Academic literature on the topic 'Jains India Economic conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Jains India Economic conditions"
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L. Ramakrishna. "Pichiguntala @ Helava @ Vamsharaj: Genealogical nomadic tribes of India." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 17, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.17.1.0005.
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Pichiguntala are one of the ancient Genealogical Nomadic Tribes in India. Their existence only found in the southern parts of India. The origins of these nomadic tribes are dating back to 8th Century C.E. These people have very meagre in their populations numbering less than 0.05% of the total populations of the southern states. These Pichiguntalas are basically from the Telugu speaking areas of present day divided Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States. They are found to be the heirs of legendary Shaivite religious Hindu leader Kunti Malla Reddy of Srisailam (Nallamala Hills). The word Kunti means to a lame and Pichi means to mad or beggar in Telugu, hence the Pichiguntala means to a lame beggar who do service the cultivating families on their genealogical aspects for alms. It is found that during times of pre-Medieval Period, these people were engaged to record the population studies, keepers of revenue records and recording of census data under the Rashtrakutas, Kakathiyas and Reddy Rulers in India. It is observed that during 12th Century C.E., the religious movements instituted by lengendary Shaivite leader Basavanna @ Basaveshwara (who formed the Lingayuth Community) against the Jain Rulers of Bijjalas of Basavakalyan; had attracted these Pichiguntalas leading mass migrations to non-Telugu speaking areas of Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Goa, Pondicherry, Orissa and other parts in India. Presently, their socio-economic conditions are very pathetic due to their nomadic life styles. They do not have the basic facilities such as food, shelter, housing, schooling, educational and economical avenues, etc. Most of them are either school dropouts or illiterates; and have not entered government jobs or have any political representations. Since, their population size and vote bank is meagre; they are living as numerical minorities without any welfare and developmental interests by the Government. There is need for the safe guarding of their dilutions and extinctions in the society. There exists a threat that these people are slowly opting for religious conversions for their betterment. These Pichiguntalas are also called as Helavas in Kannada, Helavi in Marathi, Vamsharaju in Telangana, Kudi Panians in Tamil, and are referring themselves as Kunti Malla Reddy Reddys in Andhra Pradesh. Here, the author is aiming to bring out the details & socio-economic status on the Pichiguntalas in India with an objective to create a reference for the future researchers and the State Governments.
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Farmer, B. H., and Robert Wade. "Village Republics: Economic Conditions for Collective Action in South India." Geographical Journal 155, no. 1 (March 1989): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635395.
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Barnett, Tony, and Robert Wade. "Village Republics: Economic Conditions for Collective Action in South India." Man 25, no. 2 (June 1990): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2804617.
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Khundrakpam, Jeevan Kumar, Rajesh Kavediya, and Jessica M. Anthony. "Estimating Financial Conditions Index for India." Journal of Emerging Market Finance 16, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 61–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972652716686273.
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This article constructs financial condition indices (FCIs) for India and explores their predictive ability of business cycle. The estimated FCIs indicate substantial tightening in financial conditions in India since the global financial crisis barring a brief phase during 2010–11. Unlike in the literature, it shows the importance of standardising the financial variables by removing the influence of unit of measurement and not purging the influence of past economic activity as that improves the forecasting ability of FCI about business cycle. In predicting GDP growth, principal component analysis-based FCI outperforms vector autoregression-based FCI but both are better than OECD composite leading indicator, and indicate an upturn in business cycle in India in 2015–16. JEL Classification: E5, E17, E44
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Mishra, S. N., B. C. Benupani, T. Masuda, U. Mohapatra, P. K. Roul, C. Chan Halbrendt, and Shruti Mohapatra. "An Economic Assessment on Conditions for CAPS Adoption in Odisha (India)." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 2932–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.334.
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Prasad Sati, Vishwambhar. "Natural resource conditions and economic development in the Uttaranchal Himalaya, India." Journal of Mountain Science 2, no. 4 (December 2005): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02918407.
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K, Dhananjaya. "Economic Growth and Negative Externalities in India." Journal of Global Economy 15, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v15i3.587.
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Of late the world has realized that the growth models that believed in growth- environment tradeoff are not sustainable. In the pursuit of increasing their GDP, countries have ignored the negative externalities of growth, which would seriously threaten the survival of the future generation. Two kinds of damage are caused by unsustainable growth. Firstly, productive base, particularly, natural capital, like forest, minerals, energy, is depleting. Secondly, environmental pollution and climate change caused by excessive CO2 emissions are threatening human lives in terms of deteriorating health conditions and increasing temperature level (OECD, 2012). In the light of these concerns, sustainable development has become an important goal of nations. This study attempts to assess the extent of negative externalities in India and analyze the relationship between negative externalities and growth of GNI. The study finds that the economic growth of India is more sustainable as compared to all income categories countries. Further, the analysis detected a bidirectional relationship between negative externalities and GNI growth in the post-1990s.
Keywords: Negative Externalities, Sustainable Development, and Genuine Saving Rate.
JEL Classification: Q560
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Roy, Tirthankar. "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link." Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533002760278749.
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This paper argues that to restore the link between economic history and modern India, a different narrative of Indian economic history is needed. An exclusive focus on colonialism as the driver of India's economic history misses those continuities that arise from economic structure or local conditions. In fact, market-oriented British imperial policies did initiate a process of economic growth based on the production of goods intensive in labor and natural resources. However, productive capacity per worker was constrained by low rates of private and public investment in infrastructure, excessively low rates of schooling, social inequalities based on caste and gender and a delayed demographic transition to lower birthrates and the resultant heavy demographic burden placed on physical capital and natural resources.
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Beals, Alan R. ": Village Republics: Economic Conditions for Collective Action in South India . Robert Wade." American Anthropologist 91, no. 1 (March 1989): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00530.
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Mehra, Aryaan. "ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE PARTITION ON INDIA AND PAKISTAN." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 982–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11924.
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The paper reflects on the events of partition that took place in 1947, following the nation gaining its independence from 200 years of imperial British rule. The occasion resulted in the birth of two dominion states - India and Pakistan, with the later also occupying the territory of Bangladesh, then referred to as East Pakistan. In this paper, factors that impacted the economic conditions of both countries have been analyzed to understand their outcomes in the post-independence period.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Jains India Economic conditions"
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Stein, Daniel. "Rainfall index insurance in India." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/167/.
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This thesis provides three works which each contribute to understanding of the promising yet struggling market for rainfall index insurance in India. The first chapter contains an analysis of the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for rainfall insurance by poor farmers in Gujarat, India. It develops a theoretical model to predict individual WTP and contrasts it with emprical estimates of WTP using the Becker-DeGroot-Marshalk (BDM) mechanism. We find that BDM works well as a predictor of WTP, but that our model significantly overestimates WTP. The second chapter seeks to provide a possible explanation for demand being lower than theoretical predictions by looking at the dynamics of insurance demand. Using a panel dataset of insurance purchasers in India, it shows that people who receive an insurance payout are 9-22% more likely to purchase insurance the following year. The results are consistent with a dynamic model of insurance demand featuring loss aversion, in which receiving an insurance payout shifts the reference point such that people become more risk averse the following season. I provide evidence against other possible explanations, such as increased trust and learning about insurance, and direct effects of bad weather. The final chapter explores the possibility that combining rainfall insurance with savings may result in a more attractive financial product than insurance on its own. We conduct a laboratory experiment with Indian farmers that uses the BDM mechanism to assess the valuation of various insurance/savings combinations, which we title WISAs (Weather Insured Savings Accounts). We find that, contrary to theoretical predictions, most people prefer both pure savings and pure insurance to any combination of the two. This paper hopefully provides valuable contibutions to solving the puzzle of how to shield poor farmers from uncertain rainfall.
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Lalonde, Gloria Marjorie Lucy. "National development and the changing status of women in India : a state by state analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66067.
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Raman, Manoj. "Development and international business : an application to India." Thesis, City University London, 1999. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7746/.
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The issue of development in emerging markets has moved on from the polarized debates along ideological lines about the state vs. markets, to focusing mainly on economic indicators. Increasingly, as knowledge becomes the main focus of development, it is acknowledged that the state can play a positive role in promoting its growth. To try and analyse these developments, it is imperative that we appreciate the role of differing business systems that impose constraints on development, especially in influencing capital allocation in the system. The emergence of cybercities in impoverished developing countries like India need to be analysed to appreciate the factors that will influence the trends in development - the success of such cities can be attributed to the positive role played by the state and the clustering of software industries around centres of knowledge. We develop frameworks to analyse to compare the existing forms of corporate governance, and a third system for emerging economies such as Asia or Europe. We also develop frameworks to analyse market exchange and alternative frameworks from modern and pre-modern societies, in order to understand the nature of exchange in intangible and inalienable assets such as knowledge. We apply these frameworks to Indian software industry to give us an insight into how India has managed to emerge as a significant player in the software industry. We conclude that the political embeddedness of the various institutions and organisations are playing a critical role in shaping its business systems which is at the crossroads between a pluralist shareholder and corporatist stakeholder system. Also, these factors are forcing the Indian software industry to focus on the lower end of the value chain.
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Figueirêdo, Lízia de. "The new economic geography and regional growth in Brazil and India." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28684/.
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This dissertation tries to contribute to empirically assess hypotheses of the "New Economic Geography". Specifically, we tested the relevance of the combination of lower transportation cost with the role of economies of scale in explaining the regional distribution of total activity and of industrial activity. Economies of scale are assumed to be due to "backward and forward" linkages among firms. We also took into account congestion effects and asymmetry among regions. The model was tested for the regions of Brazil, in the period 1950-1995 and 1970-1995, and for the regions of India, in the period 1961-1991. Using panel results, we observed that transportation costs were generating concentration of total activity in the periods 1950-1995 arid 1950- 1970. For these samples, there is evidence that economies of scales were a cause of concentration of total activity. Other forces, not explained by the model, were generating dispersion and so were congestion effects. For the period 1970-1995, we found that congestion effects and lower transportation cost were helping to disperse economic activity, in the panel results. Economies of scale were not, contrary to the model's predictions, helping economic growth. In the case of Brazil, for the 18-state samples, industrial activity tended to concentrated due to the effects of lower transportation cost, although higher industrial growth rates were a characteristic of the states with less economies of scales. In the case of India, strong concentration effects were taking place, both due to lower transportation cost and due to other reasons. Economies of scale were not important in the explanation of the path of India activity.
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Mirza, Rinchan Ali. "Essays in the economic history of South Asia, 1891 to 2009." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:31ac00fe-f728-4e22-bcf1-62447a4e367c.
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This thesis presents research that subscribes to the broader theme of the Economic History of South Asia from 1891 to 2009. First, Chapter 2 shows that the Partition induced expulsion of religious minorities reduced school provision in Pakistan. The effect of minorities is explained by their education, occupational structure and their contribution towards local social capital. Then, Chapter 3 examines how areas affected by the Partition fare in terms of long-run agricultural development in India. It finds that areas that received more displaced migrants after Partition perform better in terms of crop yields, are more likely to take up of high yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds, and are more likely to use agricultural technologies. It highlights the superior educational status of the migrants as a potential pathway for the observed effects. Next, Chapter 4 shows that the agricultural productivity shock induced by the adoption of HYV of seeds reduced infant mortality across districts in India. It uses data on the characteristics of children and mothers in the sample to show that it was children born to mothers whose characteristics generally correlate with higher child mortality, children born in rural areas, boys, children born in rice and wheat producing districts and children born in poorer households who benefit more from HYV adoption. Furthermore, Chapter 5 shows that baseline differences in irrigation prior to the adoption of HYV are associated with differences in the growth of yields after adoption. It explores the relationship between irrigation and yields over time to uncover potential mechanisms for the observed relationship. Finally, Chapter 6 empirically investigates the relationship between religious shrines and literacy in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
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Singh, Swati. "Microcredit, Women, and Empowerment: Evidence From India." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699847/.
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Microfinance programs, by providing financial services to economically disadvantaged individuals, generally women, are intended to help poor self-employ and become financially independent. Earlier research in India has documented both positive and negative consequences of microfinance programs on women, from financial independence to domestic abuse. However, most of the research has been geographically limited to the southern states of the country, with a matured microfinance industry, and has given little attention to how variations in cultural practices across different regions of the country may influence the impact of microfinance programs on its members. To fill the gap in the existing literature, three related studies of Indian women were conducted. The first study was a qualitative study of 35 women engaged in microfinance programs in the northern region of India. The study found that women engaged in microfinance programs reported having increased social networks, higher confidence and increased social awareness. The second and third studies used nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-2006. Controlling for a variety of other individual-level and community-level characteristics, the second study examined if getting a microloan affected women’s access to public spaces, and the third examined if getting such a loan influenced married women’s participation in household decision-making. Both studies further investigated if the microloan effect on these dimensions of women’s empowerment varied by the normative context of woman’s respective communities. The results indicated that, all else equal, women who had ever taken a microloan were more likely to go alone to places outside their home such as market, health clinics and places outside the community compared to women who had never taken such a loan. Getting a microloan also had a positive effect on women’s participation in decisions about large household purchases and husband’s earnings. The hypothesized moderating effect of the normative context of women’s respective communities was found only for women’s participation in decisions about large household purchases. Getting a microloan had a stronger positive effect on women’s participation in these decisions if they lived in communities with restrictive gender norms.
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Joseph, John Santiago. "The relevance of involvement in micro-credit self-help groups and empowerment : findings from a survey of rural women in Tamilnadu." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100632.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to establish the extent to which women's membership in self-help groups and their involvement in various activities of these groups, with particular reference to Micro Credit programs, impacted their socio-economic empowerment. The objective is to study the socio-economic empowerment impact factors (evidences) in women members of micro-credit self-help groups in rural India upon the self, the family and the community.Data selected for analyses was based on an operational model of empowerment that encompassed indicators of purported empowerment at the personal, family and community levels. The working hypotheses in quantitative analyses are that there are significant differences in income, savings, assets, expenditure, basic amenities, as well as attitudinal and behavioral changes in the rural women before and after their group membership.
The qualitative interviews helped to assess the life conditions of the women as the process of empowerment before and after their participation in self-help group micro-credit program. The qualitative interviews were to corroborate the veracity of reported progress from the survey to shed some light on the specific factors that contributed to their empowerment in line with their present quality of life at personal, family and community levels. Hence, the impact of the program is measured as the difference in the magnitude of a given parameter between the pre-and post-SHG situations by comparing the life condition of members before joining the self-help group to their condition three years after joining.
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Mallick, Sushanta K. "Modelling macroeconomic adjustment with growth in developing economies : the case of India." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4262/.
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The aim of this research is to understand the current economic scene and the stabilisation policies in historical perspective, and to survey and develop models for analysing issues of macroeconomic adjustment with growth. The topics have been chosen for their continued relevance in the current policy debates. The standard open economy model on which the Bretton Woods macroeconomics is based takes into account neither the endogeneity and decomposition of aggregate government expenditure or investment nor the price formation process in a developing economy. Further, with the opening up of the Indian economy since 1991, macroeconomic policy analysis needs to be examined in a different analytical framework from the essentially closed economy framework that has hitherto characterised policy discussions in India.T he present study investigates the appropriateness of the Fund-Bank approach to macroeconomic adjustment; modifies and analyses the respective effects of the model in light of the structural constraints in the form of low capital formation in the Indian economy after having disaggregated government expenditure into government consumption and investment expenditures. This thesis models trade, inflation and the determinants of long-run growth considering the role of endogenous growth and the demand factors in growth. The modelling procedure follows the VAR-based time series literature as against the traditional Cowles Commission approach to structural macroeconometric modelling. It estimates a macroeconomic model that incorporates the paradigm underlying the IMF's policy recommendations to developing countries, using Indian time series data from 1950-51 to 1995-96. It discusses structural sensitivities, dynamics and deterministic optimal control. This study investigates the effectiveness of three sets of key macroeconomic policy instruments which are typical in financial liberalisation process - namely, a tight credit policy, a depreciation of domestic currency and, a hike in regulated interest rates. Finally this study solves a multi-target and multi-instrument optimal control problem and finds that the two-target two-instrument problem of a standard policy package is not growth inducive and must target output growth in order to make the adjustment program as growth-oriented. This research has focused on explicitly recognising and analysing the operation of a credit or lending channel in the transmission of monetary policy.
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Indira, Nagaraju Rajeev. "India's Economic Growth: Role of Political Performance and Gender Wage Gap." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4370.
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This dissertation will explore how gender wage gap and political capacity represented by relative political extraction affect change in economic growth rate of a country. The main argument of the study is that gender wage gap is affecting the labor market by discouraging productive female labor force from entering the labor market. This in turn affects the efficiency and productivity of the labor market reflected in negative economic growth or economic growth potential being compromised. Here the case of Indian economy is examined. The important policy implication of this study is that it could account for the wage differential between genders and it could show how economies are missing out on the labor productivity and in turn negatively affecting the rate of economic growth.
Various sociological literatures have dealt in depth with the gender wage gap and its effect on the socio-cultural fabric of a society. While the current study recognizes existence of extensive sociological theories on gender wage gap, the focus is on the economic impact of gender wage gap on the growth rate change of a country. The argument is that gender wage gap negatively affects the economic growth rate change.
Economic growth literature have proved beyond doubt that economic and political factor together contribute to the economic growth of a country. Political variables such as political capacity reflects the efficiency of the government in resource extraction, its reach and allocation of those resources extracted. Such an efficient government provides the necessary environment for the economic growth. However, this political variable alone is not enough to increase economic growth of an economy. Rather governments must also possess the economic tools necessary, such as capital stock, human labor and labor force.
These economic and political variables together can contribute towards an increased economic growth. How these political and economic factors combine to achieve economic growth of a country? Hence this study looks at both the economic and political variables in a model to see how they affect economic growth.
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Watkins, Kevin. "India : colonialism, nationalism and perceptions of development." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670394.
Full textBooks on the topic "Jains India Economic conditions"
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India. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxfam, 2004.
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Bruijne, G. A. de. India. 's-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1986.
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Bakshi, S. R. Economic history of India. Delhi: Raj Publications, 1996.
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Rao, V. Lakshmana. Economic development of India. Allahabad, India: Chugh Publications, 1987.
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Socio-economic change in India. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1992.
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Steven, LaRue C., ed. The India handbook. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1997.
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Nepalese economy and India. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications, 1997.
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Philip, André. India: Social, economic & political aspects. Delhi: Anupama Publications, 1985.
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India: Social, economic & political aspects. Delhi: Anupama Publications, 1985.
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Debroy, Bibek. India, redeeming the economic pledge. New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Jains India Economic conditions"
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Roy, Tirthankar. "Conditions of business." In An Economic History of India 1707–1857, 84–114. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003173540-5.
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Ghosh, Nilabja. "Socio-economic Conditions and Agriculture in Sample States." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 107–19. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1572-1_7.
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Ahmad Malik, Firdous, and D. K. Yadav. "Socio-Economic Conditions and Pattern of Access and Non-Access in Recent Financial Inclusion Schemes of the Poorest of Poor." In Financial Inclusion Schemes in India, 53–107. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1316-7_4.
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Parhi, Mamata. "The Role of Electricity Market Reform and Socio-economic Conditions in Electricity Consumption in India." In Revisiting Electricity Market Reforms, 185–206. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4266-2_8.
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Mishra, Pratik, and Sumit Vij. "Changing Agriculture and Climate Variability in Peri-Urban Gurugram, India." In Water Security, Conflict and Cooperation in Peri-Urban South Asia, 105–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79035-6_6.
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AbstractFarmers across India are protesting the apathy of the state towards the agricultural sector, which is facing a triple crisis – economic, ecological and existential. This chapter attempts to locate the changing dynamics of agriculture at a frontier where a geographically specific articulation of this crisis comes to the fore: in Budhera, a peri-urban village bordering Gurugram city in the Indian state of Haryana. The village is still largely agrarian but undergoing rapid changes under the influence of (peri-)urbanization. Our ethnographic research investigates the juxtaposition of these urbanization processes with the more general impacts of climate variability on peri-urban agriculture. Although climate variability plays out at a larger scale than the urbanization processes, the conditions for peri-urban agriculture derive from an intersection of both. The results show how dimensions of agrarian livelihoods such as cropping choices, irrigation cycles, sharecropping arrangements, declining common property resources and land use changes to non-agricultural uses are influenced by (peri-)urbanization processes. We conclude that changes in land and water use in Budhera reshape agricultural practices and can cascade upon climate variability impacts in making agriculture more precarious for peri-urban farmers.
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Ahuja, Ravi. "Minoritarian Labour Welfare in India: The Case of the Employees’ State Insurance Act of 1948." In One Hundred Years of Social Protection, 157–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54959-6_5.
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AbstractThrough a case study of the Employees’ State Insurance Act of 1948, this chapter examines the historical evolution of a type of welfare schemes in India that made entitlements conditional on specific forms of employment. Global trends in social policy had influenced debates on a social insurance for Indian workers since the 1920s. Transformations of Indian industry, World War II, the post-war crisis and postcolonial economic planning then created conditions for legislation. Just when the international welfare discourse, Indian contributions included, converged on social welfare as a universal citizen right, the regulatory content of the health insurance scheme devised for India diverged from this normative consensus: “Employees’ State Insurance” remained strictly employment-based but also generated horizons of expectation that continue to inform labour struggles.
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Gopal, Surendra. "Economic Life of Jains in Medieval Times." In Jains in India, 44–70. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429261787-2.
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"Not just economic conditions." In Women, Health and Public Services in India, 24–41. Routledge India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315626512-8.
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Das, Laxhminarayan. "Growing E-Marketing Trends in India." In Strategic Marketing in Fragile Economic Conditions, 227–36. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6232-2.ch012.
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Internet growth in India is increasing at an alarming rate, which is indicating a fast growth future for the many e-marketing companies in India. The young population of the country prefers the new technology. The phenomenon is not only confined to urban India but has also spread to rural India. Due to the popularity of Internet usage, there will be a big boom of e-commerce market in India. Young buyers of India prefer to buy online due to easy mode of transaction, preferred mode of payment, safe delivery, and effective after sales service, in terms of return and refund policy. These changing shopping habits of the consumer open the door of opportunity for many e-marketing companies in India. The consumer in India buys many products online, from food to non-food categories. This is explored in this chapter.
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Roy, Tirthankar. "The Economy and the Environment." In The Economic History of India, 1857-2010, 277–300. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190128296.003.0011.
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The natural environment shapes long-term economic change via the quality or quantity of resources of potential economic value, climatic conditions that shape moisture or seasonal variations in agricultural conditions, and via the risk of natural disasters. These geographical conditions are lasting. They become active drivers of economic change when private enterprise and public policy become interested in the resources and try to mitigate the risks, and knowledge and information-gathering on these conditions for scientific or commercial purposes start to speed up. In colonial times, all of these processes speeded up greatly. Chapter 11 is about that change.
Conference papers on the topic "Jains India Economic conditions"
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Locatelli, Giorgio, Mauro Mancini, and Pietro Belloni. "Assessing the Attractiveness of SMR: An Application of INCAS Model to India." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15932.
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Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have the potential to be an important component of the worldwide nuclear renaissance. Whilst requiring more diluted investment than Large Reactors (LRs), SMRs are simpler build and operate as well as being suitable for deployment in harsh environmental conditions. In addition, useful by-products such as desalinated water and process heat are generated. The economic competitiveness of SMRs with respect to LRs must be carefully evaluated since the economies of scale label these reactors as not economically competitive. As such, a variety of financial and economic models have been developed by the scientific community in order to assess the competitiveness of SMRs. One of these, the INCAS model (Integrated model for the Competitiveness Assessment of SMRs), performs an investment project simulation and assessment of SMR and LR deployment scenarios, providing monetary indicators (e.g. IRR, LUEC, total equity invested) and not-monetary indicators (e.g. design robustness, required spinning reserve). The work in this paper investigates the attractiveness of SMRs for a given scenario, the Indian state, through application of the INCAS model. India is the second most populated country in the world with rapid economic growth and a huge requirement for energy. There is also both good public acceptance and political support for nuclear power in India, important factors favoring the deployment SMRs in particular. India seems particularly suitable for SMR deployment because (i) its energy intensive industrial sites are located far from existing grids, (ii) rapid growth in the region and (iii) the requirement for plants to provide fresh water for the population, as well as for agriculture and industry. The results show that SMRs have roughly the same financial performance of LRs, however they have a competitive advantage as a result of non-financial factors such as co-generation application, higher local content and better management of the spinning reserves in a country with an electricity deficit.
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Willems, Herbert. "Advanced Ultrasonic In-Line Inspection for the Assessment of Pipelines Affected by Pitting and Pinhole Corrosion." In ASME 2017 India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2017-2443.
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The network of pipelines worldwide is growing and aging which leads to an ever increasing focus towards integrity management of these pipelines. One major challenge faced by today’s operators is the realization and management of corrosion of pipelines. Unless detected, sized and documented correctly corrosion does pose as a major time-dependent threat to the aging pipeline network which eventually, if undetected and uncontrolled, can lead to catastrophic failures. Inline inspection (ILI) by means of intelligent pigs is widely used to ensure a safe operation of pipelines. Ultrasonic technology (UT) is currently the most accurate and reliable inline inspection technology available in the market. Highly specialized UT ILI tools can detect and size pipeline threats related to corrosion or cracking. High resolution tools as available today allow for the reliable inspection of tiny corrosion defects such as pittings or even pinholes. These small but often deep anomalies are severe forms of corrosion known to have caused pipeline failures in the past. The economic environment for oil companies has changed significantly in the last few years where reduced prices and margins for oil transportation and production challenge pipeline operators globally. At these tight margins, operators must scrutinize closely the indirect costs of performing inspections. Any constraints imposed by required inspections have the potential to negatively affect margin, including the reduction of pipeline flow rates to accommodate optimum inline inspection conditions. The latest generation of UT tools offer higher inspection speeds which overcome the need for flow reduction, therefore reducing transportation losses due to the reduction of throughput. In addition, there is also a need for enhanced axial and circumferential resolution to enable reliable detection and sizing of e. g. pinhole corrosion defects. Without the necessary measuring resolution these defects otherwise might go undetected and un-accounted for. In this contribution, the latest improvements of ultrasonic ILI are described and illustrated by inspection results.
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Bhada, Perinaz, and Nickolas J. Themelis. "Potential for the First WTE Facility in Mumbai (Bombay) India." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1930.
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The city of Mumbai (Bombay), India is facing a solid waste management crisis. The infrastructure has been unable to keep pace with economic development and population growth, resulting in insufficient collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) and over-burdened dumps. Improper disposal of solid wastes over several decades and open burning of garbage have led to serious environmental pollution and health problems. This study examined the solid waste management process in Mumbai and the potential for implementation of waste-to-energy facilities. Mumbai’s average per capita waste generation rate is 0.18 tonnes per person. Although the reported collection efficiency of MSW is 90%, almost half of the city’s 12 million people live in slums, some of which do not have access to solid waste services. The most pressing problem is the acute shortage of space for landfilling. When the present waste dumps were constructed they were at the outskirts of the city, but now they are surrounded by housing colonies, thus exposing millions of people to daily inconveniences such as odors, traffic congestion, and to more serious problems associated with air, land, and water pollution and the spread of diseases from rodents and mosquitoes. Mumbai is the financial center of India and has the highest potential for energy generation from the controlled combustion of solid wastes. The lower heating value of MSW is estimated in this study to be 9 MJ/kg, which is slightly lower than the average MSW combusted in the E.U. (10 MJ/kg). The land for the first WTE in Mumbai would be provided by the City and there is a market for the electricity generated by the WTE facility. The main problem to overcome is the source of capital since the present “tipping fees” are very low and inadequate to make the operation profitable and thus attract private investors. Therefore, the only hope is for the local government and one or more philanthropists in Mumbai to team up in financing the first WTE in India as a beacon that improves living conditions in Mumbai, reduces the City’s dependence on the import of fossil fuels, and lights the way for other cities in India to follow.
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Mirani, Ankit, Soniya Tripathi, Ashish Srivastav, and Raj Chandak. "Combining Hydrajetting Perforations and Hydraulic Fracturing Services – Value Added and Lessons Learnt from Operations in CBM Wells in India." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22225-ms.
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Abstract Coal Bed Methane (CBM) development in India has emerged as one of the cleanest solutions to the fuel energy requirements of this energy-starved country. Favorable market scenarios and lucrative gas prices are enabling operators in this business to target aggressive well-completion schedules. This study discusses the techno-economic benefits realized by the operator company of using combined coiled tubing (CT) deployed hydrajetting and fracturing services instead of conventional wireline perforations in CBM wells. The service company introduced a unique fracturing service that integrates six processes – depth correlation with CT, hydra-jet perforation, hydra-jet fracture initiation, hydraulic fracture stimulation, zonal isolation using a sand plug, and wellbore cleanout using CT. It completes these processes in one single trip-in-hole, making the service cost and time efficient and eliminating the use of wireline for perforating and setting bridge plugs in the well which requires multi-stage fracturing. The technology in use, lessons learned, and knowledge gained from operations in India are shared in this paper. The process employs a customized CT bottom-hole assembly (BHA) at the core of its service. Customized engineering solutions for hydrajetting can be developed based on casing specifications, cementing conditions, and stimulation design. The principle of hydrajetting perforations and the BHA details are discussed along with its benefits over the alternative techniques. The experience gained during operations allowed the service company to optimize jetting flow rates, differential pressures, and back pressures to improve its operational efficiency and also allow maximum proppant to be placed into the formation being stimulated. Implementing the lessons learned increased the hydrajetting tool life from 25-30 sets of perforation to about 40 per tool. The paper also discusses job design improvements implemented to prevent sanding up the wellbore leading to stuck CT. Finally, the paper discusses the economic benefits achieved by the operator company leading to increased productive time and a faster rate of well completion. CBM fields require excessive dewatering before they break out gas and become commercially viable projects. The technology discussed in this paper enables the operators to put the maximum number of wells on production, in a shorter period maximizing the Net Present Value (NPV) of the asset.
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Bharadwaj, Rishabh, Bhavya Kumari, and Astha Patel. "Plug and Abandonment for Gas Wells: A Case Study from Baghjan Oilfield, India." In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208461-ms.
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Abstract The economic end of the life-cycle of a well is dynamic and it varies with the oil & gas market conditions and advances in extraction technologies. If production declines or the need for a workover arises, plugging and abandonment operations are followed. In case the wellsite has encountered accidental releases, systematic abandonment and remediation becomes even more crucial to avoid further environmental damage and capital investment. This paper analyzes the Baghjan oilfield blowout of the Assam-Arakan basin and provides abandonment practices for gas wells. The mobile workover rig was stationed at the Baghjan Well-5 with the aim to plug the lower producing zone at 3871 m and complete the well in the upper Lakadong+Therria sand at a depth of 3739 m. Baghjan Gas Well No.5 blew during the temporary abandonment which was planned to mitigate the leakage in the wellhead. Improper depth for the placement of cement plug, failure to check the plug integrity, and shortcomings in the regular inspection of annular casing pressure led to the well control situation at the Baghjan gas well. While pulling out the tubing conveyed perforation gun after perforating the Lakadong+Therria I+II sand, Shut-In Tubing Pressure of 4400 psi and 3900 psi Shut-In Casing Pressure was observed which indicated a leak in the Tubing Seal Assembly. The well was killed with a 9.76 lbm/gal sodium formate brine and in the middle of pulling the tubing, leakage in the W.F. Spool was identified which changed the priority of the operations. Therefore, a temporary abandonment operation was planned to mitigate the leakage problem in the primary and secondary seals, during which the well started flowing gas profusely after nipple-down of the blowout preventer. The shortcomings of the abandonment process can be conquered by the selection of an appropriate isolation material such as resin-based sealants or bismuth and thermite, which shall act as a primary barrier and provide enhanced zonal isolation. The isolation material should mitigate micro-fractures, minimize treatment volume and fluid loss, provide ample pumping time, and not degrade in the presence of wellbore fluids. The study discusses resin-based sealants, cement slurry designs, advances in conventional, unconventional, and rigless abandonment techniques, and suggests the most efficient method for the temporary and permanent abandonment operations to avoid further such incidents in the oil and gas industry.
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Mouli, T. Sai Chandra. "Towards Understanding Identity, Culture and Language." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.3-8.
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Knowledge of self is at the core of all human endeavours. In the quest identity assumes significance. It acquired greater relevance and respect on account of Postcolonial concerns. ‘Class’ emerged as the basis of a person’s identity. Subsequent to liberation of colonies from alien rule, postcolonial concerns gained ground. Focus on indigenous ways of life adds new dimension. Social, cultural, psychological and economic structures became the basis of one’s own view of identity. These dynamics are applicable to languages that flourished, perished or are on the verge of extinction. In India, regional, linguistic, religious diversity add to the complexity of the issue in addition to several subcultures that exist. Culture is not an independent variable. Historical factors, political developments, geographical and climatic conditions along with economic policies followed do contribute to a larger extent in fixing the contours of a country’s culture. Institutional modifications also sway the stability of national culture. Cultural transmission takes place in diverse ways. It is not unidirectional and unilateral. In many countries culture models are passed on from one generation to another through recitation. The learners memorize the cultural expressions without understanding meaning or social significance of what is communicated to them. Naturally, this practice results in hierarchical patterns and hegemony of vested elements. This is how norms of ‘high’ and ‘low’ are formed and extended to written works and oral/folk literatures respectively. This presentation focuses on the identity, culture and language of indigenous people in Telugu speaking states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh in South India.
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Weitzel, Paul S. "Steam Generator for Advanced Ultra Supercritical Power Plants 700C to 760C." In ASME 2011 Power Conference collocated with JSME ICOPE 2011. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2011-55039.
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Advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) is a term used to designate a coal-fired power plant design with the inlet steam temperature to the turbine at 700 to 760C (1292 to 1400F). Average metal temperatures of the final superheater and final reheater could run higher, at up to about 815C (1500F). Nickel-based alloy materials are thus required. Increasing the efficiency of the Rankine regenerative-reheat steam cycle to improve the economics of electric power generation and to achieve lower cost of electricity has been a long sought after goal. Efficiency improvement is also a means for reducing the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the cost of capture, as well as a means to reduce fuel consumption costs. In the United States (U.S.), European Union, India, China and Japan, industry support associations and private companies working to advance steam generator design technology have established programs for materials development of nickel-based alloys needed for use above 700C (1292F). The worldwide abundance of less expensive coal has driven economic growth. The challenge is to continue to improve the efficiency of coal-fired power generation technology, representing nearly 50% of the U.S. production, while maintaining economic electric power costs with plants that have favorable electric grid system operational characteristics for turndown and rate of load change response. The technical viability of A-USC is being demonstrated in the development programs of new alloys for use in the coal-fired environment where coal ash corrosion and steamside oxidation are the primary failure mechanisms. Identification of the creep rupture properties of alloys for higher temperature service under both laboratory and actual field conditions has been undertaken in a long-term program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Ohio Coal Development Office (OCDO). Ultimately, the economic viability of A-USC power plants is predicated on the comparable lower levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) using either oxy-combustion or post-combustion capture. Using nickel alloy components will drive the design and configuration arrangement of the steam generator relative to the plant. A-USC acceptance depends on achieving the higher functional value and lowering the perceived level of risks as this generation technology appears in a new form.
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Heard, R. G. "The Ultimate Solution: Disposal of Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources (DSRS)." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40029.
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The borehole disposal concept (BDC) was first presented to ICEM by Potier, J-M in 2005 [1]. This paper repeats the basics introduced by Potier and relates further developments. It also documents the history of the development of the BDC. For countries with no access to existing or planned geological disposal facilities for radioactive wastes, the only options for managing high activity or long-lived disused radioactive sources are to store them indefinitely, return them to the supplier or find an alternative method of disposal. Disused sealed radioactive sources (DSRS) pose an unacceptable radiological and security risk if not properly managed. Out of control sources have already led to many high-profile incidents or accidents. One needs only to remember the recent accident in India that occurred earlier this year. Countries without solutions in place need to consider the future management of DSRSs urgently. An on-going problem in developing countries is what to do with sources that cannot be returned to the suppliers, sources for which there is no further use, sources that have not been maintained in a working condition and sources that are no longer suitable for their intended purpose. Disposal in boreholes is intended to be simple and effective, meeting the same high standards of long-term radiological safety as any other type of radioactive waste disposal. It is believed that the BDC can be readily deployed with simple, cost-effective technologies. These are appropriate both to the relatively small amounts and activities of the wastes and the resources that can realistically be found in developing countries. The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation Ltd (Necsa) has carried out project development and demonstration activities since 1996. The project looked into the technical feasibility, safety and economic viability of BDC under the social, economic, environmental and infrastructural conditions currently prevalent in Africa. Implementation is near at hand with work being done in Ghana with support from the IAEA. Here the site selection is complete and studies are being carried out to test the site parameters for inclusion into the safety assessment.
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Acharya, Mihir, Lalatendu Pattanayak, Hemant Gajjar, Frank Elbracht, and Sandeep Asthana. "CCPP Performance Augmentation Using LNG Re-Gasification Cold Energy." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25241.
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With gas becoming a fuel of choice for clean energy, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is being transported and re-gasification terminals are being set up at several locations. Re-gasification of LNG leads to availability of considerable cold-energy which can be utilized to gain power and efficiency in a Gas Turbine (GT) based Power Plant. With a number of LNG Re-gasification Terminals coming up in India & around the globe, setting up of a high efficiency CCPP adjacent to the terminal considering utilization of the cold energy to augment its performance, and also save energy towards re-gasification of LNG, provides a feasible business opportunity. Thermodynamic analysis and major applications of the LNG re-gasification cold energy in Gas Turbine based power generation cycle, are discussed in this paper. The feasibility of cooling GT inlet air by virtue of the cold energy of Liquefied LNG to increase power output of a Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCPP) for different ambient conditions is analyzed and also the effect on efficiency is discussed. The use of cold energy in condenser cooling water circulating system to improve efficiency of the CCPP is also analyzed. Air cooling capacity and power augmentation for a combined cycle power plant based on the advanced class industrial heavy duty gas turbine are demonstrated as a function of the ambient temperature and humidity. The economic feasibility of utilizing the cold energy is also deliberated.
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Zhang, Zhenhua, Bo Zhang, and Chaoying Zheng. "Study on the Water Intake of Heat Trap Blocked by Marine Life in Nuclear Power Plant." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-90544.
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Abstract In recent years, the operational events that the water intake of heat trap was blocked by marine life in nuclear power plants have occurred repeatedly. Since 2000, there have been more than 200 shutdown events of biological (foreign body) blockage resulting in failure of cooling water system in the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Arabia, India, Israel, Japan, South Korea and China. It has caused major safety risks and brought huge economic losses and has attracted wide attention from various governments, related industries and research institutions. It can be seen that water intake blockage event is a safety problem for all kinds of power plants to face. This paper introduces the typical design of water intake and analyses the potential effects of a large number of marine life into the heat trap water intake from the perspective of circulating water system (CRF) jump pump and essential service water system (SEC) loss of function. Based on the characteristics of the high frequency of such operation events and they may cause major safety risks, the reactor shutdown response time in different conditions is simulated. When a large number of marine organisms flood into the water intake of heat trap, the response of the operator on the potential impact of the unit condition and the operational response plan are analyzed. The impact of the unplanned changes in operating status caused by the blockage of the water intake is explained. Ultimately, based on the analysis as described above, suggestions on the design improvement of the heat trap water intake and seawater filtration system in the nuclear power plant are presented. At the same time, suggestions are put forward on the supervision analysis, dynamic monitoring of the surrounding environment of the water intake, establishing a rapid decision-making mechanism, improving the cold source emergency response plan and increasing the operation control strategy.
Reports on the topic "Jains India Economic conditions"
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Yamano, Takashi, Noriko Sato, and Babur Wasim Arif. The Impact of COVID-19 and Locust Invasion on Farm Households in Punjab and Sindh: Analysis from Cross-Sectional Surveys in Pakistan. Asian Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210259-2.
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This paper presents the results of two mobile phone surveys conducted by the Asian Development Bank among farmers in Punjab and Sindh provinces in Pakistan in mid-2020 during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The surveys collected information about how COVID-19-related measures and economic and transport disruptions affected farmers’ harvests, marketing efforts, input prices, and financial needs. The surveys found that the COVID-19 pandemic had significant negative impacts on farm households in both provinces. The paper provides additional context on COVID-19-related effects on local and regional economies and food supply chains. It also covers a simultaneous locust invasion along the India–Pakistan border, which has created “crisis within a crisis” in the surveyed provinces and exacerbated conditions that could lead to famine, disease, and increased poverty.