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Journal articles on the topic 'ITRAX'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Othman, Faisal, Yamin Wang, and Furqan Le-Hussain. "The Effect of Fines Migration During CO2 Injection Using Pore-Scale Characterization." SPE Journal 24, no. 06 (July 15, 2019): 2804–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/192076-pa.

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Summary Recent laboratory studies have shown that fines migration induces a decrease in rock permeability during CO2 injection. This study uses X–ray microcomputed tomography (micro–CT), nitrogen permeability, and Itrax X–ray fluorescence (Itrax–XRF) scanning to investigate the mechanism of fines migration during CO2 injection. We perform CO2–flooding experiments on two Berea core samples. The cores are characterized using nitrogen permeability, micro–CT, scanning electron microscopy with energy–dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and Itrax–XRF scanning. The cores are flooded with fresh water, then CO2–saturated water, and finally water–saturated supercritical CO2 (scCO2). To calculate permeability, the pressure difference across the core samples is monitored during these fluid injections. The produced–water samples are analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). After the flooding experiments, nitrogen permeability, micro–CT, SEM–EDS, and XRF scanning are repeated to characterize pore–scale damage. Micro–CT image–based computations are run to estimate permeability decrease along the core–sample length after injection. Results show the dissolution of dolomite and other high–density minerals. Mineral dissolution dislodges fines particles, which migrate during water-saturated–scCO2 injection. During CO2–saturated–water injection, the permeability of Berea 1 and Berea 2 increase by 29 and 13%, respectively. After water–saturated–scCO2 injection, the permeability of Berea 1 and Berea 2 decrease by 60%. The permeability damage of the sample can be explained by fines migration and subsequent blockage. SEM–EDS images also show instances of pore blockage.

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2

Sarraj, Sara, and Małgorzata Szymiczek. "Organosilicon polymer for the release of antimicrobial drugs." Polimery 67, no. 4 (May 13, 2022): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2022.4.2.

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An organosilicon polymer was developed for the release of antimicrobial drugs. The influence of the drug itraconazole (Itrax) on polymer properties such as density, hardness, rebound resilience, tensile strength, accelerated aging, structure and antifungal activity was investigated. There were slight changes in physicochemical properties and significant deterioration of mechanical ones. The evaluation of the fungicidal activity showed time-limited antifungal properties.

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3

Rodrigues, Sandra, and Joan Esterle. "Core scanner technologies: take everything without breaking." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15101.

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Modern core scanning technologies, such as hyperspectral CoreScan™ or X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Itrax, which allow data acquisition without the necessity of breaking the core for speciality analysis, are receiving increasing interest in coal and CSG industries in the past few years. Such technologies are able to characterise and evaluate mineral matter in greater detail than conventional sampling and analyses, producing mineral maps and mineral/elemental profiles throughout the core. Although mineralogical information is the main output from both techniques, CoreScan™ has the ability of producing organic profiles that allow the recognition of the different lithotypes in the coal based on the spectral reflectance as well as rank, which makes a potential technique for coal quality. On the other hand, XRF Itrax core scanner allies the chemical elemental profile, from major to trace elements, with an X-radiographic image, creating a dynamic duo between stony partings and coal, and within the coal between bright and dull lithotypes, through contrasting image properties. These emerging technologies will allow coal reservoirs to be analysed quickly and reliably without subsampling that could introduce bias from the user.

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4

Gadd, Patricia, Karthik Gopi, Jesmond Sammut, Neil Saintilan, Jagoda Crawford, and Debashish Mazumder. "Itrax micro X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) for soft biological tissues." MethodsX 5 (2018): 1267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2018.10.001.

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5

Gregory, Braden R. B., Eduard G. Reinhardt, Andrew L. Macumber, Nawaf A. Nasser, R. Timothy Patterson, Shawn E. Kovacs, and Jennifer M. Galloway. "Sequential sample reservoirs for Itrax-XRF analysis of discrete samples." Journal of Paleolimnology 57, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10933-017-9944-4.

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6

Li, Tong, Renguang Zuo, and Guoxiong Chen. "Investigating fluid-rock interaction at the hand-specimen scale via ITRAX." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 204 (September 2019): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.05.008.

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7

Löwemark, Ludvig, Menno Bloemsma, Ian Croudace, J. Stephen Daly, Robin J. Edwards, Pierre Francus, Jennifer M. Galloway, et al. "Practical guidelines and recent advances in the Itrax XRF core-scanning procedure." Quaternary International 514 (April 2019): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.044.

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8

Kelloway, Sarah J., Colin R. Ward, Christopher E. Marjo, Irene E. Wainwright, and David R. Cohen. "Calibration for ED-XRF profiling of coal cores for the Itrax Core Scanner." Powder Diffraction 29, S1 (October 20, 2014): S28—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088571561400089x.

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Recent developments in instrumentation mean that chemical analysis of large drill cores taken for geological purposes can be performed rapidly at sub-millimetre scales using core scanners equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometers. The present study describes the development of a calibration for the Itrax Core Scanner (Cox Analytical, Sweden), intended for whole cores of coal-seam sections, without the need for sample preparation. The calibration was developed for key major elements (Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, and Fe) based on pressed pellets of reference coals, allowing semi-quantitative and, at times, quantitative analyses. The influence of core curvature and surface roughness compared with an ideal flat-surface was also examined using model samples, and their influence on the apparent sample composition evaluated.

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9

Croudace, Ian W., Anders Rindby, and R. Guy Rothwell. "ITRAX: description and evaluation of a new multi-function X-ray core scanner." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 267, no. 1 (2006): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.267.01.04.

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10

Mondal, Md Nurunnabi, Keiji Horikawa, Osamu Seki, Katsuya Nejigaki, Hideki Minami, Masafumi Murayama, and Yusuke Okazaki. "Investigation of Adequate Calibration Methods for X-ray Fluorescence Core Scanning Element Count Data: A Case Study of a Marine Sediment Piston Core from the Gulf of Alaska." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050540.

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X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanner elemental count data are useful for high-resolution paleoceanographic studies. However, because several factors, such as changes in physical core properties, significantly affect element count intensities, the appropriate calibration of the count data is required. Besides, the existing approaches for calibration were not widely employed and require rigorous testing based on sediment variety. In this study, we analyzed high-resolution element intensity (cps) using a wet muddy marine sediment piston core that was collected from the northeast Gulf of Alaska and tested several approaches with ratio and log-ratio methods, and the reliability was evaluated by comparison with the concentrations that were measured by WD-XRF and an elemental analyzer. The results show that the lighter elements (Ti and K) exhibited a significantly weak relationship between raw counts measured by ITRAX and concentrations that were measured by the WD-XRF, indicating that some factors artificially influence ITRAX intensity data. The Cl intensity that is expressed as the water content in marine sediment increased significantly in the upper 202 cm by 42% and the top 25 cm by 73% as compared to the down-core (below 202 cm), which deviates the X-ray scattering and element-counts. The calibration of raw data through coherent/incoherent X-ray scattering ratio (CIR) and additive- and centered-log ratio reduces the offsets. The calibration by CIR performed best for Sr, Fe, Mn, Ti, Ca, K, and Br (0.56 < R2 < 0.91), and the correlation with concentration significantly increased for Ti and K of 100% and 56%, respectively. Therefore, the study suggests that the correction of raw counts through CIR is an effective approach for wet marine sediment when core physical properties have greater variability.

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11

Järvinen, Mikko, Veijo Sutinen, Paula Martiskainen, Jari Rehu, Marko Korkalainen, Klaus Känsälä, and Jaakko Mononen. "Toimiva langaton tiedonsiirtojärjestelmä lypysylehmäpihattoon." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 26 (January 31, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75780.

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Täsmäeläintuotannon (precision livestock farming) keskeinen toiminta-ajatus on tuottaa tietoa eläinten tuotannosta, terveydestä ja hyvinvoinnista. Tietoa saadaan nykyaikaisten eläintuotantotilojen automatiikasta, kuten erilaisista ympäristöä ja eläimiä valvovista sensoreista sekä mm. eläinten kaulapantoihin tai jalkoihin sijoitetuista mittauslaitteista. Tarkoituksenamme on esitellä yhden eläinten liikkeitä ja käyttäytymistä seuraavan järjestelmän kehitystyötä ja toimintaa.Kehittämämme HÄN-järjestelmän tavoitteena oli mitata lypsylehmien paikkaa, kiihtyvyysliikettä ja pintalämpötilaa eläinten liikkuessa vapaasti pihatossa. Mittausjärjestelmä koostuu mittaus- ja paikannusmoduuleista (MPM), SoC-vastaanottimesta (System-on-Chip), ohjaus- ja tiedonkeruu-PC:sta (OTPC), kahdeksasta pseudosatelliitista sekä pseudosatelliittien synkronointiradioverkosta.MPM ja akkukotelo sijoitettiin lehmien normaaleihin kaulapantoihin järjestelmää varten suunnitelluissa koteloinneissa. MPM koostuu kahdesta piirikortista (AVR ja ITRAX) ja ulkoisesta GPS-antennista. AVR-kortti toimii mittaus- ja paikannusmoduulin ohjaimena ja viestien välittäjänä ylemmille järjestelmille. AVR-kortilla on lisäksi 3D-kiihtyvyysanturi, lämpötila-anturin liitäntä, muunnin ulkoisille antureille sekä muita oheiskomponentteja. ITRAX-kortti toimii GPS-signaalien vastaanottimena.Mittaus- ja paikannusmoduulin tehonsyöttö toteutettiin 3,7V Litium-paristopaketilla, joka koostui neljästä 2,4 Ah kennosta. MPM:n keskimääräinen tehonkulutus mittaustilassa oli noin 3 mA ja mittaus- ja paikannustilassa noin 60 mA. Mikäli eläin liikkuu paljon, akku kestää huomattavasti lyhyemmän aikaa kuin vähän liikkuvalla eläimellä, sillä GPS-moduulin ja aktiivisen antennin virrankulutus vaikuttaa merkittävästi akun kestoon. Virran säästämiseksi paikannusmoduuli kytkeytyy pois päältä eläimen ollessa paikoillaan.HÄN-järjestelmään kuuluvat 45 kaulapantaa tekevät kukin paikka- ja kiihtyvyysmittauksen 100 ms välein ja 10 mittauksen jälkeen lähettävät mittauksista kootun datapaketin SoC-vastaanottimelle. SoC-vastaanotin hoitaa verkonhallinnan, tiedonkeruun lähettimiltä, lähettimien ohjaukset, tiedon paketoinnin ja paketoidun tiedon lähetyksen OTPC:lle. OTPC toimii tiedon varastoijana ja käyttöliittymänä verkossa oleville mittausmoduuleille. Käyttöliittymän avulla säädetään mittausmoduulien parametreja sekä näytetään reaaliaikaisesti mittaustulokset. Ohjelmisto tallentaa mittaustiedot MySQL-tietokantaan sekunnin välein tai asetetun mittausvälin mukaisesti.Hyvin Älykäs Navetta –hankkeessa kehitettiin radioverkko, joka toimi erinomaisesti tiedon siirrossa pihattonavetassa. Kiihtyvyysanturit ja lämpötila-anturit toimivat luotettavasti. Kiihtyvyysanturin ja älykkäiden laskentamenetelmien avulla pystytään tunnistamaan erilaisia lehmien käyttäytymismuotoja. Sen sijaan laboratorio-olosuhteissa toimiva pseudoliittijärjestelmään perustuva GPS-paikantaminen ei toiminut pihatto-olosuhteissa.

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12

Jin, Jae Hwa. "An example of dendrochemistry analyses using ITRAX and its comparison with observed climate records." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 223–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.468.

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13

Cronan, David S., Guy Rothwell, and Ian Croudace. "An ITRAX Geochemical Study of Ferromanganiferous Sediments from the Penrhyn Basin, South Pacific Ocean." Marine Georesources & Geotechnology 28, no. 3 (August 31, 2010): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1064119x.2010.483001.

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14

Ohlendorf, Christian. "A sample carrier for measuring discrete powdered samples with an ITRAX XRF core scanner." X-Ray Spectrometry 47, no. 1 (September 10, 2017): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.2811.

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15

Lee Allcock, Samantha. "Reconstructing Holocene climate variability using ITRAX core scanning technology: preliminary results from Nar Crater Lake." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.07.060.

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16

Thomson, J., I. W. Croudace, and R. G. Rothwell. "A geochemical application of the ITRAX scanner to a sediment core containing eastern Mediterranean sapropel units." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 267, no. 1 (2006): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.267.01.05.

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17

Martins, Virgínia A., João A. Dias, Cristina Bernardes, Belén Rubio, Ana Bernabeu, Daniel Rey, António M. Soares, et al. "The ITRAX core scanner, a useful tool to distinguish anthropicvs.climatic influences in lagoon of Aveiro (N Portugal)." Journal of Coastal Research 65 (January 2, 2013): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si65-013.1.

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18

Jones, Anna F., Jonathan N. Turner, J. Stephen Daly, Pierre Francus, and Robin J. Edwards. "Signal-to-noise ratios, instrument parameters and repeatability of Itrax XRF core scan measurements of floodplain sediments." Quaternary International 514 (April 2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.09.006.

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19

Gregory, Braden R. B., R. Timothy Patterson, Eduard G. Reinhardt, and Jennifer M. Galloway. "The iBox-FC: A new containment vessel for Itrax X-ray fluorescence core-scanning of freeze cores." Quaternary International 514 (April 2019): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.09.008.

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20

Zuo, Renguang. "ITRAX: A potential tool to explore the physical and chemical properties of mineralized rocks in mineral resource exploration." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 132 (September 2013): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.06.010.

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21

Haines, Heather A., Patricia S. Gadd, Jonathan Palmer, Jon M. Olley, Quan Hua, and Henk Heijnis. "A new method for dating tree-rings in trees with faint, indeterminate ring boundaries using the Itrax core scanner." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 497 (May 2018): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.02.025.

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22

Peti, Leonie, Patricia S. Gadd, Jenni L. Hopkins, and Paul C. Augustinus. "Itrax μ‐XRF core scanning for rapid tephrostratigraphic analysis: a case study from the Auckland Volcanic Field maar lakes." Journal of Quaternary Science 35, no. 1-2 (July 23, 2019): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3133.

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23

Gregory, Braden R. B., R. Timothy Patterson, Eduard G. Reinhardt, Jennifer M. Galloway, and Helen M. Roe. "An evaluation of methodologies for calibrating Itrax X-ray fluorescence counts with ICP-MS concentration data for discrete sediment samples." Chemical Geology 521 (September 2019): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.05.008.

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24

Langdon, P. G., C. J. Caseldine, I. W. Croudace, S. Jarvis, S. Wastegård, and T. C. Crowford. "A chironomid-based reconstruction of summer temperatures in NW Iceland since AD 1650." Quaternary Research 75, no. 3 (May 2011): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.11.007.

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AbstractFew studies currently exist that aim to validate a proxy chironomid-temperature reconstruction with instrumental temperature measurements. We used a reconstruction from a chironomid percentage abundance data set to produce quantitative summer temperature estimates since AD 1650 for NW Iceland through a transfer function approach, and validated the record against instrumental temperature measurements from Stykkishólmur in western Iceland. The core was dated through Pb-210, Cs-137 and tephra analyses (Hekla 1693) which produced a well-constrained dating model across the whole study period. Little catchment disturbance, as shown through geochemical (Itrax) and loss-on-ignition data, throughout the period further reinforce the premise that the chironomids were responding to temperature and not other catchment or within-lake variables. Particularly cold phases were identified between AD 1683–1710, AD 1765–1780 and AD 1890–1917, with relative drops in summer temperatures in the order of 1.5–2°C. The timing of these cold phases agree well with other evidence of cooler temperatures, notably increased extent of Little Ice Age (LIA) glaciers. Our evidence suggests that the magnitude of summer temperature cooling (1.5–2°C) was enough to force LIA Icelandic glaciers into their maximum Holocene extent, which is in accordance with previous modelling experiments for an Icelandic ice cap (Langjökull).

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25

Gavrikov, Vladimir, Alexey Fertikov, Ruslan Sharafutdinov, Anton Pyzhev, and Eugene Vaganov. "Dendrochemical Challenge in Climate Science: Whether Chemical Elements in Wood Reflect the Fluctuations in Weather Parameters." Plants 11, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 3240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233240.

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The aim of this study was to find consistent correlations between weather parameters and elemental content of tree rings in four widely distributed Siberian conifers: Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). Slices from the wood cores were subjected to chemical treatment by extraction in alcohol and HCl. The slices were scanned using an Itrax Multiscanner (COX Analytical Systems) to obtain the count rates of Al, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Sr. Every slice was scanned three times, in the original form, after alcohol extraction, and after HCl treatment. Altogether, 21 weather parameters were used to search for consistent correlations between the elemental contents. Weather parameters as well as elemental contents were averaged for successive triplets of calendar years. The statistical treatment of the data included the calculations of non-parametrical Spearman rho and Kendall tau coefficients. We defined consistent correlation as a correlation that is stronger than +/–0.3, observed in all the trees studied, and is significant at least in one tree. The main result of the study is that no consistent correlation was found that we could observe in all the species involved in the study. Nevertheless, there are several consistent correlations within the species. This means that the right choice of species for a dendrochemical study is of paramount importance. In some species, e.g., the larch and spruce, we found no correlations unless the chemical treatment was applied. Thus, a chemical treatment may reveal the reactions of tree rings’ elemental content to some weather parameters.

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26

López Pérez, A. E., D. Rey, V. Martins, M. Plaza-Morlote, and B. Rubio. "Application of multivariate statistical analyses to Itrax core scanner data for the identification of deep-marine sedimentary facies: A case study in the Galician Continental Margin." Quaternary International 514 (April 2019): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.035.

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27

Rothwell, R. Guy, Babette Hoogakker, John Thomson, Ian W. Croudace, and Michael Frenz. "Turbidite emplacement on the southern Balearic Abyssal Plain (western Mediterranean Sea) during Marine Isotope Stages 1–3: an application of ITRAX XRF scanning of sediment cores to lithostratigraphic analysis." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 267, no. 1 (2006): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.267.01.06.

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28

Schittek, K., M. Forbriger, B. Mächtle, F. Schäbitz, V. Wennrich, M. Reindel, and B. Eitel. "Holocene environmental changes in the highlands of the southern Peruvian Andes (14° S) and their impact on pre-Columbian cultures." Climate of the Past 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2015): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-27-2015.

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Abstract. High-altitude peatlands of the Andes still remain relatively unexploited although they offer an excellent opportunity for well-dated palaeoenvironmental records. To improve knowledge about climatic and environmental changes in the western Andes of southern Peru, we present a high-resolution record of the Cerro Llamoca peatland for the last 8600 years. The 10.5 m long core consists of peat and intercalated sediment layers and was examined for all kinds of microfossils. We chose homogeneous peat sections for pollen analysis at decadal to centennial resolution. The inorganic geochemistry was analysed in 2 mm resolution (corresponding >2 years) using an ITRAX X-ray fluorescence core scanner. We interpret phases of relatively high abundances of Poaceae pollen in our record as an expansion of Andean grasslands during humid phases. Drier conditions are indicated by a significant decrease of Poaceae pollen and higher abundances of Asteraceae pollen. The results are substantiated by changes in arsenic contents and manganese/iron ratios, which turned out to be applicable proxies for in situ palaeoredox conditions. The mid-Holocene period of 8.6–5.6 ka is characterised by a series of episodic dry spells alternating with spells that are more humid. After a pronounced dry period at 4.6–4.2 ka, conditions generally shifted towards a more humid climate. We stress a humid/relatively stable interval between 1.8 and 1.2 ka, which coincides with the florescence of the Nasca culture in the Andean foothills. An abrupt turn to a sustained dry period occurs at 1.2 ka, which is contemporaneous with the demise of the Nasca/Wari society in the Palpa lowlands. Markedly drier conditions prevail until 0.75 ka, providing evidence of the presence of a Medieval Climate Anomaly. Moister but hydrologically highly variable conditions prevailed again after 0.75 ka, which allowed re-expansion of tussock grasses in the highlands, increased discharge into the Andean foreland and resettling of the lowlands during this so-called late Intermediate Period (LIP). On a supraregional scale, our findings can ideally be linked to and proved by the archaeological chronology of the Nasca–Palpa region as well as other high-resolution marine and terrestrial palaeoenvironmental records. Our findings show that hydrological fluctuations, triggered by the changing intensity of the monsoonal tropical summer rains emerging from the Amazon Basin in the north-east, have controlled the climate in the study area.

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29

Gavrikov, Vladimir L., Alexey I. Fertikov, and Evgenii A. Vaganov. "Variability in Elemental Composition of Conifer Tree Rings." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-24-37.

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Distribution of chemical elements in tree rings bears important information on various biogeochemical processes. In order to achieve a reliable interpretation of the information, it is necessary to know the degree of variation in the content of chemical elements both at the level of the entire species and at the level of individual trees. The research aims to determine which chemical elements have a stable distribution in the trunks of a number of conifers: Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). The data for the analysis were obtained on the basis of the long-term experiment in forest growing. The experimental site was laid out in 1971–1972 in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk by the staff of the Sukachev Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Before planting the seedlings, the soil ground was mechanically levelled, and thus, sufficiently equal growth conditions were created for all plantings. Cores with a diameter of 12 mm were sampled from three normally developing trees of each species and analyzed using modern X-ray fluorescence methods. Content relative values of elements (counts) were obtained with the Itrax Multiscanner (COX Analytical Systems). The content of elements in the tree rings was characterized by the concentration and reserve of elements. Concentration was calculated as the number of counts per 1 mm2 of the ring area; reserve was calculated as the number of counts over the entire ring area. Each of these variables was defined by the parameters of linear slope in the calendar year series and the standard deviation. The cluster analysis was performed in the 4-dimensional space of the obtained parameters. This allowed determining whether the series of element distributions from different trees and species are grouped. Three elements (Ca, Co, and P) show high stability of distribution parameters in tree rings with no regard to tree species. A number of other elements (Mn, Pb, Cl, Cr, Ni, Sr, and W) are stably grouped depending on the species. The results of the research enable to focus on the study of the elements stably distributed in the conifer trunks. For citation: Gavrikov V.L., Fertikov A.I., Sharafutdinov R.A., Vaganov E.A. Variability in Elemental Composition of Conifer Tree Rings. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 24–37. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-24-37

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30

Stavrov, Andrey. "25 Years Since the Beginning of the Program ITRAP. What’s Next?" ANRI, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2022-109-2-61-76.

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The article attempts to summarize the twenty-five-year implementation of the ITRAP program. Some provisions of the program are analyzed, and a disappointing conclusion is made that, with the exception of Russia, there is no real border (customs) radiation control system in the world and the risk of unauthorized movement of nuclear and radioactive materials across the borders of states has changed slightly over this period of time.

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31

Schittek, K., B. Mächtle, F. Schäbitz, M. Forbriger, V. Wennrich, M. Reindel, and B. Eitel. "Holocene environmental changes in the highlands of the southern Peruvian Andes (14° S) and their impact on pre-Columbian cultures." Climate of the Past Discussions 10, no. 2 (April 11, 2014): 1707–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-10-1707-2014.

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Abstract. Within palaeoenvironmental studies, high-altitude peatlands of the Andes still remain relatively unexploited, although they offer an excellent opportunity for high-resolution chronologies, on account of their high accumulation rates and abundant carbon for dating. Especially in the central Andes, additional high-quality proxy records are still needed due to the lack of continuous and well-dated records, which show a significant variability on sub-centennial to decadal precision scales. To widen the current knowledge on climatic and environmental changes in the western Andes of southern Peru, we present a new, high-resolution 8600 year-long record from Cerro Llamoca peatland, a high-altitude Juncaceous cushion peatland in the headwaters of Río Viscas, a tributary to Río Grande de Nasca. A 10.5 m core of peat with intercalated sediment layers was examined for all kinds of microfossils, including fossil charred particles. We chose homogeneous peat sections for pollen analysis at a high temporal resolution. The inorganic geochemistry was analysed in 2 mm resolution using an ITRAX X-ray fluorescence (XRF) core scanner. We interpret the increase of Poaceae pollen in our record as an expansion of Andean grasslands during humid phases. Drier conditions are indicated by a significant decrease of Poaceae pollen and higher abundances of Asteraceae pollen. The results are substantiated by changes in arsenic contents and manganese/iron ratios, which turned out as applicable proxies for in situ palaeo-redox conditions. The mid-Holocene period of 8.6–5.6 ka is characterized by a series of episodic dry spells alternating with spells that are more humid. After a pronounced dry period at 4.6–4.2 ka, conditions generally shifted towards a more humid climate. We stress a humid/relatively stable interval between 1.8–1.2 ka, which coincides with the florescence of the Nasca culture in the Andean foreland. An abrupt turnover to a sustained dry period occurs at 1.2 ka, which coincides with the collapse of the Nasca/Wari society in the Palpa lowlands. Markedly drier conditions prevail until 0.75 ka, providing evidence for the presence of a Medieval Climate Anomaly. Moister but hydrologically highly variable conditions prevailed again after 0.75 ka, which allowed the re-expansion of tussock grasses in the highlands, increased discharge into the Andean foreland and the re-occupation of the settlements in the lowlands during this so-called Late Intermediate Period. On a supraregional scale, our findings can ideally be linked to and proofed by the archaeological chronology of the Nasca-Palpa region as well as other high-resolution marine and terrestrial palaeoenvironmental records. Our findings show that hydrological fluctuations, triggered by the changing intensity of the monsoonal tropical summer rains emerging from the Amazon Basin in the north-east, have controlled the climate in the study area.

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Trinh, Hung V., Jonas Grossmann, Peter Gehrig, Bernd Roschitzki, Ralph Schlapbach, Urs F. Greber, and Silvio Hemmi. "iTRAQ-Based and Label-Free Proteomics Approaches for Studies of Human Adenovirus Infections." International Journal of Proteomics 2013 (March 11, 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/581862.

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Both isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and label-free methods are widely used for quantitative proteomics. Here, we provide a detailed evaluation of these proteomics approaches based on large datasets from biological samples. iTRAQ-label-based and label-free quantitations were compared using protein lysate samples from noninfected human lung epithelial A549 cells and from cells infected for 24 h with human adenovirus type 3 or type 5. Either iTRAQ-label-based or label-free methods were used, and the resulting samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). To reduce a possible bias from quantitation software, we applied several software packages for each procedure. ProteinPilot and Scaffold Q+ software were used for iTRAQ-labeled samples, while Progenesis LC-MS and ProgenesisF-T2PQ/T3PQ were employed for label-free analyses. R2 correlation coefficients correlated well between two software packages applied to the same datasets with values between 0.48 and 0.78 for iTRAQ-label-based quantitations and 0.5 and 0.86 for label-free quantitations. Analyses of label-free samples showed higher levels of protein up- or downregulation in comparison to iTRAQ-labeled samples. The concentration differences were further evaluated by Western blotting for four downregulated proteins. These data suggested that the label-free method was more accurate than the iTRAQ method.

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Pappas, Peter G., Andrej Spec, Marisa Miceli, Gerald McGwin, Rachel McMullen, and George R. R. Thompson III. "120. An open-label comparative trial of SUBA-itraconazole (SUBA) versus conventional itraconazole (c-itra) for treatment of proven and probable endemic mycoses (MSG-15): a pharmacokinetic (PK) and adverse Event (AE) analysis." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.120.

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Abstract Background C-itra is the drug of choice for treatment of most non-CNS, non-life-threatening forms of endemic mycoses (EM), including histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, sporotrichosis and talaromycosis. SUBA represents a new formulation of itraconazole that utilizes nanotechnology to improve bioavailability when administered orally. SUBA is formulated as nanoparticles allowing for absorption in the small bowel while not relying on gastric acidity for optimal absorption. MSG-15 is an open-label, comparative clinical trial comparing SUBA to c-itra for the treatment of EM. Herein we report the final PK and AE profiles of these two compounds. Methods Subjects with proven and probable EM were eligible this open-label comparative study. The protocol allowed up to 14 d of prior therapy with any antifungal for this episode of EM. Subjects were randomized to receive either SUBA 130 mg po bid or c-itra 200 mg po bid for up to 6 months. Follow up occurred at 7, 14, 28, 42, 84 and 180 d post-enrollment. PK samples were obtained at 7, 14, and 42 d. Clinical assessment, including symptom assessment, AEs, overall drug tolerance, and quality of life were assessed at each visit. We used descriptive statistics for this analysis. Results 89 subjects with EM entered the trial, including 43 on SUBA and 46 on c-itra. We measured PK serum levels of itra and hydroxyl-itra at days 7, 14, and 42 and these data are depicted in Figures 1-3. There were no significant differences in these levels, including combined itra/hydroxyl-itra levels, among the two study arms. AUC for itra and hydroxyl-itra were similar for both arms. AEs as assessed at each study evaluation were also quite similar among the two study arms. Overall, any AE occurred in 74% vs 85% of SUBA and c-itra recipients, respectively (NS). Drug-related AEs occurred in 35% vs 41% of SUBA and itra recipients, respectively (NS). Most common drug-related AEs included cardiovascular (edema and hypertension), nausea and loss of appetite. Combined Itraconazole and Hydroxy-itraconazole Concentration Over Time Conclusion Compared to c-itra, SUBA demonstrates almost identical serum levels despite being dosed at roughly 60% standard dosing for c-itra (130 mg po bid vs 200 mg po bid). SUBA is slightly better tolerated than c-itra, although the specific AEs are similar. Disclosures Peter G. Pappas, MD, Astellas (Research Grant or Support)Cidara (Research Grant or Support)F2G (Consultant)Matinas (Consultant, Scientific Research Study Investigator)Mayne Pharma (Research Grant or Support)Scynexis (Research Grant or Support) Andrej Spec, MD, MSCI, Mayne Pharma (Grant/Research Support) Marisa Miceli, MD, SCYNEXIS, Inc. (Advisor or Review Panel member) George R. R. Thompson III, III, MD, Amplyx (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Appili (Consultant)Astellas (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Avir (Grant/Research Support)Cidara (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)F2G (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Mayne (Consultant, Grant/Research Support)Merck (Scientific Research Study Investigator)Pfizer (Advisor or Review Panel member)

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Kajurová, Veronika. "CDS SPREADS DETERMINANTS OF CONTRACTS INCLUDED IN MARKIT ITRAXX EUROPE SENIOR FINANCIALS INDEX." Acta academica karviniensia 15, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25142/aak.2015.007.

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Conte, John E., Jeffrey A. Golden, Juliana Kipps, Marina McIver, and Elisabeth Zurlinden. "Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Itraconazole and 14-Hydroxyitraconazole at Steady State." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 10 (October 2004): 3823–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.10.3823-3827.2004.

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ABSTRACT We determined the steady-state intrapulmonary pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of orally administered itraconazole (ITRA), 200 mg every 12 h (twice a day [b.i.d.]), on an empty stomach, for a total of 10 doses, in 26 healthy volunteers. Five subgroups each underwent standardized bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h after administration of the last dose. ITRA and its main metabolite, 14-hydroxyitraconazole (OH-IT), were measured in plasma, BAL fluid, and alveolar cells (AC) using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Half-life and area under the concentration-time curves (AUC) in plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF), and AC were derived using noncompartmental analysis. ITRA and OH-IT maximum concentrations of drug (C max) (mean ± standard deviation) in plasma, ELF, and AC were 2.1 ± 0.8 and 3.3 ± 1.0, 0.5 ± 0.7 and 1.0 ± 0.9, and 5.5 ± 2.9 and 6.6 ± 3.1 μg/ml, respectively. The ITRA and OH-IT AUC for plasma, ELF, and AC were 34.4 and 60.2, 7.4 and 18.9, and 101 and 134 μg · hr/ml. The ratio of the C max and the MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90), the AUC/MIC90 ratio, and the percent dosing interval above MIC90 for ITRA and OH-IT concentrations in AC were 1.1 and 3.2, 51 and 67, and 100 and 100%, respectively. Plasma, ELF, and AC concentrations of ITRA and OH-IT declined monoexponentially with half-lives of 23.1 and 37.2, 33.2 and 48.3, and 15.7 and 45.6 h, respectively. An oral dosing regimen of ITRA at 200 mg b.i.d. results in concentrations of ITRA and OH-ITRA in AC that are significantly greater than those in plasma or ELF and intrapulmonary pharmacodynamics that are favorable for the treatment of fungal respiratory infection.

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Grigull, Lorenz, Oliver Kuehlke, Andreas Beilken, Hansjoerg Schmid, Christin Linderkamp, Martin G. Sauer, Klaus Rehe, Karl Welte, and Karl W. Sykora. "Antifungal Prophylaxis with Oral and Intravenous Itraconazole in Pediatric Stem Cell Tansplantation: A Retrospective Comparison with Fluconazole and Amphotericin B-Preparations in 116 Children." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 5356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.5356.5356.

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Abstract Fungal infections (FI) remain a major threat for patients during allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). There is an ongoing controversy regarding the best fungal prophylaxis. The current study was performed to retrospectively compare three different antifungal medications (itraconazole (ITRA), fluconazole (FLU), and amphotericin B (AMB) preparations) during SCT with regard to FI, survival and complications (toxicity, GVHD, engraftment). 116 children (mean age 10.1 years, female n=48, mean body weight (bw) 27.5 kg) transplanted between March 1998 and August 2003 with complete clinical, microbiological and radiological data were included. Four patients receiving a different antifungal medication (combination therapy ± caspofungin) were excluded. The underlying diseases included acute and chronic leukemias (n=71), inborn metabolic or immunological diseases, lymphomas and bone marrow failure syndromes. In 53 children (46%) a matched family donor was available; in 45 patients (39%) a matched unrelated donor was chosen. In the remaining patients alternative donors (haploidentical, mismatch-related or -unrelated, cord-blood) were selected. Forty children received FLU, 23 patients received AMB-preparations, and 53 children received ITRA. ITRA was given intravenously from day +3 after SCT (10mg/kg bw for 3 days as “loading”, afterwards 5mg/kg bw) until oral medication (ITRA solution) became possible. All prophylactic regimen were continued until day +100 after SCT. In AMB patients FLU was administered after discharge. The three groups did not differ with regard to demographic data, underlying diseases or type of transplantation, only the follow-up period was significantly shorter in the ITRA group. We observed three new FI in the FLU/AMB group (fusariosis n=1, aspergillosis n=2) and one new FI in the ITRA group (candidiasis n=1) (p = 0.377). A change of the antimycotic regimen was necessary in 27/40 (68%) of the FLU, in 21% of the ITRA and in 30% of the AMB patients. Toxicity was minimal in the FLU and ITRA groups and only rarely necessitated a change of the prophylaxis. At day +100 after SCT, 10/63 (16%) of the patients in the FLU/AMB group and 4/53 (8%) in the ITRA group had died (p = 0.139). At the end of the study period (12-31-2004) we observed 17/63 (27%) deaths in the FLU/AMB group compared to 6/53 (8%) in the ITRA group (p < 0.029), with a median follow-up of 5.7 years in the AMB, 4.5 years in the FLU and 2.0 years in the ITRA group. In three children the FI was regarded as the cause of death (not in the candidemia-patient), in the remaining patients relapse (n=5), viral infections (n=6), SCT-related toxicity (n=4) and other infection (n=5) were the cause of death without statistical differences between the groups. The incidence of acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) differed not significantly between the study groups but the time to engraftment (leukocyte count > 1000/μl) lasted significantly longer in the ITRA group (14.8 days vs. 19.3 days, p < 0.000). Our results indicate that ITRA (oral and intravenous) starting on day 3 after SCT is a safe prophylaxis in pediatric SCT, the analysis of FI is hampered by low numbers. The issues of survival (ITRA group performed better than AMB/FLU) and engraftment (ITRA group longer than AMB/FLU) will be addressed by longer follow-up during ongoing studies.

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Handakumbura, Pubudu P., Kim K. Hixson, Samuel O. Purvine, Christer Jansson, and Ljiljana Paša-Tolić. "Plant iTRAQ-Based Proteomics." Current Protocols in Plant Biology 2, no. 2 (June 2017): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cppb.20052.

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Gu, Guorong, Weizhong Cheng, Chenling Yao, Jun Yin, Chaoyang Tong, Andrew Rao, Lawrence Yen, Matthew Ku, and Jianyu Rao. "Quantitative Proteomics Analysis by Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation Identified Lumican as a Potential Marker for Acute Aortic Dissection." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/920763.

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Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a serious vascular disease. Currently the diagnosis relies on clinical and radiological means whereas serum biomarkers are lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify potential serum biomarkers for AAD using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach. A total of 120 serum samples were collected from three groups: AAD patients (n=60), patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI,n=30), and healthy volunteers (n=30), whereas the first 10 samples from each group were used for iTRAQ analysis. Using iTRAQ approach, a total of 174 proteins were identified as significantly different between AAD patients and healthy subjects. Among them, forty-six proteins increased more than twofold, full-scale analysis using serum sample for the entire 120 subjects demonstrated that Lumican level was significantly increased relative to control and AMI samples. Further, Lumican level correlated with time from onset to admission in AAD but not AMI samples. Using iTRAQ approach, our study showed that Lumican may be a potential AAD-related serum marker that may assist the diagnosis of AAD.

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Mattiuzzi, Gloria N., Gladys Alvarado, Hagop M. Kantarjian, Srdan Verstovsek, Maria Cabanillas, Stefan Faderl, Joann T. Lim, et al. "Intravenous Voriconazole (IV-VORI) Prevents Invasive Fungal Infections (IFI) in Patients (pts) with Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) and High-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.885.885.

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Abstract Background: IFI is the most frequent cause of mortality in pts with AML and MDS undergoing chemotherapy. None of the antifungal prophylactic regimens used since 1992 at MD Anderson Cancer Center appeared to be significantly superior in the prevention of IFI. Study Aims: To compare the efficacy and safety of IV-VORI versus IV-ITRA as antifungal prophylaxis in AML and MDS pts receiving chemotherapy Patients and Methods: Pts older than 18 years old receiving induction or salvage chemotherapy, without documentation of prior IFI were eligible. Pts were randomized on day 1 of chemotherapy to receive IV-VORI 400 mg q12 h x 2 days followed by 300 MG IV twice per day or IV-ITRA 200 mg q12 h x 2 days followed by 200 mg IV once per day. Prophylaxis continue until recovery from neutropenia, developed possible/proven IFI, complete remission, declared resistant or up to 35 days for induction pts and up to 42 days for salvage pts. Results: 114 pts were evaluable (49 on IV-ITRA, 65 on IV-VORI). Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. 102 were induction pts and 12 were on first salvage. Median time on prophylaxis was 21 (induction) and 17 days (salvage) for both groups. 45% pts on IV-ITRA and 48% pts on IV-VORI completed prophylaxis without modification (p=ns). Two pts on IV-ITRA developed IFI (1 disseminated C. glabrata and 1 disseminated Fusarium) as oppose to none on the IV-VORI arm (p=0.101). No significant differences were seen in the number of pts that required empiric antifungal therapy due to persistent fever or possible fungal pneumonia (14% on IV-VORI, 18% on IV-ITRA). 15/49 pts on IV-VORI (23%) versus 4/49 (8%) on IV-ITRA discontinued prophylaxis due to side effects (p=0.036). Reversible increase in the liver function tests (9 on IV-VORI, 4 on IV-ITRA) and hallucinations (5 on IV-VORI) were the most frequent adverse events. Response to induction chemotherapy, overall induction mortality and survival were similar in both groups. Conclusions: 1) IV-VORI appears to be more efficacious than IV-ITRA in preventing IFI in AML and MDS pts receiving chemotherapy. More pts are needed to confirm this finding. 2) IV-VORI tends to be more toxic than IV-ITRA. The usage of high dose IV-VORI may explain the incidence of side effects.

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Lin, Longfei, Hui Li, Hongmei Lin, Miao Zhang, Changhai Qu, Lei Yan, Xingbin Yin, and Jian Ni. "Application of iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Approach to Identify Deregulated Proteins Associated with Liver Toxicity Induced by Polygonum Multiflorum in Rats." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 43, no. 5 (2017): 2102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000484229.

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Background/Aims: Clinical reports on adverse reactions that result from Polygonum multiflorum (PM) and its preparations, especially regarding liver injury, have recently received widespread attention. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by different PM extracts through iTRAQ quantitative proteomics. Methods: The different PM extracts were orally administrated for 90 days to rats, and the hepatotoxicity effect was evaluated through measurement of biochemical indexes, oxidative damage indexes and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Then, the hepatotoxicity mechanism was investigated by iTRAQ quantitative proteomics. Results: The results of biochemical and histopathological analyses showed that liver injury occurred in all groups of rats given by various PM extracts, which proved all of the PM extracts could induce hepatotoxicity. The hepatotoxicity mechanism may differ between the total extract group and the other groups through the results of biochemical indicators. The iTRAQ proteomics study showed that hepatotoxicity resulting from PM was mainly related to the abnormal activity of mitochondrion function-related oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Conclusion: This iTRAQ proteomics study revealed that the hepatotoxicity induced by PM is primarily related to the oxidative phosphorylation pathways. NADH dehydrogenase family proteins and Slc16a2 could be potential biomarkers of hepatotoxicity resulting from PM.

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Cagas, Steven E., Mohit Raja Jain, Hong Li, and David S. Perlin. "Profiling theAspergillus fumigatusProteome in Response to Caspofungin." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 1 (October 25, 2010): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00884-10.

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ABSTRACTThe proteomic response ofAspergillus fumigatusto caspofungin was evaluated by gel-free isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) as a means to determine potential biomarkers of drug action. A cell fractionation approach yielding 4 subcellular compartment fractions was used to enhance the resolution of proteins for proteomic analysis. Using iTRAQ, a total of 471 unique proteins were identified in soluble and cell wall/plasma membrane fractions at 24 and 48 h of growth in rich media in a wild-type drug-susceptible strain. A total of 122 proteins showed at least a 2-fold change in relative abundance following exposure to caspofungin (CSF) at just below the minimum effective concentration (0.12 μg/ml). The largest changes were seen in the mitochondrial hypoxia response domain protein (AFUA_1G12250), the level of which decreased >16-fold in the secreted fraction, and ChiA1, the level of which decreased 12.1-fold in the cell wall/plasma membrane fraction. The level of the major allergen and cytotoxin AspF1 was also shown to decrease by 12.1-fold upon the addition of drug. A subsequent iTRAQ analysis of an echinocandin-resistant strain (fks1-S678P) was used to validate proteins specific to drug action. A total of 103 proteins in the 2 fractions tested by iTRAQ were differentially expressed in the wild-type susceptible strain but not significantly changed in the resistant strain. Of these potential biomarkers, 11 had levels that changed at least 12-fold. Microarray analysis of the susceptible strain was performed to evaluate the correlation between proteomics and genomics, with a total of 117 genes found to be changing at least 2-fold. Of these, a total of 22 proteins with significant changes identified by iTRAQ also showed significant gene expression level changes by microarray. Overall, these data have the potential to identify biomarkers that assess the relative efficacy of echinocandin drug therapy.

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Saccà, Sergio Claudio, Alberto Izzotti, Stefania Vernazza, Sara Tirendi, Sonia Scarfì, Stefano Gandolfi, and Anna Maria Bassi. "Can Polyphenols in Eye Drops Be Useful for Trabecular Protection from Oxidative Damage?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 3584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113584.

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Polyphenols, with anti-oxidant properties, counteract oxidative stress effects. Increasing evidence has found oxidative stressto be the main risk factor for trabecular meshwork (TM) damage, leading to high-tension glaucoma. Topical anti-oxidants could represent a new target for glaucoma treatment. Our aim is to investigate the protective mechanisms on a human TM culture of a patented polyphenol and fatty acid (iTRAB®)formulation in response to oxidative stress using an advanced invitromodel consisting of 3D-human TM cells, embedded in a natural hydrogel, and a milli-scaled multi-organ device model for constantdynamic conditions. The 3D-human TM cells(3D-HTMCs) were treated daily with 500 µM H2O2or 500 µM H2O2and 0.15% iTRAB®(m/v) for 72 h, and molecular differences in the intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS), state of the cells, activation of the apoptosis pathway and NF-kB and the expression ofinflammatory and fibrotic markers wereanalyzed at different time-points.Concomitant exposure significantly reduced iROS and restored TM viability, iTRAB® having a significant inhibitory effect on the apoptotic pathway, activation of NF-κB, induction of pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1ß and TNFα) and pro-fibrotic (TGFβ) cytokines and the matrix metalloproteinase expressions. It is clear that this specific anti-oxidant provides a valid TM protection, suggesting iTRAB® could be an adjuvant therapy in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

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Xu, Guoqin, Wentao Lin, Andrew J. McAinch, Xu Yan, and Xiquan Weng. "Identification of Urinary Biomarkers for Exercise-Induced Immunosuppression by iTRAQ Proteomics." BioMed Research International 2020 (January 25, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3030793.

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Purpose. To identify noninvasive immune biomarkers of exercise-induced immunosuppression using the iTRAQ proteomics technique. Methods. Fifteen healthy males were recruited and subjected to a four-week incremental treadmill running training program. After each week of training, WBC counts and CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were measured to monitor the immune function status. iTRAQ proteomics technology was used to identify differential proteins and their characteristics in urine. Results. Our data showed that the WBC counts, CD4+ lymphocytes, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased by more than 10% after four weeks of training, suggesting exercise-induced immunosuppression. A total of 1854 proteins were identified in urine during the incremental running using the iTRAQ technology. Compared with the urine before training, there were 89, 52, 77, and 148 proteins significantly upregulated and 66, 27, 68, and 114 proteins significantly downregulated after each week, respectively. Among them, four upregulated proteins, SEMG-1, PIP, PDGFRL, and NDPK, increased their abundance with the increased exercise intensity. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that these proteins are involved in stress response and immune function. Conclusion. Four weeks of incremental treadmill running induced immunosuppression in healthy males. By using iTRAQ proteomics, four proteins in the urine, SEMG-1, PIP, PDGFRL, and NDPK, were found to increase incrementally with the increased exercise intensity, which have the potential to be used as noninvasive immune biomarkers of exercise-induced immunosuppression.

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Alberta Oliveira, Maria, and Carlos Santos. "Unveiling trading patterns: iTraxx Europe financials from the great financial crisis to ECB monetary easing." Banks and Bank Systems 17, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.17(3).2022.16.

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Financial stability is a statutory concern of the European Central Bank. Spreads of bank credit default swaps (CDS) indices are a reference for financial stability, but the literature is scarce in this respect. This paper poses the novel research question of which characteristics of investors in these derivatives are implied by the volatility behavior of the returns of financial CDS indices. Daily spread returns for the 5-year maturity iTraxx Europe Financials (subordinated and senior), for the period between June 2004 and March 2015, are used to estimate a GJR-M model with Student t innovations, and two MGARCH models (one with constant and the other with dynamic conditional correlations). The results show that investors in the index referring to subordinated debt are risk averse (risk premium estimate of 0.688) and liable to leverage effects, while investors in the index for senior debt do not have such characteristics. The degrees of freedom of the Student t innovations are estimated to be 4 for both indices, implying that returns have distributions with very fat tails. Population excess kurtosis diverges to infinity. The results show that the conditional correlation between the indices is dynamic. Although correlations vary widely, most of that variation occurs before the Euro Area crisis. It is concluded that the inclusion of both indices in a portfolio would be misadvised for bear markets with distressed financial entities: the correlations are always positive, above 0.75 since 2010. Moreover, both indices prove to be sensitive to the varying surrounding conditions as investors share market sentiments. AcknowledgmentsNECE’s research is funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., Project UIDB/04630/2020CEBER’s research is funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., Project UIDB/05037/2020 &nbsp;

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Basak, Trayambak, Ajay Bhat, Dipankar Malakar, Manoj Pillai, and Shantanu Sengupta. "In-depth comparative proteomic analysis of yeast proteome using iTRAQ and SWATH based MS." Molecular BioSystems 11, no. 8 (2015): 2135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5mb00234f.

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A.B, Norliza, S. NormahfuzaHusna, B. Rafidah, N. A. Shaharuddin, and L. Rozeita. "iTRAQ Proteins Analysis of Early Infected Papaya Plants with Papaya Dieback Pathogen." Asian Journal of Plant Biology 3, no. 1 (July 30, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/ajpb.v3i1.265.

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Papaya dieback disease is characterized by the greasy water-soaked lesions and spots on leaves and crowns. Defoliation and blemished of the papaya fruits are also being observed as a result of infection by Erwinia mallotivora. In an attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms leading to the bacteria pathogenesis and the papaya plant response to infection in a compatiblereaction, protein profiling during 24 hours post infection was studied using iTRAQ mass spectrometry analysis. The bacterium was sprayed into wounded leaves of a susceptible papaya cultivar (Eksotika 1) and proteome analysis was performed. The comparison of protein patterns of the treated and the control plants were carried out by labelling the control sample with iTRAQ 8 plex reagent 113 and inoculated samples with the iTRAQ 8 plex reagent 115 whichwere then analysed by peptide mass fingerprinting and identified by searches in public databases. Biochemical changes occurring in infected tissues were observed. Among the differentially expressed proteins were enolase, maturase K, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, phosphoribulokinase, CT114 and a hypothetical protein with unknown function.

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Groll, Andreas H., Lauren Wood, Maureen Roden, Diana Mickiene, Christine C. Chiou, Ellen Townley, Luqman Dad, Stephen C. Piscitelli, and Thomas J. Walsh. "Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Cyclodextrin Itraconazole in Pediatric Patients with Oropharyngeal Candidiasis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 8 (August 2002): 2554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.8.2554-2563.2002.

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ABSTRACT The safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of cyclodextrin itraconazole (CD-ITRA) oral suspension were investigated in an open sequential dose escalation study with 26 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and adolescents (5 to 18 years old; mean CD4+-cell count, 128/μl) with oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Patients received CD-ITRA at either 2.5 mg/kg of body weight once a day (QD) or 2.5 mg/kg twice a day (BID) for a total of 15 days. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed after the first dose and for up to 120 h after the last dose, and antifungal efficacy was evaluated by standardized scoring of the oropharynx. Apart from mild to moderate gastrointestinal disturbances in three patients (11.5%), CD-ITRA was well tolerated. Two patients (7.6%) discontinued treatment prematurely due to study drug-related adverse events. After 15 days of treatment, the peak concentration of drug in plasma (C max), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24), the concentration in plasma at the end of the dosing interval (predose) (C min), and the terminal half-life of itraconazole (ITRA) were (means and standard deviations) 0.604 ± 0.53 μg/ml, 6.80 ± 7.4 μg · h/ml, 0.192 ± 0.06 μg/ml, and 56.48 ± 44 h, respectively, for the QD regimen and 1.340 ± 0.75 μg/ml, 23.04 ± 14.5 μg · h/ml, 0.782 ± 0.19 μg/ml, and 104.22 ± 94 h, respectively, for the BID regimen. The mean AUC-based accumulation factors for ITRA on day 15 were 4.14 ± 0.9 and 3.53 ± 0.6, respectively. A comparison of the dose-normalized median AUC of the two dosage regimens revealed a trend toward nonlinear drug disposition (P = 0.05). The mean metabolic ratios (AUC of hydroxyitraconazole/AUC of ITRA) at day 15 were 1.96 ± 0.1 for the QD regimen and 1.29 ± 0.2 for the BID regimen, respectively (P < 0.05). The OPC score (range, 0 to 13) for all 26 patients decreased from a mean of 7.46 ± 0.8 at baseline to 2.8 ± 0.7 at the end of therapy (P < 0.001), demonstrating antifungal efficacy in this setting. The relationships among C max, C min, AUC0-12, C max/MIC, C min/MIC, AUC0-12/MIC, time during the dosing interval when the plasma drug concentrations were above the MIC for the infecting isolate, and the residual OPC score at day 15 for the entire study population fit inhibitory effect pharmacodynamic models (r, 0.595 to 0.421; P, <0.01 to <0.05). All patients with fluconazole-resistant isolates responded to treatment with CD-ITRA; however, there was no clear correlation between the MIC of ITRA and response to therapy. In conclusion, CD-ITRA was well tolerated and efficacious for the treatment of OPC in HIV-infected pediatric patients. Pharmacodynamic modeling revealed significant correlations between plasma drug concentrations and antifungal efficacy. Based on this documented safety and efficacy, a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg BID can be recommended for the treatment of OPC in pediatric patients ≥5 years old.

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Boudinot, Pierre, Stanislas Mondot, Luc Jouneau, Luc Teyton, Marie-Paule Lefranc, and Olivier Lantz. "Restricting nonclassical MHC genes coevolve with TRAV genes used by innate-like T cells in mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 21 (May 11, 2016): E2983—E2992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600674113.

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Whereas major histocompatibility class-1 (MH1) proteins present peptides to T cells displaying a large T-cell receptor (TR) repertoire, MH1Like proteins, such as CD1D and MR1, present glycolipids and microbial riboflavin precursor derivatives, respectively, to T cells expressing invariant TR-α (iTRA) chains. The groove of such MH1Like, as well as iTRA chains used by mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and natural killer T (NKT) cells, respectively, may result from a coevolution under particular selection pressures. Herein, we investigated the evolutionary patterns of the iTRA of MAIT and NKT cells and restricting MH1Like proteins: MR1 appeared 170 Mya and is highly conserved across mammals, evolving more slowly than other MH1Like. It has been pseudogenized or independently lost three times in carnivores, the armadillo, and lagomorphs. The corresponding TRAV1 gene also evolved slowly and harbors highly conserved complementarity determining regions 1 and 2. TRAV1 is absent exclusively from species in which MR1 is lacking, suggesting that its loss released the purifying selection on MR1. In the rabbit, which has very few NKT and no MAIT cells, a previously unrecognized iTRA was identified by sequencing leukocyte RNA. This iTRA uses TRAV41, which is highly conserved across several groups of mammals. A rabbit MH1Like gene was found that appeared with mammals and is highly conserved. It was independently lost in a few groups in which MR1 is present, like primates and Muridae, illustrating compensatory emergences of new MH1Like/Invariant T-cell combinations during evolution. Deciphering their role is warranted to search similar effector functions in humans.

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Yin, Yongqi, Fei Qi, Lu Gao, Shengqi Rao, Zhenquan Yang, and Weiming Fang. "iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of dark-germinated soybeans in response to salt stress." RSC Advances 8, no. 32 (2018): 17905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra02996b.

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Choudhary, Jairam, Surender Singh, Rameshwar Tiwari, Renu Goel, and Lata Nain. "An iTRAQ Based Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Thermotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae JRC6 in Response to High Temperature Fermentation." Current Proteomics 16, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570164616666190131145217.

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Background: Bioethanol derived from lignocellulosic biomass can supplement the ethanol supplies in a sustainable manner. However, the bioethanol production process is still not cost effective and researchers are looking for novel strategies like simultaneous saccharification fermentation to cut down the production cost. Thermotolerant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae JRC6 is reported to improve the fermentation efficiency under SSF. However, the mechanism of thermotolerance of the strain is unknown which is important for developing more robust yeast strains for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Objective: To identify proteomic changes responsible for imparting thermotolerance by iTRAQ based profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae JRC6 by growing at optimum (30°C) and high temperature (40°C). Methods: iTRAQ labeling followed by electrospray ionization based tandem mass spectrometry using SCIEX 5600 Triple-TOF Mass Spectrometer (MS). Methods: iTRAQ labeling followed by electrospray ionization based tandem mass spectrometry using SCIEX 5600 Triple-TOF Mass Spectrometer (MS). Results: A total of 582 proteins involved in heat shock, metabolism, biosynthesis, transport of biomolecules, cell division, etc. were identified. Cells grown at 40°C showed many-fold increase in the expression for many proteins involved in different functions specially biosynthesis, heat stress and metabolism. At 40°C heat shock proteins (78), prefoldin subunit (6), DNA binding protein SNT1, J type co-chaperone JAC1, elongation factor 1-β, glutathione synthase, malate synthase (2), purine biosynthesis protein ADE17, SSD1 protein, alcohol dehydrogenase 1, 3, 60S ribosomal protein L35-B, mitochondrial import protein MAS5 and many other proteins were significantly upregulated. Conclusion: The iTRAQ analysis revealed many heat shock proteins and heat stable alcohol dehydrogenases which can be exploited to develop a more robust yeast strain suitable for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation or consolidated bioprocessing.

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