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Journal articles on the topic 'Japanese industrial sector'
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1
Yoshikawa, Gentoku, and Chihiro Watanabe. "Structural source enabling firm revitalization innovation of sector—An empirical analysis of Japanese 31 industrial Sectors." Technovation 28, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.06.006.
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Katz, Harry C. "Industrial Relations in the U.S. Automobile Industry: An Illustration of Increased Decentralization and Diversity." Economic and Labour Relations Review 8, no. 2 (December 1997): 192–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469700800202.
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This paper traces the evolution of employment relations in the U.S. auto industry over the post World War II period with particular emphasis on recent developments. There is a strong movement toward growing variation in employment relations within both the assembly and parts sectors of the auto industry. Variation appears both through the spread of more contingent compensation and team systems of work organization. There is also wide variety across plants and industry segments in basic employment systems including low wage, human resource, Japanese-oriented, and joint team-based approaches. Declining unionization is a particularly strong influence in the parts sector although nonunion operations have now spread to the assembly sector. While these trends are well illustrated by developments in the auto industry, they are trends common to other parts of the U.S. economy.
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Hall, Derek. "Environmental Change, Protest, and Havens of Environmental Degradation: Evidence from Asia." Global Environmental Politics 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15263800260047808.
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This paper explores the relevance for the debate on “pollution havens” of two cases from the international political economy of Japan-Southeast Asia relations. It begins by suggesting that the typical focus of the pollution havens literature is too narrow, and concentrates instead on the broader question of the extent to which the environmental transformations associated with particular sectors influence their international siting patterns. The first case—the changes in Japanese FDI to Asia in the 1970s—demonstrates that Japanese firms and the Japanese state consciously attempted to relocate highly-polluting industry in order to escape anti-pollution protest in Japan. The second case—the effort to create in Asia and the Pacific an export-oriented industrial tree plantation (ITP) sector supplying regional pulp and paper markets—shows, somewhat counterintuitively, that political contestation related to the environmental problems caused by ITPs has encouraged Japanese companies to concentrate their tree planting activity not in Southeast Asia but in Australia.
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Mishima, Ko. "“Institutional Conversion of Japan’s National Personnel Authority: How Indigenous Forces Have Reshaped a U.S. Occupation-imposed Bureaucratic Institution”." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 25, no. 4 (October 28, 2018): 384–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02504002.
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The National Personnel Authority (NPA), Jinjiin in Japanese, was an unwelcome gift from the U.S. occupation ruler. It was fundamentally alien to Japanese bureaucratic traditions. It was a U.S.-style independent agency and aimed to remake the Japanese bureaucracy on the American model. This article analyzes the NPA’s survival in the post-occupation era from the perspective of historical institutionalism. It argues that the NPA has been successful because of institutional conversion in indigenizing itself. Soon after Japan’s recovery of independence in April 1952, the NPA abandoned its original mission of Americanization. Instead, it repositioned itself as the promoter of harmonious industrial relations in the public sector to contribute to promotion of Japan’s high-growth economy. Moreover, with the end of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)’s hegemony in the 1990s, the NPA has reactivated the function of safeguarding the bureaucracy’s partisan neutrality. This development represents the paradox of foreign-imposed institutions because the NPA ignored its responsibility for protecting bureaucratic neutrality for many years under the LDP’s monopoly of power.
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Asba, Rasyid. "The Economic Policy of Japanese Naval Government in South Sulawesi in the Second World War 1942 -1945." Indonesian Historical Studies 1, no. 2 (December 18, 2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ihis.v1i2.1163.
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The Japanese economic policy in South Sulawesi seemed to have different policies when compared to the other colonies in Indonesia. It was indicated by leadership typology of Japanese Navy which based in Makassar, Bukittinggi, and Java. In South Sulawesi, the policy was more focused on the compliance of logistic materials by strengthening on clothing industry, plantation of cotton and castor oil, and fisheries. The important policy of the army was the agricultural massive production sector to support the war. In addition, the agricultural and industrial sectors were also developed such as salt, castor oil, textile, silk, handicrafts and the like. Those phenomena analyzed by historical method. It used archives such as Japanese occupation reports in Makassar, Romusha archives in Makassar, and Japanese local politic documents in South Sulawesi. The reports on Japanese economic activities in South Sulawesi were also consulted. Information from magazines and newspapers were also taken such as Pemberitaan Makassar, Bintang Timoer, Sinar Baroe, Soeara Asia, Hong Po, and Pemandangan. In addition to, it has complied oral history with direct interviews to the people who are still alive and experienced on the era. The Japanese economic policies in South Sulawesi influenced great changes in new economic structure on the emergence of the diversification of popular-based commodity especially clothing and foodstuff during the war. That was the reason why people in South Sulawesi directed to execute intensification of agriculture in a professional productive manner supported by communal industrial policy.
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Kadokawa, Kazuo. "A search for an industrial cluster in Japanese manufacturing sector: evidence from a location survey." GeoJournal 78, no. 1 (September 17, 2011): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10708-011-9433-7.
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Rudner, Martin. "Japanese Official Development Assistance to Southeast Asia." Modern Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (February 1989): 73–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00011422.
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Japan's involvement as a donor of Official Development Assistance (ODA) can be traced back, historically, to post-second world war arrangements for war damage reparations. At that time, the late 1940s, early 1950s, Japan was itself a low-income country, whose industries had suffered widespread dislocation and ruin due to war. Yet, the new post-war Japanese government, eager to work its way back into the comity of nations, undertook to make reparation for the destruction of economic assets in the territories that had been fought over. The reparations agreements concluded in the 1950s involved many of the developing countries on the Asia/Pacific Rim—reflecting the pattern of wartime conquest—some of them independent, others still under European colonial rule. Thailand and the People's Republic of China were excluded from reparations, the former due to its wartime co-belligerent status, the latter since it was unrecognized by Japan, ironically in view of their subsequent emergence as the largest recipients of Japanese bilateral ODA by the 1980s. In the event, by the time Japanese reparations had become available, reconstruction assistance had already begun to give way to post-reconstruction support for public sector economic growth. A greater part of these reparations consisted of deliveries of Japanese capital goods and equipment, e.g., cargo ships, through transfer mechanisms designed to match Japan's re-emergent industrial export capabilities with the import requirements of Southeast Asian economic development.By way of contrast with the contemporary Western orientation in development assistance to Asia, driven by a 'Big Push' syndrome towards relatively large-scale infrastructure projects through such mechanisms as the Colombo Plan, the Japanese experience with reparations provided from the outset a closer strategic integration between Japan's international donor obligations, on the one hand, and its export strategy and dynamic competitive advantages in international trade, on the other.
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Cheng, Man Tsun. "A Smallest-Space Analysis of Employment Changes in Japan." Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 4 (December 1992): 593–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389301.
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This paper examines Japanese employment changes at various career stages along firm, industry, and occupational dimensions, using the 1975 Social Status and Mobility data. Smallest-space techniques depict differences in workers' mobility patterns. Findings suggest the dichotomy of large versus small-firm sectors oversimplifies the labor-market structure, since mobility patterns vary not only according to firm size, but also to industry and occupation. At all career stages, government employees exhibit mobility patterns different from private-sector workers. Job movements are bounded by industrial origins, as most workers, except those from the traditional primary sector, remain in the same sector after shifts. This tendency is most evident during later career transitions. Workers' destinations are constrained by their past occupations. Mobility barriers between upper white-collar positions and production work are obvious. The persistence of upper white-collar occupations increases during later career transitions, but this is not the case for production occupations.
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Shimanishi, Tomoki. "Diversified Energy Use in Twentieth-Century Japanese Households." Asian Review of World Histories 9, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 110–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340087.
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Abstract This article examines the popularization process of rentan and mametan (cylindrical anthracite briquettes and anthracite briquette balls) in Japanese households. It points out that the scarcity of wood and charcoal and the supply of anthracite and molasses (used as an adhesive) from Asian countries encouraged the invention and implementation of such new types of fuels in the interwar period. They were widely accepted because they did not change conventional energy use habits. The study also shows that until the diffusion of imported fluid fossil fuels such as oil and gas in the 1960s, those kinds of briquettes had been supporting the energy consumption of family units as transitional energy. In other words, while Japan was experiencing a so-called “energy revolution” from coal to oil in the industrial sector, the use of diverse energy sources continued in the household sector. These two different paths of energy consumption played a role in mitigating overall energy constraints and concurrently sustaining a high economic growth.
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Cheng, Mariah Mantsun. "Becoming Self-Employed: The Case of Japanese Men." Sociological Perspectives 40, no. 4 (December 1997): 581–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389464.
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From a dynamic, life course perspective, this study examines the determinants of nonfarm self-employment for Japanese men from around the 1930s to 1975. Using work histories in a national mobility survey, the author studied the propensity of becoming self-employed at labor force entry and in later career. Results suggest that (a) father's self-employment is important; but (b) family-employed status does not enhance one's chances; and (c) historical, economic conditions affect propensity significantly at the moment of labor force entrance. Tiny-firm workers are more likely to move into self-employment. Industrial sector and employment duration also affect one's taking nonfarm self-employment as a career option.
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Kostyukova, K. S. "Digital Transformation Policy in Japan: the Case of Artificial Intelligence." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 516–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2019.10.4.516-529.
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Purpose: this article includes the review of the Japanese policy on the national economy Digital Transformation, using the case of implementation of artificial intelligence for production and services, description and analysis of the current results, as well as identification of obstacles to achieve the expected results. Methods: the article is based on the analysis of scientific and analytical materials to the problem of research. The factual basis is the framework documents of the Cabinet of Japan, media, reports on research conducted by Japanese research institutes. Results: the article provides a brief review and analysis of the Japanese public policy of the development of AI technology, summarizes the interim results of the measures taken, identifies problematic factors that prevent the achievement of the expected results. The hypothesis is put forward about the insufficiency of government efforts to monitor and analyze the activities already implemented, the lack of practice of taking into account failures in the formation of new programs and projects. Recently, significant attention to the development of AI technology is paid in Russia. In 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin approved the "National strategy for the development of AI until 2030". It is expected that the using of digital technologies, will increase the competitiveness of the national economy, improve the welfare of society. In this regard, the study of Japan's experience as one of the technological leaders in the development and using of digital transformation, is especially important. Conclusions and Relevance: To solve the current socio-economic problems, Japan government relies on the development of the advanced technologies. At the same time, the government continues to develop measures to stimulate the cooperation of the academic and industrial sectors to conduct joint R&D on priority technologies. However, due to the "closed" nature of Japanese corporations and the relative independence of government plans in determining the technological priorities development, the corporate sector is reluctant to follow government recommendations on the using new technologies in management and production processes, as well as joint projects with the academic sector are not large-scale and are rather formal. This situation indicates the continuing unpreparedness of key NIS participants for the perception of the advanced technologies and digital transformation.
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Masui, Keijiro. "Current Status of Environmentally Conscious Design Among Japanese Manufacturers." International Journal of Automation Technology 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2009): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2009.p0019.
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The importance of the environmentally conscious design (ECD) continues to increase because the approach enterprises take to environmental protection is shifting from environmental considerations in the factory to the development of environmentally conscious products (ECP). It is important that excellent practices concerning ECD processes be introduced into companies that have been slow to respond and that common problems with ECD processes be identified. To these ends, our survey research team investigated the current status of ECD among Japanese manufacturers through interviews and mail-in surveys. In this paper, we first describe our survey results on the current status of ECD in each industrial sector. Secondly, we propose an ideal ECD scheme for implementation in companies.
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Ito, Shoichi, and Yasushi Iguchi. "Japanese Direct Investment and its Impact on Migration in the ASEAN 4." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 265–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300204.
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Although the manufacturing sector's share of employment is still small in ASEAN-4 countries, the development of manufacturing, especially labor-intensive industries, will be indispensable for absorbing part of the increase in labor force. In these countries, Japanese direct investment (JDI) has been more highly concentrated in the manufacturing sector than JDI in other regions. The Japanese “New Asian Industrial Development (AID) Plan” is a comprehensive economic cooperation package, which supports the introduction of JDI and the promotion of exports in ASEAN-4 countries. JDI and AID may, in turn, help alleviate the domestic labor market situation and reduce the incentive for workers of ASEAN-4 countries to migrate to work overseas.
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Mathew, Sagi K., and John Burgess. "Lean Production, Izzat and Industrial Conflict in the Indian Auto Sector: A Case Study." Articles 73, no. 3 (November 7, 2018): 541–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1053840ar.
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Summary The purpose of this article is to highlight the role that Izzat played in the unfolding industrial disputation that emerged at the Toyota plant in Bangalore between 1999 and 2007. Isolated instances contributed to a build-up of employee and community resentment at what was perceived as an attack on Izzat. Behind the events is the attempt to transpose Japanese “lean production and management systems” into an Indian subsidiary where local industrial and cultural conditions were not suitable for the imposition of such practices from headquarters to a subsidiary. The result of the analysis contributes to the understanding of workplace industrial relations (IR) in India and the centrality of Izzat. Within India, the significance of trade unions; the respect of employees; the importance of family and community; the importance of seniority; and the role of respect and honour are factors that multinationals often fail to understand in the design and implementation of their production and HRM systems. The study contributes to the debate over the transferability of standardized HRM policies and practices. MNEs should play a proactive role in supporting the employees of subsidiaries to adjust to and accommodate new paradigms in workplace industrial relations. The aggressive production and HRM practices at the Toyota plant were not compatible with the norms and cultural institutions of the Indian workforce. One of the key implications of this research is that foreign production, organizational and industrial relations systems and practices cannot be transplanted into host-country environments without the due recognition of key cultural conditions, notably Izzat in India.
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Li, Hui-Hong J. K., Kim Hua Tan, and Atsunori Hida. "Sustaining growth in electronic manufacturing sector: lessons from Japanese mid-size EMS providers." International Journal of Production Research 49, no. 18 (September 15, 2011): 5415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2011.563897.
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Hagiwara, Yoko, Daisuke Kuribayashi, and Hisaya Sawano. "Enhancement of Flood Countermeasures of Japanese-Affiliated Firms Based on the Lessons Learned from the 2011 Thai Flood." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p1176.
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The flood in the Chao Phraya River basin in 2011 caused 815 deaths and more than $45 billion in economic damage to Thailand. The industrial sector, the main contributor to the country’s economy, suffered especially devastating economic damage due to inundation of the industrial areas in the river basin. Seven industrial areas, where the total share of Japanese-affiliated firms was more than half, were most severely hit by the flood. In this study, a survey was conducted with Japanese-affiliated firms from February–March 2015 with the purpose of further strengthening their flood countermeasures in the future. The firms’ factories were asked which lessons from the 2011 flood they considered important and whether their experiences from the flood had been applied to strengthening their flood countermeasures. It was found that these factories, regardless of their inundation status in 2011, considered “preparation of a business continuity plan or manual for possible floods” to be the most important lesson from the 2011 flood. However, when it comes to actual implementation of flood countermeasures, the factories that were inundated in 2011 strengthened flood countermeasures much more than the factories with only indirect damage. In both groups, however, collaboration with business partners and local communities as well as use of reliable flood-related information were revealed to be the areas where further strengthening would be possible.
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Ikeda, Fumi. "THE ELECTORAL CLOUT OF UNIONS IN JAPAN: VOTE MOBILIZATION IN COMPANY TOWNS." Journal of East Asian Studies 19, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2018.30.
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AbstractInterest groups and other organizations are crucial vehicles for voter mobilization, but variations in their capacities are not well understood. To clarify the ways in which vote mobilization capacities vary, I analyze vote mobilization in two private-sector industrial unions supporting the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). The Japanese Federation of Textile, Chemical, Food, Commercial Service and General Workers’ Union (UA Zensen), has a very large membership but mobilizes few votes. The Confederation of Japan Automobile Worker's Unions (JAW), on the other hand, has fewer members but mobilizes more votes. In this article, I argue that unions whose constituent units operate company towns are most successful in mobilizing votes. Organizational capacity –independent of membership size – matters in the electoral arena. Using data from House of Councillors elections, I show that those industrial unions that include many enterprises with company towns have advantage in voter mobilization.
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Wood, Jacob, Jie Wu, Yilin Li, and Jungsuk Kim. "The Impact of TBT and SPS Measures on Japanese and Korean Exports to China." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216141.
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(1) Background: As countries with troubled histories, China, Japan, and Korea have, in recent times, attempted to overcome political and economic differences in a bid to forge strong trade relationships. However, Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) have emerged in recent times, which has the potential to complicate matters. (2) Method: Our study analyzes the impact that two forms of NTM, technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), have on Japanese and Korean exports to China. In order to effectively measure their impact, we utilize a modified version of the Gravity model and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood method (PPML). Using three measures (coverage ratio, frequency index, and the dummy variable) to determine their impact, our study displayed a range of findings. (3) Results: The key results from our study showed that from a coverage ratio perspective, our research clearly demonstrates that Chinese TBT measures, reduce Japan and Korea’s manufacturing and total exports as a whole, while Chinese SPS measures encourage Korean agricultural exports. Moreover, the frequency index results and dummy variable estimations in the main also supported the coverage ratio findings with SPS measures promoting Korean agricultural goods exports. (4) Conclusions: Our research highlights the important role the TBT measures have played to shelter China’s emerging industrial sector from the rigors of highly competitive Korean and Japanese exporters. In doing so, the Chinese government is able to actively pursue some of its key sustainable development strategies such as “Made in China 2025” and “Industrial 4.0”.
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Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki, Youngbok Ryu, and Mika Goto. "Operational Performance of Electric Power Firms: Comparison between Japan and South Korea by Non-Radial Measures." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 3968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153968.
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This study compares the electric power sectors between Japan and South (S) Korea. Both nations have been under a global trend of deregulation. To assess their progress due to industrial change and technology development, we use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) as an assessment tool that enables us to evaluate the level of simultaneous achievements on economic and technological measures, so assessing the degree of holistic development. DEA has been widely applied for performance assessment in the past decades. In this study, the method compares electric power firms by their operational efficiencies. To compare their achievements, it is necessary to develop a new type of DEA application for performance measurement. The proposed approach adds two analytical capabilities. First, the approach needs to handle “zero” in a data set and then restrict multipliers (i.e., weights among inputs and outputs) without any prior information to increase our empirical reliability. No study has simultaneously explored the two capabilities in DEA. Using the proposed method, our empirical study identifies two findings. One of the two is that the electric power industry of S. Korea outperformed that of the Japanese industry in the observed periods (2014–2018) because the Japanese power sector still suffered from an occurrence of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant disaster which occurred on 1 March 2011. However, the difference has been gradually diminishing because the Japanese electricity industry has been gradually recovering from the huge disaster. The other is that the S. Korean power industry has been in a descending trend because the nation has shown technical regress as a result of inconsistent technology development (e.g., shifting its R&D: Research and Development) focus from electrical engineering to chemistry). The former R&D area is essential in maintaining the technical level of S. Korea′s electric power industry.
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Arfani, Riza Noer, and Awan Setya Dewanta. "Production Shifts and Upgrading in ASEAN Automotive Production Network: Case on Toyota-led Regional Value Chains." IKAT : The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 1, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v1i2.32356.
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The study aims at exploring the phenomenon of regional production network in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) automotive sector/industry by employing a firm as well as macro-level analysis of data gathered through combining techniques between desk-study and a series of fieldwork. It examines patterns of production and manufacturing activities of leading Japanese automotive firms and their upgrading strategies as showcased by Toyota in an endeavor to cast the much-aspired ASEAN regional value chains (RVCs). Production shifts have been apparent as indicated in the trade patterns and trends in value added of key automotive products traded between Japan and its ASEAN partners during the past 25 years. The shifts have resulted in deepened localization of production and manufacturing activities of Japanese automotive lead firms in ASEAN countries. Such dynamic shifts, as shown especially in passenger cars and automotive parts and accessories, have further prompted upgrading efforts by the lead firms (along with their suppliers, subsidiaries, and local partners) which suggest the functioning RVCs. The upgrading embraces areas of upstream (on research, development, and design or RD&D), midstream (on production, manufacturing, and assembly) as well as downstream (on sales, marketing, and after-market) activities. Future policy outlook lays on the ability of firms and other related stakeholders in the region’s automotive sector/industry to team up in the upgrading activities and hence capture the value-added. ASEAN-Japan long and strong historical relations facilitate the enhanced collaborative automotive industrial development, particularly in the areas of technical capacity formation and supporting industries.
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STRIZHAKOVA, Ekaterina N., and Dmitrii V. STRIZHAKOV. "Lean manufacturing: The history and our time." National Interests: Priorities and Security 17, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1650–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.9.1650.
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Subject. The article discusses the use of the lean production concept at the production enterprise. Objectives. We evaluate the existing lean production toolkit, determine opportunities for their implementation and possible difficulties. Methods. Methodologically, the study is based on the comparative analysis of methods that constitute the lean production system. Results. We review one of the economic security aspects for Russia, such as an increased production competitiveness due to the ubiquitous implementation and use of lean production instruments. We conducted an historical analysis of the origination and development of the production process approach. Some lean production tools and aspects were proved to have been designed and actively used in the USSR manufacturing sector since the 1960s. The lean production concept was found to become very appropriate for enterprises. We analyzed the continuing production planning system by A.S. Rodov, which were in use ans proved its high cost efficiency at the USSR industrial enterprises. We also delved into the profit generating production process that was put in place in Toyota. The article provides the comparative description of modern lean production methods and concludes on their future use. Conclusions. Having compared the Soviet lean production model and the classical Japanese one, we concluded on the use of such production process methods that really went beyond their time. In the mean time, the Soviet model was simpler to use and implement. Based on the overview of modern lean production tools that evolved from the Soviet and Japanese lean production theories, we believe that the lean production principles and methods will have a positive impact on the efficiency and competitiveness of the national manufacturing sector.
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Ho, Ming-sho. "The Rise and Fall of Leninist Control in Taiwan's Industry." China Quarterly 189 (March 2007): 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000853.
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As an industrial control strategy, Leninism imposed extensive state-party apparatuses in the workplace. After its defeat in China, the émigré Kuomintang instituted party-state infrastructure in the vast public sector inherited from Japanese colonialism to consolidate its grasp on Taiwan. This article traces the rise and fall of Leninist control in Taiwan's state-owned enterprises. Taiwan's Leninist penetration was deployed after the suppression of the 1947 uprising, and hence failed to overcome the pre-existing ethnic divide between Taiwanese and mainlanders. Further, since the 1960s, widespread moonlinghting has enabled Taiwanese workers to be more psychologically and economically detached from the clientelist network of redistribution. As the political environment turned favourable in the late 1980s, a strong current of workers's movements surged and succeeded in dismantling party-state control in nationalized industry. Taiwan's case reveals the importance of societal embeddedness as a variable that explains the trajectory of Leninist control.
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Oliinyk, O. "JAPANESE "ECONOMIC MIRACLE": HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY IN THE PERIOD OF 1945–1991." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 148 (2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2021.148.8.
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The article presents the experience of Japan in the post-war reconstruction of the country in the period 1945–1991. The socio-economic situation of the country after the Second World War was considered. The historical stages of the country's development in the period under study are determined. The historical conditions in which the country found itself in the postwar period are analyzed. Key historical figures who influenced the development of the country were identified. The directions and measures of reforming and development of the country are revealed and presented. The importance of external factors and foreign policy for the country's assertion on the world stage has been proved. The factors of creating an effective political system, effective public administration, sustainable social and human development are formulated. It was proved that the United States has played an important role in forcing both Japan's political and economic systems. The United States provided Japan with significant financial, economic, and food aid to Japan. During the war between the United States and Korea and Vietnam, the United States placed military orders in Japan, which contributed to the development of the country's industrial base. It was found that the quality of the labor force, its general education and professional level played an extremely important role in the reconstruction of the economy. The effective state regulation of economic development in Japan, which on the one hand was aimed at developing the civil sector of the economy, and on the other at concentrating efforts on cooperation between government and private business at the stage of developing solutions to economic development, played a critical role in "Japanese miracle".
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Rahim, Sikander. "Science and Technology for Raising Income: The Choice of Activities, the State and the Private Sector." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 21, Special Edition (September 1, 2016): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2016.v21.isp.a18.
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Pakistan’s lack of industrial progress over decades should be cause for concern about the future. The goods the economy produces competitively are the typical goods that yield so little income that they are only exported by economies that have low wage labour. They are much the same manufactures now as during the 1960s and have been kept competitive by keeping wages down through repeated devaluation. Income per head will rise slowly, at best, if the economy does not learn how to produce goods that yield more income, and that means acquiring the up to date technical knowledge needed to be competitive from the foreign producers who produce such goods. But that is knowledge obtained through R&D and is not provided freely, least of all to would-be competitors. Pakistani firms can try to do their own R&D, but, even with public sector collaboration, they cannot catch up with the established foreign firms, which continue to do their R&D and have more money, experienced staff and facilities. The two possibilities are to attract foreign direct investment and for Pakistani firms to insert themselves into the production processes of foreign firms. Experience shows that the first, though it has worked well in several countries, can be ruled out for the present; there has been no FDI in Pakistan for making exportable manufactures. But economies like South Korea and China acquired the technical knowledge they needed through subcontracting and joint ventures with American, European and Japanese firms and moved on from there. There is no realistic alternative and task ahead is to determine what has to be done to realize it.
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Niosi, Jorge, Maryse Bergeron, and Michèle Sawchuck. "Les alliances technologiques stratégiques: de la théorie à la situation canadienne." Études internationales 22, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702793ar.
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Technological cooperation between business enterprises has become common-place over the past ten years or so, following an increase in the uncertainty, risk, and costs of research and development brought about by growing international competition and the unsettling impact of data processing technologies (and to a lesser degree biotechnologies) throughout the entire industrial sector. Strategies in R&D cooperation, first adopted by Japanese corporations, were copied by European firms in the early 80s and then by American and Canadian corporations later on. Governments have got in on the action through policies for encouragement of collective R&D. Current theories in economies and business administration are not very useful for understanding this phenomenon. Neo-classical economies' assumption of perfect competition, as well as dissertations on product obsolescence and transaction costs, permeate theories in business administration and do not help us comprehend this new organizational phenomenon. We have, however, come across some crucial leads towards an explanation in certain models of imperfect competition and in managerial studies on informal cooperation by businesses in R&D.
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Ozaki, Ko. "Revision of the Japanese Industrial Standardization Act." SHS Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184901013.
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METI is, as of the beginning of May 2018, in the process of revising the Japanese Industrial Standardization Act which was enacted in 1949 and has supported Japan’s standardization system for almost 70 years. Objectives of the revision are: 1) expansion of the scope into services and other sectors, 2) acceleration of the JIS development process, 3) promotion of international standardization activities, and 4) enhancement of penalties. The new act is expected to come into effect in the latter half of 2019 if it is passed through the Japanese Diet as planned. By making use of the new system, Japan will strengthen both domestic and international standardization activities.
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Rajpal, Suresh, and Ravi-Raj Sagar. "Business Excellence in the Indian Scenario." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 4 (October 2003): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030407.
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Business today is being impacted by multiple forces and is under an unprecedented pressure to perform. The key to performance lies in anticipating the future and working towards it. This means asking the question: How much of its resources is the company putting in renewal and innovation, i.e., in activities like R&D, quality and process improvement, industrial design, market research, and so on? What is the record of Indian companies when it comes to innovation? This article briefly surveys the Indian scenario and quotes examples of innovation, or lack of it, in sectors such as automobiles, FMCG, telecom, etc. While impressive strides have been made by certain companies, the same cannot be said of the entire Indian industry. It is mostly the MNCs, driven by their worldwide processes, that have been at the forefront of innovation. There have been some Indian companies too doing a good job but the majority seems to be ill-prepared to meet the global onslaught or even the Chinese one. In this context, this article examines the following issues: What is the concept of innovation? How do Indian companies achieve a grasp of it? Is innovation an ongoing process? Should companies strive for breakthrough developments or focus on continuous improvement? “It is not the strongest who survive nor the most intelligent — but those most responsive to change” (Charles Darwin). If this is true, are the Indian companies doing enough to respond to the changing times? Again, this article examines the Indian scenario in the manufacturing and services sector. While many companies are adapting fast, there are many that are still to awake to the changing times. Total Quality Management (TQM) has made impressive inroads in to the manufacturing and service sectors. Organizations have finally realized the difference between seeking an ISO certification and launching a process to improve continuously. The manufacturing sector is focusing on aspects like lean management, TQM, Quality Circles, and Kaizen. Its essential approach has been influenced significantly by the Japanese approach to TQM. The service sector has been using the Six Sigma banner to further its movement. Benchmarking is a common thread between the two sectors to drive improvement. Organizations have also been using variations of the business excellence models to drive their improvement. There are many reasons that go into making process improvement the most challenging exercise. This article examines the fundamental causes and recommends that this is one area where improvements will directly impact customer satisfaction. As we move into the 21st century, what are the key traits required in an organization to achieve excellence? These are as follows: having key customer insights focusing business strategies on customer value quality commitment upgrading knowledge and processes management by facts and feedback. In the Indian scenario, it is mainly the MNCs, driven by their global processes, that are driving business excellence. The same culture needs to be cultivated by the Indian companies be they large or medium ones.
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Jarman, A. M. G., and A. Kouzmin. "Australian Metropolitan Development: Local Government Reform and Urban Growth into the 1990s." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 2 (June 1993): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110143.
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During the past four decades, many national governments, both centralist and federal, have spent considerable resources on planning for improved types of human settlement. Sometimes, grand schemes of regional planning, ‘New Town’ development, vast subdivisional tracting, and, even, industrial policy have been prepared and implemented in the name of urban and metropolitan development. The developmental role of local councils, as governmental authorities, has been either understated or underutilized; often, both. Australian governments should now reflect upon past policies and, most particularly, reconsider the role of a proactive local government sector in future metropolitan and urban development. In general terms, a multigenerational model regarding Australian urban policy design is considered. The first three, and more conventional, generations consist of: (1) the local government ‘fragmentation’ dispute, whereby local authorities are regarded as being too small, parochial, and ineffective as planning institutions; (2) the ‘New Town’ period, involving centralized planning and funding; and (3) a consolidation era where many different types of corporate, multifocal authority agencies have been created. The fourth generation constitutes the governmentally approved multifunction polis (MFP): A unique Japanese–Australian vision of a 21st century technopolis. It is argued that a further, fifth, model needs to be considered in the context of Australia's continuing outer-(sub)urban development. A linear growth-linkage model is presented; one which enhances the role of local government planning and development near the various state-located capital cities.
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Zuhdi, Ubaidillah. "The ranks of Japanese industrial sectors: 2005-2011." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 820 (March 2017): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/820/1/012030.
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Zuhdi, Ubaidillah. "The ranks of Indonesian and Japanese industrial sectors." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 38 (July 2016): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/38/1/012008.
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de Cássia Salado, Gerusa, and Eduvaldo Paulo Sichieri. "A Modular System for Vertical Sealing Panels of Paper Tube." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 739–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.739.
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Problem statement: The society has been worried about the environment, especially due to the intense exploitation of natural resources, the large quantity of residues and their effects on the planet. In this context, the study and development of new materials in civil construction have become fundamental to make use of industrial residues or products discarded by the population. An alternative is to recycle paper and use it to manufacture cardboard tubes to serve as structural elements and sealing in the Architecture and civil construction areas, as Japanese architect Shigeru Ban has made in his projects worldwide for over twenty years. Approach: This paper addresses the elaboration of innovative modular panels made of cardboard tubes for vertical sealing and the construction system developed for their use. The panels underwent several analyses: compression resistance, sandbag impact and steel ball impact, and a test cell was also constructed to test their construction system and structural performance. Results: The panels showed good results in all tests, resisting a maximum of 5000 kgf compression load, besides high elasticity and tenacity in the impact resistance tests. Therefore, both the construction system and its complements have been patented. Conclusions: The panels showed enough resistance to be used in constructions. They offer several advantages to the sector of prefabricated buildings and housing, such as lightness, cleanliness and speed of execution and are a good alternative for some types of constructions, such as temporary, popular, emergency and movable. These panels are of large importance due to their recyclability, contributing towards environmental sustainability.
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Md Isa, Mohamad Azwan, Norashikin Ismail, Ruziah A Latif, Nor Hadaliza Abd Rahman, and Nurul Farhana Mazlan. "CO-MOVEMENT AND CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STOCK MARKET AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES: LATEST EVIDENCE FROM MALAYSIA." Advanced International Journal of Banking, Accounting and Finance 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/aijbaf.11003.
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Previous studies pertaining to the co-movement and causal relationship between Malaysian stock markets and domestic macroeconomic variables are by now quite well documented. Nonetheless, to the best of authors’ knowledge, there is a void in the literature about foreign macroeconomic variables. Therefore, this paper aims to examine co-movement and causal relationship between FTSE Bursa Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (FBMKLCI) with foreign macroeconomic variables namely world crude oil price, gold price, and five world major stock market indices; Singapore’s Straits Times Index (STI), Chinese Shanghai A-Share Index (SHAI), the US’s Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Hong Kong’s Hang Seng Index (HSI) and Japanese Nikkei 225 Index (NIK). We also include domestic macroeconomic variables namely private sector domestic credit, gross international reserves and foreign currency assets, and an exchange rate of Malaysian ringgit (MYR) to the US dollar (USD) in this study. Using 9-year monthly data series from 2010 to 2018, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test reveals that data series have unit root in level order, but become integrated when converted into the first difference. The t-statistics of the Trace test suggests that FBMKLCI co-moves with Malaysian gross international reserves and foreign currency assets, world gold price and STI in the long run, respectively. Further, the VECM notes the absence of long-run or short runs causal relationships except Singapore’s STI to FBMKLCI in the short run. The pairwise Granger causality test indicates a one-way causal relationship running from FBMKLCI to gross international reserves and foreign currency assets. The findings benefit stock market investors, diversified portfolio fund managers, market regulators, and policymakers besides enriching the existing literature.
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Fauzi, Rizki Ahmad, and Siana Ria. "PENGARUH ATRIBUT - ATRIBUT PRODUK YAMAHA JUPITER-Z TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN (SUATU SURVEI PADA DEALER MEGA UTAMA MOTOR DI JAKARTA BARAT)." Jurnal Ilmiah Binaniaga 2, no. 02 (November 27, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33062/jib.v2i02.157.
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The growth of worldwide automotive industrial sector forced PT Yamaha, as a Japanese motorcycle (known as Yamaha) producer, to enter the motorcycle market in Indonesia. Yamaha has grown and developed rapidly and has been successfully placed it self in the second rank that dominated about 25% of the motorcycle market share. PT Yamaha tries to understand the customer characteristics that are not dependant of interest and demand, but also to create product innovation through research and development product program. The writer is interested in Jupiter Z product and did a research to find out the correlation between Jupiter Z attributes with consumer’s satisfaction. The research used quantitative descriptive method and a survey carried out at Mega Motor in West Jakarta. The research compared two variables of attribute including physical performance, color variance, engine performance, safety and easy handle, engine maintenance, guarantee and claim, fuel consumption, spare parts supply, after sales service and resale value. There were 100 respondents involved in the survey, the writer used Likert Scale of 1 – 5 with the aggregate variables that were plotted in Cartesian diagram using performance importance analysis. The results were between 3.33 – 3.98 with average value of 3.78 (quite satisfied) and importance attribute ranged from 3.98 – 4.31 with average value of 4.16 (important). From the Cartesian Diagram we can see that in Quadrant I (top priority) the respondents concern about guarantee, claim and after sale service while Quadrant II (dependent priority) the respondents thought about physical performance, engine performance, security and easy to drive, engine maintenance, supplies and spare parts. In the third Quadrant (low priority) respondents considered fuel consumption and resale value while in the last Quadrant (over priority) respondents chose color variance. Kata
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Yemelyanova, O. "Factors and Prospects of Japan's Transition to Digital Society." Analysis and Forecasting. IMEMO Journal, no. 4 (2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/afij-2020-4-52-61.
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Since 1991, when the so-called "bubble crisis" occurred in Japan, and until now, the business circles and the government of the country have been constantly looking for a new engine to launch sustainable economic growth. During the first two decades, the Japanese government kept using a traditional approach, which was common for the industrial era. But there was no satisfactory outcome. The recent years showed significant changes in understanding the essence of the economic recession, as well as existing economic problems solving methods. The quintessence of Japan's new economic course is the digital society formation strategy, called "Society 5.0". It was adopted by the Japanese government in 2016 and it is actively being implemented today. According to the periodization of the Japanese government, the country is going through a transition from an information society to a digital one. However, the author argues that there is more likely a shift from an industrial to a digital type of socio-economic model of society. It is important to emphasize that it is not just the development of modern sectors of a digital economy but the ongoing transformation of the entire society. In other words, Japan is not focusing on the industrial revolution, but on a change of a social paradigm. The implementation of this strategy implies creating a vast new market across the national economy by shaping the new needs of the digital society. The attractiveness of such a project prompts many large Japanese companies to increase investments in complex innovative projects and abandon the debt reduction strategy - a business model formed in a situation of “balance sheet recession”. Thus, Japan is gradually restoring a healthy investment climate. The article is aimed at identifying the factors that are creating pressure on the Japanese government and forcing it to look for a new way of developing the country. The author also describes and analyzes the essence of the "Society 5.0" strategy.
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Kimino, Satomi, Nigel Driffield, and David Saal. "Spillovers from FDI and local networks." Multinational Business Review 22, no. 2 (July 15, 2014): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-01-2014-0004.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the importance of host country networks and organisation of production in the context of international technology transfer that accompanies foreign direct investment (FDI). Design/methodology/approach – The empirical analysis is based on unbalanced panel data covering Japanese firms active in two-digit manufacturing sectors over a seven-year period. Given the self-selection problem affecting past sectoral-level studies, using firm-level panel data is a prerequisite to provide robust empirical evidence. Findings – While Japan is thought of as being a technologically advanced country, the results show that vertical productivity spillovers from FDI occur in Japan, but they are sensitive to technological differences between domestic firms and the idiosyncratic Japanese institutional network. FDI in vertically organised keiretsu sectors generates inter-industry spillovers through backward and forward linkages, while FDI within sectors linked to vertical keiretsu activities adversely affects domestic productivity. Overall, our results suggest that the role of vertical keiretsu is more prevalent than that of horizontal keiretsu. Originality/value – Japan’s industrial landscape has been dominated by institutional clusters or networks of inter-firm organisations through reciprocated, direct and indirect ties. However, interactions between inward investors and such institutionalised networks in the host economy are seldom explored. The role and characteristics of local business groups, in the form of keiretsu networks, have been investigated to determine the scale and scope of spillovers from inward FDI to Japanese establishments. This conceptualisation depends on the institutional mechanism and the market structure through which host economies absorb and exploit FDI.
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McDonald, M. G. "Farming Out Factories: Japan's Law to Promote the Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Village Areas." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, no. 11 (November 1996): 2041–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a282041.
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Questions as to how social regulation serves renewed accumulation may be answered by mesoscale studies of the ways states make sites and localities available to new forms of production. In this study I examine the important social-regulatory role of the Japanese state in the rapid creation of new factory sites for flexible producers after 1970, particularly through negotiation with rural constituencies. Firms in leading sectors of Japanese industry have spun-off thousands of new production units over the past twenty years, not only as a result of growth but as a continuous strategy to achieve that growth. One way new factories obtained land and labor was through Japan's 1971 Law to Promote the Introduction of Industry into Agricultural Village Areas, Nōson Chiiki Kōgyō Dōnyū Sokushin Hō. This policy coaxed farmtown governments to carve new industrial parks out of farmland and to sell improved factory sites to manufacturing firms. By subscribing hundreds of farmtowns into this national program annually in the 1970s, the policy helped to structure the external conditions of industrial firms' flexibility, granting full rein to the internal logics allowing their greater spatial reach. By early 1992, over 6800 factories had acquired rural sites under this program and 444000 workers had been hired, many from farm households. The state has by no means abandoned interventionism in this growth period, but has actively reregulated the countryside away from its former engagements in agriculture and into the service of flexible industrial production.
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Zuhdi, Ubaidillah. "The ranks of Indonesian and Japanese industrial sectors: A further study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 820 (March 2017): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/820/1/012029.
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Kajitani, Yoshio, and Hirokazu Tatano. "Estimation of Lifeline Resilience Factors Based on Surveys of Japanese Industries." Earthquake Spectra 25, no. 4 (November 2009): 755–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3240354.
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This paper discusses the resilience factors of industrial sectors under lifeline (electricity, water, and gas) system disruptions. The resilience factor is one of the quantitative measurements of lifeline impacts, which focuses on the production output of some industrial sectors during lifeline disruptions. Recent studies have provided the detailed structure of business resilience that includes multiple resilience options, such as production rescheduling, inventories, and back-up generators. However, the impacts of these options on resilience factor are not thoroughly investigated due to the lack of data. In addition, resilience factor in previous study is assumed to be applied only to the single-lifeline disruption case, which is a limited case in large-scale disasters. In this study, the resilience factors for 27 industrial sectors are estimated based on the empirical surveys conducted in the Aichi and Shizuoka Prefectures, Japan, focusing on more rigorous characteristics of resilience. One particular contribution of this paper is introducing the resilience factor that considers individual and compound effects of available resilience options along with multiple lifeline disruptions.
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Yoshida, Mai. "The Indebted and Silent Worker: Paternalistic Labor Management in Foreign Labor Policy in Japan." Critical Sociology 47, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920520924102.
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This paper analyzes the characteristic of labor management in the Japanese labor market through the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP)—one of Japan’s foreign labor policies to supply labor force from Asian neighbors into domestic sectors. Previous studies on TITP were mainly focused on institutional and industrial analyses. These studies often focus on how trainees are inserted into restructured labor market to augment labor shortage amid global economic competition. On the other hand, this paper focuses on the 1) ideological analysis of the framework of government policy and 2) its function on actual labor management in TITP. This perspective seeks to contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of migrant control by the state and labor management by the employer. As a result, this paper shows, how the state and employer manage the “silent workers” by using paternalistic labor management and the On (恩) ideology of indebtedness.
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Zuhdi, Ubaidillah. "An analysis of the characteristics of Japanese industrial sectors from 2005 through 2011." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 88 (October 2017): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/88/1/012027.
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Jayasinghe, Prabhath, and Albert K. Tsui. "Exchange rate exposure of sectoral returns and volatilities: Evidence from Japanese industrial sectors." Japan and the World Economy 20, no. 4 (December 2008): 639–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2007.07.003.
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Chalmers, Norma J. "Changing Patterns of Employment in Japan: Employee Transfers in the Private Sector." Journal of Industrial Relations 37, no. 2 (June 1995): 281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569503700205.
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Patterns of employment in Japan's large enterprises have undergone significant adjustment since the early 1980s. An ongoing and accelerating transformation is under way, where once the basis of regular employment was the recruitment of graduates, career-long identification in the enterprise and security in its stable internal labour market. The process reflects a Just In Time approach to managing human resources, which is designed to have 'the right workers, in the right quantity, in the right place and at the right time'. The approach is exemplified in Japan's private sector, although it is not confined to that sector; nor is it unique to Japan. This paper examines one of a variety of Just In Time strategies: the transfer of regular employees out of the firm that originally employed them. The study relies on the limited amount of English language literature on the phenomenon and the analysis also draws on recent research in Japan. It is argued that regular employees who are sent out by their employer to work under the total control of a third party are a special type of non-regular labour. It is also argued that the transferring practice, together with an increasing proportion of non-regular em ployment relationships, has significant implications for Japan's internal labour market structures and its enterprise-based unionism. The implications are relevant for industrial societies undergoing restructuring and for those rethinking their industrial relations situation.
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Korneev, Konstantin A. "Geopolitical and Economic Backgrounds for Japan’s Participation in International Associations at the Present Stage." RUDN Journal of Political Science 23, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2021-23-2-215-224.
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Japan is one of the undisputed economic leaders in the Asia-Pacific region, despite the fact that in a number of macroeconomic indicators (for example, in nominal GDP) it gave the primacy to China in the late 2000s. Nevertheless, the positions of Japanese financial and industrial groups in the automotive and shipbuilding sectors, information technology, telecommunications systems, and power equipment manufacturing are still strong in the world markets. Tokyo also feels confident in the international political space - most regional problems are solved with the active participation of Japan. Accordingly, the Japanese government has all the possibilities to conduct a clear and consistent foreign policy with a maximum consideration for its own interests, as well as it has opportunities to attract a wide range of overseas partners to mutually beneficial cooperation within the framework of multilateral agreements. However, nowadays in the Asia-Pacific markets, Japanese corporations face increasing competition from Chinese and South Korean companies, which forces Japan to take into account new geopolitical situations and strive to softly promote its vision of regional development. The purpose of the study is to analyze Japans approaches to participation in current international associations and to assess the overall impact of these approaches on the geopolitical and economic space of the Asia-Pacific region. The research methodology is based on the apparatus of social sciences (comparative analysis, content analysis, economic and statistical analysis, synthesis, historical and logical methods), and is supplemented by a systematic approach to the research topic through the search and interpretation of the appropriate information.
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Jayasinghe, Prabhath, Albert K. Tsui, and Zhaoyong Zhang. "Exchange Rate Exposure of Sectoral Returns and Volatilities: Further Evidence From Japanese Industrial Sectors." Pacific Economic Review 19, no. 2 (April 27, 2014): 216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12061.
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Nguyen, Hoa Thi, Kathleen B. Aviso, Masayuki Fujioka, Lisa Ito, and Akihiro Tokai. "Decomposition analysis of annual toxicological footprint changes: Application on Japanese industrial sectors, 2001–2015." Journal of Cleaner Production 290 (March 2021): 125681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125681.
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Ju, Yiyi, Masahiro Sugiyama, Etsushi Kato, Yuhji Matsuo, Ken Oshiro, and Diego Silva Herran. "Industrial decarbonization under Japan’s national mitigation scenarios: a multi-model analysis." Sustainability Science 16, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00905-2.
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AbstractEnergy-intensive industries are difficult to decarbonize. They present a major challenge to the emerging countries that are currently in the midst of rapid industrialization and urbanization. This is also applicable to Japan, a developed economy, which retains a large presence in heavy industries compared to other developed economies. In this paper, the results obtained from four energy-economic and integrated assessment models were utilized to explore climate mitigation scenarios of Japan’s industries by 2050. The results reveal that: (i) Japan’s share of emissions from industries may increase by 2050, highlighting the difficulties in achieving industrial decarbonization under the prevailing industrial policies; (ii) the emission reduction in steelmaking will play a key role, which can be achieved by the implementation of carbon capture and expansion of hydrogen technologies after 2040; (iii) even under mitigation scenarios, electrification and the use of biomass use in Japan’s industries will continue to be limited in 2050, suggesting a low possibility of large-scale fuel switching or end-use decarbonization. After stocktaking of the current industry-sector modeling in integrated assessment models, we found that such limited uptake of cleaner fuels in the results may be related to the limited interests of both participating models and industry stakeholders in Japan, specifically the interests on the technologies that are still at the early stage of development but with high reduction potential. It is crucial to upgrade research and development activities to enable future industry-sector mitigation as well as to improve modeling capabilities of energy end-use technologies in integrated assessment models.
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Kwon, Boungsu, Sangho Lee, Seoktae Kang, and Jaelim Lim. "Current Research Trends and the Need for Localization in Ultrapure Water Production Facilities in Semiconductor Industries." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 493–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.10.493.
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Objectives : This study aims to summarize the market status, patent applications, and technology trends for the production of ultrapure water in semiconductor industries. In addition, the potential of technological localization of ultrapure water production facility is reviewed in order to incubate domestic core technologies as well as to reduce the technical dependence to the market stake holders.Methods : Through the collection and summary of information from global water institute (GWI), market analyst firms in ultrapure water fields, and the patent analysis for the past 10 years, the technological gap between domestic and market leading in Japan, the United States, and Europe were analyzed. In addition, the research trend related to the core removal processes for the production of ultrapure water was also analyzed.Results and Discussion : As a result of market analysis in the industrial water sector, the capital investment is expected to reach USD 39.9 billion by 2024, with a steady growth of 4.1% per year. The unit processes required for the production of ultrapure water becomes more complex and diversified, and the recent technological advancement has been mainly put on the development of eco-friendly water treatment processes such as electrodeionization (EDI) in order to reduce the chemical usage. In addition, research on the development of new processes for the treatment of hardly degradable trace substances (i.e. urea, THM, IPA, etc.) is actively under investigation. However, the patent analysis revealed that the three Japanese companies occupied 71% of the world’s patents on the ultrapure water production.Conclusions : In ultrapure water production technology, the design of unit processes is important, and the design of a system that combines and arranges unit processes is the core technology. Thus, the incubation of domestic companies that have ability to design the array of unit processes for ultrapure water production is necessary for the localization of ultrapure water technology. However, although a few companies have completed the commercialization of core technologies, there is lack of the test field to evaluate the long-term performance of products. Therefore, for the development of domestic technologies in the ultrapure water production, it is necessary to construct a test-bed capable of evaluating the performance of domestic products. In addition, it is expected that localization of ultrapure water production technology will be facilitated with the participation of consumers.
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MATSUHASHI, Koji, and Koichi TOGASHI. "Locational Dynamics and Spatial Structures in the Japanese Manufacturing Industries: A Review on the Japanese Industrial Restructuring Process of Leading Sectors." Geographical review of Japan, Series B. 61, no. 1 (1988): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4157/grj1984b.61.174.
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Kohsaka, Ryo, Yoshinori Fujihira, and Yuta Uchiyama. "Biomimetics for business? Industry perceptions and patent application." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 10, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 597–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-05-2018-0052.
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Purpose Biomimetics are expected to contribute to sustainable environmental management; however, there has been no exploration of industry perceptions by using empirical data. This study aims to identify the trends and perceptions of biomimetics. The industrial sectors in Japan and international patent application trends are analyzed. Design/methodology/approach An online survey to identify the perceptions of staff members in Japanese private companies (n = 276) was conducted. Japan is an emerging country in terms of the social implementation of biomimetics, and this paper can provide insights into other such countries. Findings It is identified that the strength of connections to biomimetics differs across industrial sectors. The respondents from companies that use nanoscale biomimetics tend to have the knowledge of, and experience in, biomimetics. Regarding the overall understanding of patent applications, Japanese private company employees require knowledge of patent application trends and country rankings as potential factors influencing the development of biomimetics. Social implications Knowledge transfer and sharing of experience among engineers and researchers of nanoscale technologies and urban scales are necessary to facilitate biomimetic advancement. Originality/value The results of the first survey and an analysis of the perceptions of staff members in private companies in Japan are provided to show the challenges in the social implementation of biomimetics. The results can be referred to for the social implementation of biomimetics in emerging countries. The method of this study can be applied to an international comparative analysis in future research.
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Sternberg, R. "Supporting Peripheral Economies or Industrial Policy in Favour of National Growth? An Empirically Based Analysis of Goal Achievement of the Japanese ‘Technopolis’ Program." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 13, no. 4 (December 1995): 425–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c130425.
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Since the early 1980s, R&D-intensive industries have been a major concern of economic and technology policy in all highly industrialized countries. This includes Japan where, typically, especially strong economic disparities exist between the megalopolis of Tokyo–Nagoya–Osaka and the rest of the country. The main objectives of the ‘Technopolis’ Program of the Japanese national government, implemented in the mid-1980s, were—and still are—the introduction of technology into all sectors of the national economy and the reduction of the disparities between the individual parts of the country. On the basis of hitherto unpublished data on each one of the twenty-six technopolises, in this paper I analyse their chances of success and draw conclusions regarding the regional–political value of the Technopolis strategy. One of the most important results of this analysis is the discovery of a strong and negative correlation between the success of the twenty-six sites and their distance from the Japanese core region around Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya.