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1
Wilman, D., and Y. Gao. "Herbage production and tiller density in five related grasses, their hybrids and mixtures." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 1 (August 1996): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600077376.
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SUMMARYFour grass species, three hybrids and three mixtures were grown in field swards near Aberystwyth. All swards were amply supplied with nutrients and were cut at 5-week intervals during the year of sowing (1989) and during the following 4 years. The order of the grasses in rate of establishment was: Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) > Italian ryegrass × perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) > tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). During the sowing year as a whole, Italian ryegrass was the highest yielding grass, followed by Westerwolds ryegrass. During the remaining period (1990–93), as a whole, the highest yields were obtained from perennial ryegrass sown alone or in a mixture with tall fescue. Tall fescue sown alone was one of the lowest yielding grasses in the year of sowing, but developed to be the highest yielding in 1992 and 1993. Westerwolds ryegrass persisted least well, although some plants did survive until 1992. Italian ryegrass persisted better than Westerwolds and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted better than Italian ryegrass. Hybrid ryegrass and perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue persisted satisfactorily but with fewer tillers/m2 than perennial ryegrass or tall fescue. The yield of tall fescue in March was as high as that of Italian ryegrass in 1990 and 1991 and higher than that of any of the other grasses in 1992 and 1993; the tiller density of tall fescue was particularly high in March. The yield of mixtures (Italian ryegrass with perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass with tall fescue and perennial ryegrass with tall fescue) was, on average, 2·5% more than the mean of the component species when sown alone. When grown with ryegrass, tall fescue was not prominent initially but its proportion in the sward gradually increased.
2
Liebl, Rex, and A. Douglas Worsham. "Interference of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Weed Science 35, no. 6 (November 1987): 819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500079406.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) grain yields were reduced an average of 4.2% for every 10 Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum(Lam.) # LOLMU] plants/m2within the range of 0 to 100 Italian ryegrass plants/m2. Yield reductions caused by Italian ryegrass were attributed primarily to decreased crop tillering. Italian ryegrass densities as high as 80 plants/m2had little effect on wheat head or kernel weights. In greenhouse experiments, the growth response of Italian ryegrass to increasing concentrations of NO3–and K+was greater than that of wheat. Net uptake rates for NO3–by both species growing in nutrient solution were 1.5 times greater than net uptake rates for K+. Nitrate and potassium Imaxvalues for Italian ryegrass were approximately twice the corresponding values for wheat. Although Italian ryegrass responded more to changes in nutrients and had greater ion uptake rates compared to wheat, Italian ryegrass accumulated more biomass when grown in monoculture than when grown in association with wheat. This difference was probably due to the initial size of the seedlings. Wheat seedlings were much larger than Italian ryegrass seedlings during the first 20 days following emergence.
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Bararpour, Mohammad T., Jason K. Norsworthy, Nilda R. Burgos, Nicholas E. Korres, and Edward E. Gbur. "Identification and Biological Characteristics of Ryegrass (Loliumspp.) Accessions in Arkansas." Weed Science 65, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2016.28.
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Italian ryegrass is a major weed problem in wheat production worldwide. Field studies were conducted at Fayetteville, AR, to assess morphological characteristics of ryegrass accessions from Arkansas and differences among otherLoliumspp.: Italian, rigid, poison, and perennial ryegrass. Plant height, plant growth habit, plant stem color, and node color were recorded every 2 wk until maturity. The number of tillers per plant, spikes per plant, and seeds per plant were recorded at maturity. All ryegrass accessions from Arkansas were identified as Italian ryegrass, which had erect to prostrate growth habit, green to red stem color, green to red nodes, glume (10 mm) shorter than spikelet (19 mm), and medium seed size (5 to 7 mm) with 1 to 3 mm awns. However, significant variability in morphological characteristics was found among Arkansas ryegrass accessions. WhenLoliumspecies at the seedling stage (1- to 2-wk-old plants) were compared, poison ryegrass was characterized as having a large main-stem diameter and wide droopy leaves, whereas perennial ryegrass exhibited a short and a very narrow leaf blade. These two can be distinguished from Italian and rigid ryegrass, which have leaf blades wider than perennial ryegrass but narrower than poison ryegrass. Italian and rigid ryegrass are difficult to distinguish at the seedling stage but are distinct at the reproductive stage. At maturity, Italian ryegrass and poison ryegrass seeds are awned, but perennial and rigid ryegrass seeds are awnless. Poison ryegrass awns were at least 4-fold longer than Italian ryegrass awns. Perennial ryegrass flowered 3 wk later than the other species. Poison ryegrass glumes were longer than the spikelets, whereas Italian ryegrass glumes were shorter than the spikelets. Morphological traits indicate that some Italian ryegrass populations are potentially more competitive and more fecund than others.
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Koepke-Hill, Rebecca M., Gregory R. Armel, Kevin W. Bradley, William A. Bailey, Henry P. Wilson, and Thomas E. Hines. "Evaluation of Flufenacet plus Metribuzin Mixtures for Control of Italian Ryegrass in Winter Wheat." Weed Technology 25, no. 4 (December 2011): 563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00149.1.
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Field studies were conducted to compare the effectiveness of PRE and POST applications of a prepackaged mixture of flufenacet plus metribuzin with that of diclofop for winter wheat tolerance and control of Italian ryegrass. Additional studies investigated the effectiveness of reduced rates of flufenacet plus metribuzin applied POST to Italian ryegrass when wheat was in the spike stage. All PRE and POST applications of flufenacet plus metribuzin produced similar or greater injury to wheat and more consistent control of Italian ryegrass than PRE or POST applications of diclofop. PRE applications of flufenacet plus metribuzin controlled Italian ryegrass 73 to 77%, whereas POST applications controlled Italian ryegrass 77 to 99%. PRE applications of diclofop controlled Italian ryegrass 57%; POST application controlled Italian ryegrass 78%. Wheat injury from flufenacet plus metribuzin applications varied with application rate, cultivar, and year of application.
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Worthington, Margaret L., S. Chris Reberg-Horton, David Jordan, and J. Paul Murphy. "A Comparison of Methods for Evaluating the Suppressive Ability of Winter Wheat Cultivars against Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)." Weed Science 61, no. 3 (September 2013): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00167.1.
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Infestations of Italian ryegrass are problematic in both conventional and organic wheat production systems. The development of wheat cultivars with superior competitive ability against Italian ryegrass could play a role in maintaining acceptable yields and suppressing weed populations. Research was conducted in North Carolina to identify indirect methods of selection for Italian ryegrass suppressive ability (hereafter referred to as weed suppressive ability) of winter wheat cultivars that correlate well with Italian ryegrass-to-wheat biomass ratios. Two winter wheat cultivars (Dyna-Gro Baldwin and Dyna-Gro Dominion) and one experimental wheat line (NC05-19684) with differing morphological traits were overseeded with varying densities of Italian ryegrass. Wheat height measured throughout the growing season in weed-free plots was strongly associated with weed suppressive ability, but high wheat tillering capacity had no significant effect on weed suppressive ability in the lines tested in this study. Italian ryegrass seed head density during grain fill was strongly correlated (r= 0.94) with Italian ryegrass-to-wheat biomass ratio, the generally accepted measure of weed suppressive ability. Visual estimates of percent Italian ryegrass biomass relative to the plot with the highest level of Italian ryegrass infestation in each replicate were also strongly correlated with weed suppressive ability at all growth stages, especially during heading (r= 0.87) (Zadoks growth stage [GS] 55). Measurements from nonimaging spectrophotometers and overhead photographs taken from tillering (Zadoks 23 to 25) to early dough development (Zadoks 80) were unreliable estimates of end-of-season Italian ryegrass-to-wheat biomass ratios because they failed to account for wheat cultivar differences in biomass, color, and growth habit. Italian ryegrass seed head density and visual estimates of Italian ryegrass biomass during grain fill are appropriate indirect methods of selection for weed suppressive ability in breeding programs.
6
Trusler, Chad S., Thomas F. Peeper, and Amanda E. Stone. "Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum) Management Options in Winter Wheat in Oklahoma." Weed Technology 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-06-038.1.
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An experiment was conducted at three sites in central Oklahoma to compare the efficacy of Italian ryegrass management options in no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) winter wheat. The Italian ryegrass management options included selected herbicide treatments, wheat-for-hay, and a rotation consisting of double-crop soybean seeded immediately after wheat harvest, followed by early season soybean, and then by wheat. In continuous wheat, before application of glyphosate or tillage, Italian ryegrass plant densities in mid-September were 12,300 to 15,000 plants/m2in NT plots vs. 0 to 500 plants/m2in CT plots. When applied POST, diclofop controlled more Italian ryegrass than tralkoxydim or sulfosulfuron. In continuous wheat, yields were greater in CT plots than in NT plots at two of three sites. None of the Italian ryegrass management options consistently reduced Italian ryegrass density in the following wheat crop. Of the Italian ryegrass control strategies applied to continuous wheat, three herbicide treatments in NT at Chickasha and all treatments in NT at Perry reduced Italian ryegrass density in the following wheat crop. Italian ryegrass plant density in November and spike density were highly related to wheat yield at two and three sites, respectively. No management options were more profitable than rotation to soybean.
7
Wu, Di, Xiao-Ling Wang, Xi-Xia Zhu, Hai-Hong Wang, Wei Liu, Lin Qi, Peng Song, Ming-Ming Zhang, and Wei Zhao. "Effect of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterial Strains That Coexist in Rhizosphere Soil on Italian Ryegrass Regrowth." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112122.
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Potted Italian ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum L.) were used to investigate the effect of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) strain that coexisted in rhizosphere soil on Italian ryegrass regrowth. The results showed that the isolated and screened AOB strain (S2_8_1) had 100% similarity to Ensifer sesbaniae. The inoculation of S2_8_1 on day 44 before defoliation caused its copy number in rhizosphere soils to increase by 83–157% from day 34 before defoliation to day 14 after defoliation compared with that in Italian ryegrass without S2_8_1 inoculation, indicating that S2_8_1 coexisted permanently with Italian ryegrass. The coexistence promoted the delivery of root-derived cytokinin to leaves and to increase its cytokinin concentrations; thus, the Italian ryegrass regrowth accelerated. During the 14-day regrowth period, the S2_8_1 coexistence with Italian ryegrass caused its leaf and xylem sap cytokinin concentrations, rhizosphere soil nitrification rates, net photosynthetic rates, and total biomass to increase by 38%, 58%, 105%, 18%, and 39% on day 14 after defoliation, respectively. The inoculation of S2_8_1 on day 2 before defoliation also increased the regrowth of Italian ryegrass. Thus, the coexistence of AOB with Italian ryegrass increased its regrowth by regulating the delivery of cytokinins from roots to leaves.
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Liebl, Rex, and A. Douglas Worsham. "Effect of Chlorsulfuron on the Movement and Fate of Diclofop in Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Weed Science 35, no. 5 (September 1987): 623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500060689.
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The basis for chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] caronyl] benzenesulfonamide} antagonism of diclofop {(±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} was investigated in Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum(Lam.) # LOLMU] and wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘McNair 1813′). Chlorsulfuron did not affect the chemical stability or volatility of diclofop in spray mixtures over the time and concentration ranges evaluated. Addition of chlorsulfuron (0.11 μg/μl) to a diclofop (2.0 μg/μl) foliar-applied spotting solution did not affect the absorption, translocation, or metabolism of diclofop in 17-day-old Italian ryegrass or wheat. Italian ryegrass and wheat responded differentially to diclofop alone. At 72 h after treatment, 69 and 40% of labeled diclofop penetrated into Italian ryegrass and wheat leaves, respectively. Although little movement of labeled diclofop occurred in either species, more translocated from the treated zone of Italian ryegrass. At 72 h after treatment, the percentages of14C recovered as parent methyl ester, diclofop (free acid), and conjugates in treated leaf extracts were 9, 62, and 25%, respectively, for Italian ryegrass, and 50, 20, and 29%, respectively, for wheat. Differential penetration and metabolism of diclofop are the probable bases for selectivity between wheat and Italian ryegrass. The antagonism of diclofop caused by chlorsulfuron does not appear to be due to an alteration of the molecular fate of diclofop in Italian ryegrass.
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Xue, Longhai, Yong Liu, Su Zhou, James F. White, and Chunjie Li. "Characterization of Pyrenophora Species Causing Brown Leaf Spot on Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Southwestern China." Plant Disease 104, no. 7 (July 2020): 1900–1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-19-1457-re.
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Drechslera leaf spot (DLS) caused by Pyrenophora (Drechslera) species is one of the most serious diseases affecting Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in China. Between 2015 and 2018, this disease was observed in three Italian ryegrass fields in the province of Sichuan, China. Average leaf disease incidence was approximately 1 to 12% but could range up to 100%. Symptoms appeared as brown or tan spots surrounded by a yellow halo, or brown to dark brown net blotch; subsequently, spots increased in number and size, and they later covered a large area of leaf, eventually causing leaf death. In this study, 86 strains of Pyrenophora fungi were isolated from leaf lesions of Italian ryegrass. Coupled with phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, partial 28S ribosomal RNA gene, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, morphological characteristics showed that Pyrenophora dictyoides and P. nobleae are associated with Italian ryegrass in southwest China. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that both species can infect Italian ryegrass, causing leaf spot, whereas the virulence of the two species differed; P. nobleae showed lower pathogenicity to Italian ryegrass. This is the first time that these two Pyrenophora species were formally reported on Italian ryegrass based on both morphological and molecular characters. Overall, this study improves knowledge of the Pyrenophora species associated with Italian ryegrass and provides a foundation for control of this disease in the future.
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Baizán, Silvia, Fernando Vicente, José A. Oliveira, Elías Afif-Khouri, and Adela Martínez-Fernández. "Effect of replacing conventional Italian ryegrass by organic nitrogen source systems on chemical soil properties." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 4 (December 2, 2020): e1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020184-15677.
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Aim of study: To evaluate agronomic performance and changes on soil chemical properties in two types of managements: conventional or sustainable.Area of study: Principality of Asturias, Spain.Material and methods: On a loam-clay texture soil, three winter forage legumes (faba bean, red clover and white lupin), in monoculture or mixed with Italian ryegrass and with organic fertilization (sustainable management) versus Italian ryegrass in monoculture and inorganic fertilization (conventional management) were evaluated during three consecutive years. After the harvest in spring, the rotations were completed with maize crop with the purpose to evaluate the effect of the sustainable management on forage yield and soil chemical parameters.Main results: The results showed that faba bean and red clover in monoculture and mixed with Italian ryegrass had better edaphic quality than Italian ryegrass in monoculture, and white lupin in monoculture or mixed with Italian ryegrass. Faba bean in monoculture and mixed with Italian ryegrass, both with organic fertilization, could be competitive crops since both had yields comparable to Italian ryegrass in monoculture with inorganic fertilization.Research highlights: Current agricultural practice could be changed for a more sustainable management system, including organic fertilization and legume crops.
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Beam, Josh B., Whitnee L. Barker, and Shawn D. Askew. "Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Newly Seeded Tall Fescue." Weed Technology 19, no. 2 (June 2005): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-179r1.
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Infestations of Italian ryegrass are difficult to control and decrease marketability of cool-season sod. Tests were conducted at three locations in Virginia in 2002 and 2003 to determine herbicide control options for Italian ryegrass in 90:10 tall fescue: Kentucky bluegrass turfgrass seeded the previous fall. Chlorsulfuron, diclofop, fluazifop plus fenoxaprop, and metsulfuron controlled 5- to 30-tiller Italian ryegrass less than 50% 10 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). Nicosulfuron at 53 g ai/ha controlled Italian ryegrass 69 to 95% and injured turf no greater than 10% at all locations 10 WAIT. Primisulfuron at 53 g ai/ha controlled Italian ryegrass less than 30% in 2002 and 59 to 63% at two locations in 2003 10 WAIT and injured turf less than 5% at all locations. Results indicate nicosulfuron can be used for Italian ryegrass control in tall fescue or tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass turf if temporary injury is acceptable.
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Liebl, Rex, and A. Douglas Worsham. "Effect of Chlorsulfuron on Diclofop Phytotoxicity to Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)." Weed Science 35, no. 3 (May 1987): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500053868.
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The effect of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5 -triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} on the phytotoxicity of postemergence applications of the methyl ester of diclofop ((±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} to Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum(Lam.) # LOLMU] was investigated in field and greenhouse experiments. The addition of chlorsulfuron (14.8 g ai/ha field, 12.4 g/ha greenhouse) to 0.90 kg/ha diclofop reduced Italian ryegrass control 27% in the field and increased Italian ryegrass fresh weights in the greenhouse more than twofold over diclofop alone. The antagonism was more evident when combinations were used to treat Italian ryegrass in the three-leaf stage than the two- or four-leaf stage. Sequential applications yielded results similar to tank mix combinations. Chlorsulfuron and diclofop were approximately 400 and 50%, respectively, more active on Italian ryegrass when applied preemergence than when applied postemergence. Combinations of chlorsulfuron and diclofop applied preemergence to Italian ryegrass resulted in additive responses.
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Bell, Carl E. "Broccoli (Brassica oleraceavar.botrytis) Yield Loss from Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Interference." Weed Science 43, no. 1 (March 1995): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500080917.
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Italian ryegrass interference in broccoli was measured in field experiments and the data fit a rectangular hyperbolic competition model. The model predicted 58% of broccoli yield loss related to Italian ryegrass density when pooled over three y. An economic threshold value of 4.9 Italian ryegrass plants m−1of crop row was determined to be the density required to cause a 3.6% yield loss, equal to postemergence weed control costs. Italian ryegrass densities of 600 to 1000 plants m1of broccoli row caused 100% yield loss.
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Hoskins, Aaron J., Bryan G. Young, Ronald F. Krausz, and John S. Russin. "Control of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Winter Wheat." Weed Technology 19, no. 2 (June 2005): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-118r3.
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Field studies were established in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate Italian ryegrass, wheat, and double-crop soybean response to fall and spring postemergence applications of flucarbazone, sulfosulfuron, clodinafop, diclofop, and tralkoxydim applied alone and in combination with thifensulfuron + tribenuron to winter wheat. Fall-applied herbicides caused 5% or less wheat injury. Spring-applied herbicides caused 3 to 45% wheat injury, and the greatest injury occurred with the combination of flucarbazone with thifensulfuron + tribenuron in the spring of 2001. Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop, and clodinafop caused 3 to 6% and 16 to 26% wheat injury in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Herbicide injury to wheat did not reduce wheat grain yield compared with the hand-weeded treatment. Italian ryegrass competition in the nontreated plots reduced wheat yield by as much as 33% compared with herbicide-treated plots. Italian ryegrass control was 89 to 99% from clodinafop and diclofop and 78 to 97% from flucarbazone, with no differences because of application timing in either year of the study. Italian ryegrass control from sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim was greater from the spring of 2000 applications (94 to 99%) compared with the fall of 1999 applications (65 to 88%). However, in 2001, application timing (fall vs. spring) for sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim did not affect Italian ryegrass control. Thifensulfuron + tribenuron combined with tralkoxydim reduced control of Italian ryegrass control compared with tralkoxydim alone in both years of the study. Italian ryegrass control was not reduced when thifensulfuron + tribenuron was combined with sulfosulfuron, flucarbazone, diclofop, or clodinafop. Italian ryegrass was controlled effectively by the acetyl-CoA carboxylase–inhibiting herbicides diclofop, clodinafop, and tralkoxydim. However, control of Italian ryegrass with the acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides flucarbazone and sulfosulfuron was inconsistent. Double-crop soybean after wheat did not have foliar symptoms or yield loss from fall- or spring-applied herbicides.
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McCartney, D. H., H. A. Lardner, and F. C. Stevenson. "Economics of backgrounding calves on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures in the Aspen Parkland." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 88, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07064.
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Annual ryegrass or Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) can be used to improve pasture productivity through extension of the grazing season in the Aspen parkland of western Canada. A study conducted at Agriculture and Agri Food Canada Melfort, SK. and Lacombe, AB, showed that weaned calves could successfully graze Italian ryegrass late into the fall as part of the overall backgrounding system. Spring-seeded annual Italian ryegrass produced between 4300 and 6700 kg total dry matter per hectare across all sites and had an average crude protein content of 184 g kg-1 and in vitro DM digestibility of 640 g kg-1. Spring calves were early weaned in late August or conventionally weaned in October and backgrounded on Italian ryegrass pasture or a silage-based ration in drylot pens. The cost of growing Italian ryegrass was $339 ha-1 resulting in a grazing cost per day of $0.31–$0.68 depending upon the number of grazing days per ha. There were no differences in performance of animals backgrounded on Italian ryegrass pasture compared with those backgrounded in the feedlot. The total cost per head for backgrounding early-weaned calves on Italian ryegrass and finished in a feedlot was $398 compared with $429 for early-weaned calves backgrounded and finished in a feedlot, while conventionally weaned calves backgrounded and finished in a feedlot cost $418. Backgrounding calves on Italian ryegrass pasture reduced the number of days in the feedlot along with the associated cost of yardage and stored feed. Backgrounding calves in a feedlot had a yardage charge of $0.40 or higher, which added a cost in addition to stored feed costs of the ration. Backgrounding calves on extended season grazing of Italian ryegrass reduced health problems due to elimination of mixing animals in feedlot pens, less need for stored feed including storage and feeding losses and less labour to feed the cattle and haul manure in the spring. Backgrounding calves on high-quality fall pasture was more economical than backgrounding in a feedlot system. Key words: Background, steer, pasture, economics
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KONDO, TSUNEO, KAZUHIKO MIZUNO, TADASHI KATO, and TADAKAZU HIROI. "CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGNIN-CARBOHYDRATE COMPLEXES OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS AND ALFALFA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-021.
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Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCC) were isolated from Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stems and their chemical and physical properties, and enzymatic degradation examined. The LCCs, soluble in water, were composed of guaiacyl-syringyl lignin and hemicellulosic carbohydrate mostly consisting of xylose, glucose and arabinose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the LCCs produced water-insoluble materials which were markedly rich in lignin. In both plant species, the carbohydrate of the insoluble material had a high proportion of arabinose. The insoluble material of Italian ryegrass contained two to three times more xylose and arabinose than that of alfalfa. The Italian ryegrass LCC released significant amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids by alkaline and acid hydrolysis, but the alfalfa LCC did not, indicating a more complex structure of the cell wall matrix of Italian ryegrass. The ferulic acid in ryegrass lignin may be responsible for restricting enzymatic degradation of hemicellulose in ryegrass more than occurs in legumes.Key words: Lignin-carbohydrate complex, enzymatic hydrolysis, hemicellulose, ferulic acid, Italian ryegrass, alfalfa
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Ellis, Andrew T., Lawrence E. Steckel, Christopher L. Main, Marcel S. C. De Melo, Dennis R. West, and Thomas C. Mueller. "A Survey for Diclofop-Methyl Resistance in Italian Ryegrass from Tennessee and How To Manage Resistance in Wheat." Weed Technology 24, no. 3 (September 2010): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-09-00035.1.
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Italian ryegrass resistance to diclofop has been documented in several countries, including the United States. The purpose of this research was to screen selected putative resistant populations of Italian ryegrass for resistance to the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)–inhibiting herbicides diclofop and pinoxaden and the acetolactate synthase (ALS)–inhibiting herbicides imazamox, pyroxsulam, and mesosulfuron in the greenhouse and to use field experiments to develop herbicide programs for Italian ryegrass control. Resistance to diclofop was confirmed in eight populations from Tennessee. These eight populations did not show cross-resistance to pinoxaden. One additional population (R1) from Union County, North Carolina, was found to be resistant to both diclofop and pinoxaden. The level of resistance to pinoxaden of the R1 population was 15 times that of the susceptible population. No resistance was confirmed to any of the ALS-inhibiting herbicides examined in this research. Field experiments demonstrated PRE Italian ryegrass control with chlorsulfuron (71 to 94%) and flufenacet + metribuzin (84 to 96%). Italian ryegrass control with pendimethalin applied PRE or delayed preemergence (DPRE) was variable (0 to 85%). POST control of Italian ryegrass was acceptable with pinoxaden, mesosulfuron, flufenacet + metribuzin, and chlorsulfuron + flucarbazone (> 80%). Application timing and herbicide treatment had no effect on wheat yield, except for diclofop and pendimethalin treatments, in which uncontrolled Italian ryegrass reduced wheat yield.
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Bararpour, Taghi, Jason A. Bond, Gurbir Singh, Ralph R. Hale, Matt Edwards, and Benjamin H. Lawrence. "Glyphosate-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. spp. Multiflorum) Control and Seed Suppression in Mississippi." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020162.
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Italian ryegrass is a major weed problem in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production worldwide. Two separate studies were conducted in Stoneville, Mississippi to evaluate: (1) the efficacy of herbicides available to Mississippi producers for controlling glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass (control study), and (2) fall burndown herbicide seed suppression study. Results of the control study showed that flufenacet/metribuzin EPOST followed by (fb) pinoxaden LPOST (standard treatment) provided 93% control of GR Italian ryegrass. Some other treatments provided comparable Italian ryegrass control (92% to 97%) as the standard treatment in 2017. Italian ryegrass control in the seed suppression study was 100%, 100%, 67.5%, 97%, and 99.5% from the application of the following treatments: (1) S-metolachlor + flumioxazin + paraquat in October–November fb glyphosate + clethodim in January–February fb gramoxone as needed (weed-free check); (2) S-metolachlor + flumioxazin + paraquat in October–November; (3) field cultivator (disk) in October–November; (4) glyphosate + clethodim in January–February; and (5) field cultivator in October–November fb glyphosate + clethodim in January–February, respectively. The remaining Italian ryegrass from the application of treatments 3, 4, and 5 produced 65,700; 1008; and 9 seeds m−2, respectively. Seed suppression study highlights the importance of 100% control that is required to manage GR Italian grass.
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Bobadilla, Lucas K., Andrew G. Hulting, Daniel W. Curtis, and Carol Mallory-Smith. "Application of synthetic auxin herbicides to suppress seed viability of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) in tall fescue seed production." Weed Technology 34, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.135.
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AbstractItalian ryegrass is one of the most troublesome weeds worldwide because of the rapid evolution of herbicide resistance in this species. Oregon tall fescue seed production requires high seed purity, demanding good control of Italian ryegrass. The necessity to control herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass and maintain tall fescue seed purity created interest in new chemical management options. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of synthetic auxin herbicides on seed viability of Italian ryegrass biotypes and the feasibility of this management strategy for use in tall fescue seed production. Eight treatments of synthetic auxin herbicides were applied to Italian ryegrass and tall fescue at two growth stages (boot and anthesis): dicamba (1.0 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1), 2,4-D (1.1 and 2.2 kg ae ha−1), aminopyralid (0.5 kg ae ha−1), dicamba + 2.4-D (0.8 + 1.1 kg ae ha−1), 2.4-D + clopyralid (1.1 + 0.3 kg ae ha−1), and halauxifen-methyl + florasulam (0.4 kg ae ha−1 + 0.4 kg ai ha−1). Aminopyralid applied at boot and anthesis stages of Italian ryegrass reduced seed viability. Aminopyralid treatments reduced seed viability and weight of Italian ryegrass more than 50% compared to the control. Four biotypes from different locations in western Oregon with different types of herbicide resistance were sprayed, and differences in aminopyralid effect among Italian ryegrass biotypes were documented. Aminopyralid reduced the speed of germination by 1 to 2 d. Aminopyralid treatments had a greater effect when applied at the anthesis stage and had a greater negative impact on tall fescue. Tall fescue plants were more susceptible to aminopyralid, so this management practice is not feasible for tall fescue seed production. Future studies are needed to understand the physiological mechanisms involved in the reduced seed viability and to define an optimum aminopyralid rate for different Italian ryegrass biotypes.
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Tucker, Kevin P., Gaylon D. Morgan, Scott A. Senseman, Travis D. Miller, and Paul A. Baumann. "Identification, Distribution, and Control of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Ecotypes with Varying Levels of Sensitivity to Triasulfuron in Texas." Weed Technology 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-316r1.1.
Full textAbstract:
Texas wheat producers have observed reduced efficacy and failure to control Italian ryegrass with registered rates of sulfonylurea herbicides that were previously effective. Growth chamber studies were conducted to quantify the sensitivity and distribution of Italian ryegrass ecotypes in Texas to triasulfuron and to determine alternative herbicide management options. Italian ryegrass seed samples were collected from over 40 wheat fields in 13 central and north Texas counties where declining Italian ryegrass control was reported by farmers following sulfonylurea herbicide application(s). Two-leaf Italian ryegrass was screened with an application of 150 g ai/ha triasulfuron, a rate five times the registered herbicide use rate. Sensitivity was determined by the response of an ecotype to that of a known susceptible population. Of the 48 Italian ryegrass ecotypes sampled, nine were comparable to susceptible standard, while the remaining 39 ecotypes were less sensitive to triasulfuron. Four of the least sensitive ecotypes to triasulfuron plus the susceptible standard were selected for a subsequent study. Diclofop, clodinafop, and metribuzin reduced fresh weights by at least 69, 71, and 62% across all ecotypes. No imazamox or triasulfuron treatment reduced fresh weights more than 60%.
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Thompson, Donald J., and Darryl G. Stout. "Mixtures of Persian clover with Italian ryegrass or barley-Italian ryegrass for annual forage." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-138.
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In the interior of British Columbia, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum var. italicum Beck.) are intercropped with fertilizer N as a 1-yr break before reseeding irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) was seeded with barley and ryegrass or only ryegrass to determine its effect on seasonal yield and forage nutritive value. All species mixtures were grown with and without a total of 200 kg ha−1 of N to compare N2 fixation by Persian clover with N fertilizer. Averaged over 2 yr, adding Persian clover to barley-ryegrass provided a total yield that was 96% of that obtained by adding fertilizer N to barley-ryegrass. Second cut yield averaged 58% more with clover than with N. However, the grasses yielded more than the grasses with added clover in the third cut. Adding clover to ryegrass provided 94% of the total yield of adding N fertilizer. Persian clover was higher in crude protein and in vitro digestibility of dry matter than ryegrass, so adding clover tended to improve the nutritive value of mixtures. This was most obvious without N, where Persian clover accounted for more of the total forage produced. The study shows that Persian clover is a valuable addition to barley-ryegrass mixtures; it reduces fertilizer needs, improves mid-season yield and improves forage nutritive value. Key words: Persian clover, barley, Italian ryegrass, forage mixtures
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Simic, A., S. Vasiljevic, S. Vuckovic, Z. Tomic, Z. Bjelic, and V. Mandic. "Herbage yield and botanical composition of grass-legume mixture at different time of establishment." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 1253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103253s.
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For comparative testing of the total productivity of mixtures (intercrops) of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), a trial was carried out during the 2007-2009 growing seasons at experimental fields of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade-Zemun. Intercrops included two red clover varieties (?-17 and Una) and tetraploid Italian ryegrass (?-29t) in different proportional ratios (100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75% and 0:100%). Italian ryegrass sown alone was top-dressed with nitrogen rates of 100 and 200 kg ha-1. Herbage yields and botanical composition were influenced by different sowing times in the first production year. Spring seeded red clover was more persistent and cumulatively yielded, autumn seeded Italian ryegrass produced more dry matter in the mixture than red clover. The trial demonstrates the potential of two red clover cultivars grown either alone or with a suitable Italian ryegrass to achieve and maintain a high output of herbage of good quality in the first production year, with different time of stand establishment. The practical agricultural implications of using ryegrass/clover are discussed.
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NARASIMHALU, P., H. T. KUNELIUS, K. A. WINTER, and K. B. McRAE. "COMPOSITION, INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF TIMOTHY AND ITALIAN AND WESTERWOLDS RYEGRASS SILAGES." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-014.
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Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and Italian and Westerwolds ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) were harvested as first-cut wilted silages in 1979 and 1980 and were compared on the basis of composition, intake and digestibility. Timothy silage had more cell wall content and was less digestible than the annual ryegrass silages in both years (P < 0.05). Seeding year timothy was consumed less than Aubade ryegrass in 1979 but the postseeding year timothy silage was equal in intake to 1980 Aubade silage but inferior to Italian ryegrass in digestible protein content and also intake (P < 0.05). Leafier Italian and Promenade ryegrasses were consumed more than the stemmy Aubade ryegrass (P < 0.05). Annual ryegrasses were not significantly different in their composition during 1979 but in 1980, Italian ryegrass contained less cell wall and was more digestible than Aubade ryegrass silage (P < 0.05). Prolonged field wilting in humid weather appeared to be more detrimental to the stemmy Aubade for intake and feed value than to the leafier Promenade and Italian ryegrasses. Seeding year timothy silage had lower feed value than the postseed year timothy silage.Key words: Silage, timothy, annual ryegrass, intake, digestibility, composition
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Serensits, Thomas, Matthew Cutulle, and Jeffrey F. Derr. "Impact of Overseeded Grass Species, Seeding Rate and Seeding Time on Establishment and Persistence in Bermudagrass." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 29, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-29.2.75.
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Abstract Cool-season grass species are often overseeded into bermudagrass turf for both aesthetics and functionality during the winter months. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring, however, it becomes a weed. Experiments were conducted to evaluate overseeded grass species and seeding rate on turf cover during the fall, spring, and summer. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to then persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Both perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally had the most persistence one year after seeding, either because of the survival of plants through the summer or because of new germination the following fall. The highest cover seen one year after seeding was 24% with perennial ryegrass in the 2005 trial. Maximum cover seen with Italian ryegrass and hybrid bluegrass 12 months after seeding was 19 and 8%, respectively. Seeding perennial or Italian ryegrass in February achieved acceptable cover in spring in the first trial but not the second. Persistence the following fall, however, was greater in the second trial, suggesting new germination. Percent cover 12 months after seeding tended to increase as the seeding rate increased, also suggesting new germination the following fall. Although quality is lower with Italian ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year after fall seeding.
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Pagnoncelli Junior, Fortunato de Bortoli, Michelangelo Muzell Trezzi, Helis Marina Salomão, Katia Cristina Hartmann, and Jose Luis Gonzalez-Andujar. "Prediction of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) emergence using soil thermal time." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 43 (July 5, 2021): e52152. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.52152.
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Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) is a highly competitive weed widely disseminated worldwide that affects both summer and winter crops. The development of predictive emergence models can contribute to optimizing weed management. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an empirical emergence model of Italian ryegrass based on soil thermal time. For model development, cumulative emergence in two locations was obtained, and the model was validated with data collected in an experiment conducted independently. Three commonly used emergence models were compared (Gompertz, Logistic, and Weibull). The relationship between emergence and soil thermal time was described best by the Gompertz model. The Gompertz model predicted Italian ryegrass emergence start at 300 thermal time (TT), reaching 50% emergence at 444 TT, and 90% at 590 TT. Model validation performed well in predicting Italian ryegrass emergence and proved to be efficient at describing its emergence. This is a potential predictive tool for assisting farmers with Italian ryegrass management.
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Martins, Bianca A. B., Elena Sánchez-Olguín, Alejandro Perez-Jones, Andrew G. Hulting, and Carol Mallory-Smith. "Alleles Contributing to ACCase-Resistance in an Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perennessp.multiflorum) Population from Oregon." Weed Science 62, no. 3 (September 2014): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-13-00169.1.
Full textAbstract:
Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)–resistant Italian ryegrass is one of the most difficult-to-control weeds in United States wheat-production systems. Seed was collected from a suspected ACCase-resistant Italian ryegrass population in a winter wheat field with a history of ACCase-inhibitor herbicide use. This study investigated cross-resistance patterns in this Italian ryegrass population. Resistance was identified to the commercial dose of the ACCase herbicides pinoxaden, clethodim, sethoxydim, and clodinafop. Partial chloroplastic ACCase sequences revealed aspartate-to-glycine or isoleucine-to-asparagine substitutions at positions 2078 or 2041 in individuals of the resistant population. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of Asp-2078-Gly and Ile-2041-Asn substitutions in ACCase-resistant Italian ryegrass in the United States. Associating the occurrence of resistance alleles with resistance to specific active ingredients provides a better understanding of ACCase cross-resistance in Italian ryegrass and possibly options for its control.
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Kinfe, Birhanu, and Thomas F. Peeper. "Soil as Herbicide Carrier for Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Weed Technology 5, no. 4 (December 1991): 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033984.
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The efficacy of herbicides applied broadcast by hand with a soil carrier or sprayed with water carrier were compared for Italian ryegrass control in winter wheat in central Oklahoma. Italian ryegrass was controlled 77 to 100% with BAY SMY 1500, chlorsulfuron, and CGA-131036 applied with both carriers. Metribuzin applied POST with 187 L ha–1water was less phytotoxic to Italian ryegrass and wheat than with 200 kg ha–1soil. All herbicides applied with 200 kg ha–1silt loam soil as carrier at two locations controlled Italian ryegrass 96 to 100%. Increasing herbicide rate, soil carrier quantity, or broadcasting soil-carried herbicide in two directions rather than one did not significantly improve herbicide efficacy over that of conventional spraying.
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Bond, Jason A., Daniel O. Stephenson, Jeffrey W. Barnes, Mohammad T. Bararpour, and Lawrence R. Oliver. "Diclofop-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Wheat." Weed Technology 19, no. 2 (June 2005): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-199r.
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Field research was conducted in Arkansas for 3 yr to evaluate imazamox for control of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass in imidazolinone-tolerant wheat. Italian ryegrass was controlled at least 89% 49 d after wheat emergence (DAE) in year 2 and 3 by imazamox at 36 g ai/ha applied to one- to two-leaf wheat (POST1), by imazamox at 54 g ai/ha applied sequentially at POST1 followed by (fb) application to three- to four-leaf wheat (POST2), by pendimethalin at 1120 g ai/ha preemergence (PRE) fb imazamox at 36 or 54 g/ha POST1, and by chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron at 22 plus 4 g ai/ha PRE. Italian ryegrass was controlled at least 95% 150 DAE with all applications in year 1 because of extremely cold temperatures and snowfall in December and January. Only sequential imazamox applications or pendimethalin PRE fb imazamox POST1 equaled the commercial standard, chlorsulfuron plus metsulfuron, for control of Italian ryegrass 150 DAE in years 2 and 3. These treatments controlled Italian ryegrass greater than 80% 150 DAE. Sequential postemergence applications of imazamox or programs containing pendimethalin PRE fb imazamox POST1 are necessary to optimize Italian ryegrass control and wheat yield in an imidazolinone-tolerant wheat production system.
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Hill, MJ, CJ Pearson, and AC Kirby. "Germination and seedling growth of prairie grass, tall fescue and Italian ryegrass at different temperatures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 1 (1985): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850013.
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We measured the effects of temperature on the germination, emergence and growth during early tillering of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), prairie grass (Bromus catharticus) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Radicle emergence (the percentage of seeds with emerged radicles) and 'field' emergence (the percentage of seeds with shoots > 1 cm long) were reduced at 35�C (constant, all lines), or 30/25�C (12/12 h, prairie grass and Tama Italian ryegrass only). All lines took longer to germinate at 15 and 10�C (constant) than at higher temperatures, and final percentage germination of tall fescue lines was lower at 10�C (constant) than at other temperatures. Italian ryegrass had the fastest shoot extension, and consequently the fastest 'field' emergence. Seed respiration rates were higher in fescue than in the other lines at 4 days from imbibition, and rates rose in all lines at 8 days. Over the first 20 days after sowing, growth rates were closely related (r = 0.87-0.99) to weights of seed and caryopses, when account was taken of perenniality (which was associated with relatively slow growth) and polyploidy (which was associated with growth faster than might be expected from seed size alone), and a multivariate relationship including temperature was developed (R2 = 0.88). Growth rates of shoots at 20 days after sowing were ranked Tama Italian ryegrass > prairie grass > Ucivex Italian ryegrass > tall fescue, and 24/19 > 21/16 > 18/13 > 30/25 > 15/10�C. Growth during tillering, up to 42 days after emergence, was ranked Italian ryegrass > prairie > tall fescue and 21/16 = 18/13 > 24/19 = 15/1O�C. Relative growth rates and relative rates of tillering were independent of temperature in Italian ryegrass, but were lower at 15/10 and 24/19 than at 21/16 and 18/13�C in prairie grass and tall fescue. Prairie grass had higher yield per tiller but lower tiller numbers than Italian ryegrass; tall fescue had both lower yield per tiller and lower tiller number. Italian ryegrass was therefore the species best adapted to variations in environment and competition at sowing.
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Yamashita, M., K. Uchiyama, T. Matsuda, H. Tobina, H. Sawada, and K. Sugawara. "Distribution of Neotyphodium endophytes in naturalised ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) in Japan." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3094.
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Introduced Lolium grasses are utilised in Japan for forage, turf and soil conservation. Many of these grasses have become naturalised in disturbed ecosystems. Neotyphodium endophytes in the tissues of grasses can increase host fitness by increasing tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Consequently, endophyte infection may be a factor enhancing invasion success of exotic grasses in the Japanese islands. We detected infection by Neotyphodium endophytes in 162 of 173 naturalised ryegrass populations in Japan. Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) had a higher infection rate than perennial ryegrass (L. perenne). Italian ryegrass also exhibited geographic variation in infection rate. It is unlikely that the infected Italian ryegrasses found in this study have come from cultivars used in meadows, since the use of forage ryegrass cultivars infected with Neotyphodium endophytes has been restricted in Japan to prevent toxicity problems. Possible sources of the ryegrasses may be turf seeds, soil conservation materials and/or contaminants in imported plant materials. Keywords:ô€€ alien species,ô€€ invasive plants, Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum, Neotyphodium endophyte, perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne
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Hashem, Abul, S. R. Radosevich, and M. L. Roush. "Effect of proximity factors on competition between winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)." Weed Science 46, no. 2 (April 1998): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500090391.
Full textAbstract:
Density and spatial arrangement (rectangularity) effects on the competitive relationships, yield performance, and dynamics in canopy dominance of winter wheat and Italian ryegrass were evaluated using two addition series experiments. In experiment 1, combinations of six densities of each species formed the treatment matrix of addition series. In experiment 2, each species was tested at four densities and three rectangularities (RE) of winter wheat. In monocultures, crop density (plants per square meter) explained 82 to 85% of the total variation in the per-plant biomass of winter wheat in experiment 1. In mixtures of crop and weed, initial wheat density (N1) and initial ryegrass density (N2) and interaction of N1and N2explained 74 to 80% of the total variation in the per-plant biomass of winter wheat and 68 to 79% of Italian ryegrass in experiment 1. Intraspecific competition was apparent between 15 and 90 days after emergence (DAE) in winter wheat and between 90 and 170 DAE in Italian ryegrass. In mixtures, RE influenced plant size of Italian ryegrass up to 50 DAE only. Maximum winter wheat intraspecific competition occurred at 170 DAE, but maximum interspecific competition occurred during reproductive stages in mixtures. High RE increased seed yield, seed size, and harvest index of winter wheat and reduced biomass of Italian ryegrass. Grain yield of winter wheat was reduced up to 92% by competition from ryegrass. Even nine ryegrass plants in 100 winter wheat plants m−2reduced winter wheat grain yield by 33%. However, the extent of loss in winter wheat grain yield was less in RE 16 (wider spacing) than in RE 1 (square planting) or 4 (close row spacing). Winter wheat was the stronger competitor during vegetative stages, but Italian ryegrass became the stronger competitor during the reproductive stages of development. Winter wheat leaves dominated at the top canopy during the vegetative stage, but ryegrass dominated at the top canopy during the reproductive stages. In the top canopy of mixtures at 200 DAE, the leaf area indices (LAI) of ryegrass was 6.6 times greater than winter wheat at RE 1 compared to only 1.6 times at RE 16. Greater LAI of Italian ryegrass in the top canopy reduced photosynthetically active radiation available to winter wheat by 68% at booting stage.
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Ghersa, Claudio M., Maria A. Martinez-Ghersa, Jorge J. Casal, Miriam Kaufman, Mary Lynn Roush, and Victor A. Deregibus. "Effect of Light on Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Competition." Weed Technology 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039178.
Full textAbstract:
Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine whether manipulation of radiation environment during the period of winter wheat establishment can be used to improve wheat yields in Italian ryegrass-infested fields. Percentage of total irradiation and ratio of red (R) light (around 660 ηm) to far-red (FR) light (around 730 ηm) reaching the soil surface were important factors in regulating Italian ryegrass germination, growth, and competitive interactions with wheat. Reducing total irradiation to about 10% of full sunlight while maintaining the normal R/FR ratio of about 1.0 reduced wheat grain production in the presence of Italian ryegrass by about 40% compared with weed-free wheat in full sunlight. Further, reducing total irradiation to 3% of full sunlight plus reducing the R/FR ratio to about 0.2 reduced wheat grain production competing with Italian ryegrass by about 35% compared with production in the control conditions. Wheat production of dry matter, spikes, and seeds in the presence of Italian ryegrass increased more than threefold under both shading treatments compared with production in full sunlight.
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Serensits, Thomas, Matthew Cutulle, and Jeffrey F. Derr. "Persistence of Overseeded Cool-Season Grasses in Bermudagrass Turf." International Journal of Agronomy 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/496892.
Full textAbstract:
Cool-season grass species are commonly overseeded into bermudagrass turf for winter color. When the overseeded grass persists beyond the spring; however, it becomes a weed. The ability of perennial ryegrass, Italian (annual) ryegrass, intermediate ryegrass, and hybrid bluegrass to persist in bermudagrass one year after seeding was determined. Perennial ryegrass, intermediate ryegrass, and Italian ryegrass produced acceptable ground cover in the spring after fall seeding. Hybrid bluegrass did not establish well, resulting in unacceptable cover. Perennial ryegrass generally persisted the most one year after seeding, either because of summer survival of plants or because of new germination the following fall. Plant counts one year after seeding were greater in the higher seeding rate treatment compared to the lower seeding treatment rate of perennial ryegrass, suggesting new germination had occurred. Plant counts one year after seeding plots with intermediate ryegrass or Italian ryegrass were attributed primarily to latent germination and not summer survival. Applications of foramsulfuron generally did not prevent overseeded species stand one year after seeding, supporting the conclusion of new germination. Although quality is less with intermediate ryegrass compared to perennial ryegrass, it transitions out easier than perennial ryegrass, resulting in fewer surviving plants one year later.
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Gao, Y., and D. Wilman. "Leaf development in eight related grasses." Journal of Agricultural Science 123, no. 1 (August 1994): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067757.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryLeaf development was studied in eight related grasses, grown in field swards cut at 5-week intervals, during the year of sowing and the subsequent year (1989 and 1990). The rate of leaf expansion was in the order Westerwolds ryegrass > Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue > hybrid ryegrass > perennial ryegrass × meadow fescue, meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The order of grasses was similar, but not identical, for rate of leaf appearance, rate of leaf extension, weight of leaf blade emerging per shoot per week and rate of increase in length of exposed leaf sheath, and the order was approximately the reverse for weight per unit area of emerging leaf blade. The area per leaf blade increased greatly between May and October of the year of sowing, particularly in Westerwolds, Italian and hybrid ryegrasses and Italian ryegrass × meadow fescue. Area per leaf blade in tall fescue increased greatly between May and July of the year of sowing and May–July of the subsequent year. Rate of leaf expansion in meadow fescue was much higher in May of the year after sowing than in the previous May.
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Hulting, Andrew G., Joseph T. Dauer, Barbara Hinds-Cook, Daniel Curtis, Rebecca M. Koepke-Hill, and Carol Mallory-Smith. "Management of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perennessp.multiflorum) in Western Oregon with Preemergence Applications of Pyroxasulfone in Winter Wheat." Weed Technology 26, no. 2 (June 2012): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00059.1.
Full textAbstract:
Management of Italian ryegrass in cereal-based cropping systems continues to be a major production constraint in areas of the United States, including the soft white winter wheat producing regions of the Pacific Northwest. Pyroxasulfone is a soil-applied herbicide with the potential to control broadleaf and grass weed species, including grass weed biotypes resistant to group 1, 2, and 7 herbicides, in several crops for which registration has been completed or is pending, including wheat, corn, sunflower, dry bean, and soybean. Field experiments were conducted from 2006 through 2009 near Corvallis, OR, to evaluate the potential for Italian ryegrass control in winter wheat with applications of pyroxasulfone. Application rates of PRE treatments ranged from 0.05 to 0.15 kg ai ha−1. All treatments were compared to standard Italian ryegrass soil-applied herbicides used in winter wheat, including diuron, flufenacet, and flufenacet + metribuzin. Visual evaluations of Italian ryegrass and ivyleaf speedwell control and winter wheat injury were made at regular intervals following applications. Winter wheat yields were quantified at grain maturity. Ivyleaf speedwell control was variable, and Italian ryegrass control following pyroxasulfone applications ranged from 65 to 100% and was equal to control achieved with flufenacet and flufenacet + metribuzin treatments and greater than that achieved with diuron applications. Winter wheat injury from pyroxasulfone ranged from 0 to 8% and was most associated with the 0.15–kg ha−1application rate. However, this early-season injury did not negatively impact winter wheat yield. Pyroxasulfone applied at the application rates and timings in these studies resulted in high levels of activity on Italian ryegrass and excellent winter wheat safety. Based on the results, pyroxasulfone has the potential to be used as a soil-applied herbicide in winter wheat for Italian ryegrass management and its utility for management of other important grass and broadleaf weeds of cereal-based cropping systems should be evaluated.
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Bararpour, Taghi, Ralph Hale, Gurpreet Kaur, Jason Bond, Nilda Burgos, Te-Ming Tseng, Tessie Wilkerson, and Lauren Lazaro. "Comparison of Herbicides for Control of Diclofop-Resistant Italian Ryegrass in Wheat." Agriculture 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8090135.
Full textAbstract:
Diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. Multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot) is a dominant weed problem in non-irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in mid-south USA. Field studies were conducted from 2001 to 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides for diclofop-resistant ryegrass control and effect on wheat yield. In 2001 through 2004, chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron at 0.026 kg ha−1 preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) mesosulfuron at 0.048 kg ha−1 at 4-leaf to 2-tiller ryegrass provided 89% control of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass, resulting in the highest wheat yield (3201 kg ha−1). Flufenacet/metribuzin at 0.476 kg ha−1 applied at 1- to 2-leaf wheat had equivalent Italian ryegrass control (87%), but lesser yield (3013 kg ha−1). In 2005–2006, best treatments for Italian ryegrass control were chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron, 0.013 kg ha−1 PRE fb mesosulfuron 0.015 kg ha−1 at 3- to 4-leaf ryegrass (92%); metribuzin, 0.280 kg ha−1 at 2- to 3- leaf wheat fb metribuzin at 2- to 3-tiller ryegrass (94%); chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron (0.026 kg ha−1) (89%); and flufenacet/metribuzin at 1- to 2-leaf wheat (89%). Chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron fb mesosulfuron provided higher yield (3515 kg ha−1) than all other treatments, except metribuzin fb metribuzin.
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Bond, Jason A., Thomas W. Eubank, Robin C. Bond, Bobby R. Golden, and H. Matthew Edwards. "Glyphosate-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perennessp.multiflorum) Control with Fall-Applied Residual Herbicides." Weed Technology 28, no. 2 (June 2014): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-13-00149.1.
Full textAbstract:
Dense populations of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass are problematic for spring burndown herbicide programs and crop establishment in the midsouthern United States. Two field studies were conducted to evaluate fall-applied residual herbicides for control of GR Italian ryegrass and to identify the most effective application timing for these herbicides. Fall applications of clomazone at 0.84 and 1.12 kg ai ha−1, pyroxasulfone at 0.16 kg ai ha−1, andS-metolachlor at 1.79 kg ai ha−1controlled GR Italian ryegrass ≥ 93% 180 d after application. Control from incorporated applications of pendimethalin at 1.59 kg ai ha−1and trifluralin at 1.68 kg ai ha−1and surface applications ofS-metolachlor at 1.42 kg ha−1provided control similar to the best treatments. Glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass control following clomazone, pyroxasulfone,S-metolachlor, or trifluralin applied in mid September, October, or November exceeded that from fall tillage by 19 to 56% at 90 and 140 d after the last treatment. Pyroxasulfone andS-metolachlor controlled more GR Italian ryegrass following October or November applications compared with those in September at both 90 and 140 d after the last application timing. However, the benefit of delaying clomazone application from October to November was not realized until the last evaluation (140 d after the last treatment). Clomazone, pyroxasulfone, andS-metolachlor offer growers the best opportunity for residual control of GR Italian ryegrass, and control is optimized when these herbicides are applied in November.
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Brown, K. R., and R. R. Mcintosh. "MANAWA, MOATA AND TAMA." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 5 (January 1, 1990): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.5.1998.3335.
Full textAbstract:
Grasslands Manawa, Moata and Tama are greenfeed crops. Manawa is a perennial x Italian hybrid, also known as 'short-rotation ryegrass'. Moata is a tetraploid Italian ryegrass and Tama is a tetraploid Westerwolds Italian ryegrass (i.e., it is an extreme annual type). About 1500 ha of these three were entered for certification in the 1987/88 season; twice as much Moata was sown as Manawa and Tama. Yields of l$OO kg ha-' are achieved by specialist growers in these crops; in theory yields of 2000 kg ha-' should be possible.
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Wilman, D., and P. T. Wright. "The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on the concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in the total herbage, green leaf and ‘stem’ of grasses." Journal of Agricultural Science 106, no. 3 (June 1986): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600063346.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryThe effect of six intervals between harvests and three levels of N application on the concentration of nitrate-N and total N in total herbage, green leaf and ‘stem’ was studied in two varieties of perennial ryegrass during 30-week periods in each of the first two harvest years of a field experiment. The effect of two intervals between harvests on the concentration of nitrate-N in Italian ryegrass total herbage was studied in the same experiment. The effect of two intervals between harvests and three levels of N application on the concentrations of nitrate-N and total N in total herbage was studied in five grasses during a 32-week period in a second field experiment.Increasing the interval between harvests tended to increase the concentration of nitrate-N in herbage; however, this seemed due mainly to the average date of harvest being later in the year with the longer intervals. The concentration of nitrate-N in herbage increased from June to September. Italian and hybrid ryegrass and tall fescue were much higher than perennial ryegrass in nitrate-N concentration at the highest level of applied N (525 kgN/ha per year). Apart from the species and time of year effects, the nitrate-N concentration seemed to be determined mainly by the amount of N applied divided by the number of days between the date of application and the date of sampling. The ‘stem’ of perennial ryegrasa tended to be slightly higher in nitrate-N concentration than green leaf. The proportion of nitrate-N in total N was increased by increasing the interval between harvests and by applying N and was nearly twice as high in ‘stem’ as in green leaf. Both the nitrate-N and the total N concentration of herbage, particularly the latter, seemed to be inversely related to solar radiation receipt.
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Cooper, B. M., D. E. Hume, K. A. Panckhurst, and A. J. Popay. "Agronomic response of Italian ryegrasses infected with different Neotyphodium strains." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 13 (January 1, 2007): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.13.2006.3147.
Full textAbstract:
Italian (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrasses (L. boucheanum) are utilised by farmers for their reliable establishment and yield potential for winter feeding, but lack summer production and persistence. To improve the performance of these ryegrasses, endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) strains from perennial ryegrass were inoculated into several cultivars and evaluated for agronomic performance in the Northland region of New Zealand. 'Moata' tetraploid Italian ryegrass families usually showed a reduction in yield when infected with the AR5 strain compared with endophyte-free Moata. Infection of the Italian ryegrass cultivars 'Corvette' and 'Status' with the N. lolii endophytes strains, AR1 and more particularly AR37, usually increased plant production and persistence. Natural infection with the N. occultans endophyte also improved plant performance. Improved plant performance was most closely associated with reduced damage from African black beetle. Interactions between plant line/cultivar and endophyte strain offer the potential for plant breeders to provide enhanced endophyte-infected cultivars of Italian ryegrasses to farmers. Keywords: endophyte, Neotyphodium lolii, Neotyphodium occultans, Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum, dry matter yields, plant persistence, insect damage
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Lyon, Drew J., David R. Huggins, and John F. Spring. "Windrow Burning Eliminates Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) Seed Viability." Weed Technology 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00118.1.
Full textAbstract:
Windrow burning is one of several harvest weed seed control strategies that have been developed and evaluated in Australia to address the widespread evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in annual weeds. Herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass populations are common in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of burning standing stubble and narrow windrows on the survival of Italian ryegrass seed on the soil surface and to determine the amount of crop residue remaining after both practices. Italian ryegrass emergence was 63, 48, and 1% for the nonburned check, burned standing stubble, and burned windrow treatments, respectively. Crop-residue dry weights were 9.94, 5.69, and 5.79 Mg ha−1 for these same treatments. Windrow burning can be an effective tactic in an integrated weed management strategy for Italian ryegrass control in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho.
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Coulman, Bruce, Heather Loeppky, and Martin Entz. "The effect of late fall seeding time on the seed production of Italian ryegrass." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 4 (July 2015): 641–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2015-021.
Full textAbstract:
Coulman, B., Loeppky, H. and Entz, M. 2015. The effect of late fall seeding time on the seed production of Italian ryegrass. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 641–645. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a cool-season grass, which behaves as an annual in the Great Plains region of western Canada and is used as a grazing crop. Italian ryegrass requires vernalization for reproductive development to occur. Late fall (dormant) seedings, which have been used for annual crop species, have often resulted in earlier developing seedlings in the spring and higher yield than spring seedings. For Italian ryegrass, dormant seedings may result in vernalization of early-spring-germinating seedlings, allowing seed production without having to overwinter established plants. The objective of this study was to compare the seed yield and stand establishment of late fall (dormant) and spring seedings of Italian ryegrass at three locations in the Great Plains region of western Canada. Stand establishment was assessed by measuring tiller density in the month of June, and these densities were greater for spring than late fall seedings. Most spring seedings had no reproductive development and, thus, no seed yield; however, most late fall seedings produced seed the following year, indicating that vernalization of early-developing seedlings did occur. There were significant differences in seed yield among the four cultivars tested and among sites. Based on the high variation in seed yield among cultivars and sites and the relatively low yield levels obtained, late fall seedings of Italian ryegrass cannot be recommended in the Great Plains region of western Canada.
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Ran, Qifan, Hao Guan, Haiping Li, Wei He, Ruifen Zhu, Li Zhang, Yong Huang, Yuandong Xu, and Yan Fan. "Effect of Formic Acid and Inoculants on Microbial Community and Fermentation Profile of Wilted or Un-Wilted Italian Ryegrass Silages during Ensiling and Aerobic Exposure." Fermentation 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120755.
Full textAbstract:
Wilted (around 35% DM) or un-wilted (around 35% DM) Italian ryegrass treated with three additives (formic acid, FA; Lactobacillus plantarum, LP; Lactobacillus buchneri, LB) was utilized to evaluate the effects of the dry matter (DM) contents on the microbial community and fermentation characteristics, which was ensiled for 60 days in a laboratory-scale silo, followed by 3 days of aerobic exposure. Significantly lower pH and higher lactic acid (LA) contents were observed in the LP-treated group ensiled at both DM contents (differences were significant when p < 0.05). The contents of LA, acetic acid (AA), numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in the FA-treated group were significantly lower than those in other treatments (p < 0.05). L. buchneri was the dominant bacteria after 60 days fermentation, while Enterobacteria became prevalent after 3 days of aerobic exposure. L. buchneri was found in the LB-treated group with higher acetic acid. Although the best fermentation quality was observed in the LP-treated silages, the aerobic stability was lowest compared to other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that the DM content of Italian ryegrass affected its epiphytic microbial community and the effectiveness of the different type of additives. Formic acid was more suitable for un-wilted Italian ryegrass silage, L. plantarum had a better effect in wilted Italian ryegrass silage, and L. buchneri prolonged the aerobic stability of Italian ryegrass. DM content and purpose of ensiling should be the key factors for choosing different types of additives for Italian ryegrass silage.
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Shin, Dong-Gwan, Woong Kim, and Jae-Woong Han. "Physical Properties of Italian Ryegrass." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 23, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2022.23.12.459.
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Cooper, Bruce, David Hume, Kathryn Panckhurst, Alison Popay, and Tom Lyons. "The role of perennial ryegrass endophyte in Italian ryegrass." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3022.
Full textAbstract:
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and short-term hybrid ryegrass (L. boucheanum) have reliable establishment and high cool season growth, but varying persistence after the first summer. In Northland, there is increased stress on ryegrass from invertebrate insect attack. Selected strains of endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) have been identified that protect perennial ryegrass from invertebrate attack. Two of these endophyte strains (AR1 and AR37) were inoculated into two Italian ryegrass cultivars (Status and Corvette) and compared in a small plot agronomic trial with the same cultivars free or low in the naturally-occurring endophyte N. occultans. From April 2004 to June 2005, ryegrass plots with these endophyte-cultivar combinations were measured for dry matter yields and plant survival under summer/autumn insect pressure in Northland. In autumn/winter 2005, novel endophytes resulted in greater plant survival and yield advantages (82%) than the same cultivars with no/low N. occultans endophyte. These effects were consistent across cultivars. Increased agronomic performance corresponded with lower damage from African black beetle larvae (Heteronychus arator). This result has implications for extending the persistence and potential yields of Italian/hybrid ryegrass pastures subject to pest attack.
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Baldinger, L., W. Zollitsch, and W. F. Knaus. "Maize silage and Italian ryegrass silage as high-energy forages in organic dairy cow diets: Differences in feed intake, milk yield and quality, and nitrogen efficiency." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 29, no. 4 (August 6, 2013): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000252.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDuring the winter feeding period in organic dairy production systems in the alpine and pre-alpine regions of Austria and its neighboring countries, maize silage is an energy-rich forage that is regularly included in grass-silage-based diets to improve the energy supply of the cows. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) is also a high-energy fodder grass popular as forage for dairy cows, but it is rarely cultivated in Austrian organic agriculture. The two crops differ in their cultivation demands and characteristics. Italian ryegrass establishes rapidly and may reduce the risk of soil erosion. Italian ryegrass would be a beneficial addition to crop rotation, which is an essential tool in successful organic farming. In a 15-week feeding trial, Italian ryegrass silage and maize silage were fed to 22 lactating Holstein dairy cows. Organically produced Italian ryegrass silage and maize silage were included at a rate of 40% [of dry matter (DM)] in grass-silage-based mixed basal diets. The mixed basal diets were supplemented with modest amounts of additional concentrates (2.7–3.0 kg DM day−1). Owing to the higher energy content of maize silage as compared to Italian ryegrass silage, the maize diet provided more energy [6.3 MJ net energy for lactation (NEL) kg−1DM] than the ryegrass diet (6.15 MJ NEL kg−1DM). The protein supply of the maize diet and the ryegrass diet was intended to be equal, but in fact the protein content of the maize diet was significantly lower (122 g crude protein kg−1DM) than that of the ryegrass diet (141 g kg−1DM). When the maize diet was fed, feed intake, milk yield and milk protein content were significantly higher as compared to the ryegrass diet. Also, intake of crude protein was significantly lower when feeding the maize diet, and in combination with the higher milk protein yield, this enabled an efficiency of gross nitrogen (N) utilization as high as 0.304. This level of N efficiency can be considered as above average and was significantly and considerably higher than the level of 0.259 observed when the ryegrass diet was fed. Therefore, maize silage upholds its reputation as an ideal energy-rich component in grass-silage-based dairy cow diets.
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Bridges, David C. "Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Small Grains with Flurtamone." Weed Technology 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00026567.
Full textAbstract:
Research was conducted on a sandy clay loam in Georgia during 1987–88 and 1988–89 to determine winter wheat, oats, barley, and Italian ryegrass tolerance to flurtamone. Flurtamone was applied PPI, PRE, and early POST at 0.28, 0.56, and 1.1 kg ai ha-1. Order of tolerance of the four species was barley > wheat > oat > Italian ryegrass. Flurtamone potentially can be used to control Italian ryegrass in winter wheat and barley, but not in oats. In general, wheat and oat injury with flurtamone was PPI > PRE ≥ early POST, particularly at 1.1 kg ha-1.
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Griffin, James L., Donnie K. Miller, Jeffrey M. Ellis, and Patrick A. Clay. "Sugarcane Tolerance and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control with Paraquat." Weed Technology 18, no. 3 (September 2004): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-081r1.
Full textAbstract:
Paraquat applied from mid-February through early April over 2 yr was evaluated for sugarcane tolerance and Italian ryegrass control. Sugarcane 31 cm tall at application was injured 16 to 25% and 8 to 14% 28 and 56 d, respectively, after mid-March application of paraquat at 0.35 or 0.70 kg ai/ha. Early-April application to 61-cm-tall sugarcane caused 13 to 25% injury. The observed injury was not reflected in reduced sugarcane shoot population or height or sugarcane or sugar yield when compared with diuron, the standard herbicide treatment. Italian ryegrass control 28 d after the mid-February application of paraquat alone at 0.53 or 0.70 kg/ha was variable, ranging from 80% in 1994 to no more than 66% in 1995. For each year, diuron at 3.2 kg/ha in combination with both rates of paraquat increased Italian ryegrass control 28 d after the mid-February application 11 to 17 percentage points. At 56 d after the mid-February application, addition of diuron proved beneficial only in 1994 when the paraquat and diuron combinations controlled ryegrass 93% compared with no more than 62% for paraquat applied alone. In contrast, Italian ryegrass was controlled the second year no more than 80% 56 d after the mid-February application of paraquat alone or with diuron. Paraquat applied at 0.70 kg/ha with diuron in mid-March controlled Italian ryegrass 80 and 86% 28 d after treatment in 1994 and 1995, respectively. For the standard herbicides metribuzin, terbacil, and diuron applied in mid-March, weed control was no greater than 38%. Although differences in Italian ryegrass control among herbicide treatments were observed, efficacy was sufficient to reduce weed competition such that sugarcane growth and yield were not negatively affected.
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Kemp, PD, and GJ Blair. "Phosphorus efficiency in pasture species. VIII. Ontogeny, growth, P acquisition and P utilization of Italian ryegrass and phalaris under P deficient and P sufficient conditions." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 3 (1994): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9940669.
Full textAbstract:
The P efficiency of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lamk. cv Grasslands Tama) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv Sirosa) was compared on both a temporal and ontogenetic basis. As ontogeny and growth are interrelated, such a comparison allowed the growth and physiological responses to P level of the two species to be separated from responses due to the species being at different ontogenetic stages at the time of comparison. Plants were grown from seed through to anthesis under P deficient and P sufficient conditions in soil in a glasshouse. The ontogenies of Italian ryegrass and phalaris were similar, but the rate of development of Italian ryegrass was greater at both P rates. P deficiency resulted in arrested reproductive development in phalaris. At both P levels shoot, root and total biomass and net P uptake per plant by Italian ryegrass were greater than by phalaris when the two species were compared on a temporal basis, but when compared on an ontogenetic basis the two species were similar. There were some differences in the allocation of P between the acid-soluble P, lipid P, and residue P fractions, but biomass production was not determined by the efficiency of P utilization. The superior biomass production of Italian ryegrass on a temporal basis was due to its greater seed size and rate of ontogeny rather than differences in photosynthetic rate, unit leaf rate, leaf area ratio or shoot: root ratio. Similarly, the greater P uptake per plant of Italian ryegrass on a temporal basis was driven by its greater plant size and faster root extension rate rather than by P uptake per unit root length. The level of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection in the roots of the two species was similar under P deficiency but greater in phalaris under P sufficient conditions. Overall, the different temporal responses to P of Italian ryegrass and phalaris were largely related to their different rates of ontogeny and the interrelationships between ontogeny and growth rate rather than to differences in their physiology in relation to P acquisition and utilization.
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Fast, Brandon J., Case R. Medlin, and Don S. Murray. "Five Cool-Season Annual Grass Weeds Reduce Hard Red Winter Wheat Grain Yield and Price." Weed Technology 23, no. 2 (June 2009): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-144.1.
Full textAbstract:
Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to quantify the wheat grain yield losses and price discounts resulting from season-long interference with cheat, feral rye, Italian ryegrass, jointed goatgrass, and wild oat. Plots were seeded to individual weeds at one of seven seeding rates, and wheat was planted in all plots at a uniform rate. Maximum weed densities were 89 (cheat), 80 (feral rye), 158 (Italian ryegrass), 170 (jointed goatgrass), and 120 plants/m2(wild oat). Wheat grain yield losses caused by interference from the maximum density of each weed species were 19 (cheat), 55 (feral rye), 20 (Italian ryegrass), 21 (jointed goatgrass), and 28% (wild oat). Wheat grain total price discounts caused by interference from the maximum density of each weed species were 22 (cheat), 368 (feral rye), 26 (Italian ryegrass), 36 (jointed goatgrass), and 64 cents/hectoliter (wild oat). Of the five weed species included in this research, interference from feral rye had the greatest effect on wheat grain yield and price.