Relevant bibliographies by topics / IV estimation

Academic literature on the topic 'IV estimation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "IV estimation"

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Kitamura, Yuichi, and Peter C. B. Phillips. "Efficient IV Estimation in Nonstationary Regression." Econometric Theory 11, no. 5 (October 1995): 1095–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646660000997x.

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A limit theory for instrumental variables (IV) estimation that allows for possibly nonstationary processes was developed in Kitamura and Phillips (1992, Fully Modified IV, GIVE, and GMM Estimation with Possibly Non-stationary Regressors and Instruments, mimeo, Yale University). This theory covers a case that is important for practitioners, where the nonstationarity of the regressors may not be of full rank, and shows that the fully modified (FM) regression procedure of Phillips and Hansen (1990) is still applicable. FM. versions of the generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator and the generalized instrumental variables estimator (GIVE) were also developed, and these estimators (FM-GMM and FM-GIVE) were designed specifically to take advantage of potential stationarity in the regressors (or unknown linear combinations of them). These estimators were shown to deliver efficiency gains over FM-IV in the estimation of the stationary components of a model.This paper provides an overview of the FM-IV, FM-GMM, and FM-GIVE procedures and investigates the small sample properties of these estimation procedures by simulations. We compare the following five estimation methods: ordinary least squares, crude (conventional) IV, FM-IV, FM-GMM, and FM-GIVE. Our findings are as follows, (i) In terms of overall performance in both stationary and nonstationary cases, FM-IV is more concentrated and better centered than OLS and crude IV, though it has a higher root mean square error than crude IV due to occasional outliers, (ii) Among FM-IV, FM-GMM, and FM-GIVE, (a) when applied to the stationary coefficients, FM-GIVE generally outperforms FM-IV and FM-GMM by a wide margin, whereas the difference between the latter two is quite small when the AR roots of the stationary processes are rather large; and (b) when applied to the nonstationary coefficients, the three estimators are numerically very close. The performance of the FM-GIVE estimator is generally very encouraging.
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Skeels, Christopher L., and Larry W. Taylor. "Prediction after IV estimation." Economics Letters 122, no. 3 (March 2014): 420–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2014.01.003.

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Benson, David, Matthew A. Masten, and Alexander Torgovitsky. "ivcrc: An instrumental-variables estimator for the correlated random-coefficients model." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 22, no. 3 (September 2022): 469–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x221124449.

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We discuss the ivcrc command, which implements an instrumental-variables (IV) estimator for the linear correlated random-coefficients model. The correlated random-coefficients model is a natural generalization of the standard linear IV model that allows for endogenous, multivalued treatments and unobserved heterogeneity in treatment effects. The estimator implemented by ivcrc uses recent semiparametric identification results that allow for flexible functional forms and permit instruments that may be binary, discrete, or continuous. The ivcrc command also allows for the estimation of varying-coefficient regressions, which are closely related in structure to the proposed IV estimator. We illustrate the use of ivcrc by estimating the returns to education in the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men.
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Benson, David, Matthew A. Masten, and Alexander Torgovitsky. "ivcrc: An Instrumental Variables Estimator for the Correlated Random Coefficients Model." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2020, no. 046r1 (April 4, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2020.046r1.

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We discuss the ivcrc module, which implements an instrumental variables (IV) estimator for the linear correlated random coefficients (CRC) model. The CRC model is a natural generalization of the standard linear IV model that allows for endogenous, multivalued treatments and unobserved heterogeneity in treatment effects. The estimator implemented by ivcrc uses recent semiparametric identification results that allow for flexible functional forms and permit instruments that may be binary, discrete, or continuous. The ivcrc module also allows for the estimation of varying coefficients regressions, which are closely related in structure to the proposed IV estimator. We illustrate use of ivcrc by estimating the returns to education in the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Men.
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Lange, Theis, and Aksel K. G. Jensen. "IV estimation without distributional assumptions." Biometrical Journal 62, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bimj.201800277.

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Park, Soojin, and Gregory J. Palardy. "Sensitivity Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Complier Average Causal Mediation Effects to Assumptions." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 45, no. 4 (March 9, 2020): 475–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1076998620908599.

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Estimating the effects of randomized experiments and, by extension, their mediating mechanisms, is often complicated by treatment noncompliance. Two estimation methods for causal mediation in the presence of noncompliance have recently been proposed, the instrumental variable method (IV-mediate) and maximum likelihood method (ML-mediate). However, little research has examined their performance when certain assumptions are violated and under varying data conditions. This article addresses that gap in the research and compares the performance of the two methods. The results show that the distributional assumption of the compliance behavior plays an important role in estimation. That is, regardless of the estimation method or whether the other assumptions hold, results are biased if the distributional assumption is not met. We also found that the IV-mediate method is more sensitive to exclusion restriction violations, while the ML-mediate method is more sensitive to monotonicity violations. Moreover, estimates depend in part on compliance rate, sample size, and the availability and impact of control covariates. These findings are used to provide guidance on estimator selection.
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Albuquerque, Pedro Henrique Melo, and Mariana Rosa Montenegro. "PROMETHEE IV through kernel density estimation." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 45, no. 18 (December 17, 2015): 5355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2014.942432.

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Carrara, Nicholas, and Jesse Ernst. "On the Estimation of Mutual Information." Proceedings 33, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019033031.

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In this paper we focus on the estimation of mutual information from finite samples ( X × Y ) . The main concern with estimations of mutual information (MI) is their robustness under the class of transformations for which it remains invariant: i.e., type I (coordinate transformations), III (marginalizations) and special cases of type IV (embeddings, products). Estimators which fail to meet these standards are not robust in their general applicability. Since most machine learning tasks employ transformations which belong to the classes referenced in part I, the mutual information can tell us which transformations are most optimal. There are several classes of estimation methods in the literature, such as non-parametric estimators like the one developed by Kraskov et al., and its improved versions. These estimators are extremely useful, since they rely only on the geometry of the underlying sample, and circumvent estimating the probability distribution itself. We explore the robustness of this family of estimators in the context of our design criteria.
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Mitnik, Pablo A. "Intergenerational Income Elasticities, Instrumental Variable Estimation, and Bracketing Strategies." Sociological Methodology 50, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081175019887992.

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The fact that the intergenerational income elasticity (IGE)—the workhorse measure of economic mobility—is defined in terms of the geometric mean of children’s income generates serious methodological problems. This has led to a call to replace it with the IGE of the expectation, which requires developing the methodological knowledge necessary to estimate the latter with short-run measures of income. This article contributes to this aim. The author advances a “bracketing strategy” for the set estimation of the IGE of the expectation that is equivalent to that used to set estimate (rather than point estimate) the conventional IGE with estimates obtained with the ordinary least squares and instrumental variable (IV) estimators. The proposed bracketing strategy couples estimates generated with the Poisson pseudo–maximum likelihood estimator and a generalized method of moments IV estimator of the Poisson or exponential regression model. The author develops a generalized error-in-variables model for the IV estimation of the IGE of the expectation and compares it with the corresponding model underlying the IV estimation of the conventional IGE. By considering both bracketing strategies from the perspective of the partial-identification approach to inference, the author specifies how to construct confidence intervals for the IGEs, in particular when the upper bound is estimated more than once with different sets of instruments. Finally, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the author shows that the bracketing strategies work as expected and assesses the information they generate and how this information varies across instruments and short-run measures of parental income. Three computer programs made available as companions to the article make the set estimation of IGEs, and statistical inference, very simple endeavors.
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Tadano, Kotaro, Kenji Kawashima, Kazuyuki Kojima, and Naofumi Tanaka. "Development of a Pneumatic Surgical Manipulator IBIS IV." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 22, no. 2 (April 20, 2010): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2010.p0179.

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In teleoperated, minimally invasive surgery systems, the measurement and conveyance of a sense of force to the operator is problematic. In order to carry out safer and more precise operations using robotic manipulators, force measurement and operator feedback are very important factors. We previously proposed a pneumatic surgical manipulator that is capable of estimating external force without the use of force sensors. However, the force estimation had a sensitivity of only 3 N because of inertia and friction effects. In this paper, we develop a new and improved model of the pneumatic surgical manipulator, IBIS IV. We evaluate its performance in terms of force estimation. The experimental results indicate that IBIS IV estimates external forces with a sensitivity of 1.0 N. We also conduct an in-vivo experiment and confirm the effectiveness and improvement of the manipulator.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "IV estimation"

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Barnwell, Ménard Jean-Louis. "A semiparametric IV estimation of the government debt/GDP-growth relationship for OECD countries." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7935.

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Abstract : In this study, we use an up-to-date econometric method, namely the semiparametric IV estimator, to investigate the functional form of the government debt/GDP-growth relationship for OECD countries. The relationship, characterizing the effect of government debt/GDP levels on the production growth rate, is estimated through an augmented growth model specification for different sub-groups of OECD countries, over the 1971-2010 period. In accordance with previous empirical studies, we find evidence for strong heterogeneity across the estimated functional forms of the different sub-groups. Complex non-linearities best describe the relationship for the complete sample of OECD countries, while a clear inverted U-shaped functional form is depicted for the PIIGS (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain) sub-group. Additionally, our results show that most of the non-linear patterns characterizing the functional form for the complete sample can be explained by the PIIGS sub-group. In fact, when we exclude the PIIGS countries from the OECD sample, the estimated debt/GDP-growth relationship becomes almost linear and positive, a result that holds even at high government debt-to-GDP levels. We confirm the suitability of the semiparametric IV estimator, for this specific relationship estimation, with two related specification tests.
Résumé : Dans cette étude, nous utilisons un estimateur semi-paramétrique VI pour décrire la forme fonctionnelle de la relation entre la dette gouvernementale relative au PIB et la croissance économique dans les pays de l'OCDE. Nous estimons cette relation dans le cadre d'un modèle de croissance pour différents sous-ensembles de pays de l'OCDE, entre 1971 et 2010. Nous trouvons, comme plusieurs études préalables, une forte hétérogénéité entre les formes fonctionnelles estimées pour les différents sous-ensembles de pays. Pour l'échantillon complet, nous trouvons une relation non linéaire et complexe, alors que pour l'ensemble de pays PIIGS (Portugal, Italie, Irlande, Grèce et Espagne), cette relation s'illustre clairement par une forme de U-inverse. De plus, nous trouvons que la forme fonctionnelle estimée du groupe PIIGS explique en grande partie les non-linéarités caractérisant la relation pour l'ensemble de l'échantillon. En effet, lorsque le groupe PIIGS est exclu de l'échantillon, nous trouvons une relation dette/PIB-croissance quasi linéaire et positive. Nous appliquons deux tests de spécification afin de confirmer la pertinence de l'estimateur semi-paramétrique VI dans ce contexte.
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Jamil, Mikael. "Investigating the level of interdependency between the performance(s) of direct opponent(s) in professional football : a study on teams, positional units and individual players competing in the German Bundesliga." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21109.

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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the levels of interdependency (simultaneity) between the performances of two direct opponents in professional football. More specifically, interdependency between performances is investigated at three different levels. Firstly, empirical analyses are conducted in order to assess the levels of interdependency between the performances of two teams in direct competition using team-game observations. Secondly, data on team formations and player starting positions within these formations is utilised in order to uniquely match individual players to a sole opponent on the field of play. Further empirical analyses are then conducted in order to investigate the levels of interdependency at this more isolated individual player level using player-game observations. Finally, an empirical investigation into the levels of interdependency between the performances of a positional unit (defence or attack) and their opposing team (as a collective) is conducted using positional unit-game observations. An exclusive and detailed data set ranging from the 2007-08 season to the 2010-11 season is utilised in order to estimate several production functions for teams, individual players and positional units competing in the German Bundesliga. The results in all empirical analyses confirm that the performance of the opponent is significant. At a team and positional unit level, no evidence is found to suggest that the performances of two direct opponents(s) are interdependent, however the results reveal that the recent past performances of the opponent(s) have a significant linear impact upon the performance of the subject. In particular, relative team form going in to a match is revealed to have a significant impact upon the performance of their opponent. At an individual player level, evidence is found to confirm that the performances of players in direct competition are interdependent thus supporting the sports economics theory of joint production. Specifically, the results reveal that the performances of defenders have a significant and negative impact upon the performances of their opposing attackers.
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Ammar, Karim. "Conception multi-physique et multi-objectif des cœurs de RNR-Na hétérogènes : développement d’une méthode d’optimisation sous incertitudes." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112390/document.

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Depuis la fermeture de Phénix en 2010 le CEA ne possède plus de réacteur au sodium. Vus les enjeux énergétiques et le potentiel de la filière, le CEA a lancé un programme de démonstrateur industriel appelé ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration), réacteur d’une puissance de 600MW électriques (1500 MW thermiques). L’objectif du prototype est double, être une réponse aux contraintes environnementales et démontrer la viabilité industrielle :• De la filière RNR-Na, avec un niveau de sureté au moins équivalent aux réacteurs de 3ème génération, du type de l’EPR. ASTRID intégrera dès la conception le retour d’expérience de Fukushima ;• Du retraitement des déchets (transmutation d’actinide mineur) et de la filière qui lui serait liée.La sûreté de l’installation est prioritaire, aucun radioélément ne doit être rejeté dans l’environnement, et ce dans toutes les situations. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est impératif d’anticiper l’impact des nombreuses sources d’incertitudes sur le comportement du réacteur et ce dès la phase de conception. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit cette thèse dont l’ambition est le développement de nouvelles méthodes d’optimisation des cœurs des RNR-Na. L’objectif est d’améliorer la robustesse et la fiabilité des réacteurs en réponse à des incertitudes existantes. Une illustration sera proposée à partir des incertitudes associées à certains régimes transitoires dimensionnant. Nous utiliserons le modèle ASTRID comme référence pour évaluer l’intérêt des nouvelles méthodes et outils développés.L’impact des incertitudes multi-Physiques sur le calcul des performances d’un cœur de RNR-Na et l’utilisation de méthodes d’optimisation introduisent de nouvelles problématiques :• Comment optimiser des cœurs « complexes » (i.e associés à des espaces de conception de dimensions élevée avec plus de 20 paramètres variables) en prenant en compte les incertitudes ?• Comment se comportent les incertitudes sur les cœurs optimisés par rapport au cœur de référence ?• En prenant en compte les incertitudes, les réacteurs sont-Ils toujours considérés comme performants ?• Les gains des optimisations obtenus à l’issue d’optimisations complexes sont-Ils supérieurs aux marges d’incertitudes (qui elles-Mêmes dépendent de l’espace paramétrique) ?La thèse contribue au développement et à la mise en place des méthodes nécessaires à la prise en compte des incertitudes dans les outils de simulation de nouvelle génération. Des méthodes statistiques pour garantir la cohérence des schémas de calculs multi-Physiques complexes sont également détaillées.En proposant de premières images de cœur de RNR-Na innovants, cette thèse présente des méthodes et des outils permettant de réduire les incertitudes sur certaines performances des réacteurs tout en les optimisant. Ces gains sont obtenus grâce à l’utilisation d’algorithmes d’optimisation multi-Objectifs. Ces méthodes permettent d’obtenir tous les compromis possibles entre les différents critères d’optimisations comme, par exemple, les compromis entre performance économique et sûreté
Since Phenix shutting down in 2010, CEA does not have Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) in operating condition. According to global energetic challenge and fast reactor abilities, CEA launched a program of industrial demonstrator called ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration), a reactor with electric power capacity equal to 600MW. Objective of the prototype is, in first to be a response to environmental constraints, in second demonstrates the industrial viability of:• SFR reactor. The goal is to have a safety level at least equal to 3rd generation reactors. ASTRID design integrates Fukushima feedback;• Waste reprocessing (with minor actinide transmutation) and it linked industry.Installation safety is the priority. In all cases, no radionuclide should be released into environment. To achieve this objective, it is imperative to predict the impact of uncertainty sources on reactor behaviour. In this context, this thesis aims to develop new optimization methods for SFR cores. The goal is to improve the robustness and reliability of reactors in response to existing uncertainties. We will use ASTRID core as reference to estimate interest of new methods and tools developed.The impact of multi-Physics uncertainties in the calculation of the core performance and the use of optimization methods introduce new problems:• How to optimize “complex” cores (i.e. associated with design spaces of high dimensions with more than 20 variable parameters), taking into account the uncertainties?• What is uncertainties behaviour for optimization core compare to reference core?• Taking into account uncertainties, optimization core are they still competitive? Optimizations improvements are higher than uncertainty margins?The thesis helps to develop and implement methods necessary to take into account uncertainties in the new generation of simulation tools. Statistical methods to ensure consistency of complex multi-Physics simulation results are also detailed.By providing first images of innovative SFR core, this thesis presents methods and tools to reduce the uncertainties on some performance while optimizing them. These gains are achieved through the use of multi-Objective optimization algorithms. These methods provide all possible compromise between the different optimization criteria, such as the balance between economic performance and safety
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Zhao, Yanqing. "Estimating the Impact of Women's Education on the U.S. Suffrage Movement: An IV Approach." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1619204130954484.

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Corrêa, Fábio Henrique Pires [UNESP]. "Estimativa das radiações ultravioleta (UV), fotossintéticamente ativa (PAR) e infravermelha (IV) em função da razão de insolação." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86481.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O trabalho descreve a análise da transmissividade atmosférica da média mensal das radiações Global K T), Ultravioleta K TUV F t i tetic me te Ati K TPAR e I f e me h K TIV) em função da razão de insolação N ). As equações de estimativas das frações KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV em função de (n/N) foram apresentadas e discutidas para os agrupamentos dos dados anual, sazonal e mensal. A base de dados das radiações Global (G), Ultravioleta (UV), Fotossinteticamente Ativa (PAR), Infravermelha (IV) e o número de horas de brilho solar (n) foram medidas no período de 2001 a 2005 em Botucatu/SP/Brasil. Os resultados da análise mostram que existe uma correlação entre a transmissividade atmosférica KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV, com a razão de insolação (n/N), em Botucatu. Os valores de KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV e insolação (n/N) foram menores na estação chuvosa (alta concentração de nuvens e vapor d'ág e m i e t ec b ix c ce t de e e p d’ ág e t concentração de aerossóis). Os valores de KT variaram de 47,1% em janeiro a 60,4% em abril, com média de 55,0%; para KTUV 3,66% em janeiro a 4,13% em setembro, com média de 40,0%; KTPAR de 60,7% em janeiro a 76,3% em abril, com média de 69,0%; KTIV de 38,8% para 75,1% com média de 46,2%. O valor da razão de insolação variou de 38,8% em janeiro para 75,0% em agosto, com uma média de 58,0%. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos de estimativas de Angström mostram que as correlações de KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV em função da razão de insolação (n/N) para agrupamentos total dos dados diários (anual) se ajustaram a dois tipos de equações de regressão: linear e parabólico com coeficientes de correlações R2 variando entre 0,750 a 0,880. Na validação do modelo linear...
The paper deals with the atmospheric transmission (solar fractions Ki) in monthly scale by hi e ti g b K T t i et K TUV), photosynthetically active K TPAR d i f ed K TIR) solar fractions. Estimated equations KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR as a function of n/N were presented and discussed for the annual, seasonal and monthly solar radiation database. The sunshine values and the global (G), ultraviolet (UV), photosynthetically active (PAR) and infrared (IR) radiations database was measured in the period of 2001 to 2005 in Botucatu – SP – Brazil. The results of climate analysis show a correlation between the solar fractions KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR with the relative sunshine duration (n/N) in Botucatu. The values of KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR and relative sunshine duration (n/N) were lower in the rainy season (high concentration of clouds and water vapor) and higher in the dry season (low concentration of clouds and water vapor and high concentration of aerosols). The KT values ranged from 47,1% in January to 60,4% in April, with a mean of 55,0%; KUV from 3,66% in January to 4,13% in September, with a mean of 40,0%; KPAR from 60,7% in January to 76,3% in April, with a mean of 69,0%; KIR from 38,8% to 75,1%, with a mean of 46,2%. The relative sunshine duration values ranged from 38,8% in January to 75,0% in August, with a mean of 58,0%. The results of the annual estimated models show that the KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR correlations due to relative sunshine duration fitted to the linear and parabolic correlation equations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Corrêa, Fábio Henrique Pires 1985. "Estimativa das radiações ultravioleta (UV), fotossintéticamente ativa (PAR) e infravermelha (IV) em função da razão de insolação /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86481.

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Orientador: João Francisco Escobedo
Banca: Dinival Martins
Banca: Alexandre Dal Pai
Resumo: O trabalho descreve a análise da transmissividade atmosférica da média mensal das radiações Global K T), Ultravioleta K TUV F t i tetic me te Ati K TPAR e I f e me h K TIV) em função da razão de insolação N ). As equações de estimativas das frações KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV em função de (n/N) foram apresentadas e discutidas para os agrupamentos dos dados anual, sazonal e mensal. A base de dados das radiações Global (G), Ultravioleta (UV), Fotossinteticamente Ativa (PAR), Infravermelha (IV) e o número de horas de brilho solar (n) foram medidas no período de 2001 a 2005 em Botucatu/SP/Brasil. Os resultados da análise mostram que existe uma correlação entre a transmissividade atmosférica KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV, com a razão de insolação (n/N), em Botucatu. Os valores de KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV e insolação (n/N) foram menores na estação chuvosa (alta concentração de nuvens e vapor d'ág e m i e t ec b ix c ce t de e e p d' ág e t concentração de aerossóis). Os valores de KT variaram de 47,1% em janeiro a 60,4% em abril, com média de 55,0%; para KTUV 3,66% em janeiro a 4,13% em setembro, com média de 40,0%; KTPAR de 60,7% em janeiro a 76,3% em abril, com média de 69,0%; KTIV de 38,8% para 75,1% com média de 46,2%. O valor da razão de insolação variou de 38,8% em janeiro para 75,0% em agosto, com uma média de 58,0%. Os resultados obtidos com os modelos de estimativas de Angström mostram que as correlações de KT, KTUV, KTPAR e KTIV em função da razão de insolação (n/N) para agrupamentos total dos dados diários (anual) se ajustaram a dois tipos de equações de regressão: linear e parabólico com coeficientes de correlações R2 variando entre 0,750 a 0,880. Na validação do modelo linear... (Resumo completo, clicar aesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The paper deals with the atmospheric transmission (solar fractions Ki) in monthly scale by hi e ti g b K T t i et K TUV), photosynthetically active K TPAR d i f ed K TIR) solar fractions. Estimated equations KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR as a function of n/N were presented and discussed for the annual, seasonal and monthly solar radiation database. The sunshine values and the global (G), ultraviolet (UV), photosynthetically active (PAR) and infrared (IR) radiations database was measured in the period of 2001 to 2005 in Botucatu - SP - Brazil. The results of climate analysis show a correlation between the solar fractions KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR with the relative sunshine duration (n/N) in Botucatu. The values of KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR and relative sunshine duration (n/N) were lower in the rainy season (high concentration of clouds and water vapor) and higher in the dry season (low concentration of clouds and water vapor and high concentration of aerosols). The KT values ranged from 47,1% in January to 60,4% in April, with a mean of 55,0%; KUV from 3,66% in January to 4,13% in September, with a mean of 40,0%; KPAR from 60,7% in January to 76,3% in April, with a mean of 69,0%; KIR from 38,8% to 75,1%, with a mean of 46,2%. The relative sunshine duration values ranged from 38,8% in January to 75,0% in August, with a mean of 58,0%. The results of the annual estimated models show that the KT, KTUV, KTPAR and KTIR correlations due to relative sunshine duration fitted to the linear and parabolic correlation equations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Dal, Pai Enzo [UNESP]. "Radiciações e frações solares UV, PAR, IV em estufa de polietileno: evolução anual média mensal diária e equações de estimativa." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90452.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O trabalho descreve o estudo das radiações global(G), ultravioleta (UV), fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR), infravermelha (IV) e da insolação, em uma estufa de polietileno, medidas no período de março de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009 em Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisados no presente estudo: 1- a evolução anual das radiações e frações solares UV/G, PAR/G e IV/G média mensal; 2- as equações de estimativa para as radiações UV, PAR e IV dentro da estufa em função das radiações global interna e global externa ; 3- evolução anual da insolação média mensal e a equação de estimativa Ångström para as radiações G, UV, PAR e IV dentro da estufa, em função da razão de insolação interna e externa. A evolução anual das radiações G, UV, PAR e IV médias mensais diárias dentro e fora da estufa, mostrou que alem do dia e local, dependem do clima, cobertura do céu, presença de vapor entre outros. As radiações foram maiores no verão-primavera e menores no outono-inverno. Os valores médios total dentro e fora da estufa foram: GIN = 13,1MJ/m2, UVIN= 0,34MJ/m2, PARIN = 6,70 MJ/m2 e IVIN = 6,15MJ/m2, GEX= 17,14MJ/m2, UVEX= 0,72MJ/m2, PAREX = 8.38 MJ/m2 e IVEX= 8.04MJ/m2. Os valores médios total, das frações em percentagem, dentro e fora da estufa foram: UVIN / GIN =2,6% ; PARIN/GIN = 50.6%, IVIN/GIN= 47,1%, UVEX / GEX = 4,18%, PAREX/GEX= 48,9% e IVEX/GEX= 46,9% respectivamente. As equações de estimativa, anual e sazonal, obtidas para as irradiações Huv, Hpar e Hiv em função da radiação HIN e HEX são lineares, tipo Y = aX, onde coeficiente angular quantifica percentualmente a fração espectral: anual HUVIN /HGIN = 2,6%; HPARIN/HGIN = 50,8% e HIVIN/HGIN = 46,7%, enquanto que a sazonal: Primavera HUVIN /HGIN = 2,5%; HPARIN/HGIN = 51,7% e HIVIN/HGIN = 45,7%; Verão: HUVIN /HGIN = 2,7%; HPARIN/HGIN = 51,8% e HIVIN/HGIN = 45,4%,...
This study describes the study of the global radiation(G), ultraviolet (UV), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), infrared radiation (IV) and insolation, inside a greenhouse of polyethylene, measures in the period of March 2008 to February of 2009 in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. They had been analyzed in the present study: 1 – annual, monthly and average evolution of the radiations UV/G, PAR/G and IV/G; 2 - equations of estimate for radiations UV, PAR and IV inside of the greenhouse in function of the radiations global internal and global external; 3 - annual evolution of the monthly average insolation and Ångström equation of estimate for radiations G, UV, PAR and IV inside of the greenhouse, in function of the reason of internal and external insolation. The annual evolution of radiations G, UV, PAR and IV daily monthly averages inside and outside of the greenhouse, showed that beyond the day and place, they depend on the climate, the radiations had been bigger in the summer-spring and minors in the autumn-winter. The average values total inside and outside of the greenhouse had been: GIN = 13,1MJ/m2, UVIN= 0,34MJ/m2, PARIN =6,70 MJ/m2 and IVIN = 6,15MJ/m2, GEX= 17,14MJ/m2, UVEX= 0,72MJ/m2, PAREX = 8,38 MJ/m2 and IVEX= 8.04MJ/m2. The average values total, of the fractions in percentage, inside and outside of the greenhouse had been: UVIN/GIN =2,6%; PARIN/GIN = 50,6%, IVIN/GIN= 47,1%, UVEX/GEX = 4,18%, PAREX/GEX= 48,9% and IVEX/GEX= 46,9% respectively. The equations of estimate, annual and sazonal, gotten for the irradiations Huv, Hpar and Hiv in function of radiation HIN and HEX are linear, type Y = aX, where angular coefficient it quantifies the spectral fraction percentile: annual HUVIN /HGIN = 2,6%; HPARIN/HGIN = 50,8% and HIVIN/HGIN = 46,7%, whereas the sazonal: Spring HUVIN /HGIN = 2,5%; HPARIN/HGIN = 51,7% and HIVIN/HGIN = 45,7%; Summer: HUVIN /HGIN = 2,7%; ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Dal, Pai Enzo 1982. "Radiciações e frações solares UV, PAR, IV em estufa de polietileno : evolução anual média mensal diária e equações de estimativa /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90452.

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Orientador: João Francisco Escobedo
Banca: Luiz Roberto Angelocci
Banca: Dinival Martins
Resumo: O trabalho descreve o estudo das radiações global(G), ultravioleta (UV), fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR), infravermelha (IV) e da insolação, em uma estufa de polietileno, medidas no período de março de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009 em Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram analisados no presente estudo: 1- a evolução anual das radiações e frações solares UV/G, PAR/G e IV/G média mensal; 2- as equações de estimativa para as radiações UV, PAR e IV dentro da estufa em função das radiações global interna e global externa ; 3- evolução anual da insolação média mensal e a equação de estimativa Ångström para as radiações G, UV, PAR e IV dentro da estufa, em função da razão de insolação interna e externa. A evolução anual das radiações G, UV, PAR e IV médias mensais diárias dentro e fora da estufa, mostrou que alem do dia e local, dependem do clima, cobertura do céu, presença de vapor entre outros. As radiações foram maiores no verão-primavera e menores no outono-inverno. Os valores médios total dentro e fora da estufa foram: GIN = 13,1MJ/m2, UVIN= 0,34MJ/m2, PARIN = 6,70 MJ/m2 e IVIN = 6,15MJ/m2, GEX= 17,14MJ/m2, UVEX= 0,72MJ/m2, PAREX = 8.38 MJ/m2 e IVEX= 8.04MJ/m2. Os valores médios total, das frações em percentagem, dentro e fora da estufa foram: UVIN / GIN =2,6% ; PARIN/GIN = 50.6%, IVIN/GIN= 47,1%, UVEX / GEX = 4,18%, PAREX/GEX= 48,9% e IVEX/GEX= 46,9% respectivamente. As equações de estimativa, anual e sazonal, obtidas para as irradiações Huv, Hpar e Hiv em função da radiação HIN e HEX são lineares, tipo Y = aX, onde coeficiente angular quantifica percentualmente a fração espectral: anual HUVIN /HGIN = 2,6%; HPARIN/HGIN = 50,8% e HIVIN/HGIN = 46,7%, enquanto que a sazonal: Primavera HUVIN /HGIN = 2,5%; HPARIN/HGIN = 51,7% e HIVIN/HGIN = 45,7%; Verão: HUVIN /HGIN = 2,7%; HPARIN/HGIN = 51,8% e HIVIN/HGIN = 45,4%, ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study describes the study of the global radiation(G), ultraviolet (UV), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), infrared radiation (IV) and insolation, inside a greenhouse of polyethylene, measures in the period of March 2008 to February of 2009 in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. They had been analyzed in the present study: 1 - annual, monthly and average evolution of the radiations UV/G, PAR/G and IV/G; 2 - equations of estimate for radiations UV, PAR and IV inside of the greenhouse in function of the radiations global internal and global external; 3 - annual evolution of the monthly average insolation and Ångström equation of estimate for radiations G, UV, PAR and IV inside of the greenhouse, in function of the reason of internal and external insolation. The annual evolution of radiations G, UV, PAR and IV daily monthly averages inside and outside of the greenhouse, showed that beyond the day and place, they depend on the climate, the radiations had been bigger in the summer-spring and minors in the autumn-winter. The average values total inside and outside of the greenhouse had been: GIN = 13,1MJ/m2, UVIN= 0,34MJ/m2, PARIN =6,70 MJ/m2 and IVIN = 6,15MJ/m2, GEX= 17,14MJ/m2, UVEX= 0,72MJ/m2, PAREX = 8,38 MJ/m2 and IVEX= 8.04MJ/m2. The average values total, of the fractions in percentage, inside and outside of the greenhouse had been: UVIN/GIN =2,6%; PARIN/GIN = 50,6%, IVIN/GIN= 47,1%, UVEX/GEX = 4,18%, PAREX/GEX= 48,9% and IVEX/GEX= 46,9% respectively. The equations of estimate, annual and sazonal, gotten for the irradiations Huv, Hpar and Hiv in function of radiation HIN and HEX are linear, type Y = aX, where angular coefficient it quantifies the spectral fraction percentile: annual HUVIN /HGIN = 2,6%; HPARIN/HGIN = 50,8% and HIVIN/HGIN = 46,7%, whereas the sazonal: Spring HUVIN /HGIN = 2,5%; HPARIN/HGIN = 51,7% and HIVIN/HGIN = 45,7%; Summer: HUVIN /HGIN = 2,7%; ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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9

Arnarsdottir, Joanna, and Kristina Hansson. "Can Export Diversification Save sub-Saharan Africa from Extreme Weather? : An instrumental variable approach." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-434996.

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Growth and development in the context of climate change and environmental challengesare issues of increasing importance in the economic debate. With higher levels of greenhousegases in the atmosphere, droughts and other forms of extreme weather are expected to increasein frequency. Some of the worst affected are people living in sub-Saharan African countries. However, there are literature showing that countries who diversify their production becomesmore resilient against negative shocks. This study aims to determine the relationship betweenprecipitation anomalies and GDP per capita growth under different levels of concentrationof the export portfolio, in order to understand what kind of diversification reduces economicrisks connected to precipitation. Precipitation anomalies, such as abnormally heavy rainfallor droughts, is seen as a good measurement for climate change, and can thus be treated aseconomic shocks. We are using data on export product shares and monthly precipitation todetermine whether the level of sectoral diversification in exports affects the influence precipitation anomalies have on GDP per capita growth. The effects are estimated using a two-stageleast squares model, only targeting countries in SSA for our estimations. The results show thatpositive weather anomalies correlate with lower levels of GDP per capita growth. But the samenegative trend cannot be seen for negative precipitation anomalies. The results also show thatthe level of diversification within exports does not have any significant effect on the influencethat precipitation anomalies have on GDP per capita growth.
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Kurelaitis, Justas. "SAPARD ir Lietuvos 2004-2005 m. Lietuvos bendrojo programavimo dokumento Kauno plėtros ir žuvininkystės prioriteto priemonių projektų vertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060405_101719-77935.

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Lietuva, kaip ir kitos buvusios šalys kandidatės, prieš įstodamos į Europos Sąjungą, turėjo galimybę pasinaudoti Europos Sąjungos finansine parama pagal Specialiąja žemės ūkio ir kaimo plėtros programą ( SAPARD ), kurios tikslas buvo sumažinti skirtumus tarp šalių kandidačių ir Europos Sąjungos vykdomos žemės ūkio politikos. Šalys – kandidatės, siekusios šios programos paramos, turėjo įvykdyti Europos Sąjungos ( toliau ES ) nustatytus reikalavimus. Lietuva, vykdydama šiuos reikalavimus, parengė ir su Europos Komisija suderino Nacionalinę žemės ūkio ir kaimo plėtros programą 2000-2006 metams ( toliau NŽŪKPP ), kuria remiantis ir buvo įgyvendinama SAPARD programa. Vykdant reikalavimus, taip pat buvo įsteigta Nacionalinė mokėjimo agentūrą prie Žemės ūkio ministerijos ( toliau NMA ), kuri padedant LR žemės ūkio ministerijai ( toliau ŽŪM ) buvo atsakinga už SAPARD paramos administravimą.
The purpose of this work to analyse projects is estimation of SAPARD programs and fourth priority of the national SPD in Lithuania, particulary the mainly attention, paying to NPA(National Paying Agency) sharping the settled acreditation criteria of EU.And offermeasures in order to improve estimation of projects in Lithuania.
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Books on the topic "IV estimation"

1

Hahn, Jinyong. IV estimation with valid and invalid instruments. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2003.

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Kuersteiner, Guido M. Efficient IV estimation for autoregressive models with conditional heterogeneity. Cambridge, Mass: Dept. of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999.

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Trees, Harry L. Van. Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Optimum Array Processing, Part IV. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005.

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A, Brown Joseph. Estimating and bidding for the space station processing facility, or space station processing facility government estimating, or Aerospace price book, volume IV, or how the government estimating was so accurate, or how the low bidder got low on SSPF, for AACE International 37th annual meeting, Dearborn, Michigan, July 11-14, 1993. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993.

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Genon-Catalot, Valentine, Denis Belomestny, Fabienne Comte, Hiroki Masuda, and Markus Reiß. Lévy Matters IV: Estimation for Discretely Observed lévy Processes. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

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Genon-Catalot, Valentine, Denis Belomestny, Fabienne Comte, Hiroki Masuda, and Markus Reiß. Lévy Matters IV: Estimation for Discretely Observed Lévy Processes. Springer, 2014.

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Trees, Harry L. Van. Optimum Array Processing (Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part IV). Wiley-Interscience, 2002.

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Trees, Harry L. Van. Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Set (Volumes: I,III,IV). Wiley-Interscience, 2002.

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Trees, Harry L. Van. Optimum Array Processing: Part IV of Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.

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Trees, Harry L. Van. Optimum Array Processing: Part IV of Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "IV estimation"

1

Comte, Fabienne, and Valentine Genon-Catalot. "Adaptive Estimation for Lévy Processes." In Lévy Matters IV, 77–177. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12373-8_2.

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Masuda, Hiroki. "Parametric Estimation of Lévy Processes." In Lévy Matters IV, 179–286. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12373-8_3.

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Miloradov, Ljubiša M., and Slobodan P. Simonović. "Computer Package for Reservoir Yield Estimation." In Engineering Software IV, 187–201. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21877-8_15.

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Dey, S. K., and C. Dey. "An Explicit Finite Difference Solver by Parameter Estimation." In Engineering Software IV, 343–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-21877-8_26.

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Belomestny, Denis, and Markus Reiß. "Estimation and Calibration of Lévy Models via Fourier Methods." In Lévy Matters IV, 1–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12373-8_1.

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Banks, H. T., R. C. Smith, and Yun Wang. "Modeling and Parameter Estimation for an Imperfectly Clamped Plate." In Computation and Control IV, 23–42. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2574-4_2.

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Wade, J. G. "Parameter Estimation in Surface Catalysis with Reaction-Diffusion Fronts." In Computation and Control IV, 333–43. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2574-4_22.

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Dai, Y. Z., and F. P. Chiang. "Application of Scattering Theory to Plastic Strain Estimation." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials IV, 283–91. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0670-0_34.

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Robbins, Herbert. "The U,V Method of Estimation." In Statistical Decision Theory and Related Topics IV, 265–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8768-8_27.

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Avramova, Dasha A., Boris I. Synsynys, Valentina A. Romantsova, and Gennady M. Rott. "Metallothionein level estimation in the bioassay method for water quality assessment in freshwater reservoirs polluted by waste waters." In Metallothionein IV, 633–40. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8847-9_95.

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Conference papers on the topic "IV estimation"

1

Vicente, M. R., P. O. E. Lucas, R. D. Maia, and C. V. Leite. "REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS." In IV Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/ESALQ-USP/ABID/UFRB/INCT-EI/INCTSal/INSTITUTO FUTURE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7127/iv-inovagri-meeting-2017-res1211011.

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Darms, Michael, Matthias Komar, and Stefan Lueke. "Map based road boundary estimation." In 2010 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2010.5548011.

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Hashemi, Ehsan, Mohammad Pirani, Baris Fidan, Amir Khajepour, Shih-ken Chen, and Bakhtiar Litkouhi. "Distributed robust vehicle state estimation." In 2017 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2017.7995798.

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Mitra, Urbashi. "Session details: Oral presentation session IV: estimation and detection." In IPSN04: Third International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks 2004. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3244191.

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Burchakov, Vladimir Anatolievich. "The competitive ability estimation of coal producers." In IV International applied research conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-115598.

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Konrad, Marcus, Magdalena Szczot, and Klaus Dietmayer. "Road course estimation in occupancy grids." In 2010 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2010.5548041.

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Amritha, S., S. C. Subramanian, and L. Vanajakshi. "Traffic density estimation using dimensional analysis." In 2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2015.7225814.

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Akail, Naoki, Luis Yoichi Moralesl, and Hiroshi Murase. "Reliability Estimation of Vehicle Localization Result." In 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2018.8500625.

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Karlsson, Robin, David Robert Wong, Kazunari Kawabata, Simon Thompson, and Naoki Sakai. "Probabilistic Rainfall Estimation from Automotive Lidar." In 2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iv51971.2022.9827119.

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LOPES, N. R., J. O. COSTA, A. M. ALMEIDA, R. D. COELHO, T. H. S. BARROS, and A. N. ALMEIDA. "DAILY REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION: COMPARING MODELS WITH DRAINAGE LYSIMETER READINGS." In IV Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/ESALQ-USP/ABID/UFRB/INCT-EI/INCTSal/INSTITUTO FUTURE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7127/iv-inovagri-meeting-2017-res0250220.

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Reports on the topic "IV estimation"

1

Wiersman, B. J. F-Area Type IV Tank Liner Life Estimation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/881430.

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Harding, Matthew C., Christopher Palmer, and Jerry Hausman. Finite sample bias corrected IV estimation for weak and many instruments. Institute for Fiscal Studies, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.cem.2015.4115.

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Fridman, Eyal, Jianming Yu, and Rivka Elbaum. Combining diversity within Sorghum bicolor for genomic and fine mapping of intra-allelic interactions underlying heterosis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597925.bard.

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Heterosis, the enigmatic phenomenon in which whole genome heterozygous hybrids demonstrate superior fitness compared to their homozygous parents, is the main cornerstone of modern crop plant breeding. One explanation for this non-additive inheritance of hybrids is interaction of alleles within the same locus. This proposal aims at screening, identifying and investigating heterosis trait loci (HTL) for different yield traits by implementing a novel integrated mapping approach in Sorghum bicolor as a model for other crop plants. Originally, the general goal of this research was to perform a genetic dissection of heterosis in a diallel built from a set of Sorghum bicolor inbred lines. This was conducted by implementing a novel computational algorithm which aims at associating between specific heterozygosity found among hybrids with heterotic variation for different agronomic traits. The initial goals of the research are: (i) Perform genotype by sequencing (GBS) of the founder lines (ii) To evaluate the heterotic variation found in the diallel by performing field trails and measurements in the field (iii) To perform QTL analysis for identifying heterotic trait loci (HTL) (iv) to validate candidate HTL by testing the quantitative mode of inheritance in F2 populations, and (v) To identify candidate HTL in NAM founder lines and fine map these loci by test-cross selected RIL derived from these founders. The genetic mapping was initially achieved with app. 100 SSR markers, and later the founder lines were genotyped by sequencing. In addition to the original proposed research we have added two additional populations that were utilized to further develop the HTL mapping approach; (1) A diallel of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that was tested for heterosis of doubling time, and (2) a recombinant inbred line population of Sorghum bicolor that allowed testing in the field and in more depth the contribution of heterosis to plant height, as well as to achieve novel simulation for predicting dominant and additive effects in tightly linked loci on pseudooverdominance. There are several conclusions relevant to crop plants in general and to sorghum breeding and biology in particular: (i) heterosis for reproductive (1), vegetative (2) and metabolic phenotypes is predominantly achieved via dominance complementation. (ii) most loci that seems to be inherited as overdominant are in fact achieving superior phenotype of the heterozygous due to linkage in repulsion, namely by pseudooverdominant mechanism. Our computer simulations show that such repulsion linkage could influence QTL detection and estimation of effect in segregating populations. (iii) A new height QTL (qHT7.1) was identified near the genomic region harboring the known auxin transporter Dw3 in sorghum, and its genetic dissection in RIL population demonstrated that it affects both the upper and lower parts of the plant, whereas Dw3 affects only the part below the flag leaf. (iv) HTL mapping for grain nitrogen content in sorghum grains has identified several candidate genes that regulate this trait, including several putative nitrate transporters and a transcription factor belonging to the no-apical meristem (NAC)-like large gene family. This activity was combined with another BARD-funded project in which several de-novo mutants in this gene were identified for functional analysis.
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Kaffenberger, Michelle, and Lant Pritchett. Women’s Education May Be Even Better Than We Thought: Estimating the Gains from Education When Schooling Ain’t Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/049.

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Women’s schooling has long been regarded as one of the best investments in development. Using two different cross-nationally comparable data sets which both contain measures of schooling, assessments of literacy, and life outcomes for more than 50 countries, we show the association of women’s education (defined as schooling and the acquisition of literacy) with four life outcomes (fertility, child mortality, empowerment, and financial practices) is much larger than the standard estimates of the gains from schooling alone. First, estimates of the association of outcomes with schooling alone cannot distinguish between the association of outcomes with schooling that actually produces increased learning and schooling that does not. Second, typical estimates do not address attenuation bias from measurement error. Using the new data on literacy to partially address these deficiencies, we find that the associations of women’s basic education (completing primary schooling and attaining literacy) with child mortality, fertility, women’s empowerment and the associations of men’s and women’s basic education with positive financial practices are three to five times larger than standard estimates. For instance, our country aggregated OLS estimate of the association of women’s empowerment with primary schooling versus no schooling is 0.15 of a standard deviation of the index, but the estimated association for women with primary schooling and literacy, using IV to correct for attenuation bias, is 0.68, 4.6 times bigger. Our findings raise two conceptual points. First, if the causal pathway through which schooling affects life outcomes is, even partially, through learning then estimates of the impact of schooling will underestimate the impact of education. Second, decisions about how to invest to improve life outcomes necessarily depend on estimates of the relative impacts and relative costs of schooling (e.g., grade completion) versus learning (e.g., literacy) on life outcomes. Our results do share the limitation of all previous observational results that the associations cannot be given causal interpretation and much more work will be needed to be able to make reliable claims about causal pathways.
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