Journal articles on the topic 'Italy – Intellectual life – 16th century'
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1
Bellusci, David. "Gasparo Contarini: From Scholasticism to Renaissance Humanism." Études maritainiennes / Maritain Studies 26 (2010): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/maritain2010263.
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This paper examines the shift from Scholasticism to Renaissance humanism by focussing on the Italian humanist, Gasparo Contarini (1483-1542). The politico-religious climate of 15th-16th century Italy represents the arena in which Contarini developed his philosophy. His studies at the University of Padova where Padovan Aristotelianism dominated reflected the basis of his intellectual formation. The Platonic revival of Renaissance Italy also made its way into Contarini’s humanist philosophy.
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Marton, Gellért Ernő. "A Life in Service of his Homeland – the Diplomatic Role and Activity of János Rimay." Rocznik Przemyski. Historia 1 (26) (2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497347rph.21.001.14724.
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The goal of this paper is to summarise the diplomatic and political role of poet and intellectual, János Rimay of Alsósztregova and Rima. Rimay is well-known as the pupil and friend of the great Hungarian poet, Bálint Balassi, and also as a great poet and a representative of stoicism, as well as as a diplomat and statesman who became important in the regional diplomacy in the last decades of the 16th century and the first decades of the 17th century.
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Hadj Mahammed, Aissa, and Paul M. Love. "Ibadi Copyists in the Mzab Valley, Algeria (9th–10th/15th–16th Century)." Journal of Islamic Manuscripts 12, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1878464x-01201003.
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Abstract This article examines the circulation of manuscripts in the Mzab Valley in southern Algeria during the 9th–10th/15th–16th centuries in an attempt to identify the most prominent copyists in the region. The primary aim of the paper is to highlight the importance of manuscripts for the Mzab’s Ibadi Muslim community in this period and to demonstrate its impact on the intellectual and cultural life of the region.
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Galtsin, Dmitrii D. "Froben Prints and Polemics on Religion in Early Modern Eastern Europe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 578–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.216.
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The article explores the Froben prints stored at the Rare Books Department of the Library of the Russian Academy of Science (Biblioteka Akademii Nauk) in Saint Petersburg. For three generations in the 16th century, Basel printers the Frobens influenced European intellectual life like no other publishing establishment, contributing to the spread of early Latin and Greek Christian literature, which determined both the development of theology and the humanities. Some copies of Froben prints are conspicuous for the history of their use which is intrinsically connected with various kinds of religious polemics in 16th and 17th century Eastern Europe. The focus of the article is the copies of Froben’s Opera omnia of St Augustine which underwent censorship in monastic libraries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th century. The article traces the history of a number of Froben copies which belonged to notable Polish Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries (Andrzej Trzecieski, Nicholas Radziwill the Black (“Czarny”), Andrzej Dobrzanski). The examination of the connections of Eastern European Protestants, which enabled vigorous exchange of books with Western Europe, bringing, for instance, a book from the library of the great Dutch cartographer Gerhard Mercator to the hands of a provincial Polish pastor, is carried out. Finally, the article addresses the marginalia left by Simeon of Polotsk on one of his books. These marginalia throw some new light on the question of Simeon’s genuine theological views. By examining the history of the copies from the Library of the Russian Academy of Science through the marginalia left in the 16th and 17th centuries by people of various religions, the article assesses Froben copies as a source on confessional and intellectual history of the period.
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Pisano, Raffaele, and Paolo Bussotti. "ON POPULARIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION IN ITALY BETWEEN 12TH AND 16TH CENTURY." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 57, no. 1 (December 25, 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.57.90.
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Mathematics education is also a social phenomenon because it is influenced both by the needs of the labour market and by the basic knowledge of mathematics necessary for every person to be able to face some operations indispensable in the social and economic daily life. Therefore the way in which mathematics education is framed changes according to modifications of the social environment and know–how. For example, until the end of the 20th century, in the Italian faculties of engineering the teaching of mathematical analysis was profound: there were two complex examinations in which the theory was as important as the ability in solving exercises. Now the situation is different. In some universities there is only a proof of mathematical analysis; in others there are two proves, but they are sixth–month and not annual proves. The theoretical requirements have been drastically reduced and the exercises themselves are often far easier than those proposed in the recent past. With some modifications, the situation is similar for the teaching of other modern mathematical disciplines: many operations needing of calculations and mathematical reasoning are developed by the computers or other intelligent machines and hence an engineer needs less theoretical mathematics than in the past. The problem has historical roots. In this research an analysis of the phenomenon of “scientific education” (teaching geometry, arithmetic, mathematics only) with respect the methods used from the late Middle Ages by “maestri d’abaco” to the Renaissance humanists, and with respect to mathematics education nowadays is discussed. Particularly the ways through which mathematical knowledge was spread in Italy between late Middle ages and early Modern age is shown. At that time, the term “scientific education” corresponded to “teaching of mathematics, physics”; hence something different from what nowadays is called science education, NoS, etc. Moreover, the relationships between mathematics education and civilization in Italy between the 12th and the 16th century is also popularized within the Abacus schools and Niccolò Tartaglia. These are significant cases because the events connected to them are strictly interrelated. The knowledge of such significant relationships between society, mathematics education, advanced mathematics and scientific knowledge can be useful for the scholars who are nowadays engaged in mathematics education research. Key words: Abacus schools, mathematics education, science & society, scientific education, Tartaglia
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Morucci, Valerio. "Music, patronage and reform in 16th-century Italy: new light on Cardinal Carlo Borromeo." Early Music 47, no. 4 (November 2019): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/caz071.
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Abstract Music historians are certainly familiar with the figure of Cardinal Carlo Borromeo. Important research has illuminated his association with the composer Vincenzo Ruffo, his reform of female convents, and, more generally, his influence over the musical life of Milan, including local churches and confraternities; more recently, Borromeo’s relationship with the musician Tomás Luis de Victoria has been closely examined. However, our knowledge of his role as a promoter of the so-called ‘Counter-Reformation’ in music is fragmentary. In particular, a comprehensive investigation of Borromeo’s private correspondence is lacking. In order to fill this lacuna, this article uses newly discovered letters (housed in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan) to illuminate several interrelated aspects of Borromeo’s activity as a patron and reformer in the aftermath of the Council of Trent: firstly, his support for musicians and the much discussed issue of textual intelligibility, and secondly, the prohibition of musical instruments in church and his directives against public musical entertainments.
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Desittere, Marcel. "The circumstances of the first prehistoric science in Italy." Antiquity 65, no. 248 (September 1991): 567–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080182.
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In another – and perhaps the last – of the sequence of contributions to Antiquity on the subject of the invention of prehistory in various lands, the example of Italy is explored. Again, the basic inspirations, especially from geology, are the same; and again the particular form of Italian prehistory also reflected, and may yet reflect, the special conditions of the nation's cultural and intellectual life in the 19th century.
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Nowicka-Jeżowa, Alina. "Poeci polscy doby humanizmu wobec Rzymu / Polish Poets of the Age of Humanism and Rome." Ruch Literacki 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 631–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10273-012-0039-6.
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Summary Based on earlier research, and especially Tadeusz Ulewicz’s landmark study Iter Romano- -Italicum Polonorum, or the Intellectual and Cultural Links between Poland and Italy in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (1999) this article examines the influence of Rome - in its role as the Holy See and a centre of learning and the arts - on Poland’s culture in the 15th and 16th century as well as on the activities of Polish churchmen, scholars and writers who came to the Eternal City. The aim of the article is to trace the role of the emerging Humanist themes and attitudes on the shape of the cultural exchange in question. It appears that the Roman connection was a major factor in the history of Polish Humanism - its inner development, its transformations, and the ideological and artistic choices made by the successive generations of the Polish elite. In the 15th century the Roman inspirations helped to initiate the Humanist impulse in Poland, while in the 16th century they stimulated greater diversity and a search for one’s own way of development. In the post-Tridentine epoch they became a potent element of the Poland’s new cultural formation. Against the background of these generalizations, the article presents the cultural profiles of four poets, Mikołaj of Hussów, Klemens Janicjusz, Jan Kochanowski, and Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. They symbolize the four phases of the Polish Humanist tradition, which draw their distinctive identities from looking up to the Roman model
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Orbán, Áron. "Nicasius Ellebodius and the “otium litterarum” The Vicissitudes of a Flemish Humanist in Pozsony (1571–77)." East Central Europe 48, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763308-48010009.
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Abstract This study reviews Nicasius Ellebodius’s Pozsony (today: Bratislava) period (1571–77) from a biographical and intellectual historical perspective. Ellebodius (1535–1577) was a Flemish philologist of vast erudition, one of the finest Graecists of his day. His biography and character are much less discussed in scholarship than his works, although his letters provide us with invaluable information about his life, as well as about the participation of the academic elite of 16th-century Hungary in the international res publica litteraria. The article will revisit the problem of how far he could realize the otium litterarum that he yearned for so much, and what challenges he had to face in his everyday life in Pozsony.
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LOSENSKY, PAUL. "DAVID J. ROXBURGH, Prefacing the Image: The Writing of Art History in Sixteenth-Century Iran, Studies and Sources in Islamic Art and Architecture, vol. 9 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001). Pp. 289. $59.00 cloth." International Journal of Middle East Studies 35, no. 4 (November 2003): 640–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743803260268.
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The title and publication series of Prefacing the Image initially suggest that it treats a topic of interest only to specialists in art history—a dozen or so rhetorically ornate prefaces composed for bound albums of calligraphies, drawings, and paintings (muraqqaע) during the 16th century. However, it quickly becomes apparent that the scope of this study extends far beyond such disciplinary boundaries. “The primary objective of this book is to study the preface through a variety of approaches—historical, cultural, social, and intellectual” (p. 17). By integrating the album preface into a broad network of social practices and literary discourses, Roxburgh's well-researched and probing study should be of interest not only to art historians but also to any reader with an interest in the cultural and intellectual life of the later Persianate world.
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Lemeshkin, Ilya. "Skaryna’s Оnomastic Variations." Slovene 9, no. 2 (2020): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.2.6.
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The person of the Belarusian physician Francysk Skaryna unites the cultural-historical space of Western and Eastern Europe in the first half of the 16th century. He was the first publisher in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and records about his life and activities can be found in a number of archives in Italy, Poland, Lithuania, Germany, Russia etc. The focus of this study is to examine materials from Prague and Vienna, particularly looking at Skaryna’s horticultural activity (at the court of Ferdinand I in Prague) and at anthroponyms, which may help to make the search for new documents more effective.
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Le Baillif, Anne-Marie. "The Translator’s Paradox." Interlitteraria 21, no. 2 (January 18, 2017): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2016.21.2.3.
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This paper will focus on the translators as their situation has proved to be more and more difficult in France. With examples, we want to consider how one’s position has evolved in the publishing world from the 16th century to the present. Looking at the 16th century, we can observe a real fever for translations of ancient texts. In the Netherlands, Italy and France, printers were translators and signed their translations with their proper name. Playwrights did the same with Latin and Greek works. For example, we know Oedipo tyranno by Giustiniani who translated Sophocles. The name of the Greek or Latin writer was eclipsed by the translator’s name such as Plantin and the Biblia Polyglotta, or Belleforest with his translation of The War of the Jews written by Flavius Josephus. The translation of the title gave the work a new specificity and was considered as the genuine work of the translator even though the name of the original author was still given. During the 16th century in France, Literary Property Laws were called “Privilège” and were attached to the author of the printed text. Later on, this law changed. We know that playwrights used translations and never mentioned the authors as they had actually never done before. Indeed, this particular type of literature often evaded the law. The publishers became more and more important and could thus decide what would be announced on the book’s cover. The author is to be mentioned for legal reasons, but translators are rarely mentioned. Today, you have to search for their name inside the book despite the fact that as our world is becoming more and more global we need them more and more. To some extent, on stage, some directors plunder translations done by specialists and attribute them to themselves. Two avenues of enquiry should help us understand the French translator’s paradox, which consist in the fact that the translator’s status evolves from a finder and producer to an intellectual whose name is today nearly ignored – despite his/her legal status.
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Figueroa, Óscar. "La India y el Renacimiento florentino: las cartas de Filippo Sassetti." Interpretatio. Revista de Hermenéutica 5, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.it.2020.5.1.0009.
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Here we present the translation of two of the letters that Filippo Sassetti, the Florentine merchant and humanist of the 16th-century, sent from India to Italy with abundant and insightful observations about the religious beliefs, customs, languages, nature and social life of the subcontinent. This document ―little known and so far unpublished in Spanish (and apparently in other languages too)― is a valuable testimony of the complex process of Europe’s reception and interpretative representation of the ancient Indian culture. In this respect, Sassetti’s hermeneutic endeavours, to a large extent dependent on Florentine Renaissance humanism’s ideals, stand out. They help us understand the Indian Other beyond the stereotypes in vogue then (and now), as well as the difficulties to achieve that.
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GRIGONIS, EVALDAS. "ŠVENTOJO RAŠTO LEIDINIAI VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETO BIBLIOTEKOS XVI AMŽIAUS KNYGŲ FONDUOSE." Knygotyra 56 (January 1, 2011): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kn.v56i0.1506.
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Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Retų spaudinių skyriusUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01122 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: evaldas.grigonis@mb.vu.ltStraipsnyje analizuojami XVI a. Šventojo Rašto leidiniai, saugomi Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Retų spaudinių skyriaus fonduose. Pateikiama statistinės informacijos apie šių spaudinių kalbinį pasiskirstymą, leidimo vietas, kai kurie iš jų nagrinėjami plačiau, žvilgsnį telkiant į vietinius leidėjus, kurių spaustuvėse pasirodė dabar VUB esantys minėto laikotarpio Šventraščiai. Taip pat analizuojami šių knygų nuosavybės ženklai (proveniencijos), remiantis jais aptariamas buvusių LDK vienuolynų ar apskritai vienuolijų (jos buvo dažniausios Biblijos skaitytojos) sąlytis su spausdintiniu Dievo Žodžiu, atkreipiamas dėmesys į nemažos dalies Šventojo Rašto leidinių (jų leidėjų ir komentatorių) sąsajas su protestantizmu.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Šventasis Raštas, Biblija, XVI a., Vulgata, lotynų kalba, Vilniaus universiteto biblioteka, nuosavybės įrašai, Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Katalikų bažnyčia, vienuolynai, Reformacija Europoje, draudžiamųjų knygų sąrašai, leidėjai, spaustuvininkai, iliustracijos.PUBLICATIONS OF THE HOLY SCRIPT IN THE BOOK COLLECTIONS OF THE 16TH CENTURY AT VILNIUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARYEVALDAS GRIGONIS AbstractThe Holy Script has already lost its special significance to an ordinary Western man in modern times, although since the entrenching of Christianity in the 4th century A.D. the Holy Script was for long centuries the main cultural text of the European civilization. No wonder the first printed book from which the era of the printed word began in the culture of the world was the so-called 42-Line Bible of J. Gutenberg (in Latin, published in c. 1456).There are in total 149 pieces (or separate parts) of the Bible in the Vilnius University Library, issued between 1501 and 1600. The majority of these editions were published in Latin (70% of the Bibles), so it is natural that in the 16th century the printed Latin Bible (Vulgate) experienced its age of flowering in Europe (in total, 438 editions of Vulgate were issued ). The path of the Holy Scripture to the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) varied from such Catholic countries as France (the latter “presented” the bulk – over 25% – of Bibles kept at the Vilnius University Library from the 16th century), Belgium, Poland, Italy, Austria to such a “heretical” land as England, or such Protestant towns as Geneva, Basel, Strasbourg, Zurich and quite a few towns of Lutheran Germany such as Nuremberg, Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig, Rostock, etc. There is also the Holy Script published in the GDL – the famous Brest (or Radvila) Bible (issued in 1563). The wide geography of the publications’ origin as well as the miscellaneous (from the point of view of confessions) cast of Bibles’ editors, commentators, translators or publishers raises certain questions about the existence of ecclesiastical discipline in the GDL, for in accordance with various Indices librorum prohibitorum (Indexes of Prohibited Books), which were obligatory for Catholics, almost 46% of the 16th-century Holy Scriptures in the present Vilnius University Library were forbidden to be used at one time. On the other hand, the markings of ownership (provenances) in these books show that of all the 16th-century Bibles kept at the Vilnius University Library, which have such markings (91 copies), even over ¾ for some time belonged to monasteries, Catholic churches and colleges. Furthermore, more than half of private owners consisted of Catholic clergy and monkery. Talking of separate monasteries, the provenances also indicate that the majority of the 16th-century Bibles found their way to the Vilnius University Library from the Grodno Dominicans; the most affluent “donors”among monkhood were Franciscans (including both Observants and Conventuals). These findings, though indirectly, indicate the influence of Western and Central Europe on the religious life of the 16th-century GDL through the Holy Script – the fundamental writing for Christians.
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Meister, Maureen. "In Pursuit of an American Image: A History of the Italian Renaissance for Harvard Architecture Students at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." Prospects 28 (October 2004): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300001472.
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After a five-month sojourn in Rome, the author Henry James departed with “an acquired passion for the place.” The year was 1873, and he wrote eloquently of his ardor, expressing appreciation for the beauty in the “solemn vistas” of the Vatican, the “gorgeous” Gesù church, and the “wondrous” Villa Madama. Such were the impressions of a Bostonian who spent much of his adult life in Europe. By contrast, in June of 1885, the young Boston architect Herbert Langford Warren wrote to his brother about how he was “glad to be out of Italy.” He had just concluded a four-month tour there. He had also visited England and France, and he was convinced that the architecture and sculpture of those countries were superior to what he had seen in Italy, although he admired Italian Renaissance painting. When still in Rome, he told his brother how disagreeable he found the “Renaissance architecture in Italy contemporary with Michael Angelo and later under Palladio and Vignola,” preferring the work of English architects Inigo Jones and Wren. Warren appreciated some aspects of the Italian buildings of the 15th and early 16th centuries, but he considered the grandeur and opulence of later Renaissance architecture especially distasteful.
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Takács, Bálint. "Prigionieri di guerra ungheresi all’Aquila (1915-1919)." Italianistica Debreceniensis 24 (December 1, 2018): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.34102/italdeb/2018/4669.
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The aim of this paper is to present the life of Hungarian prisoners of war in the internment camps of L’Aquila, a city situated in the central part of Italy, during and after the Great War. The POWs were first detained in the caserma Castello (Castle barracks), which is a 16th-century fortress where units of the Italian Army were stationing as well at that time. This made it possible for the POWs to lead a relatively idyllic life, whose various aspects are examined in the paper, such as nutrition, accommodation, clothing, correspondence, religious life, daily routine and employment. The sources used include archival documents, two memoirs of ex-POWs and newspaper articles. The comfortable life of the POWs was dimmed by the lack of their families and the Homeland, the idleness and certain infectious diseases. From the summer of 1916, the prisoners were employed in agricultural and industrial works outside the prison camp and were hence transferred from the fortress to barracks and unused churches. It is unknown when the last Hungarian POW left L’Aquila, and yet one of them is proven to have been there still in July 1919.
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Vitali, Stefano. "L'Archivio di Guido Quazza come autobiografia." PASSATO E PRESENTE, no. 76 (March 2009): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pass2009-076009.
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- Quazza (1922-1996) was a prominent Italian historian of Piedmont and Italy from XVIII to XX century. Since the II World War, when he participated as a partisan in the Resistance movement, he was an intellectual who took active part in various political, civil and cultural engagements. For all his life he was accumulating and arranging according to his personal but functional criteria, a vast archive, in which almost every aspect of his profession and public activities were documented. That archive can be considered a sort of autobiography and a mirror in which all his life is reflected, as the essays and the inventory prepared by Luciano Boccalatte. Keywords: Historiography, Archives, Autobiography, Tasca, History. Parole chiave: Storiografia, Archivi, Autobiografia, Tasca, Storia.
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Park, Marian T., Giancarlo Mignucci-Jiménez, Lena Mary Houlihan, and Mark C. Preul. "Management of injuries on the 16th-century battlefield: Ambroise Paré’s contributions to neurosurgery and functional recovery." Neurosurgical Focus 53, no. 3 (September 2022): E2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2022.6.focus21710.
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During the 1536 siege of Turin in northern Italy, a young French barber-surgeon abandoned the conventional treatment of battle-inflicted wounds, launching a revolution in military medicine and surgical techniques. Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) was born into a working-class Huguenot family in Laval, France, during an era when surgery was not considered a respectable profession. He rose from humble origins as a barber-surgeon, a low-ranked occupation in the French medical hierarchy, to become a royal surgeon (chirurgien ordinaire du Roi) serving 4 consecutive French monarchs. His innovative ideas and surgical practice were a response to the environment created by new military technology on 16th-century European battlefields. Gunpowder weapons caused unfamiliar, complicated injuries that challenged Paré to develop new techniques and surgical instruments. Although Paré’s contributions to the treatment of wounds and functional prosthetics are documented, a deeper appreciation of his role in military neurosurgery is needed. This paper examines archives, primary texts, and written accounts by Paré that reveal specific patient cases highlighting his innovative contributions to neurotrauma and neurosurgery during demanding and harrowing circumstances, on and off the battlefield, in 16th-century France. Notably, trepanation indications increased because of battlefield head injuries, and Paré frequently described this technique and improved the design of the trepan tool. His contribution to neurologically related topics is extensive; there are more chapters devoted to the nervous system than to any other organ system in his compendium, Oeuvres. Regarding anatomical knowledge as fundamentally important and admiring the contemporary contributions of Andreas Vesalius, Paré reproduced many images from Vesalius’ works at his own great expense. The manner in which Paré’s participation in military expeditions enabled collaboration with multidisciplinary artisans on devices, including surgical tools and prosthetics, to restore neurologically associated functionality is also discussed. Deeply religious, in a life filled with adventure, and serving in often horrendous conditions during a time when Galenic dogma still dominated medical practice, Paré developed a reputation for logic, empiricism, technology, and careful treatment. "I have [had] the opportunity to praise God, for what he called me to do in medical operation, which is commonly called surgery, which could not be bought with gold or silver, but by only virtue and great experimentation."
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Zamfir, Ioana. "Accuracy, veracity, and theological truth in the 16th century atlas <i>Theatrum Terrae Sanctae</i>." Proceedings of the ICA 4 (December 3, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-4-116-2021.
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Abstract. The characteristics and appearance of an authentic map (in conformity with reality), together with the convention about how authenticity should be obtained in a map, continued to change since the beginning of modern cartography along the centuries. As Critical Cartography has emphasised, the authenticity of a map was in many cases just a convincing appearance, hiding intricate ideologies. However, the political role of maps is just one aspect of their significance, which does not exclude the existence of genuine beliefs and ideals which were guiding cartographers and map authors in the creation process.With a long tradition of understanding maps as illustration devices, Renaissance geography blended intimately with the assumptions and debates of the artistic domain of painting. Among these, veracity was a much praised ideal, signifying the ability of the art work to make present the absent things or giving a new life to people or events gone long ago, a perspective which allowed for rich metaphysical implications. In his theological atlas Theatrum Terrae Sanctae, Christian Adrichom used a variety of formula through which he expressed his view on the evocative power of maps, deriving from contemporary theories concerning truth, vision and representation. In this article we will employ the textual analysis of Adrichom’s affirmations, approaching them through the filter of the Intellectual History methodology. This method allows us to discover that the author explored the metaphysical implications of painting realism in order to present and use his maps as Christian devices, equating the veracity of the cartographic medium with the authenticity of Christ’s life and with the theological understanding of truth.
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Chandler, Jean. "A comparative analysis of literary depictions of social violence in two important 16th Century autobiographies, from the perspective of the fencing manuals of the Renaissance." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 101–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/apd-2015-0004.
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Abstract In the late 16th century two interesting individuals made substantial contributions to the relatively new genre of the autobiography. In 1595 Bartholomäus Sastrow (1520–1603), a north German burgher, notary, diplomat, and eventually burgomeister of the Hanseatic City of Stralsund, penned his life story. Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571), goldsmith, soldier, musician and famous Renaissance artist from Florence, wrote his memoir between 1558 and 1563. Though they were born twenty years apart, both men had similar backgrounds. Both were from the lower-middle strata of society but rose to high status, both were widely traveled and directly acquainted with the most powerful individuals of their time (as well as some of the most lowly) and both experienced firsthand some of the most dramatic and important political and military events of the mid-16th century. Amidst a backdrop of war and severe religious conflict, Sastrow, a German and a Lutheran, traveled to Italy, and Cellini, an Italian Catholic, travelled through Germany to France. This allows us to see each region from both a native and an outsider’s perspective. Both men participated in or were witness to numerous incidents of social violence and warfare during their lifetimes, as described in detail in their memoirs. These accounts give us an opportunity to examine the depiction of incidents of social violence by people who witnessed or participated in them first-hand, allowing us to contrast these episodes with the principles of self-defense as portrayed in the fightbooks. We can also compare these personal anecdotes with documented written and unwritten rules governing dueling, fighting, and the carrying of arms. This will help grant us further insight into the reality of personal armed conflict in the era of the fightbooks, and improve our understanding of their context and meaning.
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Zhumagazin, Zhanbolat. "Evolution of opera at early stages of development as a musical theater." Pedagogy and Psychology 42, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-1.2077-6861.29.
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The opera originated in Italy. Researchers, right up to the exact date, say the time, when the first piece of music, called the opera today, was written. Nevertheless, the opera form has its own history, despite the fact that it was still a new art form at that time. The roots of this musical style go back to the musical everyday life of ancient Italian village entertainments, so-called «May» games, accompanied by songs and dramatic performances. Around the middle of the 13th century, in Umbria on the squares, people began to hold lauds, religious chants on the plots of gospel themes, which became in the next two centuries the basis for sacred performances (sacre rappresentazioni), a genre close to the mystery. In it, the music was also closely associated with the dramatic action. Thus, the opera, having arisen at the end of the 16th century as a kind of theatrical performance, accompanied by music, has its roots deep into the centuries of the Italian folk art. So, in the vocal class, it is necessary to acquaint students with the works of great composers, genres of musical art, theatrical productions and acting. At the same time, vocals, plastic, dance, acting – all this should be present in the future specialist at the highest professional level.
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Terentieva, Ekaterina. "The French Court Historical Writing as a Form of Manifestation of the Royal Power (Late 16th — First Half of 17th Century)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018884-1.
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The present paper argues that the French historical writing in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century became a form of manifestation of the French royal power. The integrated scientific approach chosen in this research permits the author to draw several new conclusions concerning the multiplicity of forms of publicity of the French absolute monarchy. Three main aspects are in question: the institutional (or socio-political) one, the aspect of publishing specific in early modern Europe, and the substantial aspect of the historical discourse of the epoch. The existence of the court office of the royal historiographer (historiographe du roi) itself was a form of manifestation of the French royal power as it symbolized the special assignment of historical knowledge to the crown. Another visible form of manifestation of the French royal power connected with the historical writing of the epoch was the form of existence of works consecrated to historical subjects, i.e. the peculiarities of design of the editions of historical writings. Finally, the subject area of historical works in question were also related to the manifestation of the strengthening absolute monarchy. The court historical writing in early modern France evolved in tight connection with the erudite intellectual movement. Thus, however diverse the erudite movement had been, its massive current was deeply connected with the crown and its different ambitions — from uniting territories and gaining fidelity of its subjects to glorifying the French kings and controlling all the spheres of political and cultural life in the kingdom.
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Janowski, Piotr Józef. "From Lugano to Krakow: The Career of Giovanni Battista Trevano as a Royal Architect at the Vasa Court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth." Arts 11, no. 3 (May 11, 2022): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11030056.
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Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, many builders, artists, and architects living on the shores of Italian lakes decided to settle in Poland. Upon arrival, they pursued brilliant careers in various areas of life. Over time, they became Polonized. This was also the case for Giovanni Battista Trevano, who was active in Krakow in the first half of the 17th century and whose lifetime achievement was to become the royal architect of the Vasa kings. This article presents Trevano’s artistic oeuvre and provides insight into his social, economic, and intellectual status in the new community, including the architect’s offspring, who pursued successful careers in army, church, and state offices throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. These new findings are based on manuscripts that have recently been discovered by the author of the article in both Polish and Swiss archives. They allow for expanding the knowledge of the Trevano family’s genealogy and biography, and correcting some unjustified views in the discourse. On the basis of research on new archival sources, one can conclude that Giovanni Battista Trevano was a prominent architect, who is credited with introducing in Poland the early Baroque style, which soon became dominant in northern European art.
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Bruyn, J. "Over het 16de en 17de-eeuwse portret in de Nederlanden als memento mori." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 105, no. 4 (1991): 244–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501791x00146.
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AbstractThe two sides of the current debate on the nature of 16th- and 17h-century realism are represented by an interpretation based on the recognition of familiar psychological and social factors on the one hand, and one which is averse to all empathy and endcavours to trace the intellectual process that determined function and meaning of images in the past on the other hand. This formulation of the problem also bears on portraiture, to which certain recent interpretations have assigned the significance of sociological documcnts. It is argued here that the portrait, too, had its place in the metaphorically structured and religiously orientated thought that still played a dominant role in the 17th century. Closely linked with the portrait's primary function - which is to perpetuate the memory of the sitter- is the reminder of death and transience cncountered in many (not all!) portraits. In a Family Group painted in 1661 by Jan Mytens in Dublin (fig. 1), the father points to two figurcs on the left who arc obviously deceased (as the papaver comniferum in front of them probably indicates). The piece of paper in his pointing hand is a frequent attribute of sitters in early sixteenth-century portraits, rolled up or folded (fig. 2). Seventeenth-century texts and a large number of vanitas still lifes (fig. 3) suggest that the motif was a symbol of transience: it is in this capacity that it was still being used a century ago in tomb sculpture (together with a skull) (fig. 4). The early sixteenth century saw not only the introduction of the sheet of paper but of a number of other motives which endowed the by now autonomous portrait with a religious meaning and which, together with more familiar symbols such as the skull, hourglass and carnation, alluded to the transience of earthly existcncc and the hope of eternal life. Some of them were only occasionally used, others (like the sheet of papicr) maintained their status as fixed items in the iconographic tradition. They include: - the glove (figs. 5 and 7): a frequently used motif (chiefly, but not exclusively, in male portraits) whose meaning the rejection of the false illusion of eartly existence and the search for truc life in the hereafter becomes only apparent from a relatively late printed source; - the cast shadow (fig. 7), which features in various biblical texts as an image of earthly transience and in the 16th and 17th centuries (in portraits, as well as genre scenes and still lifcs) was clearly understood as such; - musical instruments (fig. 8), which not only suggested the harmony of married life but also, due to their short lived sounds, were used as a vanitas motif in portraits and still lifes; - sumptuous architecture (fig. 8), which recalled the wealth of the rich man in Luke 12 and hence, again, the brief enjoyment of earthly possessions. Used less often, but with similar implications, were: - the butterfly (notes 42-44); - the vase of flowers (fig. 9); - the broken column (fig. 10). The meaning of the frequently occurring intact column, sometimes in combination with a curtain is still unclear. Even quite late in the 17th century a new motif was introduced in portraits to express he old vanitas idea: the waterfall, which notably in works by Jacob van Ruisdael had developed into an accepted vanitas motif (fig. 11).
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Belić, Senka. "The ethical power of music in the 'Ave Maria' motet by Claudio Monteverdi." Zbornik Akademije umetnosti, no. 9 (2021): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbaku2109174b.
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Since ancient times, the concept of ethos has been a distinguished part of cultural heritage, living in various spheres of social, cultural, intellectual and religious life. During the Renaissance, the encounter of rhetorical categories and Christian doctrine opened the space for the manifestation of ethos in sacred music. Ethos is important as a rhetorical category, therefore, as a way to achieve persuasiveness, in which the theory of ethos of the Greek rhetorician Hermogenes of Tarsus will be consulted. Following this theory, which was also known in the Renaissance, a series of counterpoint methods will take form, which may indicate the manifestation of certain subcategories of ethos in music. Having in mind Hermogenes' concept of ethos on the one hand, and the significance of ethos in the Christian figure of Mary on the other, this paper examines a chain of manifestations and, given Hermogenes' subcategories, offers an in-depth reading of the text and music in the motet from the end of the 16th century. It is an early work of Claudio Monteverdi on the words of the Ave Maria prayer, which, according to its religious function and meaning, represents not only a concise appeal to the ethos of believers, but also the ethical foundation of Marian devotions.
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Klymov, Valeriy. "Modernized philosophical skepticism in the seventeenth century. as a means of affirming the ideas of tolerance and freedom of thought, the creation of the science of modern times (religious-scholarly aspect)." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 68 (November 19, 2013): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2013.68.337.
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The previous practice of applying a skeptical-critical approach to the gradual displacement of the dominant still in all spheres of life in Europe has also received a method of thinking oriented on dogmatisation, orthodoxization and conservatism in the seventeenth century. further dissemination and development. Known, authoritative thinkers - philosophers, naturalists, mathematicians, theologians in France, England, Holland, Germany, Italy, trying to solve the pressing social problems and advocating the latest vision of ways to solve them, quite actively used the arsenal of ideas of the skeptical heritage of antiquity, "pyronics" New time. True, the philosophical achievements of predecessors of skeptics, before being used to justify and validate new approaches and goals in science, social life, moral complex, thinkers of the modern times, have been substantially revised. Some of them - actualized, second, inappropriate to the needs of intellectual development and society as a whole, omitted; the third are perceived, developed, transcended and thought-out, or endowed with new meanings, which were neither in the pyron nor in the "academics", but which have already been designated by "new pioneers" (Castellon, Sanchez, Montaigne, Sharon, Lamote Lewaye, Gassendi, etc.).
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Shadkam, Zh, O. Tuyakbayev, and K. Sultanbek. "FOLK MEDICINE IN THE TREATISE “DASTŪR AL-‘ILĀJ” IN THE FOCUS OF MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY." Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2022-3.09.
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In the last century, a complex of scienific disciplines has been developing on a large scale - medical anthropology, which studies the sociocultural aspects of medical knowledge, medical traditions, practices and knowledge intertwined with the history of different peoples. Folk medicine, once considered in the field of ethnomedicine, is now considered in the field of medical anthropology, which has taken its place between interdisciplinary anthropology and medicine. Like the development of any scientific discipline, medical anthropology has evolved over the years and the scope of research has expanded. As a result, it has turned into a complex of scientific research, both in the interests of medicine and in other areas not directly related to it. Although the term “medical anthropology” is interpreted by researchers in different senses, scientists unanimously agree that the object of its study is the local culture and a certain intellectual context. The article discusses the role of pets in the tradition of medicine, which is the main source of life support for the Turkic peoples through the medieval medical heritage “Dastur al-‘ilaj”. Based on the information found in the Chagatai and Persian versions of this work, we reflect on the sociocultural understanding of health and disease in the Middle Ages. Written in the first half of the 16th century, this work shows the widespread use in the healing tradition of domestic and wild animals, their bile, blood, bones, etc. There is a lot of interesting information about the preparation of medicines from their products. We decided to consider this information in the article not only as ethnographic materials, but also as valuable data in the field of medical anthropology.
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Baschiera, Barbara, Sara Santini, and Marco Socci. "INTERGENERATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: OLDER ENTREPRENEURS REDUCING YOUNGSTERS’ SOCIAL AND WORK DISENGAGEMENT." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 76, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.07.
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The current generation of young Italians leaving education have never entered the labour market with more years of schooling and higher levels of academic certifications as now. Nevertheless, they are losing out in the struggle for employment. It is a paradox experienced not only across Europe and poses questions about whether young people are being trained efficiently for twenty-first century employment. Nowadays employers require that young people possess skills-oriented learning that emphasises adaptability and preparedness for change. Italian Education systems, however, have not been responsive in this way. The intergenerational education approach may be an effective method for covering the mismatch between provided education and competences required on the labour market. Experienced older entrepreneurs may give young people Not in Employment, Education, or Training (NEETs) the confidence and intellectual resources to deal with the problems they will encounter through professional life, creating new spaces of autonomy and responsibility. Two focus-groups and questionnaires with 15 NEETs and 15 qualitative interviews and questionnaires to 50+ entrepreneurs were carried out in five European countries, Italy included, to understand how an entrepreneur could help youth to start their own business. Results from Italy demonstrate that to spread a culture of entrepreneurship, senior entrepreneurs are required to strengthen NEETs’ confidence, initiative and courage, the ability to take risks and to invest in the future. Considering Lev Vygotsky’s cognitive and social development theory as applied to intergenerational learning seniors need to act as a trigger to promote NEETs’ entrepreneurial attitudes, capabilities and aspirations for life. Keywords: active participation, intergenerational entrepreneurship education, NEETs, senior entrepreneurs, social inclusion.
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Garnett, Jane. "The Gospel of Work and the Virgin Mary: Catholics, Protestants, and Work in the Nineteenth Century." Studies in Church History 37 (2002): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400014789.
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When, in 1904–5, Max Weber published his famous essay on The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism’, he set out to explore the reasons for an affinity, the existence of which was a commonplace in large parts of Europe and North America. Whilst the literature on the strengths and weaknesses of Weber’s thesis is vast, much less attention has been paid to the contours of the mid to late nineteenth-century debate out of which his interest developed. Yet the neglect of that context has continued to foster over-simplified views of the world with which Weber’s argument originally engaged. His essay forms part of a much more extensive discourse on the role of religious belief in economic life. This paper discusses one particular nexus of that debate: the way in which British Protestants shaped their economic ethic by reference both to their ideas of Catholicism and to perceived oversimplifications of Protestant virtue; and the way in which Catholics in Italy responded to the promotion by secular liberals of what was seen by them as ‘puritan’ economics – that is, the maxims of British classical political economy. To compare the British and Italian contemporary literatures on this theme helps to draw out and to clarify some significant complexities in nineteenth-century thinking about the relationship between economics and morality. Underpinning each religious critique in Britain and in Italy was an emphasis on the necessary closeness of the relationship between attitudes to work and attitudes to the rest of life. In each case this implied an assertion at the philosophical level that economics had a metaphysical dimension which needed to be justified, and at a practical level that time spent both working and not working was devotional. Because each was engaging with a popularized model of political economy there were in fact methodological affinities between their respective positions in this context, little though each would often have liked to acknowledge it. These have been obscured by obvious distinctions of cultural and political development which have in turn produced different historiographical traditions. Moreover, the predominance, since the early twentieth century, of a supposedly ‘objective’ model of economics which tacitly denies its metaphysical dimension has meant that nineteenth-century Christian economic thought has been discussed rather as part of the multiple stories of denominational social action than as what it more crucially set out to be: that is, a radical intellectual challenge to the premises of mainstream economic assumptions.
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Kokkaliari, Lydia Kanelli Kyvelou, and Bani Sudardi. "THE REFLECTION OF TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY OF MYTILENE AT THE END OF THE ARCHAIC PERIOD (8TH – 5TH CENTURY B.C.) A STUDY ON SAPPHO’S “ODE TO ANAKTORIA”." Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 2, no. 01 (July 31, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v2i01.414.
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This article discusses Sappho’s “Ode to Anaktoria” (fragment 16) poem as a ‘marginal’ product of an aristocratic intellectual in the transitional society of Mytilene at the end of the Archaic Period (8th-5th century B.C.). The research method is a kind of media analysis. The mean of “media” in this paper related to “A means by which something is communicated or expressed” It is laso relate to the intervening substance through which sensory impressions are conveyed or physical forces are transmitted. Media also means as a substance in which an organism lives or is cultured. On the other hand, media is a material or form used by an artist, composer, or writer; We interpreted Ode to Anaktoria in the means as the terms of media above. Sappho (born 610, died 570 B.C.) is a renowned Greek lyric poetess and musician and is greatly admired in all ages for the beauty of her writing style. Plato’s 16th epigram dedicated to her reads “Some say there are nine Muses; but they should stop to think. Look at Sappho of Lesbos; she makes a tenth”. Sappho is additionally ranked among the Nine Lyric Poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria as worthy of critical study. “Ode to Anaktoria” is read through the historic-political concept of hegemony as suggested by Gramsci. In this view, the moment of “hegemony” or of cultural leadership is systematically upgraded precisely in opposition to the mechanistic and fatalistic concepts of economism. Sappho’s fragment 16 does not only indicate defiance to androcentric (epic) categories; she suggests nonnormative, thus new, ways of contemplating life (lyric).
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Nishikawa, Sugiko. "Protestant Propaganda in a Cold War of Religion: From the Hartlib Circle to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge." Lithuanian Historical Studies 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2011): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01601004.
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This article considers how, impelled by confessional divisions caused by the Reformation, a general sense of pan-Protestant community grew across Europe, and its members launched a long battle against Roman Catholicism far beyond the 16th century. Indeed, it continued into the mid-18th century, the so-called Age of Reason. If it cannot necessarily be described as an open war of religion like the Thirty Years War, it was at least a cold war. From their points of view, the Protestant minorities threatened by the Roman Catholic Counter Reformation, such as the Waldensians in northern Italy and the Lithuanian Calvinists, stood on the front line in this war. Thus, financial support was regularly offered by the Protestant churches in Great Britain and Ireland to their distressed brethren across the continent, university scholarships were set up for students from Catholicdominated areas, and plans were drafted for a Protestant union in Europe, from a military level to an ecclesiastical one. It is in this context that we must understand how apparently strange a phenomenon as British support for the translation of the Bible into Lithuanian developed. The author sees Chylinski’s activities in the tradition of learning and charity exhibited in the 1650s by the three leading members of the Hartlib philosophical circle, namely, Samuel Hartlib (originally from Elbing), Jan Amos Comenius (from Moravia), and John Dury (born in Edinburgh, he spent his early life in various places in northern Europe), who were, in a sense, Protestant refugees to England from north-central Europe. After Chylinski, British support for Lithuanian Protestants did not end. She traces the work of Robert Boyle and the foundation of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (1699), which organised relief for Žemaitijan Calvinists in the early 1730s.
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Zaichenko, Dariya A. "SEPHARDIC MATRIMONIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE EARLY MODERN DIASPORA." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (18) (2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2021-4-131-144.
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At first sight it may seem that family relationships lie just in the sphere of private life and historical sources which describe them may tell us little about the organization of Jewish community or about the interaction between the Jewish community and local non-Jewish authorities. However, the term ‘matrimonial relationships’ has a wide range of aspects. This work is an attempt to illuminate some of them. The article is dedicated to matrimonial relationships in the Jewish community of Avignon in the second half of the sixteenth century. It is made like a case-study and based on the scandal which happened at that time in the Jewish community of Avignon which was then a part of French holdings of the Pope, that’s to say the French part of the Papal States, and thus was controlled directly by the pope. The scandal is connected to the name of Bondion Crescas — a man who decided to marry the daughter of a woman with whom he passed the ceremony of halitzah several years ago. The intention brought about the opposition of the traditional rabbinate, that’s to say the majority of rabbis of Italy and Palestine as the conflict didn’t remain local one and rapidly became a subject of long disputes between different parties within the Jewish world. The study is based on hand-written documents, that’s to say on the Hebrew manuscript from D. Ginzburg’s Collection which has’t been decoded and studied before and is preserved in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The process reveals three main issues. The first one is the Halakhic legality of marital intercourse between a man and the daughter of his haluzah (a woman with whom he must have got married a levirate marriage but released her). The second one is the social image of Avignon community in the 16th century, and the last one is the question about the boundaries of rabbinical jurisdiction in traditional Jewish society.
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Sijka, Katarzyna. "„Jak żyć po czymś takim w Polsce?” Edukacyjne walory podróży na przykładzie Dziennika podróży do Italii i Szwajcarii z lat 1815–1816 Rozalii Dunin-Borkowskiej." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 43 (September 15, 2020): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2020.43.2.
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A Diary of a Journey to Italy and Switzerland in 1815–1816 written by Rozalia Dunin-Borkowska is one of few preserved descriptions of a journey to Italy made by a Polish woman in the early 19th century. Rozalia and her husband Stanisław embarked on their expedition on 27 May 1815 in Lvov; they went to Italy and spent nine months there, from October 1815 to July 1816. The Italian tour started in Venice and included Padua, Bologna, Florence (twice), Rome, Naples, Milan and Geneva. The spouses spent the journey actively although their main goal was to learn about the culture of the Italian Peninsula. Undoubtedly, their time in Italy was filled with admiring the works of art and visiting the most famous art galleries in almost every city on the itinerary. Consequently, the journal is full of reflections on the aesthetic value of Italian works of art. Rozalia Dunin-Borkowska was an informed traveller: while she admired the sights and paintings, sculptures and other works of art, she did that in a thoughtful way. She needed quality time to form her own opinions. Her journal demonstrates very well that visiting foreign countries was an intellectually stimulating experience. Getting to know a new culture significantly broadened the horizons of 24-year-old Rozalia. As her journal suggests, she was well-prepared for her European journey. The outstanding lesson that she learnt allowed her to reap the rewards of the tour and satisfy her intellectual aspirations. The Diary is a great source of experience accumulated by a Polish traveller; it provides an opportunity to find out about Rozalia’s cultural life, her preparation for the journey and how the trip affected her. Furthermore, Dunin-Borkowska’s testimony was compared with Katarzyna Platerowa’s and Teofilia Morawska’s diaries due to the fact that all three of them shared certain common features. Namely, their cultural background, material status and, most importantly, the travel itinerary. They were all well prepared for their respective journeys; they were also well educated, fluent in foreign languages and, above all, they were curious about the world and interested in learning about a new culture. Each of these travellers was influenced by the European journey which provided educational values combined with unforgettable experiences.
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Usenko, Igor. "Viktor Novytsky: an attempt at a scientific biography." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-119-131.
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Introduction. Victor Izmailovich Novytsky played a significant role in the life of the pre-war Ukrainian Academy, in the development of historical and legal science and archival affairs. He was a researcher of the Commission for the study of Western Russian and Ukrainian law of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and scientist-archivist of the Kyiv Central Archive of Ancient Acts. In 1938, the scientist was shot on falsified charges, and his creative legacy was artificially withdrawn from scientific circulation. It seems that the time has come to restore justice to the scientist and to give a proper assessment of his scientific achievements. The aim of the article. The reconstruction of the scientist's biography, clarification of the composition and evaluation of its scientific heritage. Results. The life and creative activity of V. I. Novytsky, a Kyiv intellectual in the third generation, was markedly influenced by his family and the city environment, his participation in the propaganda work of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party during his high school and university years. He was persecuted by the tsar for participating in the student movement, later became a member of the Ukrainian Central Rada (Central Council of Ukraine). Before the revolution, the researcher, doing science at his own expense, became an author оf a priority work on the history of the nobility of the 16th and 17th centuries. At the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences he prepared a number of problematic works on the history of Ukrainian law, in particular, of historiographical and methodological nature, developed the views of Mykhailo Hrushevsky on the stages of development of the law of the Ukrainian people. As a historian and archivist he was a profound connoisseur of act books, the author of interesting explorations of historical and geographical nature. Conclusion. The life destiny of V. I. Novytsky, a jurist and historian of the first third of the twentieth century, seems quite instructive, and his creative achievements are still not really appreciated. Researchers have yet to return a number of his scientific works to scientific circulation, to fill numerous gaps in the biography of the scientist.
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Jardine, Lisa. "‘O decus Italiae virgo’, or The Myth of the Learned Lady in the Renaissance." Historical Journal 28, no. 4 (December 1985): 799–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00005070.
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Let me start by making it clear that, taken at face value, my title is entirely a piece of mischief: I am not about to disclose the fact that there were actually no learned women in Italy in the fifteenth century. Indeed, this paper is built around the careers and works of five distinguished women intellectuals of that period: Isotta Nogarola (1418–66); Costanza Varano (1426–77); Cassandra Fedele (c. 1465–1558); Laura Cereta (1469–99); and Alessandra Scala (1475–1506). There is, however, a serious point to my choice of words in the title. The point is that the ‘learned lady’ of the Renaissance (the cultivated noblewoman, beautiful, charming, gifted, ‘gentile’) has a mythic place in the secondary historical literature on humanism. From Isabella d'Este to Sir Thomas More's daughters and the English Tudor princesses, the cultivated gentlewoman is the Beatrice or the Laura of some male humanist's circle, his hi adoring pupil, his inspiration, his idol. Scholars adopt a fondly indulgent tone when discussing the women, which carries the implication that their intellectual calibre, their actual standing as scholars and humanists, is not a real issue, is perhaps not in fact of any real substance (a figment, rather, of their male admirers' or suitors' imaginations). The single scholarly piece of any significance on the life and work of Alessandra Scala concludes with typical sentimental indulgence:Her noble and elusive aspect – for no portrait of her survives, unless perhaps she smiles at us, unrecognised, in the guise of a saint or a goddess, from one of Botticelli's canvases, or that of some other Florentine artist – yet that aspect shines forth from the shadows of the past, and casts a beauteous and gracious light upon the discordant chorus of Florentine humanism at the end of the fifteenth century.
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Tiutina, Liubov. "CONTRADICTION BETWEEN MODERN AND CONSERVATIVE DIRECTION OF ARCHITECTURE." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 60 (April 26, 2021): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.60.93-104.
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The history of the development of architecture has shown that until the middle of the XIXth century, the expression of the plastic language of buildings was restrained by both the preferences of society and the material construction base. Industrial progress has reorganized the structural framework of buildings and the outer wall has ceased to accept the load of floors. In the XXth century it provided opportunities for an expanded stylistic diversity of architecture in the spirit of modernism. However, parallel to this, the processes of returning to the plastic language of architecture of the past took place wave-like. There are several reasons for this phenomenon.
Firstly, there are ideological beliefs and interference of political forces in architecture. States with a totalitarian regime in the XXth century (Germany, Italy, the USSR) dictated their own conditions for proper life, rejecting the avant-garde and modernist trends. Secondly, there is a certain philosophical, intellectual attitude to reflection with the architecture of the past. The origin of this phenomenon comes from the United States, where modernism from the beginning of the XXth century to the 60s had been developing without non-stop. All of this led to some emotional fatigue and boredom, and as a result, the style of postmodernism appeared, where elements of historicism were rethought and introduced into modern architecture. The third reason for returning the vector of architecture development back to the past is lack of understanding of the trends and opportunities of modern architecture. In Ukraine, buildings are being built from reinforced concrete, with a free curtain facade, but the plastic language of architecture is expressed in an eclectic mix of different historical styles. This distortion of the essence of modern architecture can be explained by the inability of modern architects to keep up with the time. The fourth reason for the desire to return to the style of historicism is dictated by the historical environment of old cities, which, according to both society and architects, should be maintained in its context even if new buildings appear there or renovations are carried out.
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Sota, Jani, and Lindita Lutaj. "Albania and the Education Policies of Italy from the Beginning Until the End of the 30s of the Twentieth Century in Archival Documents and in the Albanian Press in General." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0066.
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This paper is dedicated to the education policies of Italy for the expansion and consolidation of Italian schools in Albania, from the point of view of archival documents and the Albanian press at that time. The study focuses primarily on the efforts of the Italian government to organize the education system, establish schools, prepare programs and textbooks, equip schools with the necessary acts, etc., as an attempt to outline the European profile of education in Albania after 1912. As a part of the general analysis on the effects of the Italian schools on the life of Albanian society, would undoubtedly be the analysis of the "individual" type that it produced. On the one hand, the changes after the World War I generated a complex, renewed and more productive national education, but on the other hand, it was highly dependent on the Italian-Albanian education policies, and consequently, oriented towards a more open education system which promoted the cultural tendencies and aspirations of the Albanian nation. New democratic developments in Albania, gave us the opportunity to shed light on Italian-Albanian education policies within the context of the Italian-Albanian relations. Thanks to this, prominent figures left in oblivion, their work for the spread of new pedagogical ideas and the development of Western schools are given the acknowledgment that they deserve. The tendency to embrace and adapt those policies to the conditions of Albania of that time, reflect the important phenomenon of its developments and intellectual thought, so that the school could help more in the civilization and education of the Albanian society.
Received: 12 January 2021 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021
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Vovchuk, Liudmyla. "Implementation of European Values by Foreign Consuls in Southern Ukraine (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries)." European Historical Studies, no. 15 (2020): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2020.15.6.
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Today we hear more and more that until our country realizes fundamental European values, it will not be able to become a full member of the “European family”. But it should be emphasized that this process began long before Ukraine gained independence and the leading role in this was played by foreign consuls of Europe and America. The countries that created the modern world as it is, where the foundations of modern statehood, civil society, an efficient market economy, and a system of social justice were laid. Therefore, this article is dedicated to highlighting the role of these representatives in the implementation of European values in the south of Ukraine in the late XIX – early XX centuries. Being in the port cities of the region, which then opened wide horizons for commercial activity, and using all opportunities to maximize the protection of the interests of their state and citizens, foreign consuls, through the development of public-social life of the region, contributed to the implementation of priority values. There were many consuls who made a significant contribution to the development of urban territories, their improvement, the enrichment of the spiritual and intellectual life of the townspeople. Consulates of Greece, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Italy, Belgium, England, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil and Argentina deserve special attention. Awareness of the importance of education, spiritual status of the population and the development of the city as a whole made positive changes. At the end of XIX – beginning of XX century the South of Ukraine began to occupy leading positions in the foreign economic activity of the Russian Empire. Of course, it cannot be said that this was done solely through the work of foreign representatives, but they nevertheless managed to prove that the unity of values is the foundation on which the European Union stands today.
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Bankauskaitė, Gabija. "Respectus Philologicus, 2009 Nr. 15 (20)." Respectus Philologicus, no. 20-25 (April 25, 2009): 1–283. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2009.20.
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CONTENTS
I. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSJoanna Korzeniewska-Berczyńska (Poland). The Communicational Aspect of Polish Political Discourse...11Oleg N. Grinbaum (Russia). The Plot Heralds or Harmony and Metaphor in the Development of the Novel Evgenij Onegin by Pushkin...20Virginija Jurėnienė (Lithuania). Lithuanian Women’s Aspirations for Presidency ... 34
II. FACTS AND REFLECTIONSIosif Sternin (Russia). The Basic Types of Speech Cultures in Modern Society ...44Hanna Mijas (Poland). A New Approach to Translating Culture in Subtitling ...53Audronė Rimkutė (Lithuania). Cultural Industries and Cultural Policy: Traditional Relation and New Challenges ...62Pavel Solovyov (Belarus). Language Picture of the World in Adjectival Figurative Comparisons ...76Natalia V. Kovtun (Russia). Russia of the “Post Square” Epoch. (On the Issue of Poetics in the Novel Kish by T. Tolstoy) ...85Izolda Gabrielė Geniušienė (Lithuania). Indeterminacy and the Search for Meaning in Geoffrey Hill’s Poetry ...99Jerzy Szczepański (Poland). The Poet and the Period – Some Aspects of the Life and Work of Franciszek Karpiński (1741–1825) ...109Natalia V. Yudina (Russia). On the Reflection of the Ethnic Stereotypes in the Mirror of the Russian Language ...121Michał Łuczyński (Poland). Czech in the Pole’s Eyes – About the Reconstruction of the Stereotype ...134Liudmila Arcimavičienė (Lithuania). ECONOMY Metaphors: What Associated Conceptions Underlie Lithuanian Business? ...143Dorota Połowniak-Wawrzonek (Poland). Interpretation of THE METAPHOR PROCESSES RELATED TO HUMAN ORGANISM AS (ARMED) FIGHT, which Appears in Modern Polish Phraseology ...154Daiva Aliūkaitė (Lithuania). Perceptual Analysis of the Dialectal Discourse: Mental Map ...164Indrė Brokartaitė-Pladienė (Lithuania). Rendering German Coinages in the Newspaper „Naujasis Tilžės Keleivis“ (1924–1940) ... 180Jūratė Čirūnaitė (Lithuania). Names of the Volyne Nobility in the 16th Century ...192Danutė Balšaitytė (Lithuania). Vowel [ы] in Russian Speech of Lithuanians ...202
III. OPINIONOlga V. Zernetskaja (Ukraine). Global Satellite News Networks: The Beginning of the 21st Century ...210
IV. OUR TRANSLATIONS
Brigitte Peucker (USA). The Castrato’s Voice: Fassbinder’s In a Year of Thirteen Moons. Translated by Natalija Arlauskaitė ...220
V. SCIENTIFIC LIFE CHRONICLEConferences, eventsAnatolij Kruglashov (Ukraine, Lithuania). Ukraine-Belarus-Poland-Lithuania: Recultivation of the Intellectual Space ...230Viktorija Makarova (Lithuania). Patrick Seriot’s Lectures in Vilnius ...238Books reviewsGabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė (Lithuania). Tekstai ir kontekstai: transformacijų sklaida. 1 volume. 2008...241Saulutė Juzelėnienė, Daiva Aliūkaitė (Lithuania). Tekstai ir kontekstai: transformacijų sklaida. 2 volume. 2008...244Oleg Perov (Lithuania). Lithuanian non Lithuanian – Evgenij Shkliar. ЛАВРИНЕЦ, Павел, 2008. Евгений Шкляр. Жизненный путь скитальца ...246Skirmantė Biržietienė (Lithuania). BANKAUSKAITĖ-SEREIKIENĖ, Gabija, 2008. Oratorystės menas. Mokomoji knyga humanitarinių ir socialinių mokslų studentams ...250Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities: journal of scientific lifeJūratė Svičiulienė (Lithuania). Cultural Industries: Challenges and Perspectives ...253Daiva Aliūkaitė, Jadvyga Krūminienė (Lithuania). “Texts and Contexts: Interactive Perspectives“ or the Days of the Humanities at VU KHF ...255Vytautė Pasvenskienė (Lithuania). TEXT Interface ...258Daiva Aliūkaitė, Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė (Lithuania). Seminars on Literature and Linguistics at VU KHF ...261Letters to the Editorial Board ...265
Announce...266
VI. REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATION...268VII. OUR AUTHORS...276
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De Moura, Roseli Alves. "Alguns aspectos da formação de Maria Gaetana Agnesi no ambiente intelectual milanês do Setecentos: Escolhas e controvérsias." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 18 (October 5, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2018v18i1p60-75.
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ResumoNeste trabalho, apresentaremos sumamente alguns aspectos da vida e legado de Maria Gaetana Agnesi, sobretudo em relação à sua juventude e inspirações que precederam ao surgimento de sua única obra matemática Instituzioni Analitiche ad uso dela giuveniu italiana, de 1748. Nos dias de hoje, Agnesi é relativamente conhecida, tendo seu nome principalmente associado à curva denominada Curva de Agnesi ou Curva da Bruxa, que consta em um dos tópicos de Instituzioni Analitiche, e pelo fato dela, ainda jovem, abandonar os estudos matemáticos para dedicar o restante de sua vida ao assistencialismo. Contudo, para vislumbrarmos não somente as possíveis razões que levaram Agnesi a escrever sua obra e ter abandonado seus estudos, devemos situá-la no cenário intelectual milanês, tendo como pano de fundo alguns aspectos do “Catolicismo Iluminado”, movimento responsável pela disseminação da filosofia natural na Itália setecentista. O surgimento de sua obra matemática dá indícios de que houve razões políticas, religiosas e culturais para sua produção, e as escolhas de Agnesi se mostram estreitamente relacionadas com esse movimento de reforma religiosa que se instaurava na Itália no período. Consideramos que a busca pela compreensão do lugar ocupado por Agnesi, especialmente em relação a sua obra Instituzione Analitiche, conduz à constatação de que seu trabalho se insere como parte do processo de produção e circulação dos saberes constituídos em meados do setecentos principalmente, e da divulgação da Análise e do Cálculo, particularmente com relação à “matemática pura” e às “matemáticas mistas” na Itália, no século XVIII. Contudo, neste artigo, nosso propósito é apresentar Agnesi, o entorno de sua formação e alguns episódios referentes a divulgação de seu trabalho matemático.Palavras-chave: Catolicismo Iluminado; Maria Gaetana Agnesi; Mulheres na Ciência.AbstractIn this work, we will present a few aspects of the life and legacy of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, especially in relation to her youth and inspirations that preceded the appearance of her only mathematical work Instituzioni Analitiche ad uso dela giuveniu italiana, from 1748. Nowadays, Agnesi is relatively well-known, with her name mainly associated with the curve called the Agnesi Curve or Witch's Curve, which appears in one of the topics of Instituzioni Analitiche, and because sheis abandoning mathematical studies still young, to devote the rest of her life to assistance. However, in order to glimpse not only the possible reasons that led Agnesi to write his work and to abandon his studies, we must situate her in the Milan intellectual scene, having as background some aspects of "Illuminated Catholicism", movement responsible for the dissemination of philosophy natural at eighteenth-century, in Italy. The appearance of his mathematical work gives indications that there were political, religious, and cultural reasons for his production, and Agnesi's choices are closely related to this movement of religious reform that was established in Italy in the period. We consider that the understanding of the place occupied by Agnesi, especially in relation to his work Instituzione Analitiche, leads to the realization that his work forms part of the process of production and circulation of the knowledges constituted in the mid-seventies mainly, and the dissemination of Analysis and of Calculus, particularly in relation to "pure mathematics" and "mixed mathematics" at eighteenth-century, in Italy. However, in this article, our purpose is to present Agnesi, the surroundings of his formation and some episodes referring to the dissemination of his mathematical work.Keywords: Illuminated Catholicism; Maria Gaetana Agnesi; Women in Science.
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Demyanenko. "UNIVERSITY AUTONOMY AS THE CONDITION FOR HIGH EDUCATION INTERNATIONALIZATION : UKRAINIAN HISTORICAL PRACTICES AND CURRENT CHALLENGES." Scientific bulletin of KRHPA, no. 13 (January 17, 2020): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37835/2410-2075-2020-13-1.
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Autonomy as a principle of organizing activities and ensuring the management of the university remains the subject of heated debate. Approaches to its implementation in the system of national education, coordination from the standpoint of internationalization of educational processes, determining the place of the higher education system of Ukraine in the European and world educational space differ. Identifying the general and special in the development of Ukrainian 6 university education and the University of Western Europe will help to outline prospects and identify real ways to address this issue. Problems of democratization and humanization of higher education became relevant in the late 20-th century. The transition to the market economy of competition and freedom of choice also affected higher education. In modern conditions, the development of its new model is economically determined and socially demanded. However, history and the present prove that a a high role of university in the education system, in the social and political life depends primarily on the level of its autonomy and academic climate. Autonomy is necessary for university to realize the interests of its social environment and its own internal goals. Since the 13-th century European University that arose in Italy and southern France began its expansion as the way of providing higher education. By the middle of the 15-th century «university development» covered the whole Central Europe. Problems of democratization and humanization of higher education became relevant in the late 20-th century. The transition to the market economy of competition and freedom of choice also affected higher education. In modern conditions, the development of its new model is economically determined and socially demanded. However, history and the present prove that a a high role of university in the education system, in the social and political life depends primarily on the level of its autonomy and academic climate. Autonomy is necessary for university to realize the interests of its social environment and its own internal goals. Ukraine faces a situation of overcoming the consequences of centralized management in higher education and developing of those features in academic life that are able to ensure the liberalization of higher education. The Law of Ukraine «On Higher Education» (2014) enshrines academic, organizational, financial autonomy of university and includes decentralization (a number of powers goes to the departments and faculties). University has to improve its status to provide services to many social institutions. Accordingly, it is necessary to coordinate priorities of the state policy in education, society interests, goals and objectives of university. Only then university can become an equal partner in relations with the state, civil society, labor market and individual. In this regard, it is important to determine the paradigmatic areas that set the differentiation and generate a variety in modeling of university: 1) education - research; 2) training - education; 3) patronage (public administration) - autonomy (self-government). The principle of autonomy is carefully protected by modern university, as it has been protected throughout the period of its development. This is required by the need to maintain academic status which allows to cultivate science, to educate intellectual elite, to develop spiritual potential of society. Autonomy remains the basis of university life, but today it should be redefined with a view to the internationalization of educational processes, the integration of university into economy, labor market and program of national development in the globalized world. Key words: organizational autonomy, academic autonomy, university autonomy, internationalization of higher education, historical practices, challenges of today
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Wick, David P. "The Lyceum in Twilight: Athens’ “Second School” and its Struggle to Re-Invent Itself and Survive in the Last Years of the Roman Republic." Athens Journal of History 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.8-2-1.
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After the Athenian crisis of the early 80’s, which saw the ancient city held hostage between an Anatolian military expedition (whose leader at least claimed some intellectual credentials from Athenian schools including the Lyceum) and a renegade Roman with only the most cynical interest in heritage or culture, the schools of Athens – in particular the “peripatetic” school which dated back to Aristotle – faced challenges of identity, recruiting students, and in holding its own, perhaps too “peripatetic,” faculty. In early post-classical and Hellenistic times the second and third generation Lyceum had been successful, even when it had lost intellectual “stars” like Theophrastus, and (worse) its original library, to rivals like Pergamum – but as the other schools attracted career-minded students from the west, Aristotle’s foundation of a broad-minded liberal arts approach to learning in the Lyceum grove was in danger. The Lyceum seems actually to have failed for a time, or at least to have limped through the middle first century with faculty borrowed from the Akademe, in spite of a reputation for teaching practical politics which neither the Epicureans nor the Stoics could substitute for very well. Experts of the Aristotelian sort found either too-attractive employment in an Italy closer to the centers of power, or too strong a lure toward traveling consulting positions with neophyte Romans trying to learn the eastern Mediterranean “on their jobs.” At its Athenian home, it moved a significant part of its teaching into the city and melded it into the ephebeia or “civic school” for young Athenian citizens (but in the new Athens, those included a more and more multi-cultural mix of foreign youth as the Republic’s business class and students arrived in town). And then, it also attracted those in retirement from the turmoil of the disintegrating Republic, who valued the Lyceum more as a refuge than as a provider of power-skills for “players,” the sort of thing the Akademe or the Epicurean ‘Garden’ did. The solution itself endangered Aristotle’s idea for the school. As the Republic died, the “Peripatetic” school’s greatest teachers were more often on the road with its “players” than home. What it kept at its home, though, it re-invested in the educational life of its own city. The Lyceum, like the Stoa, found its new Athenian home “downtown” in more ways than one, and faced challenges quite familiar both in modern “peripatetic” and in “career-direct” higher education.
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Rudenko, Oleh. "The importance of «interprint» in the development of Ukrainian graphics." Research and methodological works of the National Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture, no. 29 (December 17, 2020): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33838/naoma.29.2020.60-65.
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The article studies Ukrainian graphic art of the late twentieth century, undergoing changes caused by political events in Eastern Europe. Two iconic exhibitions became the turning point for native art as they revealed the Ukrainian graphic arts, and broke through the "iron" curtain of the totalitarian regime. The ideological seclusion of the USSR focused solely on the themes celebrating the life of a happy worker, peasant, or intellectual, did not let the works of another content to be displayed in public. Moreover, all areas of art creativity were controlled by the Union of Artists of Ukraine, headed by people with party membership cards. This prohibition referred especially to works of national-patriotic, conceptual, abstract, or surrealistic nature. The idea to hold an international exhibition that would present Ukrainian graphics to the world arose in the heads of a few independent politicians. At the state level, that idea certainly did not gain any support, but some people contributed to its implementation. Interestingly, the first exhibition of graphics "Interdruk'90" took place just before the collapse of the USSR, and the second, "Interdruk'92", in an already independent Ukraine. The exhibitions showed a high level of Ukrainian graphics, which equaled and sometimes surpassed the works of foreign masters. Among the exhibited art were works by such masters of national graphics as Valeriy Demya- nyshyn, Oleg Denysenko, Mykhaylo Alexandrov, Volodymyr Gumenny, Konstantin Kalinovich, Ivan Kravetz, Pavlo Makov, Mychaylo Moskal, Volodymyr Pinigin, Igor Podolchak, Yuriy Pshenychny, Roman Romanyshyn, Yevgen Ravsky, Alexander Aksinin et al. Their works reflected the whole spectrum of current life themes, which were seen and interpreted in new ways, imaginative technical and formal solutions. Most of those national artists had been exhibited abroad and won the most prestigious graphic contests, yet they were little known in their Motherland. On the other hand, the Ukrainian audience got a chance to learn about the works and achievements of graphic artists from France, Great Britain, Argentina, Korea, Israel, Spain, Holland, Poland, Canada, Russia, Japan, Italy and other countries. We may state that those two exhibitions of printmaking art opened the way to the development of graphics in independent Ukraine.
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Gnyusova, Irina F. "Books About Yermak in the Library of Gavriil Tyumentsev as an Indicator of the Siberian Reader’s Cultural Self-Identification (Based on Materials from the Research Library of Tomsk State University)." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 24 (2020): 68–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/24/4.
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Yermak Timofeevich, the conqueror of Siberia, is a key figure of the Siberian frontier and a special “myth” about Siberia in Russian culture. The aim of the article is to find out the idea of Yermak that Siberian intellectual readers formed at the turn of the 20th century. The library of the eminent Tomsk teacher Gavriil Tyumentsev is a representative material for this study. During his life, Tyumentsev collected books and various materials about Siberia. The corpus of publications on Yermak belongs to the period from 1832 to 1897. The books are mainly issued by the capital’s publishing houses and include works of various genres, both fiction (historical story, novel, tragedy) and non-fiction (historical essay, research paper, materials of anniversary readings). Two fictionalized biographies of Yermak stand apart. Folklore is an important component of many works. Readers of the publications are heterogeneous, although most of the books are intended for the mass educated reader. The degree of preservation of the books, few notes, and a number of external signs—all this made it possible to assess what turned out to be the most interesting for the reader. Fictional works about Yermak are in the lead, especially the voluminous historical novel Yermak, or the Conquest of Siberia (1834) by P. Svinyin and the love story From Chopping Block to Honor (1890) by E. Nikolaeva. However, popular science publications, primarily fictionalized biographies of the hero, aroused no less interest. In both cases, the fascination of the narrative turns out to be no less important than the quality of the text: for example, the publication of the short story of the populist N. Polushin, which is much more inferior to the work of the famous journalist and publisher A.S. Suvorin, has been preserved worse, and the book with E. Nikolaeva’s woman’s novel falls to pieces as a result of repeated reading. However, a remarkable historical essay by the Petersburg teacher A.N. Ovsyannikov, in which the author gave the most balanced assessment of the conqueror of Siberia, also attracted the reader’s attention. The collection of reports of the “literary morning” in Tobolsk (1883) is a vivid example of how the Siberian intelligentsia understands the events of the 16th century. Against the background of the same type of interpretation of Yermak’s personality by the metropolitan authors, Tobolsk teachers freely express their assessment of the activities of the ataman and his army, and also criticize their presentation in literature, which is far from the historical truth. The significant number of books about Yermak in the Tyumentsev library testifies to the fact that the heroic plot, associated not only with the capture, but also with the domestication of Siberia, was in demand among Siberian readers. And the “diversity” of Yermak in the collection of the Tomsk teacher is the best proof of the breadth of views of the Siberian intelligentsia at the turn of the 20th century, the desire of the local reader to follow all the trends of both the literary process and the historical thought of Russia and form their own idea of the origins of the Siberian “transboundedness”.
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Mittler, Barbara. "Rhapsody in Red: How Western Classical Music Became Chinese. By SHEILA MELVIN and JINDONG CAI. [New York: Algora Publishing, 2004. x+362 pp. ISBN 0-87586-179-2.]." China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005380106.
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This is a delightful book. It opens up a cultural arena much neglected in scholarship on China. Nine engagingly narrated chapters take us through the history of Sino-foreign musical contact since the late 19th century, with one digression, which goes back to encounters since the 16th century (chapter two). The book follows the life story of three important institutions (the Shanghai Municipal Orchestra, the Shanghai Conservatory and the Central Conservatory) and three important men: violinist Tan Shuzhen, who was the first Chinese to join the orchestra in colonial Shanghai; conductor Li Delun, who was trained in Moscow and managed to serve the government before, during and after the Cultural Revolution; and composer He Luting, one of the most outspoken protagonists in China's music world and long-time principal at the Shanghai Conservatory. The authors' approach of choosing “white elephants” to present the history of classical music in China, although unfashionable since Jauss, brings much cohesion and structural elegance to the volume.The book is at its best when using material from interviews conducted by the authors. Based on this evidence, the book comes to one important conclusion: contact between Chinese and foreign musicians in China was generally not antagonistic, either before or after 1949. Foreign musicians did not behave in a condescending manner, as “imperialists” and Chinese musicians hardly ever perceived them to do so. For obvious reasons, few Chinese (and, surprisingly, few foreign studies) on China's classical music scene have acknowledged this fact.The authors have done a beautiful job in telling their story. They must be lauded for having gone through a great variety of sources including contemporary newspaper articles, propaganda magazines, Party documents, as well as films, recordings and some of the very recent, and mostly biographical, secondary literature on the subject published in China. Since the book is conceived as a collective biography, it lacks detailed musical and historical analysis and it would have benefited from a few closer readings. For example, what precisely is the meaning of “national style” for people as different as Tcherepnin, Mao Zedong or Guo Wenjing? Musical analysis would have provided an answer. Why do the authors not make more of the fact that Jiang Qing advised the musicians writing a model symphony to watch – and, more importantly, listen – to music in Hollywood films in order to improve their compositional skills? A more explicit engagement with the technical and musical styles of the model works (the term model opera should really be reserved for the operas in the set and not all of the pieces which also comprised ballets and symphonic compositions) would have been illuminating here, for it would have shown how indebted they were to the same principles of music-making as Hollywood film music on the one hand and the Butterfly Violin Concerto on the other – both officially condemned during the Cultural Revolution. It is sad, too, that the balanced account of the Cultural Revolution years – which describes both the pain it caused to many an intellectual and the benefits it brought for Chinese musical life generally – focuses almost entirely on the first set of eight model works and leaves out the second, equally important set of ten produced later (chapter seven). There are a number of non sequiturs in this book that are inevitable in any pioneering work of this size.
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Burganova, Maria A. "LETTER FROM THE EDITOR." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 17, no. 5 (December 10, 2021): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2021-17-5-8-9.
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Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 5, 2021, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The journal traditionally opens with the Academic Interview rubric. In this issue, we present an interview with Alexander Burganov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts, an outstanding Russian sculptor, National Artist of Russia, Doctor of Art History, Professor, Director of the Burganov House Moscow State Museum, interviewed by Irina Sedova, the Head of the 20th Century Sculpture Department of the State Tretyakov Gallery. This dialogue became part of the sculptor’s creative evening at the State Tretyakov Gallery, which included a personal exhibition, donation of the sculptural work Letter, screening of a special film and a dialogue with the audience in the format of an interactive interview. In the article “The Apocalypse Icon from the Kremlin’s Assumption Cathedral. Dating and Historical Context”, T. Samoilova points out the similarities between some motifs of the Apocalypse iconography and the motifs of Botticelli’s illustrations to the Divine Comedy, as well as the role of a line in both artworks which testifies to the influence of the Renaissance art on icon painting of the late 15th — early 16th centuries. Studying palaeography and stylistic features of the icon, the author clarifies the dates and believes that the icon was most likely painted after 1500, in the first decade of the 16th century. P. Tsvetkova researches the features of the development of the Palladian architectural system in Italy, in the homeland of Andrea Palladio. On the examples of specific monuments, drawings and projects created during two and a half centuries, the author analyses the peculiarities of the style transformation in the work of Palladio’s followers, the continuity of tradition, deviations from canonical rules. In the article “Artistic Features of the Northern White Night Motif in the Landscapes of Alexander Borisov and Louis Apol”, I. Yenina conducts art analysis and compares the works of the Russian “artist of eternal ice”, A. Borisov, and the Dutch “winter artist”, L. Apol. They were the first to depict such a phenomenon as a white night in the Far North. V. Slepukhin studies the artworks of the first decades of the Soviet era in the article “Formation of the Image of a New Hero in Russian Art of 1920- 1930”. The author concludes that the New Hero in the plastic arts of the 1920s–1930s was formed as a reflection of social ideals. The avant-garde artists searched for the Hero’s originality in the images of aviators, peasants, women. The artists of socialist realism began to form the images of the “typical” heroes of the time — warriors, athletes, rural workers, scientists, as new “people of the Renaissance”. In the article “Dialogues of the Avant-garde”, A. N. Lavrentyev presents a comparative analysis of spatial constructions created by the Russian Avant-Garde Artist Alexander Rodchenko and the famous kinetic European and American artist Alexander Calder in the first half of the 20th century. Wei Xiao continues his analysis of contemporary art in the article “Chinese Sculpture in the New Era”. The author notes that the art of sculpture is in many ways a reflection of social change, both in terms of cultural content and practice. The author emphasises the need for cultural identity to preserve national traditions and spirituality. Xu Yanping’s article “The Dynamics of the Choral Culture Development in China in the 1930s on the Example of Huang Tzi’s Oratorio Eternal Regret” is a scientific study of a particular phase of the active entry of Chinese choral music into the sphere of the oratorio genre, directly related to the name of the great Chinese composer, Huang Tzi. It also highlights the issues of the country’s political life in the 1930s, which actively influenced the creation of nationwide singing movements and new choral works in the country. The author believes that the oratorio Eternal Regret presented in the article is a unique creation that organically combines ethnic musical material and Western composition techniques. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.
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Srhoj, Vinko. "Ivan Meštrović i politika kao prostor ahistorijskog idealizma." Ars Adriatica, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.509.
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Meštrović’s political activity, reflected in his sculpture and architecture, was closely tied to the idea of a political union of the South Slavs which culminated on the eve of and during the First World War. As a political idealist and a person who always emphasized that he was first and foremost an artist, Meštrović had no inclination for classic political activism which meant that he was not interested in belonging to any contemporary political faction. Since his political activism was not tied to a specific political party and since, unlike the politicians with whom he socialized, he did not have a prior political life, Meštrović cannot be defined either as a supporter Ante Starčević and an HSS man, or as a unionist Yugoslav and royalist. He was passionate about politics, especially during the time when the idea about a single South Slavic state took centre stage in politics, and he actively promoted this idea through his contacts with politicians, kings, cultural workers, and artists. He never acted as a classic politician or a political negotiator on behalf of a political party but as an artist who used his numerous local, regional and international acquaintances for the promotion of a political interest, that is, of a universal political platform of the entire Croatian nation as part of a Slavic ethno-political framework. Even within the political organization he himself founded, the Yugoslav Committee, Meštrović did not present a developed political manifesto but, being an artist and an intellectual, ‘encouraged the ideology behind the idea of unification through his activism and especially through his works’ (N. Machiedo Mladinić). The very fact that he was not a professional politician enabled him to ‘learn directly about some of the intentions of the political decision makers at informal occasions he attended as a distinguished artist, particularly in those situations when a direct involvement of political figures would have been impossible due to diplomatic concerns’ (D. Hammer Tomić). For example, he was the first to learn from the report of the French ambassador to Italy Camillo Barrera that Italy would be rewarded for joining the Entente forces by territorial expansion in Dalmatia. Equally known is Meštrović’s attitude towards the name of the committee because, unlike Trumbić and Supilo, he did not hesitate to use the word ‘Yugoslav’ in the name. He believed that a joint Yugoslav platform would render Croatian interests stronger in the international arena and that this would not happen had the committee featured ‘Croatian’ in its name and even less so if it started acting under the name of wider Serbia as Pašić suggested. Meštrović’s political disappointment in the idea of Yugoslavia went hand in hand with the distancing of Croatian and Serbian politics which followed the political unification. The increasing rift between him and the Yugoslav idea was becoming more and more obvious after the assassinations of Stjepan Radić and Aleksandar Karađorđević between the two Wars. His reserve towards the Republic of Yugoslavia, augmented by his political hatred of communism, was such that Meštrović never seriously considered going back to his native country and after his death, he did not leave his art works to the state but to the Croatian people. This article focuses on the most politicized phase in Meštrović’s work when he even changed the titles of the art works between displays at two different exhibitions: the works that bore the neutral names, such as ‘a shrine’, ‘a girl’, or ‘a hero’, at the 1910 exhibition of the Secession Group in Vienna were given the names of the heroes of the Battle of Kosovo the very next year and displayed as such in the pavilion of the Kingdom of Serbia at the exhibition in Rome. Special attention was given to the idea of the Vidovdan shrine, a secular temple to the Yugoslav idea, and the so-called Kosovo fragments intended to decorate it. The heightened controversy surrounds the sculpture and architectural projects Meštrović created during the period in which his political activism in the Yugoslav political and cultural arena was at its peak and he himself did not hide the intention to contribute to the political programme with his art works. This is why critical remarks which were expressed against or in favour of Meštrović’s sculpture during the early twentieth century are inseparable from the contrasting opinions about the political ideas from the turbulent time surrounding the First World War, and all of this, being a consequence of Meštrović’s political engagement, pulled him as a person into the political arena of the Croatian, Serbian and Yugoslav cause. The closest connection between Meštrović’s sculpture, architecture and politics occurred during his work on the Vidovdan shrine and the so-called Kosovo fragments. At the same time, there was a marked difference between Meštrović’s architecture which is eclectic and referential in its style and bears no political message, and sculpture which strongly personified the political programme based on the Battle of Kosovo and expressed in monumental athletic figures. Meštrović opposed the desire of the political establishment to depict his figures in national costumes so that they may witness ‘historical truth’ and, instead, continued with his idea of universal values and not historical and political particularism. Believing that only the passage of time could assess the historical protagonists best, he deemed that some of them would vanish while the others would remain, ‘so to speak, naked’ and acquire ‘supernatural dimensions’ (I.Meštrović). By depicting his figures as having torsos stripped of any sign of national identity, Meštrović wanted to provide them with a ‘general human meaning and not a specific one of this or that tribe’ (I.Meštrović). Aside from the Vidovdan Shrine and the Kosovo Fragments, the article discusses a number of other works onto which Meštrović grafted a political programme such as the Mausoleum of Njegoš on Mount Lovćen, the funerary chapel of Our Lady of the Angels at Cavtat, the equestrian reliefs of King Petar Karađorđević and ban Petar Berislavić, and the sculptures of the Indians at Chicago as ‘ahistorical’ pinnacles of his monumental Art Deco sculpture. The article argues that, based on the consideration of Meštrović’s ‘political’ sculpture, it can be said that the best achievements are found in the works in which political agendas and historical evocations (for example the caryatids, kings and bans, and even the portraits of Nikola Tesla and Ruđer Bošković) gave way to the naked ahistorical physis of a number of Kosovo heroes, female allegorical figures and, most of all, the pinnacle of the Art Deco equestrian sculptures of the Chicago Indians. What matters in the Chicago statues is the contraction of the muscles which accompany the movements of the Bowman and the Spearman and not the type of their weapons which are absent anyway, because this feature indicates that Meštrović focused on what he was best at: the naked human body relieved of the burden of costume, signs of civilization, and the pomp of political, ideological and historical attributes. This is why the politics of Meštrović’s sculpture is at its strongest when it is at its most general or, in other words, when it embodies an ideal and not a political pragmatism or a specific historical reality.
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Giostra, Alessandro. "Stanley Jaki: Science and Faith in a Realist Perspective." Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 74, no. 1 (March 2022): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf3-22giostra.
Full textAbstract:
STANLEY JAKI: Science and Faith in a Realist Perspective by Alessandro Giostra. Rome, Italy: IF Press, 2019. 144 pages. Paperback; $24.24. ISBN: 9788867881857. *The subject of this short introduction--Father Stanley L. Jaki (1924–2009), a giant in the world of science and religion--is more important than this book's contents, a collection of conference papers and articles published between 2015 and 2019. *Readers of this journal should recognize Jaki, a Benedictine priest with doctorates in theology and physics, 1975–1976 Gifford lecturer, 1987 Templeton Prize winner, and professor at Seton Hall University, for his prolific, valuable work in the history of the relations between theology and science. He sharply contrasted Christian and non-Christian/scientific cosmologies and unfortunately, often slipped into polemics and apologetics. The title of Stacy Trasanco's 2014 examination of his work, Science Was Born of Christianity, captures Jaki's key thesis. Science in non-Christian cultures was, in Jaki's (in)famous and frequent characterizations, "stillborn" and a "failure" (e.g., see Giostra, pp. 99, 113). Incidentally, Giostra seems unaware that various Protestant scholars shared Jaki's key thesis and arguments. *The Introduction begins with a quotation from Jaki that so-called conflicts between science and religion "must be seen against objective reality, which alone has the power to unmask illusions." Jaki continued, "There may be clashes between science and religion, or rather between some religionists and some scientists, but no irresolvable fundamental conflict" (p. 15). *This raises two other crucial aspects of Jaki's approach: his realist epistemology and his claim that, properly understood, science and Christian theology cannot be in conflict. Why? Because what Jaki opposed was not science itself--which he saw as specific knowledge of the physical world that was quantifiable and mathematically expressible--but ideologies that were attached to science in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, that is, materialism, naturalism, reductionism, positivism, pantheism, and atheism. *For Jaki, the real problem for Christian approaches to the natural world was the scientism which dismissed theology, especially Catholicism, as superstition, dogmatism, and delusion. Jaki followed the groundbreaking work of Pierre Duhem in arguing that the impetus theory of the fourteenth-century philosopher John Buridan was the first sign of the principle of inertia, the first law of Newtonian physics. One of the foundational shifts in the birth of a new "revolutionary" science in the Christian West was a post-Aristotelian understanding of bodies in motion (both uniform and uniformly accelerating: see chapter three for more details). *The first chapter is a bio- and bibliographical essay by an admiring Antonio Colombo that traces and situates Jaki the historian as a man of both science and faith. Chapter two lays out Jaki's critical realism and theses about the history of science and theology, in contrast to scientisms past and present that claim scientific reason as the sole trustworthy route to legitimate knowledge. The roles played by the doctrine of creation ex nihilo and the Christology of the pre-existent Logos in Jaki's cosmological thinking are also outlined. *Many readers will be most interested in the third chapter which surveys Jaki's writing about the notorious case of Galileo, condemned by the church in 1633 for defending Copernicus. Jaki detected scientific and theological errors in the positions of both Galileo and the church. For instance, Galileo did not provide proof of the motion of the earth around the sun. Nor did the church understand errors in Aristotelian science. Galileo was right, however, in arguing that the Bible's purpose was not to convey scientific knowledge; while the church's rejection of heliocentric cosmology was correct, given the dearth of convincing evidence for it. *Chapter four is of wider interest than its title, "The Errors of Hegelian Idealism," might suggest. Jaki's belief that only Christian theology could give birth to the exact sciences is reviewed, along with his rejection of conflict and concord models of faith and science. His critiques of Hegelian and Marxist views of the world are thoughtfully discussed. *Jaki was unrelentingly hostile to all types of pantheism, and Plato was the most influential purveyor of that erroneous philosophy. Chapter five outlines Jaki's objections to Platonism, as well as to Plotinus's view of the universe as an emanation from an utterly transcendent One, and to Giordano Bruno's neo-Platonic animism and Hermeticism. *Jaki's interpretation of medieval Islamic cosmologists is the subject of the fifth chapter, in which the Qur'an, Averroes, and Avicenna are examined and found wanting. Monotheism by itself could not lead to science. Incorrect theology blinded those without an understanding of the world as God's creation or of Christ as Word and Savior from seeing scientific truth. This chapter is curious in several respects. On page 98, Giostra equates Christ as the only begotten Son with Jesus as the only "emanation from the Father." Emanationism is a Gnostic, Manichaean, and neo-Platonic concept; it is not, to my knowledge, part of orthodox Catholic Trinitarian discourse. On pages 101–2, the presence of astrology in the Qur'an disqualifies it as an ancestor of modern science. But astrology then was not yet divorced from astronomy. Astrological/astronomical imagery and terminology were integral to ancient cosmologies and apocalypses, including Jewish, Christian, and Muslim ones. Lastly, pages 104–5 feature quotations in untranslated Latin. *Chapter seven is a review of the 2016 edition of Jaki's Science and Creation; this is one more example of content repeated elsewhere in the book. "Benedict XVI and the limits of scientific learning" is the eighth and final chapter. The former pope is presented as a Jaki-like thinker in his views of science and faith. Strangely, Benedict does not cite Jaki; this absense weakens Giostra's case somewhat. *Jaki--whose faith was shaped by the eminent French theologian and historian of medieval thought, Etienne Gilson--was a diehard Roman Catholic, wary of Protestant thought, defender of priestly celibacy and of the ineligibility of women for ordination. On the other hand, his study of both Duhem and Gilson probably sensitized Jaki to ideological claims made by scientists. *As a historian of science, Jaki was meticulous and comprehensive in his research with primary documents. His interpretations of historical texts were as confident and swaggering as his critiques of scientists and scientism were withering. Among Jaki's more interesting and helpful contributions to scholarship are his translations and annotations of such important primary texts as Johann Heinrich Lambert's Cosmological Letters (1976), Immanuel Kant's Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens (1981), and Bruno's The Ash Wednesday Supper (1984). *Personally, I have found much of value in Jaki's The Relevance of Physics (1966); Brain, Mind and Computers (1969); The Paradox of Olbers' Paradox (1969); The Milky Way (1972); Planets and Planetarians (1978); The Road of Science and the Ways to God (1978); Cosmos and Creator (1980); Genesis 1 through the Ages (1998); The Savior of Science (2000); Giordano Bruno: A Martyr of Science? (2000); Galileo Lessons (2001); Questions on Science and Religion (2004); The Mirage of Conflict between Science and Religion (2009); and the second enlarged edition of his 1974 book, Science and Creation: From Eternal Cycles to an Oscillating Universe (2016). *Jaki also published studies of figures whose life and work most impressed him personally. These include three books (1984, 1988, 1991) on the Catholic physicist and historian of cosmology, Pierre Duhem, author of the ten-volume Système du Monde, and studies of English converts to Catholicism, John Henry, Cardinal Newman (2001, 2004, 2007) and G. K. Chesterton (1986, new ed., 2001). *Among Jaki's books not mentioned by Giostra but of interest to readers of this journal are The Origin of Science and the Science of its Origin (1979), Angels, Apes, and Men (1988), and Miracles and Physics (2004). For a complete Jaki bibliography, see http://www.sljaki.com/. *No translator is identified in the book under review; my guess is that Giostra, an Italian, was writing in English. Although generally clear and correct, the book contains enough small errors and infelicities to suggest that the services of a professional translator were not used. Not counting blank, title, and contents pages, this book has but 128 pages, including lots of block quotations. *For those unfamiliar with Jaki's work and not too interested in detailed studies in the history and philosophy of science and religion, this introduction is a decent start--and perhaps an end point as well. I strongly encourage curious readers to consult Jaki's own books, including his intellectual autobiography A Mind's Matter (2002). For other scholarly English-language perspectives on his work, see Paul Haffner, Creation and Scientific Creativity: A Study in the Thought of S. L. Jaki (2nd ed., 2009); Science and Orthodoxy [special issue of the Saint Austin Review on Jaki], vol. 14, no. 3 (2014); and Paul Carr and Paul Arveson, eds., Stanley Jaki Foundation International Congress 2015 (2020). *Reviewed by Paul Fayter, a retired pastor and historian of Victorian science and theology, who lives in Hamilton, Ontario.
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Kececi, Gokce, and Gamze Anıl. "Nicosia and Palmanova: Images of the city in the digital environment." Global Journal of Computer Sciences: Theory and Research 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjcs.v5i2.986.
Full textAbstract:
As it is known, the existence of star-shaped cities went back to 16th century. Although these cities include different life forms because of the reason why they were established, at the same time, they share structural similarities. There are nine star-shaped cities in the world and can be found in Italy, Cyprus, Japan, Holland, Canada, Vietnam, Finland and Russia. Because the same architect designed Nicosia and Palmanova in Italy, the study will begin with a broader view on star-shaped cities and compare both. Although the walls were designed for defensive purposes, today, they are protected as a cultural heritage and this is significant for tourism. In this context, this study will analyse the web interface and how both Palmanova and Nicosia use the web, in terms of content, visual aspects, and how these are being used. As the number of users for web pages and blogs are increasing day by day, The reflection of social differences has been researched by examining the Lefkosa-Palmanova examples. Keywords: star-shaped, city cultural heritage, web page, blog
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Krayushkin, N. R. "Феномен «путешествия в поисках знания» в османской культуре." Istoricheskii vestnik, no. 29(2019) part: 29/2019 (October 9, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.35549/hr.2019.2019.47858.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the 16th and 17th centuries Ottoman Turks conquered most countries of the Middle East and North Africa and reached Vienna. As а result, the power of Istanbul was established in the heterogeneous spaces of the Mediterranean. The seized territories in Europe became part of Dar al-Islam, increasing the area of direct spread of the Arab-Muslim spiritual tradition. In this context, the journey in search for knowledge (rihla) acquired special significance it contributed to the intensification of cultural and intellectual life of the Ottoman society and establishment of its ideological unity. The author examines the materials from the treatises of Medina theologian Muhammad Kibrit, Istanbul explorer Evliya Celebi and Damascus Sufi Abd al-Ghani al-Nablusi, who travelled through the territory of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century, to explore the main pilgrimage routes and cultural centers of the region. The goal of this article is to analyze the content of civilizational exchange and to identify basic characteristics of new Ottoman cultural experience.