Journal articles on the topic 'Ivory – Economic aspects – Africa'
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Strang, Kenneth David. "Needs assessment of international capacity building using a Delphi technique." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 13, no. 4 (September 10, 2017): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-02-2017-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to engage African subject matter experts to assist with a needs assessment of international capacity building for developing countries in Africa, to establish a prioritized list of capacity building keywords substantiated by a current literature review. Design/methodology/approach A pragmatic mixed-method research design was used which involved conducting literature reviews and applying a modified Delphi technique to determine future research needs. The credibility of these results was strengthened by selecting a Delphi subject matter expert panel from African countries including Benin, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Cameroon, Congo, Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Algeria and Nigeria. Non-parametric statistical techniques were used to objectively analyze the qualitative data and prioritize the findings. Findings The results clearly identified seven literature keywords which could improve future African capacity building research (in order of highest importance first): Trade Union (regional economic integration), Governance, FDI, Emigration, Education, Economic (small business stimulation), and Brain Gain. Additional keywords surfaced in the literature related to these ones, namely healthcare and brain drain (emigrating academics and scholars). Research limitations/implications The results of this study should generalize to government and capacity building policy administrators in Africa as well as to other researchers and practitioners in this field. The use of a novel modified Delphi technique should also be of interest to other researchers. Originality/value The modified Delphi technique commenced with a knowledge sharing conference where pre-selected subject matter experts collaborated to define the initial scope of questions. Another novel aspect of the customized Delphi technique was that the subject matter experts were required to conduct a literature review to substantiate their responses to questions.
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Ngouhouo, Ibrahim, and Guivis Zeufack Nkemgha. "Inflation and Economic Growth: A Comparative Empirical Analysis Between Cameroon and the Ivory Coast." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n12p87.
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Inflation is the main concern of developing Countries and particularly in Ivory Coast, a leading West Africa French speaking Country. The objective of this study is to make a comparative analysis of the effect of inflation on growth between Cameroon, a French speaking Central Africa Country where inflation is not a big concern and Ivory Coast. Using the Least Squares methodology, we find that inflation has no effect on economic growth in Cameroon during the study period. However, it has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in Ivory Coast. Also, the analysis of the causal relationship between inflation and economic growth using the Toda -Yamamoto framework and the Vector Autoregressive model show that there is a unidirectional causality from inflation to economic growth in Ivory Coast, while there is no causality between these variables in Cameroon.
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Gavrilova, Nina G. "Introducing modern technologies to increase the economic efficiency of cocoa production in Africa." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 11 (2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-11-66-75.
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Global cocoa production has undergone significant changes over the past 60 years. The global volume of cultivation of this crop has grown significantly. The leading manufacturing countries in the industry have also switched their positions over the time. African countries, such as Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon have significantly improved their results. At the same time, Ivory Coast steadily occupies the first place in this top for more than 40 years. To analyze the performance, two African states were selected – the first (Ivory Coast) and last (Cameroon) of the top ten. As a result, it was found that farmers in both countries have similar problems, regardless of the amount of cocoa produced. Almost all difficulties are associated with problems of maintaining tall cocoa trees due to difficult access, which significantly reduces the already unsatisfactory productivity of the sector. Another important problem in the selected African countries is the jobless youth employment; as young people don’t want put their life to work in backward agriculture. Despite the nominal increase of production volumes, the cocoa industry is undergoing a crisis, as its development follows an extensive path. Since cocoa is an indispensable product used in many fields, intensification plays a crucial role in the industry development. Therefore manufacturers have begun to use modern digital developments including hardware and software solutions more often. One of the decisions is to implement unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the cocoa industry to collect and process information (quality assessment of cocoa trees, terrain mapping, etc.), as well as to take care of cocoa trees (for example, for the precise application of chemical protection against pests and diseases). The article demonstrates the use of UAVs on the example of the cocoa sectors of Ivory Coast and Cameroon. Today, the latest technologies are still in the development and testing phase, so their large-scale application has not been implemented yet. However it is clear that innovations developed for the cocoa industry will not only increase production efficiency but also may attract young professionals to the sector. It is expected that these developments can be subsequently applied on a wider scale and will be used not only in the cocoa industry but in many other fields.
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Seaver, Kirsten A. "Desirable teeth: the medieval trade in Arctic and African ivory." Journal of Global History 4, no. 2 (July 2009): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022809003155.
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AbstractThis article examines the Danish archaeologist Else Roesdahl’s hypothesis that, by the early fourteenth century, an abundance in Europe of elephant ivory from Africa caused a price drop that edged out walrus ivory, with a devastating economic impact on Norse Greenland that directly contributed to the colony’s collapse. While it seems clear that artisanal use of walrus ivory fell from the late fourteenth century onward, and that Greenland exports of walrus ivory decreased in the fourteenth century, evidence for a pre-1500 price drop for African elephant ivory in the European market is lacking. Nor can it be demonstrated that European demand for walrus tusks shrank prior to 1500. Roesdahl’s speculations about changes in the ivory trade and their effect on the Norse Greenland colony are therefore open to question as an explanation for the colony’s demise. An alternative view is proposed, namely that reduced export of Greenland walrus ivory was initiated by the Greenlanders themselves in response to political and economic changes in the Atlantic and North Sea region, at a time when codfish drew English fishermen and fish merchants ever farther west into the North Atlantic, and that the Greenlanders took part in that westward movement.
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Yaouba, Habiba. "A Legal Comparison of Regional Powers' Involvements in African Conflicts: Case Studies of Libya and South Africa." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science 06, no. 07 (2022): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2022.6738.
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The Republic of Chad, located in central Africa, is under attack by a series of military coups; despite its prosperity, the country has emerged from protracted conflicts since its independence. The violence was perpetrated and directed by rebel groups of various ethnicities. As the regional leader, Libya decided in 1991 to intervene in internal Chadian affairs by mediating between the regime and rebel groups on political and economic matters, despite being under international sanctions. The first “Coup d’État” since Ivory Coast’s independence occurred in December 1999, and more recent coups have also been successful; the violence in Ivory Coast appears to be a conflict that has targeted both the military and civilians. The last military coup in 2002 failed and turned into a small war within the country, attracting South Africa’s involvement in the bloodied country by violence, fear, and escalating instability, which worsened the human rights situation. The Ivory Coast’s struggle was more intensely influenced by economic factors, while the conflict in Chad was the political cause. Legally, the international community arrangement in Ivory Coast obligated South Africa, as a regional leader, to secure peace and stability. In contrast, Libya illegally meddles in the internal affairs of Chad with its influential “brother leader,” who has a new position as a regional peacemaker and is dominant in the Sub-Saharan region.
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Sánchez-Hernández, M. Isabel, Luísa Cagica Carvalho, and Inna Sousa Paiva. "Orientation towards social responsibility of North-West African firms." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 10, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 365–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-07-2018-0171.
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Purpose Corporate social responsibility orientation (CSRO) is considered a crucial strategy to enhance long-term competitiveness around the world, and it is starting to be a broader issue in Africa. Based on recent works addressing the CSRO–performance relationship in countries outside the African continent, this paper aims to assess CRSO in North-West Africa. Design/methodology/approach In this study a questionnaire was distributed among 122 managers in two countries in North-West Africa: Guinea-Bissau and the Ivory Coast. Partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to assess the path or relationships for the North-West African context. Findings The results show that there is a generally positive perception of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of CSRO, although special emphasis is laid on the economic and social issues, mainly when they are related to human resources. The study also revealed the important role of innovation as mediator between CSRO and firm performance. Practical implications The study points out the role of managers in promoting a culture of social innovation by focussing on the CSR philosophy for improving the competitive success of African businesses. Social implications The social, economic and legal contexts of Guinea-Bissau and the Ivory Coast are vulnerable. The findings raise concerns about whether governments and regulatory efforts improve the development of the strategies towards social responsibility of African firms and whether they also increase the role of the firms in producing positive externalities to the market through CSRO. Originality/value Very few studies have investigated CSRO in Africa. Aiming to switch from the current CSRO in developed countries to an African perspective of CSRO, this paper contributes to filling the existing gap through the study of managers’ perceptions about CSR in two countries in North-West Africa: Guinea-Bissau and the Ivory Coast.
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Krukowska, Monika. "China’s economic expansion in Africa–selected aspects." International Business and Global Economy 37 (2018): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23539496ib.18.006.9379.
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Cobbe, James H. "Economic Aspects of Lesotho's Relations with South Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 1 (March 1988): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010338.
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Lesotho has long had the distinction of being one of the more anomalous states not only in Southern Africa, but in the world. It is entirely surrounded by another country, the Republic of South Africa. It is ethnically and linguistically very homogeneous. It is a monarchy. Physically, the lowest point in Lesotho is higher, in vertical distance above sea level, that that in any other country. Its economy is marked by some extraordinary paradoxes, such as agriculture being the main economic activity of the bulk of the labour force albeit the origin of a small fraction of total income, imports enomously exceeding exports and being larger than domestic output, and fewer citizens working for cash inside the country than outside.
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Bassett, Thomas J. "The Development of cotton in Northern Ivory Coast, 1910–1965." Journal of African History 29, no. 2 (July 1988): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023677.
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This article seeks to redress the largely contemporary bias and technologically deterministic approach of agricultural historians of cotton in francophone West Africa. It does this by arguing that the expansion of cotton since the 1960s has depended upon major socio-economic and cultural changes in agrarian production systems during the colonial period as much as on technological innovations in the post-colonial period. The study focuses on the political–economic and socio-cultural processes behind the emergence of an export-oriented, commodity producing peasantry among the Senufo of northern Ivory Coast. A periodization of cotton development is presented in which the gradual dissolution of precolonial production units and the gestation of smaller social units with new economic needs is emphasized. This restructuring of agricultural production systems is related to a complex interplay of internal and external factors, notably coercive state policies, the monetization of Senufo society and the internalization of commodity relations, conflicts between social groups and the direct intervention of foreign agribusiness in the productive process. Despite low levels of cotton output during the colonial period, the resultant transformation of production relations was crucial to the contemporary intensification of cotton growing.
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Somers, O., and J. A. Döckel. "Some Economic Aspects of Local Government in South Africa." Studies in Economics and Econometrics 14, no. 3 (November 30, 1990): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03796205.1990.12128989.
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Azhar, Muhammad. "Aspects of Economic Relations between India and North Africa." Insight on Africa 4, no. 2 (July 2012): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087814411150.
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Adiko, Serge-B., and Kemalov R.A. "Development of the Petroleum Refining in the Republic of Côte D'ivoire- Primary Processing of Refining." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24938.
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The article is considering the technology of primary processing of S. I. R (Societe Ivoirienne de Raffinage). General modern technology of petroleum refiningThe problems with primary processing technologies of refining and ability development of the petroleum refining in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. Comparison of the two types of technologies (primary of refining) between SIR for Cote d’ivoire and general technology in Russia.S. I. R (Societe Ivoirienne de Raffinage) is the only petroleum refinery in the Republic of ivory coastThe Republic of Côte d'ivoire is located in West Africa with a population of 22.8 million (data for 2014 b is the second economic power in sub-region (West Africa) after Nigeria, with an average of 8% of GDP over the last five years, Economic development of the country and its economic development is related to petroleum production and refining in the Republic of Côte d'ivoire.Refining is the obvious economic rate for a more diversified and more competitive economy
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Ambach, Florian. "Baumwolle, Elfenbein und Glasperlen. Perspektiven österreichischer Reisender auf die Errichtung eines „informal empire“ im Sudan des 19. Jahrhunderts." historia.scribere, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.13.629.
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Cotton, Ivory and Glass Beads. Perspectives of Austrian Travellers on the Establishment of an "Informal Empire" in 19th Century SudanThe following article examines travel accounts of explorers, travellers and officials close to the Habsburg Monarchy. It focusses on the economic aspects of the 19th century Austrian presence in Sudan. As will be shown, several Austrians attempted to engage in local trade in ways that sought to establish an "informal empire".
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Grote, M., N. J. Schoeman, M. L. Truu, J. H. Van Heerden, and J. J. Van Tonder. "Aspects of fiscal devolution in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2000): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v3i1.2599.
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This paper is the joint product of a think tank, initiated in the public sector and extended to a group of academics. It may be seen as the executive summary of a rather voluminous report for internal use in the Department of Finance on fiscal federalism, one of the large economic issues facing the New South Africa. Debate on the subject continues.
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MAASDORP, G. G. "Economic and Political Aspects of Regional Cooperation in Southern Africa." South African Journal of Economics 54, no. 2 (June 1986): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.1986.tb00865.x.
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Amedu, Amos Nnaemeka, and Umunna Godson Ngawu. "The Impact of Trade Openess on Economic Growth: A Comparative Study of Selected West Africa Countries (1986-2016)." Journal of Economics Education and Entrepreneurship 3, no. 2 (October 5, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jee.v3i2.5588.
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The study examined the impact of trade openness on economic growth in some selected countries in West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Gambia, Code d’Ivory, Burkina Faso and Sierra Leone). We use the Panel dataset comprising 6 countries from West Africa during this period 1986- 2016. The study used the Fixed effect panel analysis for the estimation. The study tested for descriptive statistics and found that Cote d’ Ivory has the highest trade openness followed by Ghana, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Gambia that has the least trade openness. The study tested for unit root, at first difference 1(I), the variables are stationary, only inflation that was stationary at level I(0). The study uses the Pedroni Co-integration test for long-run association among trade openness, real gross domestic product, foreign direct investment, inflation and exchange rate and found that there exist a long run relationship. The result of the study reveals that trade openness has a positive and significant relationship between gross domestic product, it means that trade openness has an impact to economic growth in the selected West Africa countries.
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Kouadio, Anne Marilyse, and Kouakou Kouassi Séverin. "Dynamique Urbaine Et Activités Informelles Comme Objet D’enseignement En Géographie Dans Les Classes De 2e Et 1e De Korhogo." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 32 (November 30, 2016): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n32p351.
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The economy of African countries in their plurality is often characterized by traditional formal and informal dualism. In this study, we paid close observation to the following: almost everywhere in a semi underground or a total underground (Loukou, 2013), the renewal of the dynamism of the informal economy grouping according to the BIT (1993), the set of the unofficial little structured activities, and thus its difficulties which are quantifiable (small craftsmen, domestic service providers or not, small shopkeepers, etc.). In Ivory Coast as somewhere else in sub-Saharan Africa, this phenomenon occurs due to the badly mastered urbanization and the economic, social, and cultural crises stemming from austere politics of structural adjustment. The spatial and social reorganization of the Ivory Coast cities and his integration in the studies of the geography of Ivory Coast education system interpeeled us. To what extent does the knowledge relative to the interaction (urban dynamics/informal activities) establish an explicit object of teaching in the lessons of geography in a class of determination, strangely in the 2nd and 1st classes? This study is a scientific contribution for a better consideration of the current and ambient urban phenomena. It was conducted based on documentary and empirical data.
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Hamadou, Abdoulaye. "Free Movement of Persons in West Africa Under the Strain of COVID-19." AJIL Unbound 114 (2020): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.66.
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Immediately after the first signs of COVID-19 in West Africa in March-April 2020, twelve countries officially closed their borders. Other countries, such as Benin, Ivory Coast and Senegal, adopted a more pragmatic approach by merely limiting to essential crossings any arrivals or departures over land, and by adopting humanitarian corridors. Many of these measures are based on Article 4 of the 1979 Dakar Protocol of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Article 91 of the amended Treaty of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (known under its French acronym UEMOA), which authorize states to limit the freedom of movement and residence for reasons of public order, public security, or public health. The measures, however, have heavily impacted the legal regime of free movement of persons throughout the ECOWAS area. In the following analysis, I will show that the measures have (1) contributed to the disintegration of the legal regime of free movement of persons in ECOWAS and (2) instrumentalized COVID-19 for political ends in ways that are counterproductive for the region.
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Łukasiewicz, Krzysztof. "O pewnej krytyce kulturalizmu." Prace Kulturoznawcze 20 (March 27, 2017): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-6668.20.7.
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About a Certain Critique of CulturalismThis article presents the ideas coined by Wolfgang Maderthaner and Lutz Musner who diagnosed a‘‘crisis in cultural studies”. According to those authors, representing historical cultural studies, it is proved by meaningful absence of social aspects of culture. It was caused by the dominance of culturalism giving preference to the world of meaning, text, and picture. Therefore Maderthaner and Musner are sceptical about cultural turn and other turns. The Austrian academic duo, inspired by Pierre’a Bourdieu, demand social, economic and political aspects to undergo more detailed scrutiny while analyzing the realm of culture. Otherwise the cultural scientists risk becoming the prisoners of an “Ivory Tower” or being subordinated to the dominant economic power. It would be equal with “selfanihilation of reason”, however, they are meant to use it in the best and most useful way.
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Maxime, Boraud N’takpé Kama, Ake Séverin, and Jacques Gasquez. "Introduction Des Organismes Génétiquement Modifiés(OGM) Dans L’agriculture En Côte d’Ivoire: Etat De Connaissance Et Souhaits Des Populations De Six (6) Localités Du Sud Du Pays." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 30 (October 31, 2016): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n30p112.
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Transgenic plants with their huge potential as the high yields, resistance to diseases, insects and water stress seem to be a solution for Africa and could contribute to poverty reduction and the increase of agricultural production in this area of the world often face starvation. However GMOs dragging a trail of controversy and risk maligned with a series of impacts that concern the human health, environmental, social and economic. Is the dangerousness of transgenic plants a concern people of Ivory Coast? Investigations were carried out on 400 farmers and 1000 educated people in through a series of questions.
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Mlambo, Daniel N. "Continental Migration Trends: Its Implications from an African Perspective." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 9, no. 2 (August 29, 2018): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v9i2.2378.
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Migration is witnessed throughout the world, this is even true for a third world continent such as Africa, where individuals tend to move from one place to another propelled by diverse push and pull factors. This paper brings forward the degree of migration movements in Africa. Additionally, it seeks to understand the impact(s) of migration within the continent. It argues that migration in Africa is not a new phenomenon as it has been witnessed since colonialism often as a result of forced migration. However, post the colonial era, Africa has observed an upsurge of migration movements both documented and undocumented. This is manifested by the fact that Africa has remained an underdeveloped continent coupled with vast economic hindrances including unemployment, political instability, low growth rates, terrorism and corruption. In this vein, individuals move from place to place for better economic opportunities for themselves particularly to Western, Eastern and Southern African countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, Botswana, South Africa, Ivory Coast, Angola, Rwanda and Namibia. The paper concludes by outlining that if Africa is to limit and manage the evergrowing migration movements, then African heads of states should possibly improve their border patrol security, enhance rural agriculture and improve rural service delivery programmes. Moreover, to implement robust, well monitored and managed policies that intend to support and complement the policies of the African Union (AU), regional bodies and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) with regards to African migration.
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Musopole, Augustine Chingwala. "Neglected Aspects in the Understanding of Holistic Development in Africa." Journal of Development and Communication Studies 8, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 202–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jdcs.v8i1.10.
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How does one explain Africa's underdevelopment when compared with other regions of the world? Over fifty years of independence have little to show for economic progress and poverty has continued to afflict the African population even as it continues to grow. Political instability, economic regress, corruption, and bad governance have been identified as some of the problems facing Africa and keeping it underdeveloped. Yet, I believe that there are still other matters that have been neglected preventing leaders coming up with a holistic vision of development. Attention to these neglected aspects would, most likely, contribute to removing the bottlenecks to more accelerated holistic development of the continent thereby making it possible for Africans to realise abundant life.
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Tomšík, Karel, and Luboš Smutka. "Selected aspects and specifics of the economic development in sub-Saharan Africa." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020517.
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The paper examines the development of economies in the sub-Saharan region. It aims to identify particular development trends specific to the region. That means identifying changes which have occurred in the past five decades in following areas: development of the GDP value and structure, growth in the value of foreign trade, demographic growth, and changes in the value of GDP per capita. The results of the analysis show very constrained economic power of sub-Saharan region. Not only weak economy of the region but also a significant population growth is a problem. Increasing production and trade does not contribute effectively to elimination of high level of poverty and malnutrition which remains a long-term problem of the sub-Saharan region. In real terms, the GDP per capita was growing by less than 1 % in the period 1961–2010. Sub-Saharan region is highly dependent on cooperation with other world regions in its effort to increase economic growth and to improve the economic situation of own population. The GDP growth is thus very sensitive to GDP development in Europe and North America. Concerning the foreign trade, development of sub-Saharan trade is dependent on regions of the Southern and Eastern Asia, and Europe.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, and Mauro Alexandre Luís Miguel. "Economic Aspects of Migration in the Republic of Angola." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 80–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.7.
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The article discusses the features of migration in the Republic of Angola. The country has a strong demographic and economic potential. Migration processes occur in two directions: there is an immigration to the country of qualified and highly qualified specialists, return forced migrants; and labor and educational migrants emigrate from the country. Between Angola and Portugal there are fairly stable migration ties. The largest Angolan diaspora outside of Africa has formed in the former metropolis. Portugal attracts Angolans with a common language, historical ties, labor market opportunities, and prospects for integration into society. Also, Angolan diasporas began to form in the so-called “new emigration” countries - France, the USA, South Africa, Brazil. The most recent trend has been the emigration of Angolans to China, which is actively developing and establishing strong ties with African countries. Remittances from labor migrants and representatives of the Angolan diasporas characterize new directions of emigration from the country. Remittances to Angola come mainly from those countries where labor migrants go to work. Angola gradually transformed from a country of outflow of forced migrants into a country of reception of forced migrants. Large-scale return migration of Angolan refugees who had previously left the country is taking place in the country. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon of forced migration, there is little research on the integration of refugees and the reintegration of returned refugees into Angolan society. As a result, the potential of former refugees is not fully utilized in terms of developing the human capital of Angola and its regions.
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Smutka, Luboš, and Karel Tomšík. "Selected aspects of GDP value and structure development in sub-Saharan Africa." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 347–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070347.
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Africa belongs to the poorest regions of the world. This statement may be applied especially to its sub-Saharan part. The paper analyses some basic structural characteristics related to the economic development of sub-Saharan region. The article reveals existing differences between countries and regions of sub-Saharan Africa and analyses key problems which influence economic development of individual states. An emphasis is placed on analysing an unsuitable GDP structure and on external economic relations which affect this structure. Results of an investigation show that the GDP of sub-Saharan countries is to a large extend generated by the primary sector of their economies, which is dominant in the total GDP value and its position is continuously strengthening due to a high dynamics of its growth. Having regard to the external environment, there can be stated that the foreign trade has contributed to the GDP growth of the whole region only to a limited degree (this does not apply to all countries seen as individuals). The integration process in sub-Saharan Africa may be characterized as questionable. Many integration groupings are operating in the region, but their influence on economic growth is limited due a low potential for mutual cooperation based on specialisation and use of comparative advantages. The economies of sub-Saharan countries are very sensitive to changes in their external economic environment. In this regard, there is important to highlight the very strong sensitivity of the GDP in the sub-Saharan region in relation to the World GDP (mainly to European and US GDP because both regions belong to the most important trading partners of Africa as a whole).
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Ingram, Verina, Fedes van Rijn, Yuca Waarts, and Henk Gilhuis. "The Impacts of Cocoa Sustainability Initiatives in West Africa." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2018): 4249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114249.
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To tackle the multiple challenges facing the cocoa sector, voluntary sustainability standards and corporate initiatives, largely focusing on farm and farmer group scale, are often implemented by public–private–civil society partnerships of stakeholders further in the value chain. This paper looks at the social, economic, and environmental effects of such initiatives, based on empirical evidence from large-scale, mixed-method studies using a suite of socioeconomic, agronomic, and environmental indicators to compare the situation of UTZ certified with non-certified farmers in 2012 and 2015 in Ghana, and 2013 and 2017 in Ivory Coast. The results show that, on average, outcomes are mixed and generally modest. However, significant cocoa productivity and income increases were experienced by certified farmers receiving a full package of services. However, the type and intensity of services has changed over time, decreasing for half of the farmers, and productivity and income increases are levelling off. These findings suggest that whilst partnerships have created new governance arrangements with an increased focus on sustainable value chains, initiatives which result in a living income and optimise productivity, whilst limiting environmental impacts, require sectoral transformation, continued partnerships, plus a range of other policy instruments to address the persistent, wicked problems in cocoa production.
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Nyadera, Israel Nyaburi, Billy Agwanda, and Michael Otieno Kisaka. "Beyond the Yuan: Rethinking China’s Attractiveness to Africa." China Report 56, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445520954793.
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This paper seeks to revisit the narratives surrounding China and Africa relations. While these engagements have attracted the attention of scholars and policymakers, the emphasis has been on the economic aspects and a little attention has been made to examine the role of non-economic drivers. This paper argues that even though economic drivers are significant, Africa and China relations go beyond economic drivers. It identifies non-economic factors like the personality of president Xi Jinping and his personalised relations with African leaders, perceived attitudes of Western countries towards the continent, China’s political system, politics of mega projects in Africa, China’s soft power strategies and historical experiences as significant factors in strengthening relations between Beijing and the continent. It looks at attractiveness as an important concept in understanding states’ actions and relations. The paper concludes that engagements between China and Africa maybe characterised by huge economic factors, but the foundation of these relations is attractiveness anchored on a number of non-economic drivers.
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MASUMBE, Peter SAKWE. "Political Regimes, Contentious National Identity Question, and Nation-Building in African Countries: The Kenyan Case (1963 – 2020)." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 11 (November 26, 2020): 213–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.711.9018.
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Kenya’s successive political regimes’ contentiousness, like elsewhere in Africa, breeds the dearth of national identity, notwithstanding national identity’s relevance in characterising countries’ politico-economic and socio-cultural landscapes. National identity accelerates nation-building, hence, its inevitability for African countries; given their irrefutable need for statehoods. Arguably, the dearth of national identity constructs gratuitous upheavals as illustrated by post-election violence and contestations, in Kenya 2007, Ivory Coast 2010-2011, Cameroon 2018-2019, Nigeria 2018, Guinea Bissau 2020, etcetera. While seeking to divulge how Kenya’s national identity could emerge with its 4th President in 2017; this paper argues that, in African countries, the dearth of national identities propels political and economic failures, destroys citizens’ senses of belonging, undermines nation-building and enhances national disunity. Irked by these peccadilloes, fashioned by African leaders’ self-centredness; this work grounds on the elite theory to conclude that, leaders of African political regimes generate national identities’ dearth and their countries’ disunity and underdevelopment.
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David, Solomon Arulraj, and Shireen Motala. "Can BRICS build ivory towers of excellence? Giving new meaning to world-class universities." Research in Comparative and International Education 12, no. 4 (December 2017): 512–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745499917740652.
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This paper aims to map the landscape of higher education transformation in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) nations while exploring the status of BRICS nations in some of the global university rankings and analysing their potential to give new meaning to notions such as excellent and world-class universities. The study provides different theoretical perspectives about global university ranking and about the notion of ‘world-class/excellence’. Based on the literature exploration, the gathered data from some of the global university ranking agencies and the critical reflections from purposefully selected respondents, it is considered that the quest for world-class universities is articulated in several public policy documents of BRICS nations. While some attempts to achieve this quest vary (e.g. from China’s strong effort to India’s least effort), BRICS nations, like many other nations, seem to evolve towards this ambition, as universities have become the centre point of the development agenda. The ability of BRICS nations to provide new meaning to ‘world-class/excellence’ notions, although not clear, cannot be disputed given the indications that the BRICS bloc is emerging as an alternative economic force and the role higher education is playing in this emergence.
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Kouamé, Kouassi Yves Narcisse, Kouadio Justin Konan, Nahoua Issa Ouattara, and Tidiani Koné. "Aspects of the reproductive biology of the blue shark Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) in the coastal waters of Ivory Coast, West Africa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 06 (April 17, 2019): 1435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000274.
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AbstractThe blue shark Prionace glauca is the most abundant species in the artisanal driftnet fishery off the coastal waters of Ivory Coast. The reproductive parameters were investigated with the aim of providing basic information on the reproductive biology for fisheries management. A total of 424 specimens (256 males and 168 females) ranging from 170–330 cm in total length (TL) were sampled between August 2014 and November 2016. Sample for embryonic sex ratio was obtained from 18 litters of 503 individuals (255 males and 248 females). The embryonic sex ratio was not significantly different from 1:1 (χ2 = 0.10, P > 0.05, N = 503). The size at 50% maturity (L50) was 218.1 cm TL for males and 223.3 cm TL for females. The litter size based on the number of embryos varied from 6 to 62, with an average of 30 embryos. Mating started in July whereas ovulation, fertilization and uterine eggs occurred in late October–November. Smallest embryos of 3–5 cm in stretch total length (STL) appeared in uterus from November to January. The embryo size varied widely among months, and well-pigmented embryos were already present in April–May samples, although most of them occurred in August–September, suggesting a gestation period of around 11 months. The absence of neonates in catches, as well as parturition females, does not support a hypothesis that parturition takes place in the Gulf of Guinea.
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Dhai, A. "HIV and AIDS in Africa: social, political, and economic realities." Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 29, no. 5 (September 2008): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11017-008-9081-1.
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Lehloenya, Palallo Michael, and Maropeng Norman Mpya. "Exploring the citizen inclusiveness and micro-economic empowerment aspects of regional integration in Africa." Law, Democracy & Development 20, no. 1 (August 23, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ldd.v20i1.5.
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Wanger, Benjamin, and Osman Nuri Ar. "The relationship between globalisation and economic growth in West Africa." Journal of Global Social Sciences 3, no. 10 (March 1, 2022): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31039/jgss.v3i10.14.
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Economic integration among countries, as a result of globalisation, could be beneficial to trading partners if properly handled through appropriate regulation of production, distribution, and consumption. However, it appears developing countries often do not benefit from their economic relations with other countries at advanced stages of developed. It is in view of this that this research was conducted with concentration on West Africa. In this study Panel Cointegration Techniques including Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares and Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality Test were applied using time series on Gross Domestic Product, Exports, Imports and Foreign Direct Investment of eight West African countries from 1960–2019. While a positive and significant long run causal relationship was found between Exports, Imports as aspects of globalisation and Gross Domestic Product, there was an observed negative long run relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Gross Domestic Product. Export promotion, hight import tariffs, the local content initiative, liberal migration policies and strong regulatory machinery were recommended.
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Muheme, Bagalwa Basemake Gaspard. "Les Aspects Productifs De L’économie Informelle. Recherche des Indicateurs Pour une Réponse au Développement en Afrique." Afrika Focus 8, no. 1 (February 2, 1992): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00801002.
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Productive Aspects of the Informal Economy. Research into the Indicators for an Answer to the Development of Africa This article aims at deepening our understanding of the concept informal economy. It is the case that definitions with regard to the reality of this phenomenon vary in function of the author and the countries studied. Indeed, the concept needs to be discussed right across the countries of the West, the East European countries under the old system, i.e. until 1990, and the countries of Africa. With regard to the informal economy in Africa, the characteristics of irrationality and the lack of initiative on the pan of economic agents has often been posited. However, this economic phenomenon is neither exclusive to Africa nor is it confined to the present time. Only a comparative approach will enable one to arrive at some precision with regard to the concepts used in the economic literature. Our primary goal is to place this informal economy within the global perspective of African development. This informal economy sets itself up as a creative attempt, often able to give efficient answers, whether in the field of agriculture or in other forms of activity, to the challenges of badly mismanaged societies. The article rests on a number of key-terms: informal economy; plural activities; integrative economy; petty commodity production and consumption; interdependency of sectors.
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Chereni, Admire. "Within the Borders but Not Really in South Africa." African Diaspora 10, no. 1-2 (September 20, 2018): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18725465-01001007.
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Abstract This article explores the relationship between economic and social aspects of differential inclusion in South Africa as well as migrants’ notions and practices of home and belonging. It is based on narratives provided by Zimbabweans in Johannesburg, and considers what this relationship might imply for how we understand circular migration. It finds that, differential inclusion – emanating from migrants’ experiences of deportability, insecure residence, marginal economic practices, uncertain futurity and temporal disruptions, that punctuated their post-arrival everyday life – shapes migrants’ perceptions of home as a concrete site left behind to which migrants strive to return. Conversely, negative evaluations of livelihood opportunities in Zimbabwe fuel an orientation towards an imminent yet continually deferred eventual return.
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Bayar, Murat, and Mustafa M. Aral. "An Analysis of Large-Scale Forced Migration in Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214210.
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In this paper, human security-related causes of large-scale forced migration (LSFM) in Africa are investigated for the period 2011–2017. As distinct from the conventional understanding of (national) security, human security involves economic, public health, environmental and other aspects of people’s wellbeing. Testing various hypotheses, we have found that civil and interstate conflicts, lack of democracy and poverty are the most important drivers of mass population displacements, whereas climate change has an indirect effect on the dependent variable. As a policy tool, foreign aid is also tested to see if it lowers the probability of LSFM. Our findings have implications for policy planning, since the conventional understanding of security falls short of addressing LSFM without taking various aspects of human security into account.
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Seytre, Bernard, Cristano Barros, Philip Bona, Babacar Fall, Blahima Konaté, Amabelia Rodrigues, Octávio Varela, and Marcel Blé Yoro. "Revisiting COVID-19 Communication in Western Africa: A Health Literacy-based Approach to Health Communication." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 105, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0013.
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ABSTRACT. Adherence to protective measures is a major component of COVID-19 epidemic control. COVID-19 health literacy is a major driver of this adherence, and the evaluation of health literacy levels is the basis for designing an effective communication strategy. We conducted a quantitative socio-anthropological study of the knowledge of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and perception of the prevention messages in Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone. There are widespread erroneous ideas regarding the transmission of and the protection against COVID-19. The majority of people are unaware that asymptomatic individuals can transmit the virus. Knowledge of the risk factors for severe disease is not sufficient, and the majority of individuals fear contracting COVID-19 by visiting a health center. Our study also shows the achievements of communication campaigns on several aspects: almost everybody has heard of the virus and heard or read the messages on the protective measures and a large majority of people think that these measures are effective against COVID-19. Based on these results, we propose a communication strategy that will emphasize that asymptomatic individuals can transmit the virus, emphasize the risk factors, reassure individuals regarding the safety of frequenting health centers, and design specific messages targeting young populations.
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Maasdorp, Gavin. "Some aspects of economic relations between South Africa and the BLS countries in the 1970s." South African Journal of Economic History 14, no. 1-2 (September 1999): 290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10113439909511119.
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Traynor, Catherine H. "Juncus kraussiiharvesting in Umlalazi Nature Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: socio-economic aspects and sustainability." African Journal of Aquatic Science 33, no. 1 (May 2008): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajas.2007.33.1.3.387.
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Shahaboonin, Faraaz, Oladipo Olalekan David, and Abigail Van Wyk. "Historic Spatial Inequality and Poverty along Racial Lines in South Africa." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.13803.
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South Africa faces many socio-economic challenges, which include sluggish economic growth, increasing unemployment rates, increasing inequality, and high poverty levels., This paper focused on examining how spatial inequality causes these socio-economic issues. The main thrust of the paper is to briefly investigate two major aspects, firstly the root cause of spatial inequality in South Africa, and secondly the impact that spatial inequality has on socio-economic indicators such as economic inequality, poverty, and employment levels. This research used a mixed methodology approach. Empirical research findings proved that apartheid policies contributed to high levels of poverty and inequality in South Africa. As the empirical results show, the existing inequalities in South Africa are predominantly based on a racial sub-group basis, which confirms the causal relationship with historic apartheid spatial policies enforced on a racial basis. Primary research findings depicted that the post-apartheid era is characterised by high poverty levels and huge inequality with the bulk of blacks exposed to diverse macro-economic challenges. Policy recommendation-wise, it was suggested that the government should continue to redress the systems of apartheid and use policies that help to eradicate poverty.
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Qumba, Mmiselo Freedom. "Assessing the Legal and Regulatory Framework for Special Economic Zones in South Africa." South African Mercantile Law Journal 34, no. 2 (2022): 229–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/samlj/v34/i2a4.
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The previous industrial development zones (IDZs) programme did not generate the anticipated economic growth in South Africa. Thus, the recent special economic zones (SEZs) programme is aimed at addressing the deficiencies in the disappointing record of the IDZs. So, would the new SEZ programme succeed if the IDZs failed? Since the IDZ is considered to have failed to generate the expected levels of economic growth, it is important assess whether the new SEZ programme will be able to fulfil its intended objectives. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to provide an insightful analysis of the South African SEZ programme from a legal and policy perspective and to proffer some reforms in areas that may be pertinent for the success of the SEZ programme. It traces South Africa’s experience with the IDZs and related industrial policies by assessing how the country has fared so far, looking at its transition from the IDZs to the SEZs and analyses the potential challenges it is likely to face in the future. It adopts a comparative method of analysis by examining key issues confronting SEZs in South Africa, India, and China. In particular, the article compares only the key aspects in the regulatory design of the SEZ as found in the SEZ Act. These aspects include: the governance and ownership structure of the SEZs; the incentives offered to investors; the establishment of one-stop shops and issues of infrastructure development.
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Mears, R. R. "Some demographic and economic aspects of Third World and First World urbanization and the economic implications thereof for South Africa." Development Southern Africa 5, no. 1 (January 1988): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768358808439374.
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Blignaut, Pieter. "A Bilateral Perspective on the Digital Divide in South Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 8, no. 4 (2009): 581–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915009x12583611836091.
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AbstractThere is an awareness of the need for “access to technology,” and there are several initiatives by government, non-governmental organizations and other community development programs to fulfill this demand. The digital divide is, however, not only a matter of access; the challenge is also to empower people to become proficient computer users, even those with general literacy backlogs. People should become actively involved in order to stay computer literate. Demographic aspects such as age, gender, education and socio-economic status affect usage patterns and the gratification gained from Internet usage. The long-term solution to solve the problem of the digital divide is to uplift the socio-economic standard of a community.
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Li, Jinyang. "The Sino-Egyptian Suez Zone of Trade and Economic Cooperation as a promising model of economic development in Africa." Международные отношения, no. 2 (February 2022): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0641.2022.2.38388.
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The object of the study is the economic development of Africa within the framework of Sino-African cooperation. The subject of the study is the development of special economic zones created by Chinese-African cooperation. The purpose of the work is to study the possibility of creating special economic zones within the framework of Sino-African cooperation as a promising model for the economic development of Africa. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the process of creating the Sino-Egyptian Suez Zone of trade and economic cooperation, as well as some problems existing in the functioning of the zone. Special attention is paid to the successful experience of the functioning of China's special economic zones, as well as to the analysis of the possibility of applying Chinese experience to special economic zones in Africa. In this work, the author used such methods as analysis, synthesis of information from documents, comparison, induction and deduction. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the work compares China's special economic zones with those in Africa and analyzes the applicability of China's experience on the African continent, which gives possible promising models for the future economic development of Africa. The main conclusion of the study is a framework model for the rational development of economic zones in Africa, which includes the following elements: the choice of a location with the advantages of location for economic zones; the integration of special economic zones into a broader national policy in the field of economy, industry and urbanization, in order to prevent the transformation of special economic zones into "economic enclaves"; persistent experiments of political and administrative reforms and rapid dissemination of the successful experience gained in the economic zones throughout the country; support for the continuous development of infrastructure construction covering the economic zones and nearby cities as a catalyst for the sustainable development of the economic zones.
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Medushevsky, Nikolay A., Liudmila A. Pechishcheva, and Alisa R. Shishkina. "AFRICAN VECTOR IN INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY STRATEGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY (POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS)." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 3 (2022): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2022-3-46-59.
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The research article is concerned with the mechanisms of cooperation between India and African countries in the latest historical period. The international support that India has provided to many African countries over the decades underscores the political commitment of the Indian leadership to speak on behalf of the nations of the global South. The government of Narendra Modi focuses on the common historical struggle of Indians and Africans against the colonial powers, as on the importance of developing cooperation in the politics, economy, energy, education, culture and humanitarian issues. The parties are interested in developing new approaches to environmental protection, and closely cooperate within the framework of the UN mechanism for sustainable development, actively participating in the formation and discussion of the climate agenda. Three successful Africa-India summits (in 2008, 2011 and 2015) showed a common interest in expanding the nature and areas of interaction. Moreover, India, experiencing an acute need for primary energy resources and minerals, sees in Africa not only a potential supplier of those resources, but also a capacious market for its products. In pursuit of all the interests mentioned, India, on the way of cooperation with African countries, often encounters the unpreparedness of African colleagues for direct dialogue, as well as opposition from other major players operating in the region. Among them, the UK and China play a key role. The authors come to the conclusion that at present India has a clear and comprehensive strategy for promoting its interests in Africa and considers the continent as a strategic one. At the same time, a large number of the variables associated with a specific process of interaction and regional development remain in the system of cooperation between India and African countries.
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YU, Hongyuan. "The Energy-Water-Food Nexus and Its Implications for China–Africa Cooperation on Climate Change." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 02, no. 02 (December 2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748114500134.
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In the context of climate change, security is not only a relationship between countries, but also the interdependence between issues. In the African region, water, energy, and food form a security nexus with great sensitivity and vulnerability. Security nexus provides a new explanation for resources competition, cooperation, and conflict in the African region, and promotes water-food-energy research shift from the technical aspects to foreign policy level, and finally provides new international political ideas for resource and environmental solutions in Africa. In the perspective of security nexus, solving the ecological problems in Africa through international cooperation is not a simple technical issue, but an international political and economic issue. Based on the special political and economic advantages that China owns, jointly coping with the challenges of security nexus of China and Africa will provide an important opportunity to deepen their friendly and cooperative relations, broaden social basis of China–Africa relationship, and seek new growth points for economic cooperation.
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Horton, M. C. "Early Muslim Trading Settlements on the East African Coast: New Evidence from Shanga." Antiquaries Journal 67, no. 2 (September 1987): 290–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500025427.
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Much archaeological and historical research has recently been devoted to the study of the early Swahili communities inhabiting the East African coast during the late first millennium a.d. The practice of Islam can be shown to date back to perhaps the beginning of the ninth century from when the first mosques have been excavated. The economic importance of East Africa for the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean world is apparent from the wealth of imports and exports found in a large number of these coastal sites. African trading systems brought to medieval society high-value commodities ranging from gold, rock crystal and ivory, to slaves and timber. The items were carried across large distances sea by traders following the seasonal monsoon system around the coasts and across the Indian Ocean. is argued that the trading settlements were African in culture and origin, but then attracted Muslims who were responsible for occasional local converts from a very early period in the history of Islam.
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Zuze, Tia Linda, and Andrea Juan. "School leadership and local learning contexts in South Africa." Educational Management Administration & Leadership 48, no. 3 (November 27, 2018): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741143218814006.
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International research has shown that the quality of school leadership and management (SLM) is important for teaching and learning, particularly in schools where there is acute resource deprivation. This article explores the relationship between leadership and academic achievement in South African secondary schools with varying socio-economic conditions. The study is based on data from 12,154 South African Grade 9 learners, 334 mathematics teachers and 292 principals who participated in the 2015 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Using indicators that represent different aspects of school leadership, this article examines whether the type of leadership and management practices depend on the school setting and whether better school leadership and management supports academic achievement. The analysis revealed distinct relationships between school leadership and management and academic achievement based on the socio-economic status of learner bodies. Potential policy responses are discussed.
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Camara, Sidy. "The history of the Notion of the State in West Africa: from the destruction of empires to the emergence of the modern state resulting from colonization (the case of the Mali Empire)." RUDN Journal of World History 12, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2020-12-1-28-34.
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This article aims to address the question of the emergence of empires in West Africa from the ninth century to the present day. The author plans to make an in-depth analysis of the political formation of the different empires which have succeeded each other in this vast West African space which nowadays shelters the current republics of Mali and Mauritania in particular and in general throughout other West African countries (Guinea, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Niger). The largest and most famous empires that appeared on the territory of what is now Mali is called the Ghana Empire in the 9th century and was succeeded by the Mali or Mandé Empire in the 13th century. The influence of these empires throughout Africa and the rest of the world shows us a particular interest in understanding over time the notion of the State in Africa before the colonization and destruction of the African political system and its replacement by colonial state with the arrival of Europeans. Today the question of the weakness of the modern or postcolonial state in Africa and Mali poses many questions not only in the concert of nations but also in the academic and university environment. We will try to demonstrate in this article the link between the break in the evolution of the African state and the imposition of the modern European state through the colonial state which is at the root of the backwardness of African countries in terms political, economic and social compared to the rest of the world.
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Souley, Issaka, Bachabi Louisiane, Naroua Illiassou, Basso Adamou, Souley Mariama Abdoulaye M, and Sere Yacouba. "Serological, molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) isolates collected in Southern-Benin." International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences (IJARBS) 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2021.08.06.025.
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The rice yellow mottle is the best known viral disease of rice in Africa. It causes significant economic losses in farmer’s fields. The serological properties of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) isolates, collected in Southern Benin, were assessed by immunological tests with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies (Pabs and MAbs). The isolates CP (Capsid protein) portions, obtained by RT-PCR, were sequenced and their amino-acids sequences were analyzed and used for phylogenetic analysis. Three different RYMV pathogenic groups, including three resistance breaking (RB) isolates (Be20, Be21 and Be27) which over came allele rymv1-5gene, were identified. Two serotypes Ser1/strain S1 and Ser2/ strain S2 were also distinguished. The molecular properties of the isolates CP gene and the phylogenetic characteristics indicated that the Southern Benin RYMV strain is heterogeneous. The strain S1-Benin linked to the West Central African lineage(S1-WCA) is related to strain from Togo and Niger, whereas, the strain S2 Benin is the stumps of the West African lineage (S1-WA) and is related to Mali, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast RYMV strains. These results reported the virus pathogenicity level and showed the relationships between RYMV strains in all Dahomey gap countries and in West and Central Africa. Keywords: serotypes, RYMV strains, RB isolates and phylogenetic analysis