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True, Thomas-Leo Richard. "Power and place : the Marchigian Cardinals of Sixtus V." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648270.
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Norris, R. Mae. "Beyond the battlefield : Venice's Condottieri families and artistic patronage : the Colleoni of Bergamo, Martinengo di Padernello of Brescia and the Savorgnan del Monte of Udine (1450-1600)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708397.
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Pesuit, Margaret. "Representations of the courtesan in sixteenth-century Venice : sex, class, and power." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37227.pdf.
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Murphree, David W. "Giordano Bruno and the history of science." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41699.
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Historians of science express widely divergent interpretations of the significance of the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) to the history of science. An examination of the history of science reveals two basic schools of thought about Bruno. Specifically, historians of science disagree on the reason for Bruno’s execution at the hands of the Roman Inquisition in 1600. One school of thought, the “martyr to science” interpretation, insists that Bruno died as the direct result of his advocacy of Copernicanism. The opposing school rejects this assessment and names a variety of unorthodox religious beliefs as the motivation for Bruno’s execution.
These two positions, the “martyr to science” and the “anti-martyr to science” schools of thought, form the basis of two parallel interpretive schemes about early modern science that have coexisted in the history of science for nearly 150 years. In particular, the “martyr to science” school tends to view religion as innately hostile to science. Moreover, this school also emphasizes the discontinuities between medieval and modern science. In contrast, the “anti-martyr to science” school often rejects the existence of an inherent conflict between science and religion. The “anti-martyr to science” school also tends to highlight the continuities between medieval and modern science.Master of Arts
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SANCHEZ, CAMACHO Alberto. "'Up and down' : Genoese financiers and their relational capital in the early reign of Philip II." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69995.
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Defence date: 26 January 2021Examining board: Professor Regina Grafe (European University Institute); Professor Luca Molà (University of Warwick); Professor Carmen Sanz Ayán (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); Professor Manuel Herrero Sánchez (Universidad Pablo de Olavide)
This doctoral thesis analyses the process of state construction in the early modern period from a joint perspective that amalgamates the agencies of state officials, lending communities, and local elites in the Hispanic Monarchy during the four initial years of Philip II’s reign. The project examines the convergence of private agendas inside and outside the royal administration, which were channelled by the Genoese lending community to overcome the consolidation of royal short-term debt in 1557 and its consequences. The application of an institutional approach, based on the works of Avner Greif, to the analysis of the social organisations that prevented a failure of coordination in the Hispanic Monarchy offers a fresh perspective on a topic normally assessed under predatory models. The specific study of two Genoese lenders who contributed to the establishment of a more viable and efficient financial system in the monarchy, Costantin Gentil and Nicolao de Grimaldo, provides details about how interregional transactions and local economies contributed to the consolidation of the early modern state.
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Stone, Villani Nicolas. "The dissolution of constitutions : Aristotle in Italian political thought from Niccolò Machiavelli to Giovanni Botero." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:600663d5-b566-46c0-8a7a-418fca1d635b.
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This thesis studies the reception of Aristotle's political thought in sixteenth-century Italy. It focuses on Aristotle's discussion of the dissolution of constitutions in Book 5 of the Politics and aims to show how Aristotle's political thought remained central to late Renaissance political discourse. No comprehensive study of the topic exists. Modern historiography on Renaissance political thought generally downplays the importance of Aristotle in the history of sixteenth-century Italian political thought and emphasises the Roman tradition over the Greek. This research aims to fill the gap in modern scholarship and revise modern interpretation of Renaissance political theory. This thesis is essentially divided into three parts, each part containing two chapters. Part I is largely introductory. Chapter 1 offers a historiographical review of modern scholarship on the reception of Aristotle in the Renaissance and early-modern political thought. Chapter 2 explores the revival of Greek studies in the fifteenth century and the changing perception of Aristotle's Politics in the Renaissance. Part II focuses on Aristotle and Machiavelli. Chapter 3 examines the similarities between Aristotle's analysis of the means of preserving tyranny and Machiavelli's discussion of how to mantenere lo stato in The Prince. Chapter 4 explores the effects that these similarities between Aristotle and Machiavelli had on the reception of Aristotle in Renaissance political thought. Part III centres on Aristotle in the republican and vernacular traditions. Chapter 5 explains the importance of Aristotle's discussion of the dissolution of constitutions to Renaissance republican political thought. Chapter 6 underlines the continuous relevance of Aristotle's Politics in the second half of the sixteenth century. The conclusion sums up the central argument of each chapter and invites us to explore the influence of Aristotle on reason of state literature.
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Giselbrecht, Elisabeth Anna. "Crossing boundaries : the printed dissemination of Italian sacred music in German-speaking areas (1580-1620)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283907.
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Hammond, Joseph. "Art, devotion and patronage at Santa Maria dei Carmini, Venice : with special reference to the 16th-Century altarpieces." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3047.
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This study is an art history of Santa Maria dei Carmini, Venice, from its foundation in c. 1286 to the present day, with a special focus on the late Renaissance period (c. 1500-1560). It explores a relatively overlooked corner of Renaissance Venice and provides an opportunity to study the Carmelite Order's relationship to art. It seeks to answer outstanding questions of attribution, dating, patronage, architectural arrangements and locations of works of art in the church. Additionally it has attempted to have a diverse approach to problems of interpretation and has examined the visual imagery's relationship to the Carmelite liturgy, religious function and later interpretations of art works. Santa Maria dei Carmini was amongst the largest basilicas in Venice when it was completed and the Carmelites were a major international order with a strong literary tradition. Their church in Venice contained a wealth of art works produced by one of the most restlessly inventive generations in the Western European tradition. Chapter 1 outlines a history of the Carmelites, their hagiography and devotions, which inform much of the discussion in later chapters. The second Chapter discusses the early history of the Carmelite church in Venice, establishing when it was founded, and examining the decorative aspects before 1500. It demonstrates how the tramezzo and choir-stalls compartmentalised the nave and how these different spaces within the church were used. Chapter 3 studies two commissions for the decoration of the tramezzo, that span the central period of this thesis, c. 1500-1560. There it is shown that subjects relevant to the Carmelite Order, and the expected public on different sides of the tramezzo were chosen and reinterpreted over time as devotions changed. Cima da Conegliano's Adoration of the Shepherds (c. 1511) is discussed in Chapter 4, where the dedication of the altar is definitively proven and the respective liturgy is expanded upon. The tradition of votive images is shown to have influenced Cima's representation of the donor. In Chapter 5 Cima's altarpiece for the Scuola di Sant'Alberto's altar is shown to have been replaced because of the increasing ambiguity over the identification of the titulus after the introduction of new Carmelite saints at the beginning of the century. Its compositional relationship to the vesperbild tradition is also examined and shown to assist the faithful in important aspects of religious faith. The sixth chapter examines the composition of Lorenzo Lotto's St Nicholas in Glory (1527-29) and how it dramatises the relationship between the devoted, the interceding saints and heaven. It further hypothesises that the inclusion of St Lucy is a corroboration of the roles performed by St Nicholas and related to the confraternity's annual celebrations in December. The authorship, date and iconography of Tintoretto's Presentation of Christ (c. 1545) is analysed in Chapter 7, which also demonstrates how the altarpiece responds to the particular liturgical circumstances on the feast of Candlemas. The final chapter discusses the church as a whole, providing the first narrative of the movement of altars and development of the decorative schemes. The Conclusion highlights the important themes that have developed from this study and provides a verdict on the role of ‘Carmelite art' in the Venice Carmini.
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Kranias, Alison. "Verovio's keyboard intabulations and domestic music making in the late Renaissance." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98544.
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At the end of the sixteenth century, Simone Verovio printed a series of canzonetta anthologies in Rome. These collections were unique, in that they contained keyboard and lute intabulations alongside their vocal parts. The keyboard intabulations seem primarily intended as accompanimental parts. As such, they inform us about the use of keyboard instruments in ensembles of mixed voices and instruments. This thesis examines how the printing format of Verovio's keyboard intabulations arose from a larger context. In particular, it asks what were the skills and training of amateur keyboard players (often women), when or when not to transpose pieces with chiavette (or high clefs), and how instrumental embellishments relate to the canzonetta's text as well as musical texture. This examination contributes to a better understanding of Italian sixteenth-century performance practice, especially of the ways in which instruments were used along with voices in domestic music making.
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Yoshioka, Masataka. "Singing the Republic: Polychoral Culture at San Marco in Venice (1550-1615)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33220/.
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During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Venetian society and politics could be considered as a "polychoral culture." The imagination of the republic rested upon a shared set of social attitudes and beliefs. The political structure included several social groups that functioned as identifiable entities; republican ideologies construed them together as parts of a single harmonious whole. Venice furthermore employed notions of the republic to bolster political and religious independence, in particular from Rome. As is well known, music often contributes to the production and transmission of ideology, and polychoral music in Venice was no exception. Multi-choir music often accompanied religious and civic celebrations in the basilica of San Marco and elsewhere that emphasized the so-called "myth of Venice," the city's complex of religious beliefs and historical heritage. These myths were shared among Venetians and transformed through annual rituals into communal knowledge of the republic. Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli and other Venetian composers wrote polychoral pieces that were structurally homologous with the imagination of the republic. Through its internal structures, polychoral music projected the local ideology of group harmony. Pieces used interaction among hierarchical choirs - their alternation in dialogue and repetition - as rhetorical means, first to create the impression of collaboration or competition, and then to bring them together at the end, as if resolving discord into concord. Furthermore, Giovanni Gabrieli experimented with the integration of instrumental choirs and recitative within predominantly vocal multi-choir textures, elevating music to the category of a theatrical religious spectacle. He also adopted and developed richer tonal procedures belonging to the so-called "hexachordal tonality" to underscore rhetorical text delivery. If multi-choir music remained the central religious repertory of the city, contemporary single-choir pieces favored typical polychoral procedures that involve dialogue and repetition among vocal subgroups. Both repertories adopted clear rhetorical means of emphasizing religious notions of particular political significance at the surface level. Venetian music performed in religious and civic rituals worked in conjunction with the myth of the city to project and reinforce the imagination of the republic, promoting a glorious image of greatness for La Serenissima.
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Getz, Christine Suzanne 1957. "Music and Patronage in Milan 1535-1550 and Vincenzo Ruffo's First Motet Book." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332652/.
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The present study reconstructs the musical milieu in which Vincenzo Ruffo's 1542 motet collection was conceived through an examination of the archival materials surviving from each of the major musical establishments known to be active in Milan 1535-1550. The relationship of the 1542 collection to Milanese musical activity. Its publication problems and its current position in source studies are then explored in light of the archival information that is currently available.
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Giunta, Stephen. "Between memory and desire : the renaissance vision of Cristoforo Sorte." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27474.
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This thesis is concerned with cartographic practices and the representation of the world during the Renaissance. In contrast with the modern instrumentalized world view, it will present surveying techniques and representational means that were defined by and reflected a divine transcendental order. The work of Cristoforo Sorte, as exemplified in his chorographia, will be investigated in order to display the mysterious qualities and geometric depth shared with Renaissance art and architecture. An examination of Sorte's methods of creating his work, relying on memory and the active recollection of the viewer, will reveal the primacy of shared human experience in the making of meaningful art and artifacts during the Renaissance. Perhaps an understanding of this world view will help mediate the dominating gaze which enframes the modern world and recover embodied perception as the site of architecture.
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Lamal, Nina. "Le orecchie si piene di Fiandra : Italian news and histories on the Revolt in the Netherlands (1566-1648)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6902.
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This thesis examines the Italian news reports, political debates and histories of the revolt in the Netherlands between 1566 and 1648. Many Italians were directly involved in this conflict and were keen narrators of these wars. Despite this, a systematic study of the Italian interest for the conflict has not yet been undertaken. This thesis argues that the complex political constellation of the Italian peninsula, dominated by the Habsburg monarchy, shaped the Italian news, debates and interpretations of the Dutch Revolt. Chapter one examines the different ways in which news from the Low Countries reached Italian states. It demonstrates that Italian military officers, active on the battlefield in the Netherlands in the Habsburg army, played a crucial role as purveyors of news and opinion on the conflict. The two following chapters study the circulation of political treatises on the Italian peninsula. Chapter two reconstructs the debates sparked by the events in the Low Countries between 1576 and 1577. Chapter three examines the descriptions of the emergence of a new state in the Northern Netherlands and the discourses on war and peace between 1590 and 1609. Chapter four looks into the development of a market for printed news pamphlets and explores the connections between manuscript and printed news. Chapter five studies how news was used by Italian history writers in their contemporary chronicles. It also investigates how these authors celebrated Italian protagonists in the war as Italian and Catholic heroes. The conclusion examines the evolution of all these Italian discourses related to Dutch Revolt.
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Maglaque, Erin. "Venetian humanism in the Mediterranean world : writing empire from the margins." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4d671b0d-6917-4a1f-bcfb-2045128a11e0.
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My dissertation examines the cultural history of the Renaissance Venetian maritime empire. In this project I bring into conversation two historiographical subfields, the intellectual history of Venetian Renaissance humanism and the colonial history of the early modern Mediterranean, which have previously developed separately. In doing so, I examine the relationship between power and knowledge as it unfolded in the early modern Mediterranean. The ways in which Venetian Renaissance intellectual culture was shaped by its imperial engagements - and, conversely, how Venetian approaches to governance were inflected by humanist practices - are the central axes of my dissertation. In the first part of the dissertation, I examine the ways in which writing and textual collecting were used by elite Venetian readers to represent the geopolitical dimensions of their empire. I consider a group of manuscripts and printed books which contain technical, navigational, and cartographic writing and images about Venetian mercantile and imperial activity in the Mediterranean. In the second part, I undertake two case-studies of Venetian patrician governors who were trained in the humanist schools of Venice, before being posted to colonial offices in Dalmatia and the Aegean, respectively. I examine how their education in Venice as humanists influenced their experience and practice of governance in the stato da mar. Their personal texts offer an alternative intellectual history of empire, one which demonstrates the formation of political thought amongst the men actually practicing and experiencing imperial governance. Overall, I aim to build a picture of the ways in which literary culture, the physical world of the stato da mar, and political thought came to be entwined in the Venetian Renaissance; and then to describe how these dense relationships worked for the Venetian administrators who experienced them in the Mediterranean.
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Rocco, Patricia. "Performing female artistic identity : Lavinia Fontana, Elisabetta Sirani and the allegorical self-portrait in sixteenth and seventeenth-century Bologna." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99389.
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Artemisia Gentileschi's self-portrait, Allegory of Painting, painted in 1630, has activated a complex discussion of female artistic identity in which performance is tied to concerns with status. This thesis addresses an earlier history of development in allegorical self-portraiture in the work of the sixteenth-century Bolognese artist, Lavinia Fontana, and her seventeenth-century successor, Elisabetta Sirani. I argue that the female artist's negotiation for status was played out in the transformation from a more official mode of self presentation, such as Fontana's Self-Portrait at the Keyboard , to a deliberate performative shift of embodied personification in her self-portrait as Judith with the head of Holofernes and her later self portraits as St. Barbara in the Apparition of the Madonna and Child to the Five Saints. This negotiation of artistic status continues with Sirani's self-portraits in Judith and the Allegory of Painting, and as what I suggest are more ambiguous and ambitious representations of anti-heroines, Cleopatra and Circe. I also discuss the important role that the emerging genre of biography plays in the female artist's struggle for status. The thesis explores the shift in visual conventions in relation to discourses of artistic identity, gender and genre---such as the donnesca mano---that circulated in Renaissance historiography in Italy, and more specifically, in the cultural milieu of Bologna.
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Graheli, Shanti. "The circulation and collection of Italian printed books in sixteenth-century France." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7809.
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This thesis is an examination of the circulation networks and the patterns of collection of Italian printed books in France in the sixteenth century. Although the cultural relations between the Italian and French territory have been studied, a systematic survey to assess the impact of books on the shaping of the French Renaissance has never been attempted. The first section of this study examines the trade routes and networks which facilitated the circulation of Italian printed books across the French territory. Because of the nature of the French early modern book trade, focused primarily on two major centres (Paris and Lyon), a geographical division has been adopted in investigating this phenomenon. Chapter one explores the trade networks existing in sixteenth-century Lyon, from the powerful Compagnie des Libraires to the activity of the libraires italianisants in the second half of the century. Chapter two examines the importance of Italian editions in Paris. Chapter three is devoted to the circulation of Italian books in the provinces and the impact of large regional centres and trade routes on the availability of books locally. Chapter four investigates private networks and their importance in making specific texts available to French readers. The second section of this study investigates the status and importance of Italian printed books within French Renaissance libraries. Chapter five looks into the development of the French Royal library and the role played by Italian items in defining its identity as an institution. Chapter six examines the presence of Italian books in French aristocratic and courtly collections. Chapter seven is devoted to the libraries of the French literary milieu, analysing the extent to which Italian books were cherished as literary exemplars, particularly with regard to vernacular texts. Chapter eight examines the presence of Italian books in professional collections, with particular attention here given to texts in Latin and other scholarly languages imported from Italy. The conclusion draws all of these strands together, looking at the specific role played by Italian culture, through the printed book, on the development of the French Renaissance. A catalogue of about 2,400 Italian printed books with early modern French provenance is included as an appendix volume. This data provides the evidential basis for this study.
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Sherman, Allison M. "The lost Venetian church of Santa Maria Assunta dei Crociferi : form, decoration, and patronage." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1021.
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This dissertation reconstructs the original form and sixteenth-century decoration of the lost Venetian church of Santa Maria Assunta dei Crociferi, destroyed after the suppression of the Crociferi in 1656 to make way for the present church of the Gesuiti. The destruction of the church, the scattering of its contents, and the almost total lack of documentation of the religious order for which the space was built, has obscured our understanding of the many works of art it once contained, produced by some of the most important Venetian artists of the sixteenth century. This project seeks to correct scholarly neglect of this important church, and to restore context and meaning to these objects by reconstructing their original placement in the interest of a collective interpretation. Various types, patterns and phases of patronage at the church—monastic, private and corporate—are discussed to reveal interconnections between these groups, and to highlight to role of the Crociferi as architects of a sophisticated decorative programme that was designed to respond to the latest artistic trends, and to visually demonstrate their adherence to orthodoxy at a moment of religious upheaval and reform.
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Kim, Hae-Jeong. "Liturgy, Music, and Patronage at the Cappella di Medici in the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, 1550-1609." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278255/.
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This dissertation describes the musical and religious support of the Medici family to the Medici Chapel in Florence and the historical role of the church of San Lorenzo in the liturgical development of the period. During the later Middle Ages polyphony was allowed in the Office services only at Matins and Lauds during the Tenebrae service, the last three days of Holy Week, and at Vespers anytime. This practice continued until the end of the sixteenth century when more polyphonic motets based on the Antiphon and Responsory began to be included in the various Office hours during feast days. This practice is documented by the increased number of pieces that appear in the manuscripts. Two of the transcriptions from the church of San Lorenzo included in the appendix are selected from this later repertoire.
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Tsoumis, Karine. "Giovanni Battista Cavalieri's Ecclesiae militantis triumphi : Jesuits, martyrs, print, and the counter-reformation." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83842.
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Five hundred years of Christian martyrdom are represented in the Ecclesiae militantis triumphi (1583). Engraved by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri, the series that was bound into a book reproduces a fresco cycle in the church of San Stefano Rotondo in Rome. While the church belonged to the Jesuit German-Hungarian College, the book accompanied priests in their proselytizing mission in Northern Europe. This thesis will look at the function of the book in relation to various audiences, in different viewing contexts. Analyzed primarily in relation to the intended Jesuit audience as an object of devotion, the book will also be inserted within the Early Christian revival promoted by Gregory XIII (1572-1585). Finally, it will be looked at in relation to an audience composed of individuals interested in factual knowledge about Early Christian history and in the martyr as a historical figure. A general endeavor of the thesis is to situate the Ecclesiae militantis triumphi in relation to late sixteen-century representations of martyrdom, both Catholic and Protestant, as well as in relation to other contemporary Roman printed works.
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David, L. Kencik. "The Triumph of the Eucharist in the Paintings for the Sala dell’Albergo and the Sala Superiore in the Scuola Grande di San Rocco by Jacopo Tintoretto (ca. 1518/19-1594)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1590600384514719.
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Taylor, Chloë. "The aesthetics of sadism and masochism in Italian renaissance painting /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79810.
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This thesis analyses selected paintings and aspects of life of the Italian Renaissance in terms of the aesthetic properties of sadistic and masochistic symptomatologies and creative production, as these have been explored by philosophers such as Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Marcel Henaff, and Gilles Deleuze. One question which arises from this analysis, and is considered in this thesis, is of the relation between sexual perversion and history, and in particular between experiences of violence, (dis)pleasure and desire, and historically specific forms of discourse and power, such as legislation on rape; myths and practices concerning marriage alliance; the depiction of such myths and practices in art; religion; and family structures. A second question which this thesis explores is the manners in which sadistic and masochistic artistic production function politically, to bolster pre-existing gender ideologies or to subvert them. Finally, this thesis considers the relation between sadism and masochism and visuality, both by bringing literary models of perversion to an interpretation of paintings, and by exploring the amenability of different genres of visual art to sadism and masochism respectively.
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Lezowski, Marie. "L’atelier Borromée. L’archevêque de Milan et le gouvernement de l’écrit (1564-1631)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040177.
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L’époque moderne est marquée à Milan par l’empreinte de Charles Borromée, archevêque de 1564 à 1584. Canonisé en 1610 pour être donné en modèle du parfait évêque dans toute la chrétienté, Charles Borromée conçoit avant tout son rôle historique à l’échelle lombarde, par une mainmise sans précédent sur l’écrit. Quand les études se sont arrêtées sur la discipline sociale imposée par les évêques tridentins, le parti de cette thèse est de porter l’attention sur le phénomène du gouvernement de l’écrit borroméen, de l’épiscopat de Charles à celui de son cousin Frédéric Borromée (1595-1631). Les individus pris en compte ne se limitent pas aux familiers de la maison de l’archevêque. Sont retenues les trajectoires les plus saillantes de ceux qui écrivent pour l’archevêché et forment son « atelier ». Le corpus examiné réunit des écrits savants et hagiographiques, aussi bien qu’administratifs et juridiques. En observant les formes prises par l’écrit et les contraintes du service de l’archevêque par la plume, on lie ensemble deux histoires d’ordinaire dissociées : la fabrique d’un modèle d’évêque et les pratiques d’écriture commandées par le gouvernement épiscopal. La thèse présente successivement la formation de l’atelier de l’archevêque aux lendemains du concile de Trente, la fabrication locale de l’autorité de Charles Borromée au début du XVIIe siècle, enfin la sortie du modèle de l’atelier, avec l’institution, par Frédéric Borromée, d’une bibliothèque érudite peuplée de lettrés de métier, la Bibliothèque Ambrosienne (1609). L’attention aux mécanismes, formes et supports de l’écriture mise au service de l’archevêque de Milan révèle une conception du pouvoir à l’époque moderneModern Milan is marked with the seal of Carlo Borromeo, archbishop from 1564 to 1584. Though his canonization in 1610 establishes him as a model for the entire Christian world, Carlo Borromeo defines his historical role mainly within the boundaries of Lombardy, where he secures an unprecedented control over the written production. Whereas previous studies have focused on the social discipline enforced by the Tridentine bishops, this thesis draws the attention on the Borromean governance of the written production, from Carlo’s to his cousin Federico’s archbishopric (1595-1631). Its scope is not limited to the members of the archbishop’s family: the remarkable careers of individuals writing for the archbishop, members of his « workshop », are thoroughly studied. The examined sources encompass hagiographic, learned, as well as administrative and legal texts. Through an analysis of these various kinds of writings and of the constraints weighing on whoever served the archbishop with a pen, this thesis links two usually separated historical topics: the elaboration of a model of bishop and the specific practices imposed by a Modern bishop in the written production. We examine successively the forming of the archbishop’s workshop just after the Council of Trent, the local elaboration of Carlo Borromeo’s authority in the early 17th c. and finally Federico Borromeo’s dissociation from the model of the workshop through the setting up of a college of learned men endowed with an erudite library, the Ambrosiana (1609). The description of the mechanisms, shapes and media of the texts written for the archbishop of Milan sheds light on a conception of power in Modern Times
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Anthony, Danielle Tina. "Intimate Invasion: Andeans and Europeans in 16th Century Peru." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515105243237725.
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Roberts, Dunstan Clement David. "Readers' annotations in sixteenth-century religious books." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610579.
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Davis, Lydia. "British travellers and the rediscovery of Sicily, 16th-19th century." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2006. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/579/.
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This project deals with the early period of what could be termed the 'Grand Tour' in Sicily, a subject which has previously been covered only in a small number of academic works. In particular, it looks at the history of British travel and travellers to Sicily, placing particular emphasis on the way in which classical considerations prompted, guided and inspired visitors to the island. Whilst covering a wide time span which ranges from the 8th until the 20th centuriy AD, the main body of the work focuses on the period between 1550 and 1770 and provides a study of the major British travellers to Sicily during this period - most particularly the journeys of Thomas Hoby in the 16th century, George Sandys and Isaac Basire in the 17th and John Breval in the early 18th century. It also looks at the cultural construction of Sicily itself during this period, and the major Latin and Italian historical sources which influenced, and in some cases were influenced by, travellers and writers from Britain. Much of this work involves the in-depth analysis of several of the major geographical and antiquarian texts from the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries both in English and Italiaan. The results suggest that rather than the more traditional view of Sicily as a late addition to the Grand Tour, relatively undiscovered until the 1770s, the island had in fact generated a significant amount of interest from numerous erudite British travellers and antiquarians, who made a small but nevertheless important contribution to the body of work written upon the island and its culture and antiquities
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Martínez, Martínez Franklin de Jesús. "Cowlonialism : Colonialism, cattle and landscapes in 16th century New Spain." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-418884.
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Cattle are not endemic to the American continent. Nevertheless, they are present and thrive in many landscapes, all the way from Canada to Argentina. The narratives about the process of colonisation of the American continent include human actors, but there is very little literature in comparison that deals on the influence of cattle in landscapes in the continent. In this thesis, I will contribute to the discussion about more-than-human processes of landscape modification, by analysing archival sources from the New Spain. This region included a big part of the West of the United States, Mexico and Central America. The period I analyse, between 1550 and 1602, represents the first decades of encounter between the Spanish settlers and indigenous communities, in the region of New Spain, where the Spanish established administrative institutions to manage their empire. The documents that I analysed showcase the transformations that cattle caused in the landscape, from how indigenous people lived, to what plants and crops could be cultivated. Inspired by Multi-species studies, ethography, and the concepts of “animal” and “landscape”, I use Actor-Network Theory to create a thoroughly described network of relations. In my analysis, I find that cattle influenced the activities that were performed in the landscape, as well as the ways that other actors interacted with each other. These actions, complemented by religious, economic and cultural ideas that circulated during the XVI century, would form what I call Cowlonialism, a regime of ideas and practices where cattle invade the land and displace their inhabitants, exercising power over other actors.
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Monette, Barbara. "The Anabaptist Contributions to the Idea of Religious Liberty." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5060.
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The relationship between ideas and history is important in order to understand the past and the present. The idea of religious liberty and the realization of that ideal in sixteenth-century Europe by the Anabaptists in Switzerland and South Germany in the 1520s was considered to be revolutionary in a society characterized by the union of church and state. The main impetus of the idea of religious liberty for the Anabaptists was the application of the New Testament standard of the Christian church, which was an independent congregation of believers marked only by adult baptism. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the contributions of the Swiss Anabaptists to the idea of religious liberty by looking at the ministries and activities of three major leaders of the early Swiss movement: Conrad Grebel, Michael Sattler, and Balthasar Hubmaier. This thesis takes up the modern form of religious liberty as analyzed by twentieth-century authorities, as a framework for better understanding the contributions of the Anabaptists. My research then explores the establishment of the first Anabaptist church in history, the Zollikon church outside of Zurich, and examines its organization membership, motives, and strategies for evangelizing Switzerland. In all areas influenced by the Anabaptists, there was considerable acceptance of their doctrine of a separated church. Their teaching on liberty of conscience also influenced people in towns such as Zollikon and Waldshut. Possible historical links between the Anabaptist doctrines and establishment of later Baptist denominations are shown.
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Bishop, Jennifer Jane. "Precious metals, coinage, and 'commonwealth' in mid-Tudor England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708796.
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Glowark, Erik. "The Christianization of Japan During the First Thirty Years of the Jesuit Apostolate." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11510.
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viii, 169 p.The Jesuit mission to Japan (1549-1639) has long attracted the attention of historians because it coincided with a number of developments in Japanese history: increasing contact with Western powers, political reunification, and the transition to early modernity. However, few historians have placed the Jesuit mission in the wider context of Christianization, a process that many different peoples and cultures globally experienced during the premodern and early modern periods. This study examines Japan's participation in the world-historical process of Christianization during the first thirty years of the Jesuit apostolate. Making extensive use of Jesuit documents written between 1548 and 1561, this study demonstrates how the Japanese of the sixteenth century experienced Christianization and how that experience connected them to other missionized peoples and cultures across time and space.
Committee in charge: Jeffrey Hanes, Chairperson; Andrew Goble, Member; Robert Haskett, Member
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LaCerva, Daniel Anthony. "Purepècha y Pescado: Food, Status, and Conquest in 16th Century Michoacán." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1503004991079327.
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Blakeway, Amy Louise. "Regency in sixteenth-century Scotland." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252207.
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Gaudenzi, Bianca. "Commercial advertising in Germany and Italy, 1918-1943." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609367.
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Hall, Matthew. "Lyon publishing in the age of Catholic revival, 1565-1600." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16276.
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This PhD dissertation focuses upon the role of Lyon's printing industry in the revival of Catholicism in the second half of the sixteenth century. Lyon was one of Europe's premier cities; booming trade and tolerant attitudes had been catalysts for its growth. It possessed one of the finest and most renowned printing industries on the continent. Reputations were turned upside down by the development of evangelical activism in the 1560s. By the late 1560s the city was once more firmly placed in the Roman Catholic camp. Lyon's presses joined in the newly found Catholic sentiment. Presses produced a vast range of texts necessary for the reconstruction of the Church. From the start, the commerce of the book and the fate of Catholic revival were closely bound together. Within a decade of the fall of the Protestant regime, Catholic authors and publishers produced steady streams of violent pamphlet literature aimed towards the eradication of the Huguenot. With a powerful combination of theological tomes and a flood of book and pamphlet literature addressed to a wider audience, Lyon's printing presses held an important role in the progress of Catholic revival. Chapter one sketches core aspects of the history of the printing industry in Lyon from its inception in the 1470s until 1600. Chapter two concentrates on the production of pamphlet literature between 1565 and 1588, the years of Catholic victory and the period leading up to the radical developments of the Holy Catholic League. Chapter three extends the survey of the period 1565 until 1588 by addressing the body of larger religious books published. Chapters four and five explore the role of pamphlet literature during Lyon's adherence to the Leaguer, and then Royalist movement. Chapter six examines the production of larger religious books throughout the years 1589 until 1600. This study of Lyon's place in print culture demonstrates that our preconceptions of the book culture - seen through the predominantly German model - cannot be accurately imposed across European printing centres. Contrary to the German experience print culture and the Counter-Reformation were inextricably linked. Moreover, French Catholic authors were prepared to confront the evangelical movement in the medium of print. By doing so Catholic authors and publishers fully utilised the weapons that had brought Protestantism so much success, making them their own.
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Crawford, David John. "Courts of conscience : English Archdeacons' courts at the time of the Reformation, c.1515-1558." Phd thesis, Faculty of Arts, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9735.
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Strickrodt, Silke. "Afro-European trade relations on the western slave coast, 16th to 19th centuries." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2616.
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This thesis deals with the Afro-European trade on the Western Slave Coast from about 1600 to the 1880s, mainly the slave trade but also the trade in ivory and agricultural produce. The Western Slave Coast comprises the coastal areas of modem Togo and parts of the coastal areas of Ghana and Benin. For much of the period under discussion, this region was dominated by two kingdoms, the kingdom of the Hula (or Pla), known to European traders as Great or Grand Popo, after its coastal port (in modern Benin), and the kingdom of the Ge (Gen/Guin/Genyi), known to European traders as Little Popo, after its main coastal port (in modern Togo). In the nineteenth century, two more ports of trade appeared in the region, Agoud (in modem Benin) and Porto Seguro (in modern Togo). In terms of the Afro-European trade, this was an intermediate area between regions of greater importance to slave traders, the Gold Coast to the west and the eastern Slave Coast (mainly the kingdom of Dahomey) to the east. This thesis gives a detailed reconstruction of the political and commercial developments in the region, especially for the period from the 1780s and the 1860s. The discussion is based mainly on archival material from British, French and African archives, but also makes use of a wide range of published accounts, mainly in English, French and German, and information from oral traditions. Beyond its immediate local interest, the thesis contributes to our understanding of the operation of the Afro-European trade and its impact on African middleman societies. The intermittent commercial success of 'the Popos' illustrates the dynamics of the trade especially clearly. The Western Slave Coast is placed into the wider transatlantic trade network and its role in the trade re-evaluated. The link between the local and overseas economy is illustrated by the centrality of the lagoon, which is discussed in detail. Other important issues that are addressed include the role of the canoemen in the trade, the transition from the slave trade to the palm oil trade and the Afro-Brazilian settlement at Agoue.
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Moreton, Melissa N. ""Scritto di bellissima lettera": nuns' book production in fifteenth and sixteenth-century Italy." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6480.
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This dissertation examines the cultural, intellectual and artistic contributions religious women made in the production of secular and religious books in fifteenth and sixteenth-century Italy. It presents the first comparative study of nuns' book production across Italy and introduces new manuscripts to the canon of nuns' bookwork. Though the scholarship of the last fifty years has increased our understanding of the institutional and individual lives of nuns, little research has been done on their production and exchange of texts. Nun-scribes and manuscript painters produced liturgical, devotional and administrative books for use in-house, as well as for secular and religious communities and individuals outside the walls of the convents. Evidence of their bookwork repositions them as active participants in a rich spiritual, intellectual and artistic life and broadens their sphere of activity and influence to include a wide community of secular and religious patrons, artistic collaborators, scholars, family members, and book-buying clientele.
Through a close examination of the material evidence in their manuscripts, this study illustrates how nuns used the production and exchange of texts to further their individual and institutional goals. This dissertation makes an important contribution to the current understanding nuns' spiritual, artistic and intellectual life and practice and significantly reshapes the current understanding of women's education and learning in Renaissance and early modern Italy (1400-1650).
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Robert-Nicoud, Vincent Corentin. "The world upside-down in sixteenth-century French literature and visual culture." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1c0536cf-ffcf-4324-a626-19075e1acca8.
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To call something 'inverted' or 'topsy-turvy' in the sixteenth century is, above all, to label it as abnormal, unnatural and going against the natural order of things. The topos of the world upside-down brings to mind a world returned to its initial state of primeval chaos, in which everything is inside-out, topsy-turvy and out of bounds: fish live in trees, children rule over their parents, wives command their husband and rivers flow back to their source. This thesis undertakes a detailed account of the development of the topos of the world upside-down in sixteenth-century French literature and visual culture. By examining different uses of this topos - comic, moralising and polemical - it relates the transformations of the topos to religious, social and political conflicts of the period. To explain the shift of this topos from comic and moralising device to satirical and polemical tool, this thesis argues that troubled times produce troubled texts. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis, two kinds of evidence will be examined: Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 present diachronic evidence of the 'polemicisation' of the topos of the world upside-down in literary genres of the period (adages, paradoxes and emblems) and within François Rabelais's body of work; Chapter 3 and 4 provide synchronic evidence of the polemical use of the topos of the world upside-down during the French religious wars in Huguenot and Catholic polemic and in depictions of socio-political turmoil. Charting the variety of uses of the topos of the world upside-down throughout the sixteenth century, this thesis connects the world upside-down and its historical context; and contributes to the scholarship on religious polemic.
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McMillan, Catherine Elizabeth. "Aberdeen and the Reformation: Implementation and Interpretation of Reform." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/711.
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In the burgh of Aberdeen in northeast Scotland, the realm's Reformation of 1559-1560 and the subsequent alteration of the religious landscape were unwelcome developments. Although national authorities required reform, the burgh's powerful governing local oligarchy, mainly comprised of wealthy Catholic burgesses, dictated the speed and shape of conformity to the new religion. Existing scholarship on Aberdeen in the 1560s has concentrated on the ways in which Aberdeen's leaders responded to the Reformation rather than the reasons behind those responses. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to further the understanding of the implementation and interpretation of the Reformation and Reformed Protestantism in Aberdeen from c. 1560 to 1568. Aberdeen's town council records from 1559 to 1568 and kirk session legislation from 1562-1563 and 1568 are the foundational primary sources for this study. Close textual analysis makes visible the many layers of meaning contained within these sources and unearths the common threads that run throughout. Additional primary sources, such Confession of Faith, Book of Discipline, and relevant entries from the records of St Andrews' kirk session, serve to place Aberdeen in the larger national context and, in many aspects, highlight the burgh's comparative religious conservatism. Chapter One of this thesis provides an overview of the national political and religious history from the early 1540s to the early 1570s. Chapter Two focuses on Aberdeen's response to the Reformation Crisis of 1559-1560 and the subsequent implementation of reform from 1560 to 1568 as administered by the burgh's civic authorities. Finally, Chapter Three explores and explains the interpretation of the Reformation and Reformed Protestantism by the town council and the kirk session. This thesis concludes that the town council of Aberdeen deftly maneuvered through the twists and turns of the Reformation and its immediate aftermath and was successful not only in retaining relative local autonomy, but also in restricting the pace and determining the character of reform. Furthermore, the burgh's kirk session sought common ground between Catholicism and Reformed Protestantism in doctrine and discipline and was able to distract attention from matters of religious belief and practice by concentrating on the regulation of moral behavior.
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Kwok, Yiu-wah, and 郭耀華. "The role of Chinese in Mongolia in the develoipment of Ming-Mongol relationship during the Jiajing Reign (1522-1567)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31950942.
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Taylor, Katie. "Communicating mathematics through vernacular books in Elizabethan England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607744.
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Nicholls, Sophie Eugenie Bay. "France and the Catholic League, 1576-1594." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610419.
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Sobers-Khan, Nur Anna Helene. "Slaves without shackles : forced labour and manumission in the Galata court registers, 1560-1572." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608134.
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Owens, Travis J. "Beleaguered Muslim fortresses and Ethiopian imperial expansion from the 13th to the 16th century." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483490.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Lawson, Letitia ; Kadhim, Abbas. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-48). Also available in print.
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WITKOWSKI, Victoria Margaret. "Remembering fascism and empire : the public representation and myth of Rodolfo Graziani in 20th-century Italy." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/72739.
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Defence date: 24 September 2021; Examining Board: Professor Lucy Riall (European University Institute); Professor Alexander Etkind (European University Institute); Professor John Foot (University of Bristol); Professor Marla Stone (Occidental College)My PhD has utilised the cultural representation of Italy’s most popular military figure from the Fascist period to account for the myth-making and warped remembrance of Rodolfo Graziani in Modern-day Italy. By proving himself to Mussolini with his brutal tactics, namely, mass hangings, the erection of concentration camps, and utilisation of poison gas during the Italian ‘pacification’ of Libya in the 1920’s and the Fascist conquest of Ethiopia in 1936, my project highlights that Graziani was chosen by the Fascist government to be a national imperial war hero. Facilitated by the dawn of totalitarianism and mass consumption, the propaganda campaign to promote the Fascist Empire utilised Graziani as a modern-day celebrity, through many mediums, which became the source base for my research. Images of Graziani filtered back to Italy in the 1930s through postcards, books, magazines, film, radio, busts and the like. During the Second World War, collaboration with the Nazis under the Salò Republic led to his trial in 1948, but his colonial crimes remained unquestioned, testament to the effect of heroisation for his previous colonial career. Since then, this manipulation of historical consciousness has continued to pervade Italian society as the state searched for a collective ‘usable’ past from the remnants of the Fascist dictatorship. As Mussolini’s most popular enterprise, colonial ambition remained a shared goal across the political spectrum in the immediate post-war period. By countering national insecurities through the utilisation of male symbols, men like Graziani provided an opportunity to promote such ideals through untainted virtues of masculinity. Institutionally therefore, the role of individuals in bringing ‘civilisation’ to its African colonies continued to be revered in post-fascist and post-colonial Italy. Moreover, most recently, a regionally funded monument that was built in Graziani’s honour near Rome in 2012 only led to public outcry abroad and from interested national parties with almost no negative response from the Italian public. Graziani’s memory thus remains a fervent, multifaceted one and signifies tension in popular attitudes to Italy fascist and colonial history. It is with this timely and noteworthy case-study that I aim to shed light on the persistently neglected darker aspects of Italy’s recent past.
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Haar, Christoph Philipp. "Household, community and power in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Jesuit thought." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709084.
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Schneider, Leann G. "Capturing Otherness on Canvas: 16th - 18th century European Representation of Amerindians and Africans." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1437430892.
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Park, Simon. "Diogo Bernardes and 'O Lima' (1596) : poetry, patronage, and print in early modern Portugal." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cc5da494-8e61-4e94-abbc-2093396352ba.
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This thesis examines how the fortunes of poets and the status of poetry were changing at the end of the sixteenth century in Portugal. Centring on the long-neglected verse epistles in Diogo Bernardes's 'O Lima' (1596), I re-evaluate our sense of what it meant to be a poet when writing verse was not a sure-fire way to earn a living and when lyric poetry was regularly lampooned as trifling and immoral. Bernardes's surprisingly forthright cartas, I argue, offer new insights into the protagonists and procedures of literary patronage in Portugal. I use a combination of close readings and sociological methods to illuminate the practical strategies and rhetorical brinkmanship that Bernardes deployed in his quest for favour and highlight the frustrations and moral dilemmas of seeking the support of powerful, but fickle, patrons. Bernardes was a particularly remarkable writer for having printed his verse during his lifetime, and so I also trace how lyric verse was slowly legitimated as a cultural product during the sixteenth century and offer a case study of how an author's reputation was forged in the collaborative enterprise of print, then re-formed by the work of readers, thereby shedding light on the complex mechanisms of early modern canon formation. Paradoxically, I demonstrate that unequivocal praise of a writer's work can harm, rather than help, their chances of remaining in the canon. Although Bernardes's work is an echo chamber for these deep reverberations from the broader history of literature, this thesis also listens closely to Bernardes's distinctive poetic voice and allows it to speak out. Playful, candid, mercurial, it is a poetic voice that here seeks a wider audience.
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Newsome, David John. "The forum and the city : rethinking centrality in Rome and Pompeii (3rd century B.C. - 2nd century A.D.)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/814/.
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This thesis details the development of fora in Rome and Pompeii in order that our understanding of these spaces as 'centres' accounts for their changing relationship with the city, between the third century B.C. and the second century A.D. It is a diachronic study of spatial practice and the representation of space, based on archaeological evidence for infrastructures of movement and textual evidence for the articulation of spatial concepts. Having asserted the importance of movement in shaping the perception of space in antiquity, this thesis details the changes to the physical disposition, the management of access, and the representation of fora. It concludes that while the centrality of the Forum Romanum was related to its potential for through movement, access was increasingly restricted in the late-first century B.C. This changing disposition of public space informed the development of the imperial fora, which in turn informed the development of fora outside of the city of Rome. Fora changed from shortcuts to obstacles in the city; from spaces of movement through to spaces of movement to. This represents a fundamental redefinition of their relationship with the city of which they were a part, and of their 'centrality' in both practice and representation.
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Maxson, Brian. "Review of Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Europe." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6204.
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Tosh, William Patrick. "Testimonies of affection and dispatches of intelligence : the letters of Anthony Bacon, 1558-1601." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/9075.
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This thesis explores the affective and professional relationships that sustained the intelligence network of Anthony Bacon (1558-1601), a gentleman-traveller and spymaster for the earl of Essex. Through a series of interventions in the extensive Bacon papers in Lambeth Palace Library, I present four manuscript-based case studies that cast light on a host of relationship-paradigms particular to early modern English culture that are today poorly understood. Chapter 1 focuses on Anthony Bacon’s relationship with the Puritan Nicholas Faunt, and argues for a new understanding of the language of ardent affection between men that acknowledges the influence on such language of Reformed theology. Chapter 2 explores the correspondence of Bacon with Anthony Standen, an imprisoned Catholic spy, and suggests that the early modern prison may have been a facilitating institution in the creation of instrumental friendship between men. Chapter 3 examines the Inns of Court. I argue that the Inns’ concern for the values of friendship was reflected in the widespread political patronage system that operated out of the four societies, a system that was recognised and manipulated by powerful men. In Chapter 4 I explore a context in which the influence of friendship networks was deleterious: the unstable and unhappy political secretariat of the earl of Essex. I argue that the earl’s outmoded concept of ardent service was as damaging to his own household as it was to his relationship with the queen. Taken as a whole, this thesis argues for a new awareness of the place of feeling and the role of friendship in our understanding of relationships between men in the sixteenth century.