a Second
Language (JSL), few investigations have been conducted on strategy use among JSL
readers in comprehending Japanese texts. In particular, there is not enough investigation
of the validity of the prevalent belief among JSL teachers that a learner who has
substantial prior knowledge of Chinese characters (i.e., knows Chinese) comprehends
Japanese texts far better than a learner who does not, since Chinese characters are
extensively used for content words in Japanese texts. Nevertheless, transferring
knowledge of Chinese characters may also be a drawback because some Japanese kanji
compounds are not semantically compatible with those in Chinese. Some researchers
suggest that knowledge of Chinese characters is not necessarily an advantage for
successful comprehension in Japanese (e.g., Hatasa, 1992).
This study examined if there are any differences in reading strategy use between the
two language groups of intermediate JSL readers. It also examined the relationship
between the application of the knowledge of Chinese characters to solving kanji problems
and the readers' overall performance in comprehending Japanese texts. Eight university
JSL learners participated in recall tasks of two Japanese passages, verbalising their
thoughts during the tasks. Both qualitative and quantitative data from this case study
suggest that use of Chinese knowledge does not guarantee Chinese readers successful or
superior comprehension of Japanese texts: those readers must be able to identify the
rhetorical structure of the passages and use it when reconstructing mental representations
of the passages. Also the results suggest that use df knowledge of Chinese characters has
to be accompanied by effective use of metacognitive strategies to maximise its usefulness.
The results indicate that reading instruction in JSL needs to recognise the interactive
nature of the reading processes and that the activities that help learners develop effective
use of top-down processing and metacognitive strategies should be integrated into their
instruction.
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TSAI, SONG-TING, and 蔡松廷. "Changing Children’s Images in the Japanese Language Readers of the Illustrators for Elementary Schools in Colonial Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4ry3bb.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
歷史學系
105
The first chapter is mainly about making the readers understand how the Japanese Language Readers was being made and the background of it. Back to the pictures of Japanese Language Readers for elementary schools on section two. Focusing on analyzing the edit guidelines of illustrations on every stage's transformation and understanding the process of drawing pictures. The second chapter basically is to discuss the two spaces which were described the most by the pictures. The former one is the Taiwanese students living space. The latter one is where they study. The writer used Taiwanese students as a medium to pull the strings for this chapter. Throughout the day of the Taiwanese students, the writer pointed out the changing between the space of the Japanese colonial ruler, the family (life of Taiwanese student) and the meaning of the changing. The third chapter switches the subject from the spaces in the pictures to the people in their everyday life. In the Japanese Language Readers for the elementary school, there are many different types of figures illustrators. Such as the people in daily life, historical figures, etc... The reason why we focus on the people is because when it comes to describing the appearance of the people, every episode of the Japanese Language Readers is different. The writer figured out that most of the Taiwanese wore western style by looking through every episode of the Japanese Language Readers. The fourth chapter turns to focus on the behaviour of the people in the pictures. The artist researched the peoples life routine and what they did at the festival. That can explain why there’s japanization in their conduct but not in their clothing. Also explaining the meaning of why there’s differences between apparel and the drop of conduct. Keywords: Japanese Language Readers, Children, Illustrators, living space, the people in daily life, western style, japanization
Books on the topic "Japanese language Readers Law"
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chih, Han sheng tsa, ed. 14 chih lao shu chʻih tsao tsʻan. Tʻai-pei shih: Ying wen han sheng chʻu pan yu hsien kung ssu, 1985.
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L, Davis James. Intermediate technical Japanese. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2002.
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Daub, Edward E. Reflections on science by Nakaya Ukichiro: An advanced Japanese reader = Nakaya Ukichirō no kagakukan. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003.
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Japanese communication: Language and thought in context. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
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Hasegawa, Toshiaki. Lawdas law dictionary. Tokyo: Nunoi Publishing, 1991.
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Melchinger, Glenn. The Japanese written word: A unique reader. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1998.
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Hoshi no hitomi no shirvette. [Tokyo]: Shueisha, 1989.
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Kokugo kyōkasho no shisō. Tōkyō: Chikuma Shobō, 2005.
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Mamiana shijusodan. Tokyo: Shuei Sha, 1988.
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Classical Japanese reader and essential dictionary. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Japanese language Readers Law"
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Okawara, Mami Hiraike. "The Interdisciplinary Study of Law and Language: Forensic Linguistics in Japan." In International Perspectives on Translation, Education and Innovation in Japanese and Korean Societies, 197–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68434-5_13.
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Hawkins, John N. "Politics, Education, and Language Policy: The Case of Japanese Language Schools in Hawaii." In Japanese Immigrants and American Law, 379–96. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315049717-19.
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Mack, Edward. "The State: Livraria Yendo and Japanese-Language Readers in Brazil." In Acquired Alterity: Migration, Identity, and Literary Nationalism, 11–40. University of California Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/luminos.116.b.
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Taylor, Richard, and Damian Taylor. "3. Certainty and the intention to create legal relations." In Contract Law Directions, 54–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198836599.003.0003.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses certainty and the intention to create legal relations. It first considers cases where the parties have used ambiguous or unclear language and then looks at cases where the parties have deliberately left terms to be agreed at a later date. In the former cases the agreement is often described as ‘vague’ in the latter cases it is described as ‘incomplete’. The chapter then turns to domestic agreements, commercial agreements, and executory and executed agreements.
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Taylor, Richard, and Damian Taylor. "3. Certainty and the intention to create legal relations." In Contract Law Directions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198797739.003.0003.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses certainty and the intention to create legal relations. It first considers cases where the parties have used ambiguous or unclear language and then looks at cases where the parties have deliberately left terms to be agreed at a later date. In the former cases the agreement is often described as ‘vague’ in the latter cases it is described as ‘incomplete’. The chapter then turns to domestic agreements, commercial agreements, and executory and executed agreements.
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Taylor, Richard, and Damian Taylor. "3. Certainty and the intention to create legal relations." In Contract Law Directions, 54–70. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198870593.003.0003.
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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams, and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. This chapter discusses certainty and the intention to create legal relations. It first considers cases where the parties have used ambiguous or unclear language. It then looks at cases where the parties have deliberately left terms to be agreed at a later date. In the former cases, the agreement is often described as ‘vague’; in the latter cases it is described as ‘incomplete’. The chapter then turns to domestic agreements, commercial agreements, and executory and executed agreements.
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Kjær, Anne Lise, and Joanna Lam. "Introduction." In Language and Legal Interpretation in International Law, 1–22. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190855208.003.0001.
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The linguistic turn in twentieth century’s philosophy, as well as pragmatist trends in contemporary linguistic research, have significantly changed the theory of legal interpretation. The emergence of new streams within social and cultural studies, pointing to the importance of the context of any interpretive event, has also significantly influenced the approaches, methods, and imagery of legal interpretation. This chapter examines how the linguistic turn has in recent years affected the theory and practice of international law and international courts and tribunals, in particular in terms of a departure from the predominantly positivist interpretive tradition. This gradual change is associated with new types of challenges for adjudicators that the intensifying globalization processes in law have created. Besides the judicial activism and the dynamic interpretation style that have turned international adjudicators into writers rather than readers of the law, globalization has also affected the practice of legal interpretation in other ways. This chapter demonstrates how acting across a multiplicity of languages and legal traditions, comparative law, legal translation, and multilingual interpretation have become necessary elements in the interpretive practice of international courts and tribunals.
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Doerr, Neriko, and Shinji Sato. "The Modes of Governmentality in Language Education." In Interactive Media Use and Youth, 149–67. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-206-2.ch009.
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This chapter discusses the validity of incorporating blog activities in language education classes as an equalizing practice. The authors examine blog activities aimed at providing a way for foreign language learners to communicate in a space free from any teacher-student hierarchy as part of a Japanese-as-a-Foreign-Language class at a university in the United States. The authors show that a teacher-student hierarchy still seeps into the blog space, albeit in a different form. Using Michel Foucault’s notion of modes of governmentality, they analyze how the blog’s postings and readers’ comments define the space of a particular blog by evoking modes of governmentality of schooling and of “native” vs. “non-native” speakers. They suggest the importance of acknowledging the existence of relations of dominance in what was initially perceived to be a power-free online space and encourage educators who use blogs in classes to involve learners in the understanding and transformation of such relations of dominance.
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Coulmas, Florian. "Dutch and German." In Language Communities in Japan, 191–98. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0020.
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European scientific knowledge entered Japan through Dutch translations of Latin, French, and German texts subsequently translated into Japanese. Dutch rapidly became a transfer or ‘mediator’ language, the most important foreign language aside from Chinese, stimulating wider interest in European scholarship as rangaku (‘Dutch learning’ or ‘Western learning’) schools opened in Nagasaki, Osaka, and Edo. As Japan embarked on modernization, it granted German a prominent position adopting from German linguistic culture the notion of a ‘national language’ (kokugo), which favoured monolingualism. In Japanese medicine, German was a prominent language of instruction and publication. The German impact on Japanese law remains strong and German is still an important language for Japanese legal scholars. German as a foreign language is studied at numerous universities.
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Blake, John. "Intelligent CALL." In New Technological Applications for Foreign and Second Language Learning and Teaching, 1–23. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2591-3.ch001.
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This chapter shows readers the importance and application of pattern matching in learning languages; specifically, the application of natural language processing to address specific problems of Japanese learners of English at a public university. The chapter introduces the concepts of patterns, detection, and detection methods. The author turns to the pedagogic application of pattern matching, first discussing the relevant theory, then describing hacks developed by language teachers and learners. The final section describes and evaluates iCALL tools developed at the University of Aizu, including a mobile app and the Pronunciation Scaffolder, a real-time presentation script annotator.
Conference papers on the topic "Japanese language Readers Law"
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Nakane, Ikuko. "Accusation, defence and morality in Japanese trials: A Hybrid Orientation to Criminal Justice." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.16-5.
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The Japanese criminal justice system has gone through transformations in its modern history, adopting the models of European Continental Law systems in the 19th century as part of Japan’s modernisation process, and then the Anglo-American Common Law orientation after WWII. More recently, citizen judges have been introduced to the criminal justice process, a further move towards an adversarial orientation with increased focus on orality and courtroom discourse strategies. Yet, the actual legal process does not necessarily represent the adversarial orientation found in Common Law jurisdictions. While previous research from cultural and socio-historical perspectives has offered valuable insights into the Japanese criminal court procedures, there is hardly any research examining how adversarial (or non-adversarial) orientation is realised through language in Japanese trials. Drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in Japanese trials, this paper discusses a ‘hybrid’ orientation to the legal process realised through courtroom discourse. Based on courtroom observation notes, interaction data, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials collected in Japan, trial participants’ discourse strategies contributing to both adversarial and inquisitorial orientations are identified. In particular, the paper highlights how accusation, defence and morality are performed and interwoven in the trial as a genre. The overall genre structure scaffolds competing narratives, with prosecution and defence counsel utilising a range of discourse strategies for highlighting culpability and mitigating factors. However, the communicative practice at the micro genre level shows an orientation to finding the ‘truth,’ rehabilitation of offenders and maintaining social order. The analysis of courtroom communication, contextualised in the socio-historical development of the Japanese justice system and in the ideologies about courtroom communicative practice, suggests a gap between the practice and official/public discourses of the justice process in Japan. At the same time, the findings raise some questions regarding the powerful role that language plays in different ways in varying approaches to delivery of justice.
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Rodrigues, Lucas, Antonio Jacob Junior, and Fábio Lobato. "Análise de discursos em notícias sobre homofobia, racismo e sexismo em comentários de portais brasileiros de notícias." In Computer on the Beach. São José: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v12.p467-474.
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Posts with defamatory content or hate speech are constantly foundon social media. The results for readers are numerous, not restrictedonly to the psychological impact, but also to the growth of thissocial phenomenon. With the General Law on the Protection ofPersonal Data and the Marco Civil da Internet, service providersbecame responsible for the content in their platforms. Consideringthe importance of this issue, this paper aims to analyze the contentpublished (news and comments) on the G1 News Portal with techniquesbased on data visualization and Natural Language Processing,such as sentiment analysis and topic modeling. The results showthat even with most of the comments being neutral or negative andclassified or not as hate speech, the majority of them were acceptedby the users.
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Alpert, Erika. "Men and Monsters: Hunting for Love Online in Japan." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.1-2.
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This paper presents the results of initial fieldwork on Online dating (netto-jô konkatsu, koikatsu) and other types of internet-based partner matching options in Japan, focusing on the possibilities for textual and interactional self-representation on different sites and apps available to single Japanese. This includes widespread international apps like Tinder and Grindr, along with local apps like 9 Monsters, a popular gay app that also incorporates light gaming functions, or Zexy En-Musubi, a revolutionarily egalitarian site aimed at heterosexual singles specifically seeking marriage. I approach this question by looking at the different technological affordances for profile creation using these services, and the ways users engage with those affordances to create profiles and to search for partners, based on examinations of websites, apps, and public profiles; interviews with website producers; and ethnographic interviews with past and current users of Online dating services. I primarily argue that self-presentation in Japanese Online dating hinges on the use of polite speech forms towards unknown readers, which have the power to flatten out gendered speech differences that are characteristic of language ideologies in Japan (Nakamura 2007). However, dominant cultural ideas about gender, sexuality, and marriage—such as patriarchal marriage structures—may still be “baked into” the structure of apps (Dalton and Dales 2016). Studying Online dating in Japan is critical because of its growing social acceptance. While in 2008 the only “respectable” site was a Japanese version of Match.com, in 2018 there are numerous sites and apps created by local companies for local sensibilities. Where Online dating was already established, in the West, there was little sociological study of it while it was becoming popular, in part because research on the internet also lacked respectability. By looking at Japan, where acceptance is growing but Online dating has not yet been normalized, we can gain a deeper understanding of its gender, sexuality, romance, and marriage practices. Japan’s experiences can also potentially provide a model for understanding how Online dating practices might develop elsewhere. In the US, Online dating faced many of the stigmas that it continues to face in Japan—such as that it was “sleazy,” “sketchy,” or desperate. In spite of these stigmas, however, Online dating grew slowly until it suddenly exploded (Orr 2004). Will it explode in Japan? By looking at how people use these sites, this paper also hopes to shed light on the uptake of Online partner matching practices.
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Iino, Kenji, and Masayuki Nakao. "Abstracting Failure Case Database Information for Detecting Failure Mode." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59317.
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Industrial accidents continue to happen despite rapid technological advancement and they are often caused by triggers similar to those of past accidents. If we turn our eyes to the world, especially to the emerging industrial players, we hear news about accidents caused by phenomena that have already caused similar accidents elsewhere. Industries, as they emerge and grow over hundreds of years, learn their lessons throughout their histories and build rules, regulations, and common knowledge to avoid accidents. Each industry is probably well aware of accidents that took place in its own country, especially when the accident led to enforcement of a new law. Nevertheless, we hardly have any knowledge of accidents in foreign countries unless they were of huge sizes. Japan had a national project of building a database of knowledge and lessons learned from past accidents. Failure Knowledge Database (FKDB) went on the Web in 2005. As of today it still attracts a large number of readers with its over 1,600 failure cases. Our research is targeted at making use of this FKDB by abstracting the knowledge, especially what triggered the accidents, and comparing the knowledge with functional and structural elements used in new designs. Design Record Graph (DRG) is a graphical representation of the designer’s intension starting from the left with the product functional requirement which iteratively divides into sub-functions to reach a set of functional elements (FE). Each FE maps to a structural element (SE). Then the SEs iteratively combine to form assemblies and finally the product at the right end. A failure starts from one of the FE-SE pairs and propagates the DRG in both left and right directions to reach the two ends. The propagation leaves a trace of how the point of failure led to disabling the product. For each failure case in FKDB, we identified the origin of failure, the FE-SE pair that started the accident. An FE is abstracted by a verb phrase and a set of noun phrases, and similarly an SE with some noun phrases. By limiting the phrases to use, similar concepts are described by the same abstracted phrases. A new design has a number of FE-SE pairs and their propagations in the DRG to reach the two ends. The designer can then compare all propagations in the design, without the knowledge if any of them are dangerous, with those in FKDB that are known to have led to accidents. We developed quantitative operators to evaluate the similarity between two traces. Our results offer a way of warning the designer about possible flaws in a new design similar with causes of past accidents that the designer has no idea about. Our method of preventing design failure can apply to other fields for novice planners in avoiding failure while still in the planning stage. We can further develop the use of knowledge into overseas countries by mapping the limited number of verb and noun phrases into foreign language.