Academic literature on the topic 'Jahoda'

Gustav Jahoda’s research on children’s development of ideas and concepts constitutes a fundamental contribution to social psychology as a developmental and cultural discipline. Jahoda conceived humans in their interdependent relations with socio-cultural and historical environments in which they live, attain knowledge and act. Jahoda’s research on the diversities of thought and agency in children was the subject of meticulous conceptual and methodological rigour. His scholarly work crossed several social and human sciences. This tribute focuses on Jahoda’s early studies of children’s ‘social thinking’ about nationality and economic systems that he carried out in Glasgow. Later in his life Jahoda pursued his ideas on children’s thinking in a close dialogue with other scholars among whom Jean Piaget, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl and Serge Moscovici assumed particular relevance.

This article examines Gustav Jahoda’s late work, focussing on his historical writings which have tended to be somewhat overlooked. In many respects this later work, which needs to be understood as a whole, parallels his earlier work into culture. In his later writings, Jahoda wrote about the history of social psychology but his history served a critical purpose: he was arguing that social psychology was essentially historical. If behaviour was primarily determined by culture then culture was itself historical and, in this regard, social psychological relations were, thus, historical. Because social psychologists need to think historically, as well as culturally, Jahoda considered that it was important that they should not be constrained by artificial disciplinary boundaries. Jahoda’s advocacy of non-disciplinary thinking was not confined to social psychologists. Just as social psychologists should think historically, so sometimes historians need to think social psychologically. As such, C.L.R. James’s famous cricketing motto can be adapted to fit Jahoda’s historical approach to social psychology.

There was a brief overlap between Gustav Jahoda’s path towards the end of his academic (pre-emeritus) career and my own as a student at the Saarland University – a prominent place in the development of cultural psychology. This article highlights some of Jahoda’s fruitful collaborations with Saarbruecken colleagues on the history of (cross-) cultural psychology as well as definitions of perspectives within the field. Gustav Jahoda has also inspired me to pursue the field of cross-cultural psychology and a personal account of this journey will be provided leading to some general observations about Gustav Jahoda’s legacy from a mature student’s perspective.

Gustav Jahoda, pionnier de la recherche interculturelle comparative et fin critique des sources de notre savoir contemporain, est décédé le 12 décembre 2016 à l’âge de 96 ans. Cet article lui rend hommage.

[Abstract]: A stress and coping framework was used to explore psychological factors influencing coping behaviours, mental health, and employment outcomes among the unemployed. Jahoda’s (1982) deprivation theory was also incorporated in the exploration. Jahoda proposed that unemployment not only deprives individuals of the manifest, or financial benefits, of employment, but it also deprives them of five latent, or psychosocial benefits, including collective purpose, social contact, status, time structure, and activity. Two studies were carried out, the first being a cross-sectional paper-based survey of 371 unemployed participants (214 males and 157 females, aged between 16 and 65 years) from South East Queensland. A follow-up survey was then carried out 6 months later on 115 of those same participants (59 males and 56 females, aged between 17 and 64). At Time 2, 58 participants had found jobs and 57 had remained unemployed. The variables measured in Study One included coping resources, cognitive appraisals, coping behaviours, and mental health. The coping resources included the personal resources of self-esteem, job seeking efficacy, positive affect, negative affect, and employment commitment, along with financial resources, measured by net fortnightly income, and social resources, measured by social contact during leisure. Job seeking efficacy was measured by self-promotion efficacy and task-focused efficacy. The former involves interpersonal tasks, such as promoting oneself to others as a job seeker, whilst the latter is more impersonal and involves tasks such as writing a resume. The cognitive appraisal variables included employment expectation, satisfaction with employment status, leisure meaningfulness, economic deprivation, and perceived access to the five latent benefits of employment, outlined by Jahoda. The coping behaviours included leisure activity and job search behaviours, including job applications, job search intensity, and job search methods. Mental health was measured by the GHQ-12 (Goldberg, 1972). The same variables were measured in Study Two, with the exception of the leisure variables. Other variables measured in Study Two included job satisfaction and job quality. Study One found that the most consistent predictors of job search behaviours were geographic region, employment commitment, and self-promotion efficacy, with participants living in the metropolitan area, those with a higher commitment to work, and those with greater efficacy being more actively engaged in job seeking. Leisure activity was significantly correlated with mental health and was predicted by availability of financial resources, positive affect, time structure, leisure meaningfulness, and level of education. That is, more frequent leisure activity was associated with being less financially restricted, higher positive affect, greater time structure, more meaningful leisure, and higher levels of education. Mental health was predicted by self-esteem, positive affect, negative affect, employment commitment, satisfaction with employment status, and financial hardship. Participants with better personal coping resources, greater satisfaction with their employment status, and less financial hardship were less likely to have clinical symptoms. The aforementioned variables accounted for 56% of the variance in mental health, and the logistic regression model correctly classified over 84% of cases as having clinical or non-clinical symptoms. The same model, with the exception of employment commitment, was tested in Study Two for the 57 continuously unemployed participants. It accounted for 62% of the variance in mental health, with similar classification accuracy to that at Time 1. The mental health of the 58 employed participants at Time 2 was predicted by occupation, collective purpose, activity, positive affect, and negative affect. Participants in higher skilled occupations, with higher collective purpose, greater activity, higher positive affect, and lower negative affect were less likely to have clinical symptoms. Those variables accounted for 62% of the variance in mental health and correctly classified 84.5% of cases as being clinical or non-clinical. One of the consistent predictors of job search behaviours at Time 2 was job search training. Participants who had completed a training program some time during the 6 months of the research project were more actively looking for work. Training did not, however, enhance participants’ job seeking efficacy or employment expectations. Study Two demonstrated that self-promotion efficacy, employment expectations, and job search behaviours had deteriorated over the 6 month research period, whilst task-focused efficacy increased. Employment status (i.e., gaining employment or remaining unemployed) was predicted by age, job applications, satisfaction with employment status, self-promotion efficacy, employment commitment, and time structure. Job acquisition was predicted by being younger, having submitted more job applications, being dissatisfied with employment status, having higher self-promotion efficacy, having higher employment commitment, and having less structured time. The logistic regression model including those variables accounted for 28% of the variance in employment status (employed or unemployed). Results of a mixed design analysis of variance in Study Two demonstrated that self-esteem, negative affect, satisfaction with employment status, financial hardship, financial strain, social contact, time structure, and mental health were all positively influenced by gaining employment, but showed either very little change or deteriorated for participants who remained unemployed. This research identified important predictors of coping behaviours, mental health, and job acquisition that can be used as a guide for developing suitable intervention strategies for the unemployed.

Syftet med den här kvalitativa uppsatsen är att få en djupare förståelse om varför människor väljer att stanna kvar på arbetsmarknaden efter uppnådd pensionsålder, vilken inställning äldre arbetstagare har till att avsluta sitt arbetsliv samt hur samhälleliga normer och fördomar påverkar äldre i arbetslivet. Med ambitionen att uppfylla undersökningens syfte och frågeställningar, har vi genomfört tio intervjuer. Intervjupersoner är mellan 62–71 år och samtliga befinner sig i varierande mån fortfarande i arbetslivet. Då vi inte har ambitionen att studien ska kunna generaliseras, använde vi oss av bekvämlighetsurval där vi kontaktade människor i vår omgivning. Den teoretiska referensramen består av ålderism, pension, arbetets betydelse för fortsatt arbete, attityder till arbete, motivation samt Jahodas manifesta och latenta funktioner. Teorin kommer att ligga till grund för tolkandet och analysen av undersökningens datainsamling. Studieresultatet pekar på att de faktorer som värderas i arbetet och som vidare påverkar beslutet att stanna kvar i arbetslivet är social kontakt, autonomi, struktur och rutiner samt ekonomi. Inställningen som äldre har till att avveckla sitt arbetsliv påverkas främst av vilka incitament som värderas högst och individens attityd till arbete. Ytterligare indikerar resultatet på att samhälleliga normer och fördomar inte har signifikant inverkan på studiens respondenter.

The aim of presented diploma thesis was to determination of authenticity of fruit baby foods for early infant feeding using molecular methods. In the experimental part, isolation kit was used for isolation of plant DNA from fruits (strawberry, apricot, raspberry, apple) and from six commercial fruit products for children. Isolated DNA was characterized and verified using PCR methods with primers specific for plant rDNA (ITS2). Specific primer pairs were designed to amplify DNA for the detection of one fruit species. Primer specificity was assessed with four fruit species. A mixture of fruit puree from the two fruits was used to determine the sensitivity of the multiplex PCR assay. Six commercial fruit products were evaluated to verify the applicability of the multiplex PCR assay. The methodology of molecular detection of fruit DNA by qPCR and multiplex qPCR (duplex) includes approaches, which enable to detect two fruits (strawberry-raspberry, apricot-apple) in one reaction and thus reduces time and money requirements.

Today is the food quality a discussed topic not only in the Czech Republic. In this work we focused on micronutrients and heavy metals in strawberries. Strawberries are very attractive fruit consumed by all age groups from children to seniors. These bring not only gustatory pleasure but also positive effects on human organism. Soft fruit structure could contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals, which can be dangerous in certain quantities in terms of acute toxicity or what is more likely in terms of chronic exposure. In the spring - autumn of 2011 samples from the home cultivation of strawberries in the Czech Republic were collected and also samples of fruits that are commonly available in supermarket chains in this period were purchased. The element analysis was performed by the mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, which belongs to a very sensitive method of elements determination.

Introduction: Kuwait, a country situated in the Middle East, is one of the most urbanised countries in the world and with a large proportion of young people. The government of Kuwait has acknowledged the importance of understanding the needs of its youth population in its current healthcare policy focusing on three main health issues: overweight/obesity, tobacco and cannabis use, and general mental and psychological health. However, little is currently known about the health status of its young people due to the limited epidemiological data at a national and city level. As Kuwait is considered part of the Arab States, it is essential to understand the cultural and social dynamics shared by young people living in the region. Objectives: To describe, compare and summarise the urban health profile of the youth population in the State of Kuwait, aged 14-16 years, in two Kuwaiti cities: Kuwait City (an affluent city with high economic activity) and Jahra (a less affluent, more deprived city), with a focus on the three urban health topics highlighted in the current Kuwaiti healthcare policy: overweight/obesity, tobacco smoking and cannabis use, and general psychological health. The urban health issues found in young people in Kuwait City and Jahra, Kuwait were compared to the findings in European cities in the EURO-URHIS2 study in 15 youth urban health indicators. Methods: Validated and standardised urban health indicator (UHI) questionnaires, specifically designed for young people, were adopted from a large European Health Survey (EURO-URHIS2 project) developed to collect relevant and comparable data on the health and its determinants in young people residing in cities. The EURO-URHIS2 youth questionnaire was translated to the Arabic language and piloted in schools in Kuwait prior to conducting the survey. Data were collected in a classroom setting in Kuwait City and Jahra, Kuwait. Results: Comparisons of urban health profiles for young people in Kuwait City and Jahra: 530 students were surveyed in Kuwait City and 527 in Jahra. Significant socio-economic status differences (measured by Family Affluence Scale) were observed between the two cities, with students in Kuwait City reporting higher family affluence scores than in Jahra. Compared to Kuwait City, young people in Jahra reported an overall poorer urban health profile and significant differences were observed in health status, lifestyle factors and environmental factors. The poor health situation, both in terms of health and determinants of health, was more apparent in girls in Jahra compared to girls in Kuwait City. Priority Urban Health Indicators for Kuwaiti public health policy: Overall, a very high proportion of students from both cities (approximately 60%) were found to be overweight and obese, and approximately one third of students in both cities were obese. Unhealthy dietary factors were widespread in both cities, particularly in the high consumption of sugar-rich products and fizzy drinks and the low consumption of fruit and vegetables. In both cities, only 1 in 3 students reported regular consumption of fruit and less than half of all students reported regular consumption of salads and vegetables. Consumption of fizzy drinks and sugar-rich food products was significantly higher in Jahra than in Kuwait City. Low engagement in physical activity was widely reported in both cities, with less than 1 in 10 students engaging in the WHO recommended daily physical activity. In Kuwait City, students that engaged in weekly vigorous or 60 minutes of daily physical activity were significantly less likely to be obese. Additionally, obese students in Kuwait City were significantly more likely to perceive their health as poor. Smoking appeared to be predominantly an issue for boys rather than girls in both Jahra (OR=11.05) and Kuwait City (OR=9.80). Half of the boys in both cities reported smoking tobacco in the past and approximately 1 in 5 were daily tobacco smokers. In both cities, students that self-reported living in an area with crime, violence and vandalism were approximately 90% more likely to have ever smoked tobacco. In Jahra, elevated risk of psychological distress (measured by SDQ scores) was independently associated with (ever) smoking. While cannabis use was highlighted as a Kuwaiti government public health priority, only 3% of students reported using cannabis in the past in both cities. In terms of mental health, self-reported psychosomatic symptoms were significantly more common in Jahra compared to Kuwait City. Elevated risk of psychological distress was reported two-fold higher in Jahra than in Kuwait City, with the highest proportion reported in girls in Jahra (27%). Girls were 66% more likely than boys to be at an elevated risk of psychological distress in Jahra. Students that were victims of bullying were more likely to report an elevated risk of psychological distress in both cities. Environmental indicators, such as living in an area with crime and violence and exposure to severe noise, were independently associated with psychological distress in Jahra. An extremely high proportion of youths in both cities reported suffering from low back pain (LBP) in the past month and this was significantly more pronounced in Jahra (75%) compared to Kuwait City (64%). Gender was independently associated with LBP in Jahra, with girls twice as likely than boys to report suffering from it. In both cities, elevated risk of psychological distress was independently associated with LBP. The presence of other psychosomatic symptoms was significantly associated with LBP in Kuwait City. In Jahra, environmental indicators continued to carry an importance with students that lived in an area with crime/violence were significantly more likely to suffer from low back pain. Comparing the findings in Kuwait City and Jahra with the EURO-URHIS2 project: In terms of health status UHIs (self-perceived health, psychological distress, psychosomatic symptoms), Kuwait City appeared to show a similar picture to that of the EURO-URHIS2 project average for young people, with the exception of LBP where it was reported higher than in Europe. Jahra students presented with higher rates of adverse health status attributes than Kuwait City and the European mean, with Jahra girls reporting higher rates than boys. For UHIs in lifestyle factors, the overall prevalence of self-reported physical activity was lower in Kuwait City and Jahra than in the European mean in the EURO-URHIS2 project and the prevalence appeared to be considerably lower in girls for both cities compared to Europe. Regular fruit consumption was lower in Jahra and Kuwait City than the European mean, while regular vegetable/salad consumption was similar to the European mean in Jahra but lower in Kuwait City. With regards to daily tobacco smoking, the prevalence in Kuwait City and Jahra appeared to be similar to the European mean for boys only, while the prevalence for this UHI was lower than the European mean for girls in both cities. There were clear environmental UHI differences between Kuwait City, Jahra and European cities. While crime, violence and vandalism were self-reported higher in Jahra compared to Kuwait City, the prevalence was lower than the European mean. Bullying appeared to be more of an issue in Jahra, (and to a lesser extent in Kuwait City) compared to Europe, particularly in the high prevalence reported by girls. The proportion of students who were involved in a road traffic accident in both cities was slightly higher than the European mean. Conclusions: Young people in Jahra, particularly girls, face poorer health status in many key urban health indicators compared to Kuwait City. The findings of this research in young people present a similar picture of the social and gender inequalities observed in the limited epidemiological data on the adult Kuwaiti population in Jahra compared to Kuwait City. As the current Kuwaiti Healthcare Legislative Plan is being revised in 2019, there is a need to address the main findings observed in this research for public health policy indicators (overweight/obesity, tobacco use and mental health). With regards to the alarming rates of obesity, two possible drivers in determining childhood obesity need to be addressed through policy in Kuwait: unhealthy dietary intake and low engagement in physical activity.
Policy efforts should aim to reduce population BMI, using measures such as improving 'nutritional literacy', school and family-focused behavioural interventions. Considering the findings presented in this research for tobacco use, efforts to tackle its use in young people should remain a priority for public health policy in implementing effective tobacco strategies, both in terms of upstream and downstream interventions. There is a need to address the lack of implementation of anti-smoking laws, including package warnings and anti-tobacco advertising, and smoking cessation programmes in clinical settings. For mental health, the findings of this research indicate that efforts must be made to improve the social environment, particularly in the school setting. Due to the alarming prevalence of LBP in both cities, and its known presentation as a psychosomatic symptom, this indicator should remain a focus for future research in Kuwait. Future Kuwaiti public health policy should take into consideration the observed differences between the two cities and national or targeted policies should not widen existing health inequalities. While there is a dearth of epidemiological research with respect to urban health in youths, the findings of this study could provide a baseline for future public health research in Kuwait and other Arab States.

This diploma thesis is focused on the business plan for creating a new company in agriculture. The first part of the thesis is theoretical and defines key terms, analysis useful for creating a business plan, and procedure of creating a business plan. The second part is analytical. It deals with market and competition analysis, analysis of the external surroudings, risk analysis and Porter analysis. The last part od the thesis is the proposal of the business plan. The conclusion will assess the viability and feasibility of this project.

Inledning I Sverige har matkulturen länge vilat på en tradition som kretsat kring kött då det ansetts som den viktigaste delen av en måltid. Samtidigt har populationen av unga som väljer bort kött ökat de senaste åren. Men när valet görs när en ung människa fortfarande bor hemma påverkas inte bara denne själv utan hela familjen, och i synnerhet föräldrarna. Syfte Att undersöka hur en tonårings vegetariska kostval påverkade familjens måltidsprocess och hur föräldrarna upplevde de eventuella förändringar som uppstod. Bakgrund Den forskningsbakgrund som använts för studien var matkultur och kommunikation, livsmedel sam nutrition och hälsa - varför äter vi som vi gör, vad innebär måltidsprocessen och hur påverkar valen vårt välbefinnande? Material och metod Semistrukturerade grupp- och telefonintervjuer med föräldrar och tonåringar med kvalitativ innehållsanalys efter Graneheim och Lundman. Resultat Föräldrarna uttryckte samma initiala oro för deras barns näringsintag och deras egen okunskap kring att laga vegetarisk mat. De tog samtidigt ansvar och såg till att hjälpa barnen lösa det genom att själva ta reda på mer. Även om familjerna tidigare haft liknande måltidsmönster var det skillnad på hur omfattande omställningen blev. De upplevde att tonåringarna engagerat sig mer och blivit bättre på att laga sin egen mat. Slutsats Med bakgrund i aktuell forskning visar denna studie på tendenser att en omfattande ändring av kostval kan påverka flera faktorer i en familjs måltidsprocess, men att mer forskning behövs på ämnet för att förstå detta närmare.
Introduction Sweden has a strong tradition regarding meat, as it has been the most important part of a meal. At the same time, the population of young people choosing to remove meat from their diet has increased in later years. But, when a young person that still lives with their family makes this choice, it not only affects their own life but also the whole family, especially the parents. Purpose To analyze how a teenager’s vegetarian food choice affected the family meal process and how the parents experienced the possible changes. Background The research background used for the study was food culture and communication, foods, as well as nutrition and health - why do we eat as we do, what is included in the meal process, and how do our choices affect our wellbeing? Material and method Semi-structured interviews in group and by phone with qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman. Results The parents expressed the same initial concern for their children's nutrition and their own ignorance when it comes to vegetarian food. At the same time, they felt their responsibility and made sure to help the children solve it by finding out more for themselves. Although the families previously had similar meal patterns, there was a difference regarding how extensive the changes were. The parents experienced that their teenagers became more involved and better at cooking. Conclusion Based on current research, this study shows that extensive change in diet choices can affect several factors in the family meal process, but also that more research on the subject must be done to get better understanding.