Academic literature on the topic 'JA. Acquisitions'

The aim of the two development projects was to provide information about the future of digital social- and health care and the necessary future competencies. Data acquisition was carried out by scenario work in the future workshops. The workshops were attended total of 73 people. The participants worked in the social and health care, both in the public and private sectors, in ICT companies, in educational organizations, and in the third sector. Among the participants were also ordinary citizens. The workshops were remotely connected and data was collected into electronic bulletin boards. The workshops produced total of 25 scenarios, which found eight different themes: information management, quantified self, remote services, robotics - automation of manual labour, multiprofessionality, digital architecture, customer-oriented services and the customer's responsibility, and human encounter. Future competency consisted of ten areas of expertise, which classified into three broader categories: basic know-how of social and health care professionals, special know-how of social and health care professionals and the collective know-how of social and health care and technology professionals. The special know-how also includes information systems and software development skills. Scenario work provided preliminary information about the future social and health services and qualifications. This information will be used in further development projects of digital services as well as more widely in education planning. The future workshops provided information about the scenario method and its compatibility with development activities.

AbstractThis study examines the acquisition of broken plural (BP) patterns generated by child speakers of Jordanian Arabic (JA). Data were collected from 20 Jordanian children via an experimental production test. Children were given pictures of a set of singular entities depicting nouns and pictures containing their plural counterparts, and they were asked to say the names of the items in the pictures in an attempt to provide their corresponding plural forms. The results reveal that the acquisition of correct BP patterns appears critical for children. The feminine sound plural (FSP) was employed as the default pattern by children and thus is acquired before the BP, with the acquired patterns mainly shaped by productivity, predictability (but not familiarity) and overgeneralization (morphological, phonological, and semantic). Based on the oral speech corpus produced by adult JA speakers, published in Semarchive, a rough count of plural pattern frequencies was undertaken. The FSP proved to be less frequent than BPs in tokens and can thus be considered a minority default, a finding that calls into question the validity of Boudelaa and Gaskell’s corpus (2002. A re-examination of the default system for Arabic plurals. Language and Cognitive Processes 17(3). 321–343) on JA. Although 3- to 5-year-old children use the FSP as the most productive pattern, frequency does not significantly contribute to the predictability of the distribution in shaping the correct plural form at this stage of learning BPs.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi favor plant growth by improving nutrient acquisition, but also by increasing their resistance against abiotic and biotic stressors, including herbivory. Mechanisms of AM fungal mediated increased resistance include a direct effect of AM fungi on plant vigor, but also a manipulation of the hormonal cascades, such as the systemic activation of jasmonic acid (JA) dependent defenses. However, how AM fungal inoculation and variation in the endogenous JA production interact to produce increased resistance against insect herbivores remains to be further elucidated. To address this question, three genotypes of Solanum lycopersicum L., a JA-biosynthesis deficient mutant, a JA over-accumulating mutant, and their wild-type were either inoculated with AM fungi or left un-inoculated. Plant growth-related traits and resistance against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) caterpillars, a major crop pest, were measured. Overall, we found that deficiency in JA production reduced plant development and were the least resistant against S. littoralis. Moreover, AM fungi increased plant resistance against S. littoralis, but such beneficial effect was more pronounced in JA-deficient plant than on JA over-accumulating plants. These results highlight that AM fungi-driven increased plant resistance is negatively affected by the ability of plants to produce JA and that AM fungi complement JA-mediated endogenous plant defenses in this system.

Highlights Prevent metal foreign bodies from scratching the intestines of animals and damaging the harvest cutter. Highly integrated design of acquisition circuit. Application of electromagnetic simulation to verify the feasibility of the principle of eddy current effect. Establishment of Support Vector Machine Multi-Classification Algorithm Model. Abstract. Aiming at the problem that the metal foreign bodies mingled in the silage cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract of animals and livestock, as well as irreversible damage to the rotary cutter of the harvester, a metal foreign body detection and sensing device for the harvester feeding drum composed of multiple single coils and signal acquisition units was designed to realize real-time detection and alarm of metal foreign bodies during harvesting. The sensor adopted a monolithic design with high integration of the signal acquisition circuit, which has a strong anti-interference ability. First, the electromagnetic simulation model was established. According to the simulation analysis of the eddy current effect, when the metal foreign object enters the alternating magnetic field, the energy will be lost, and the equivalent impedance of the coil will change accordingly. Then, the existence of the metal foreign body can be determined by detecting the equivalent impedance Rp of the coil. Next, we adopted a support vector machine multi-classification algorithm to train the detection device. In this process, different sizes of metal (copper, aluminum, and iron) were used, which can effectively improve the sensitivity and accuracy of metal foreign body detection. Finally, the sensor was installed on the test stand for multi-scene simulation experiments. The results show that the metal detection sensor can quickly identify the existence of metal by detecting the equivalent impedance Rp based on the eddy current effect; at the same time, the size of this sensor for metal foreign body detection is limited to 0.6 mm in diameter, 12 mm in length, and 100 mm in maximum detecting distance. Keywords: Eddy current effect, Equivalent impedance, Harvester, Metal foreign body, Support vector machine.

The rapid development of telecomunications industry has changed people’s views of the services communications. This is challenge for telecommunication providers so they must perform a variety ways that makes their company still exist in this industry. One way to do is by restructuring through acquisitions.This research aims is to analyzing the financial performance of PT. Smartfren Telecom Tbk pre and post acquisition. Data used in this research is secondary data that the company’s financial statement in 2010-2011. Method of analysis used in is financial ratio analysis such as liquidity ratio, leverage ratio, asset management ratio, and profitability ratio.The research find that financial performance of PT. Smartfren Telecom Tbk shows the positive impact that can be seen from: ( i ) level of liquidity and profitability has improved to the post acquisition, ( ii ) level of leverage has improved because until 2011 experienced a significant decline, ( iii ) level of assets management is not good because it has decreased in 2011. Thus it can be concluded that the decision to carry out the acquisition demonstrate a positive impact for the company.Keywords: pre and post acquisiton, financial performance analysis, liquidity ratio, leverage ratio, assets management ratio, profitability ratio.

This article discusses developments affecting Livonian during the last decade. It describes actions to promote Livonian during this period, for example, the International Year of Livonian Language and Culture and also discusses the status of Livonian in Latvia, the social setting for its use, and the ways in which it is used in everyday life. This article offers insight into the difficulties associated with Livonian language acquisition and language development as well as a description of Livonian language pedagogical materials and other resources, which have been recently developed or are in the process of being developed. Likewise, methods and opportunities for further developing Livonian and improving its current situation are examined in the context of potential solutions as well as already existing initiatives.Kokkuvõte. Valts Ernštreits: Liivi keel uusimal ajal. Artiklis on vaadeldud liivi keele arengut viimase aastakümne jooksul. Sellesse on koondatud andmeid sel ajal aset leidnud liivi keele populariseerimisega seotud ürituste, näiteks rahvusvahelise liivi keele ja kultuuri aasta kohta, samuti teavet liivi keele staatusest Lätis, keelekeskkonnast ja argipäevasest kasutusest. Artikkel heidab pilgu liivi keele omandamise ja keelekorraldusega seotud probleemidele ning viimasel ajal valminud või praegu loodavatele õppevahenditele ja liivi keele ressurssidele. Samuti on artiklis nii potentsiaalsete lahenduste kui ka olemasolevate algatuste kontekstis vaadeldud viise ja võimalusi edasiseks liivi keele arendamiseks ja keele olukorra parandamiseks.Märksõnad: liivi keel, keelepoliitika, keelekorraldus, keelekorpus, sotsiolingvistika, keeleressursid, grammatika, keele õpetamineKubbõvõttõks. Valts Ernštreits: Līvõ kēļ amāūžimõl āigal. Kēra vaņțlõb līvõ kīel kazāndimizt perīz āigastkim āigal. Sīezõ ātõ kubbõ võttõd tīetõd līvõ kīel tundtõbõks tīemizõks sidtõd jeddõvõtāmiztõst, nägțõbõks iļ rovdvailiz līvõ kīel ja kultūr āigast, nei īž tieutõ iļ līvõ kīel statūs Lețmǭl, kīel immõrkouțšt ja jegāpäuvizõst kȭlbatimizõst. Kēra ētab pilk līvõ kīel ummistõmiz ja kīel kõrdõlpanmiz problēmõd pǟl, perīz āigal vaļmõks sǭdõd agā paldīn lūodõbõd optõbvaindõkst ja līvõ kīel resursõd pǟl. Neiīž ātõ võibizt arāndõkst ja paldīņizt tikkimizt kontekstõs vaņțõltõd līvõ kīel kazāntimiz ja vȯlmiz parāntimiz vītõd ja võimizt.

HighlightsThis study focused on proper validation methodology for agricultural machine multibody dynamic models.Experimental design included categorizing subsystems, data acquisition, testing, and data pre-processing.Three error quantification metrics are proposed to summarize model performance and overall agreement.Abstract. Multibody dynamic (MBD) models are required to be accurate if they are to be used with confidence. To determine the overall accuracy of an agricultural machine MBD model, the model needs to be validated through proper experimental design principles and error analysis. At a high-level, the main methodology concepts for the experimental design involve categorizing dynamic subsystems, creating a data acquisition plan, determining and completing experimental testing, and pre-processing of physical and virtual time series datasets. This paper provides a methodology and example validation process for an MBD model of an agricultural self-propelled sprayer. As part of the experimental testing, a tip test revealed that the vertical center of gravity of the MBD model resulted in a 2.8% error from the physical machine. Furthermore, to summarize simulation model performance against physical data, three error quantification metrics for time-series data comparison are proposed: (1) correlation coefficient, (2) two-sample t-test and two-sample F-test, and (3) standard deviation of absolute error. For determining whether there is an acceptable level of agreement, this study proposes that the correlation coefficient should be greater than 0.7, the two-sample t-test and two-sample F-test should both pass (but with special consideration of the resulting confidence intervals if they fail), and that the standard deviation of absolute error should be less than 25% of the standard deviation of physical time series data. These error metrics, together with their defined sets of agreement criteria, resulted in detecting where the self-propelled sprayer system was experiencing validation issues and eventually the overall practical validation of the MBD model. Keywords: Agricultural machines, Confidence, Error metrics, Models, Multibody dynamics (MBD), Simulation, Validation.

The research aimed at evaluating the consortia activities in terms of its performance as social instruments of democratization and broadening of scientific information access, by means of its policies of collection development. A case of study of brazilian University libraries consortia for the acquisition of scientific journals was carried out. By means of a dialectal point of view as a way to develop new knowledge and methodology for this research s subject matter, an analyses of the electronic globalization s social and economic context was performed, as for the growing of social exclusion, and the change in the flow of scientific knowledge towards a digital culture. The analysis above struggles to check implicit and explicit relations affecting collection development and widening a trend, marked by the gravity of current digital exclusion in Brazil. Research findings revealed that : the presence of scientific publishers monopoly power and the lower budgets of the brazilian libraries in the nineties, have restricted consortia s purposes as well as blocked likely long-term social gains; challenges for collection development through cooperative activities still persist among them, the strenghtening of marketing actions performed by those participating libraries, allowing greater electronic resources dissemination, as well as greater negotiation posssibilities between consortium and monopolies in the scientific periodicals market ; lack of new libraries consortia embracing other types of documents non-scientific journals associated with public and regional libraries, allowing knowledge democratization to greater extents of society, minimizing digital exclusion

Abstract This study investigated the giving of objects in relation to the child's incipient development of language. The theoretical frame of reference for the study comprised Vygotsky's cultural historical viewpoint of the social origins of development and of the division of development into stages. Development is also determined by the development of communicative activity and the child's stages of mental development alternating between need-motivation and technical skills. Cultural development is founded on the use of signs and on mediated relationships. The basis of the sign is social. It exists in those forms of social interaction in which the child participates before beginning to use language independently. In emotional interaction with another person the child develops social operational models with respect to his dealings with objects. The giving of objects is one such example of this. It is mediated action and one stage of the child's communicative development towards language. In giving objects the child is engaged in meaningful activity. It is action which involves feelings and is both initiated and managed by the child himself. The study consisted of a longitudinal observation of six mother-child pairs in the laboratory. At the beginning of the study the children were six months old and by the end had reached three years of age. The study investigated how the process of giving objects advances and how a developmental transition may be recognised. The relation between giving objects and pointing gestures and the beginning of speech was also a source of interest. Mother-child pairs visited the laboratory monthly and one visit lasted about one hour and half. The study focused on the adult-child pairs'mutual activity episodes and these were analysed micro-analytically. Episodes were classified in terms of mother-child activity, communication through gestures, interaction through speech and metacommunication. The results showed that it is the adult who is the active party in the early stages of the object giving development process. She interprets object giving as a social phenomenon. The child's own self-initiated giving of objects begins between the ages of nine and fifteen months. The giving of objects continues from this moment on throughout successive development stages and assumes a variety of forms of expression. To begin with the child's attention is directed towards the significance of the objects while later on attention shifts towards social relationships. Object giving reveals two developmental transition during the pre-verbal stage: the first of these begins as the child approaches one year of age and the second at the age of about eighteen months. During these transitions the child's relation to his environment, objects and other people become organised in a new way. Before each transition the child's independent movement and imitative behaviour becomes activated while symbolic activity begins after the transition has occurred. Words become to be associated with giving of objects from the age of about thirteen months though most commonly between seventeen and twenty-one months. Between twenty-seven and thirty months the giving of objects stops. By this stage the child has begun to communicate using whole sentences and speech has become an adequate means of communication. The study supported Vygotsky's theory by bringing forth the central importance of the adult in the turning points of child development. The study also revealed the overlapping of the development stages of the social sign with developmental transitions. The giving of objects may be said to describe the child's mental development in a more general way and may be called a social sign anticipating language
Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin esineiden antamista suhteessa lapsen alkavaan kielelliseen kehitykseen. Tutkimuksen teoreettisen perustan muodosti Vygotskyn kulttuurihistoriallinen näkemys kehityksen sosiaalisesta alkuperästä ja kehityksen vaiheittaisuudesta. Kehitystä määrittävät myös kommunikatiivisen toiminnan kehitys ja lapsen kehityksen vaiheet tarve-motivationaalisten ja teknisten taitojen vuorotteluna. Kulttuurinen kehitys perustuu merkkien käyttöön ja välittyneisiin suhteisiin. Merkin perusta on sosiaalinen. Se on olemassa niissä sosiaalisen kanssakäymisen muodoissa, joihin lapsi osallistuu ennen kuin alkaa käyttää kieltä itsenäisesti. Emotionaalisessa vuorovaikutuksessa toiseen ihmiseen lapsi kehittää esineen käsittelyn sosiaalisia toimintamalleja. Esineiden antaminen on näistä yksi. Se on välittynyttä toimintaa ja yksi vaihe kehityksessä kohti kielen hallintaa. Esineitä antaessaan lapsi on mielekkäässä toiminnassa. Toiminta on tunneväritteistä, lapsen itsensä aloittamaa ja hallitsemaa. Tutkimuksen empiirinen vaihe toteutettiin kuuden äiti-lapsiparin pitkäaikaisseurantana laboratoriossa. Tutkimuksen alussa lapset olivat puolivuotiaita ja sen päättyessä kolmivuotiaita. äiti-lapsiparit kävivät laboratoriossa kuukausittain. Yksi käynti kesti noin puolitoista tuntia. Selvitettiin, miten esineiden antaminen etenee sekä miten tunnistaa kehitysmuutos. Myös esineiden antamisen suhde osoittavaan eleeseen ja alkavaan puheeseen oli kiinnostuksen kohteena. Huomion keskiössä olivat äiti-lapsiparin keskinäiset toimintaepisodit, joita analysoitiin mikroanalyyttisesti. Episodeista luokiteltiin äidin ja lapsen toiminta, elekommunikaatio, puhevuorovaikutus sekä metakommunikaatio. Tulosten mukaan esineiden antamisen kehityksessä aikuinen on aluksi aktiivinen osapuoli. Hän tulkitsee esineen antamisen sosiaaliseksi. Lapsen omaehtoinen esineiden antaminen alkaa ikävälillä 9 - 15 kuukautta. Esineiden antaminen käy tästä eteenpäin läpi kehitysvaiheita ja saa erilaisia ilmenemismuotoja. Aluksi lapsen huomio on esineiden merkityksissä, sitten huomion kohteena ovat sosiaaliset suhteet. Esineiden antaminen ilmentää kahta kehityksellistä muutosta esikielellisen vaiheen aikana: ensimmäinen vaihe on ensimmäisen elinvuoden lopulla, toinen lähellä puolentoista vuoden ikää. Tällöin lapsen suhteet ympäristöön, esineisiin ja toisiin ihmisiin järjestyvät uudella tavalla. Molemmissa vaiheissa ennen siirtymää aktivoituvat lapsen omaehtoinen liikkuminen ja jäljittelevä käyttäytyminen sekä sen jälkeen symbolinen toiminta. Sanat alkavat liittyä esineiden antamiseen 13 - 34 kuukauden iässä, tavallisimmin ikävaiheessa 17 - 21 kuukautta. Ikävaiheessa 27 - 30 kuukautta esineiden antamista ei juuri enää esiinny. Tällöin lapsi on alkanut kommunikoida kokonaisin lausein, ja puhekielestä on tullut riittävä kommunikoinnin väline. Tutkimus tukee Vygotskin teoriaa tuomalla esiin aikuisen keskeisen merkityksen lapsen kehityksen käännekohdissa. Tutkimus osoittaa sosiaalisen merkin kehitysvaiheet ja niiden limittymisen kehityksellisiin siirtymiin. Esineiden antaminen kuvastaa lapsen henkisen kehityksen kulkua yleisemmin ja sitä voi kutsua kieltä ennakoivaksi sosiaaliseksi merkiksi

This work aims to present a diagnosis about censorship, intellectual freedom and book selection in the Portuguese public libraries. For this research it was launched a survey to the heads of the referred libraries during 2010.This research made use of a survey and a research literature and was structured in four main parts. The first one precedes the definition of the different roles assumed by public libraries nowadays, once that the emphasis given to certain roles might influence the way as each library deals with intellectual freedom and, therefore with censorship. In a second moment, questions related with management and collection development were analysed, namely those elements that have mainly influenced librarians in the selection of new documents. The third part coincides with the collections as ideological instruments and the question about pluralism regarding them. There was interest in knowing if the librarians are opened to integrate materials to be considerate controversial in their collections or, if by the contrary, those materials are censured by the librarians themselves. Finally, the analysis of a set of questions related with the maintenance of intellectual freedom and several forms of pressure exercised upon the collections and several services delivered by the public libraries. Those pressures are normally exercised by politicians, users and librarians. This research concludes that there are many and different pressures exercised, from either the users or the city council authorities. However, special attention should be paid to the amazing little orthodox conclusion witch stresses the role of librarians as the main censors.

The goal of this thesis is to analyse the purchase of children's and young people's literature in public libraries in Austria, namely which sources librarians use for the selection of children's and young people's literature and which factors they take into consideration when selecting a book. The research methods have taken a combined approach that has included both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The quantitative data are collected by sending out an email-based questionnaire. First, the questionnaires are analysed, which then formed the basis for the guided interview. Afterwards, a guided interview with the librarians of the libraries in question was carried out to collect information about the purchase of children's and young people's literature. In conclusion, it was found that the purchase of children's and young people's literature is based mainly on assumed interests of the readers and not on pedagogical, literary, nor educational aspects. The analysis of the questionnaire showed that there is a link between the proportion of children’s and young people’s literature and the size of the library. It was found that mass media, for example radio and TV are seldomly used for selecting children’s and young people’s literature, while lists of recommendations, professional journals and recommendations on advanced training are often used as selection sources.

Delivering a copy of every publication released in Austria to the national library has a long tradition. The earliest mention of so called legal deposit dates back to the 17th century. However, since the numbers of electronic publications continuously have increased, many problems have occurred. The aim of this thesis is to outline the development of legal deposit and to analyse the challenges which publishers and libraries are confronted with today. Some possible strategies with regard to electronic publications are also outlined. The thesis starts with a theoretical part which illustrates the formation of today's well-established legal deposit. This part is based on a review of literature and online sources and gives information on which incidents have led to its current legal form. Afterwards, an overview of today's legal deposit law and its realisation are given. The last part consists of interviews with experts in media law and options for a new legal basis which also include electronic publications are described. In conclusion, it was found that several incidents have influenced the current system of legal deposit and that the changes in the character of publication require changes not only of the law but also within the structures of libraries. Nevertheless, it will take some more years until a new, functional way to collect electronic publications as legal deposit will have been established.

The main criteria for selection and acquisition of electronic books (e-book) currently applied by information professionals from academic libraries in Mexico City were investigated, and how the supplier diversity with their respective business models, access and platforms impact the process. For this, a review of similar study cases was made, mainly in academic libraries in European countries, to learn the methodologies used in order to establish a benchmark and compare the results obtained from the study conducted in libraries of Mexico City.

Brings a brief analysis of the transformation from a tangible to an intangible form of the information supports; focusing on the influence of this transformation on the object of the acquisitions librarians work. Covers the debate over access and ownership of information between libraries, open access initiatives and the role of editors. Presents new business models that reflect the philosophy of the information agents who created them with which the acquisitions librarian has to work with. Aims to present an overview of the changes and conflicts generated from the ever growing use of electronic mediums, to access information defining new challenges for the library and the librarian. Proposes three archetypes or postures of acquisitions librarians when confronted with the electronic environment.

The present master thesis examines the use of new technologies in data management as tools for patron-oriented collection enhancement in academic libraries. Patron orientation involves outsourcing part of the stock selection to library users, as in the case of patron-driven acquisition (PDA) of digital materials, which are purchased after a certain number of downloads. The analyses of interlibrary loan requests or transaction logs are two other methods which provide objective indicators of users’ literature needs. Another valuable source of information on these needs is the record of zero hit OPAC (Online public access catalog) searches for known items, since they uncover gaps in the library collection. In 2010 Wolfgang Köhle and Günter Sauter-Sternik created a program called NUTR!S (loosely translated "zero hits information service") for the Vorarlberg Regional Library which links the entries of the zero hit list with the search boxes of other library catalogs. Thus, the program makes it possible to check whether searches that have failed in your OPAC result in a hit in another catalog and to prove that such an item exists but is not part of your collection. In my thesis, I have tried to answer the question whether and to which extent NUTR!S, which was created for a relatively small library, can be used to enhance the collection of larger libraries such as the University and Regional Library of Tyrol. For this purpose I have examined the way NUTR!S works with the help of original zero hit tables. The results suggest the need of modification of the program in order to reduce the amount of data without information loss. On this basis I have suggested several adjustments. A test run with the program modified according to my specifications shows that these adaptations would make NUTR!S an effective tool for patron-oriented collection enhancement even in larger libraries.

The aim of this research is to detect different sources that researchers use most frequently in their doctoral theses and assess the local needs of library users. Analysis citations in academic publications is a very interesting method when you need to know how the information is used by researchers. Bibliographical references of thesis can offer us a very detailed view of the use of the library collection. This method has been complemented with users opinion collected in a questionnaire. Combination of these two techniques has helped reduce the subjectivity inherent in data analysis. The study shows that the authors of the doctoral theses cite almost in the same proportion both magazine articles and monographs. PhD's students at the University of Balearic island do not use much the library catalog but instead they use the Internet as a valuable source for writing their thesis.

Archives and the Cultural Heritage The edited volume Archives and the Cultural Heritage focuses on archives as institutions and to their tense relationship with archives as material. These dynamics are discussed in respect of the past, the present, and the future. The focus lies in the mechanisms the Finnish archive institutions have utilised when taking part in forming the cultural heritage and in debating the importance of the private archives in society. Within social sciences and history from the early 1990s onwards, the effects of globalisation have been seen as a new focal point for research. Momentarily, the archives saw the same paradigm shift as the focus of the archival studies proceeded from state to society. This brought forth the notion that the values of society are reflected in the acquisition of archival material. This archival turn draws attention to the archives as entities formed by cultural practices. The volume discusses cultural heritage within Finnish archives with diverse perspectives and from various time periods. The key concepts are cultural heritage and archives – both as institution and as material. Articles review the formation of archival collections spanning from the 19th to the 21st century and highlight that the archives have never been neutral or objective actors; rather, they have always been an active process of remembering and forgetting, a matter of inclusion and exclusion. The focus is on private archives and on the choices that guided the creation of the archives and the cultural perceptions and power structures associated with them. Although private archives have considerable social and research value, and although their material complements the picture of society provided by documentary data produced by public administrations, they have only risen to the theoretical discussions in the 21st century. The authors consider what has happened before the material ends up in the archive, what happens in the archive and what can be deduced from this. It shows how archival solutions manifest themselves, how they have influenced research and how they still affect it. One of the key questions is whose past has been preserved and whose is deemed worthy of preservation. Under what conditions have the permanently preserved documents been selected and how can they be accessed? In addition, the volume pays attention to whose documents have been ignored or forgotten, as well as to the networks and power of the individuals within the archival institution and to the politics of memory. The Archives and the Cultural Heritage is an opening to a discussion on the mechanisms, practices and goals of Finnish archival activities. It challenges archival organisations to reflect on their own operating models and to make visible their own conscious or unconscious choices. It raises awareness of the formation of the Finnish documentary cultural heritage, produces new information about private archives and participates in the scientific debate on the changing significance of archives in society. The volume is related to the Academy of Finland research project “Making and Interpreting National Pasts – Role of Finnish Archives as Networks of Power and Sites of Memory” (no 25257, 2011–2014/2019), University of Turku. Project partners Finnish Literature Society (SKS) and Society of Swedish Literature in Finland (SLS).

This chapter evaluates strategic reform in rice-centric co-ops—those that produce and market more rice than any other product. It illustrates how the measuring rod of price wields its influence over the reform process differently than in co-ops with more diverse product lines, and for one simple reason: rice prices have been declining over the last generation. The chapter then analyzes two co-ops from Niigata Prefecture: JA Uonuma Minami and JA Echigo Jōetsu. It argues that, to do well, reformist rice-centric co-ops with a competitive product and strong farmer organizations must not only satisfy certain resource and market, organizational, and agency conditions but also place a premium on the timing of their reforms and on the co-op's acquisition of sophisticated marketing skills. The chapter also explains why even hardworking, reform-oriented co-ops in today's challenging rice market may fail to stabilize farmer incomes, let alone increase them.

Abstract In this work an experimental study of spray cooling using monodispersed droplet sprays impinging on a flat and heated surface is reported. The aim of the work was to formulate an empirical model describing the heat flux (HF) for the nucleate boiling regime. Monodispersed water droplets with a known diameter and velocity, produced by a droplet generator, were directed toward a heated surface and the heat transfer was registered using a data acquisition system. The resulting high heat flux was investigated as function of the droplets’ diameter and velocity, mass flow rate, ambient pressure, subcooling degree and surface roughness. The resulting matrix of variables investigated in the experiments included; mass flux rate (340 < ṁ″ < 750 kg/m2s), subcooling degree (25 < Tsub < 78 °C), ambient pressure (1 < P < 1.8 bar), and surface roughness (79 < Rt < 5 μm). A generalized correlation was developed for the dimensionless HF as function of the dimensionless mass flow rate, temperature, surface roughness and pressure, along with the Jacob number. The form of the correlation is q ˙ ″ ρ V h f g = 0.245 ( Ja ) 1.038 ( Δ T sub Δ T sat ) 0.491 ( ρ σ m ˙ μ 3 ) 0.133 ( R t D ) 0.0213 ( P P 0 ) 0.291 having a confidence level greater than 95%, the differences between predicted and experimental HF were less than ±19%.