Journal articles on the topic 'Italian 20th century History and criticism'
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Lozinskaya, Evgeniia. "AFTER WEINBERG. BOOK REVIEW: THE RECEPTION OF ARISTOTLE’S POETICS IN THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE AND BEYOND. NEW DIRECTIONS IN CRITICISM / ED. BY BRAZEAU B." RZ-Literaturovedenie, no. 1 (2021): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/lit/2021.01.02.
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The book written by an international team of scholars and edited by B. Brazeau explores literary criticism and reception of Aristotle's «Poetics» in early modern Italy. Revisiting the «intellectual history» of Renaissance poetic studies written by Bernard Weinberg in 1960-s, the contributors find its own place whithin the 2000-years long tradition of translations, commentaries and polemic treatises. The authors apply new methods from book history, translation studies, history of emotions and classical reception to early modern Italian texts, placing them in dialogue with 20th-century literary theory, and thus map out avenues for future study.
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Stefanelli, Diego. "Appunti sulla stilistica (italiana) di László Gáldi." Italianistica Debreceniensis 23 (December 1, 2017): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34102/italdeb/2017/4644.
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The paper deals with László Gáldi’s Introduction to Italian Stylistics (1971), placing it in the coeval context of the methodological discussions between stylistics and structuralism in the 60s and 70s, as well as in the history of the Italian stylistics in the 20th century.
It investigates the theoretical sources of Gáldi’s book, which was influenced by different reference points: the European Romance philology, the Russian literary theory (mainly Viktor Žirmunskij’s approach to stylistics) and the Rumanian aesthetics and literary criticism.
Moreover, it shows the connection between the Introduction and Gáldi’s previous works, particularly the important book on the poetical style of Mihai Eminescu (1964), maybe Gáldi’s most relevant stylistic study, and other significant works of the same period (an interesting stylistic analysis of Musset’ Stances and a historical study of Rumanian versification).
In doing so, it shows the rich methodological and theoretical sources of Gáldi’s Introduction and the peculiar position of the Hungarian scholar in the history of European stylistics.
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Batsak, K. Yu. "Italian opera stars of the Kharkiv stage: the 80s of the 19th – early 20th centuries." Aspects of Historical Musicology 18, no. 18 (December 28, 2019): 89–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-18.06.
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Introduction. The Italian opera in Kharkiv has a long history tradition. Its beginnings date back to the 1850s, when the city became a part of the tour routes of Odesa Italian opera troupes under F. Berger’s, V. Sermattei’s direction (1850s – early 1860s), those of Taganrog – under V. Sermattei’s, Corsi’s and Co (second half of 1860s – 1876). These little provincial troupes with unequal by quality the stuff of singers, with a little choir, usually without their own orchestra, within their possibilities, introduced the popular Italian opera repertoire to the Kharkiv audience. Technical and technological achievements – the development of the rail network, the shipping industry, the telegraph and telephone as the newest means of communication, etc., facilitated communication and, among other things, caused cultural achievements rapid exchange. Those times were marked by increasing of diffusive phenomena (in opera repertoire, in the troupe composition, etc.) in musical and theatrical arts, which, in particular, contributed to the scenic creativity activation of Italian artistes and the extension of the geography of their performances. Outstanding and average singers from the Apennines have travelled to different countries of the world with solo concert programs as part of wandering or stationary opera groups. Artistic tours to Eastern direction – to the European territories of the Russian Empire, along with touring trips to the North and South America countries, – became one of the most prevalent. Kharkiv, being one of the largest industrial and cultural centres in the Russian Empire, as a rule, was included by Italian theatre management in vocal-artistic tour programs. Theoretical background. The problem of the famous Italian opera singers’ activity on the Kharkiv stage in the 80s of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th is poorly investigated. Separate pages of M. Battistini’s, J. Bellinchoni’s, A. Mazini’s, T. Ruffo’s, and E. Tamberlik’s biographies related to Kharkiv were studied by M. Varvartsev (2000) in his historical and biographical work “Italians in the cultural space of Ukraine (the end of 18 – 20s years of the 20th century”, written in the form of a dictionary. The main source for the study of this subject were the local musicologists’ (V. Sokalsky, K. Bych-Lubensky, Yu. Babetsky, etc.) theatrical reviews, published in the Kharkiv regional and city press. Objectives. As the Italian opera art had undeniable influence on the Kharkiv musical culture development, the purpose of the article is to study the scenic activity of the famous Italian opera artistes, which acquainted the local theatrical audience with the assets of the world opera arts in the last decades of the 19th – early 20th century. For this purpose, the following tasks have been outlined: to find out the information potential of music-critical publications, dedicated to the Italian singers’ performances, which were printed in the local press; identify and systematize the facts describing the Italian opera performers’ participation in Kharkiv musical life during that period; to reveal the concert and opera repertoire, to study the evaluations of the Italian singers’ performances by professional criticism, the ways of artistes’ interaction with the audience; to determine the Kharkiv performances position in the famous vocalists’ creative biography, to reconstruct the geography of their tour routes, included performances in Kharkiv. The methodology involves the application of the semiotic-hermeneutic method in order to analyze the phenomena of musical-theatrical life (peculiarities of vocal-stylistic style, specificity of musical-critical thought, reactions and preferences of the audience) as a culture text and their hermeneutical understanding; bio-bibliographic method (to find out and combine facts of life and creative activity of Italian singers in Italy and abroad, in particular, in Kharkiv as well-known culture centre); cultural and historical method (allows to study the Italian singers’ scenic activities as a social phenomenon, to identify social factors contributed to the spread of the Italian opera achievements in the local music and theatre environment). Results and discussion. The study of famous Italian singers’ performances on the Kharkiv stage in the definite period allowed highlighting new facts of their biographies, to analyze the concert and opera repertoire, the features of vocal and performing style, acting specifics. The research revealed the place of Kharkiv concert and opera performances in Italian artistes’ touring programs, analyzed the directions and peculiarities of communicative interactions between performers and spectators, determined the Kharkiv performances place in creative biographies of vocalists who have gained European fame. Conclusions. Italian artistes’ performances had a great influence on local opera singers’ professional growth, the formation of musical tastes and preferences of the educated part of the city residents. The investigation of the repertoire of the Italian singers testifies to their desire to acquaint the listener with the best achievements of European opera art, as well as to present contemporary Russian composers’ operas, which, at the time, were getting popularity in the Western European countries, due, primarily, to Italian performers. Kharkiv performances were usually the part of Italian artistes’ tours, being organized in the largest cities of Ukraine and surrounding regions of former Russian Empire – in Odesa, Kyiv, Mykolayiv, Rostov on Don, which testified, in particular, that the city was transformed into one of the European music culture distribution centres then. The high valuation given by the musical critique of the famous singers artistic talents, the active support of their performances by the audience, attest to the utmost importance of the Italians’ touring activity in the Kharkiv musical culture development.
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Reddy, Renuka K., Rohit K. Reddy, Robert W. Jyung, Jean Anderson Eloy, and James K. Liu. "Gruber, Gradenigo, Dorello, and Vail: key personalities in the historical evolution and modern-day understanding of Dorello’s canal." Journal of Neurosurgery 124, no. 1 (January 2016): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.jns14835.
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A century ago an ambitious young anatomist in Rome, Primo Dorello, who sought to understand the cause of abducent nerve palsy that often occurred in patients with severe middle ear infections, conducted intricate studies on the intracranial course of the nerve. In his findings, he identified that the abducent nerve passes through a narrow sinus near the apex of the petrous bone, which formed an osteofibrous canal. Dorello suggested that in this enclosed region the abducent nerve may be particularly vulnerable to compression due to the vascular edema accompanying the infection. Although his work was widely appreciated, it was not well received by all. Interestingly, Giuseppe Gradenigo, one of the most prominent Italian otologists of the early 20th century, who was known for his work on a triad of symptoms (Gradenigo’s syndrome) that accompanies petrous apicitis, a result of severe middle ear infections, was obstinate in his criticism of Dorello’s findings. Thus a scientific duel began, with a series of correspondence between these two academics—one who was relatively new to the otological community (Dorello) and one who was well reputed in that community (Gradenigo). The disagreement ultimately ebbed in 1909, when Dorello published a report in response to Gradenigo’s criticisms and convinced Gradenigo to change his views. Today Dorello’s canal is widely recognized as a key landmark in skull base surgery of the petroclival region and holds clinical significance due to its relation to the abducent nerve and surrounding vascular structures. Yet, although academics such as Dorello and Gradenigo are recognized for their work on the canal, it is important not to forget the others throughout history who have contributed to the modern-day understanding of this anatomical structure. In fact, although the level of anatomical detail found in Dorello’s work was previously unmatched, the first description of the canal was made by the experienced Austrian anatomist Wenzel Leopold Gruber in 1859, almost 50 years prior to Dorello’s landmark publication. Another critical figure in building the understanding of Dorello’s canal was Harris Holmes Vail, a young otolaryngologist from Harvard Medical School, who in 1922 became the first person to describe Dorello’s canal in the English language. Vail conducted his own detailed anatomical studies on cadavers, and his publication not only reaffirmed Dorello’s findings but also immortalized the eponym used today—“Dorello’s canal.” In this article the authors review the life and contributions of Gruber, Dorello, Gradenigo, and Vail, four men who played a critical role in the discovery of Dorello’s canal and paved the way toward the current understanding of the canal as a key clinical and surgical entity.
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Эфендиева, Назрин Расим кызы, and Ирина Анатольевна Поплавская. "S. YA. MARSHAK AS A TRANSLATOR OF POETRY AND PROSE BY G. RODARI." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 4(222) (July 15, 2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2022-4-137-146.
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Введение. Диалог русской и западноевропейской литературы, переводы иноязычных текстов и их ассимиляция в принимающей культуре, создание национальных мирообразов – все эти вопросы являются актуальными в современном литературоведении, переводоведении, страноведении. Эстетические принципы С. Я. Маршака при переводе поэзии и прозы итальянского писателя Дж. Родари соответствуют его концепции перевода-портрета и органично вписываются в историю русской и итальянской литературы для детей середины XX в. Цель видится в раскрытии взаимосвязи между принципами Маршака-переводчика и их преломлением в переводах поэзии и прозы Дж. Родари, адресованных ребенку-читателю. Материал и методы. Материалом исследования являются критические статьи С. Я. Маршака, стихотворения Дж. Родари «Чем пахнут ремесла?», «Венеция» и прозаическая повесть-сказка «Приключения Чиполлино», переведенная З. М. Потаповой и отредактированная С. Я. Маршаком. В работе используются рецептивный и имагологический подходы, сравнительно-типологический, сравнительно-исторический и сравнительно-сопоставительный методы, а также контекстуальный анализ и контент-анализ оригинальных произведений Родари и их русских аналогов-переводов. Результаты и обсуждение. Выделяются разные типы переводов – «адресный» перевод К. И. Чуковского, «перевод-портрет» и перевод-редактирование С. Я. Маршака. В соответствии с поэтикой итальянской поэзии для детей и итальянской литературной сказки анализируются переводы С. Я. Маршаком стихотворений Дж. Родари и перевод-пересказ повести «Приключения Чиполлино». Выявляются фольклорные истоки итальянской детской литературы, связь сказки о мальчике-луковке с традициями «commedia dell’arte» и с волшебной сказкой, раскрываются особенности читательской рецепции ребенка, осмысляется «двойная» эстетическая позиция автора, пишущего для детей: «взрослое» сознание, воскрешающее в себе сознание и мировосприятие ребенка. Рассматриваются и сравниваются переводческие принципы С. Я. Маршака-поэта и С. Я. Маршака-прозаика. Подчеркивается роль произведений Дж. Родари в формировании русско-итальянских литературных и культурных взаимосвязей и в становлении отечественной литературы для детей.Заключение. Анализируется близость переводческих принципов Дж. Родари и С. Я. Маршака, выясняется соотнесенность переводческих стратегий русского автора с традициями отечественной переводной литературы. Раскрывается роль С. Я. Маршака и М. Горького в открытии Государственного издательства детской литературы в 1933 г. Определяется круг писателей, заложивших основы советской литературы для детей в первой половине XX в. Выявляется связь переводческих принципов С. Я. Маршака с концепцией современного адаптивного перевода Г. М. Кружкова. Для полноты рецепции русской литературы для детей привлекается статья М. И. Цветаевой «О новой русской детской книге». Introduction. The dialogue of Russian and Western European literature, translations of foreign texts and their assimilation in the host culture, the creation of national world images – all these issues are relevant in modern literary criticism, translation studies, and country studies. The aesthetic principles of S. Ya. Marshak in translating the poetry and prose of the Italian writer J. Rodari correspond to his concept of translation-portrait and organically fit into the history of Russian and Italian literature for children in the middle of the 20th century. The purpose of the article is seen in the disclosure of the relationship between the principles of Marshak-translator and their refraction in translations of poetry and prose by J. Rodari, addressed to the child reader. Material and methods. The material of the study is critical articles by S. Ya. Marshak, poems by G. Rodari “What do crafts smell like?”, “Venice” and the prose story-tale “The Adventures of Cipollino”, translated by Z. M. Potapova and edited by S. Ya. Marshak. The work uses receptive and imagological approaches, comparative-typological, comparative-historical and comparative-comparative methods, as well as contextual and content analysis of Rodari’s original works and their Russian counterparts-translations.Results and discussion. There are different types of translations – “address” translation by K. I. Chukovsky, “translation-portrait” and translation-editing by S. Ya. Marshak. In accordance with the poetics of Italian poetry for children and the Italian literary fairy tale, S. Ya. Marshak’s translations of G. Rodari’s poems and the translation-retelling of the story “The Adventures of Cipollino” are analyzed. The folklore origins of Italian children’s literature are revealed, the connection of the fairy tale about the onion boy with the traditions of “commedia dell’arte” and with a fairy tale, the features of the reader’s perception of the child are revealed, the “double” aesthetic position of the author writing for children is comprehended: “adult” consciousness, resurrecting in itself the consciousness and worldview of the child. The translation principles of S. Ya. Marshak-poet and S. Ya. Marshak-prose writer are considered and compared. The role of the works of G. Rodari in the formation of Russian-Italian literary and cultural relationships and in the formation of Russian literature for children is emphasized. Conclusion. The closeness of the translation principles of J. Rodari and S. Ya. Marshak is analyzed, the correlation of the translation strategies of the Russian author with the traditions of Russian translated literature is clarified. The role of S. Ya. Marshak and M. Gorky in the opening of the State Publishing House of Children’s Literature in 1933 is revealed. The circle of writers who laid the foundations of Soviet literature for children in the first half of the 20th century is determined. The connection between the translation principles of S. Ya. Marshak and the concept of modern adaptive translation by G. M. Kruzhkov is revealed. For the completeness of the reception of Russian literature for children, the article by M. I. Tsvetaeva “On the new Russian children’s book” is used.
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Barucci, P. "Italian Economists of the 20th Century." History of Political Economy 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-32-4-1033.
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Munari, Alessandra. "The double nature of ‘source criticism’: Between philology and intertextuality." Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 53, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0014585818813894.
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This article analyzes so-called ‘source criticism’, and it observes how this discipline historically and conceptually developed into the theory of intertextuality. This research traces the steps of source criticism from the end of the 19th century and through the 20th century, paying special attention to Italian literature; it deals with texts by critics Pio Rajna, Renato Serra, Ernst Robert Curtius, Gian Biagio Conte, Ezio Raimondi and Giuseppe Velli.
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Maritz, P. J. "History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church 'History Origen Adamantinus." Verbum et Ecclesia 18, no. 2 (July 4, 1997): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v18i2.564.
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History reconstruction: Third century parallels to 20th century South African Church History - Origen Adamantinus. In this paper a possible third century contribution to Church History reconstruction is considered. This is employed as an example for South African church historians who are dedicated to history interpretation, whether it be from the perspective of: acceptance on face value; justification; verification; criticism or renunciation of twentieth century historical events and the WG)'S in which they have influenced the prophetic task of the church in South Africa. To this end, a parallel is drawn between third century Origen and a few South African church figures from the twentieth century, which will highlight the church's continuing prophetic ministry.
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Ennis, Juan Antonio. "Italian-Spanish Contact in Early 20th Century Argentina." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 112–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801006.
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This article attempts to provide a general approach to the exceptional language contact situation that took place in Argentina from the end of the 19thcentury until the first decades of the 20thcentury, in which an enormous immigration flow drastically modified the sociolinguistic landscape. This was most evident in urban environments—and among them especially the Buenos Aires area—and led the local ruling elites to set up a complex and massive apparatus for the nationalisation of the newcomers, which included a language shift in the first stage. Given that the majority of immigrants came from Italy, the most widespread form of contact was that between the local varieties of Spanish and the Italian dialects spoken by the immigrants, which led to the creation of a contact variety called Cocoliche that arose, lived then perished. Although this contact variety did not survive the early years, at least not as a full-fledged variety, the history of its emergence and the ways in which it can be studied today nevertheless make it an object of special interest for research perspectives oriented around the question of the early years of language contact. This article gives an account of this history so as to provide an analysis of a series of documents that, in a highly mediated way, can be used as an unreliable but nonetheless interesting corpus for the study of language and culture contact.
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Guerini, Andréia, and Ingrid Bignardi. "Leopardi nas Crónicas Jornalísticas Brasileiras de 1881 a 1916." Cadernos de Literatura Comparada, no. 44 (2021): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/2183-2242/cad44a8.
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The crônica is a literary genre that became widespread in Brazilian newspapers and magazines pages in the 19th century. These short pieces were responsible for the circulation and insertion of foreign writers in the Brazilian cultural system, such as the Italian writer Giacomo Leopardi (1798-1837). The present article analyses, based on Cultural Translation Theory (Burke/Hsia 2009), how Leopardi was represented in Brazilian crônicas published between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, specifically from 1881 to 1916, and available at the Brazilian Digital Newspaper Archive. The analysis of 12 crônicas shows that they were written predominantly by men, and published in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo; these cronistas tend to show Leopardi as poet, “translating” and resignifying his “patriotism”, and, mainly, his “pessimist philosophy”, following sectors of the Italian criticism of the time. Furthermore, they exert a double function in the process of cultural translation, filling in thematic gaps and spreading Leopardi’s works.
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SHCHEPIN, D. S. "THEORY OF FACTUAL CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS: HISTORY OF FORMATION AND CRITICISM." Civil Law Review 21, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 59–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24031/1992-2043-2021-21-6-59-98.
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The present article is devoted to the main provisions and criticism of the theory of factual contractual relations, which arose in Germany in the middle of the 20th century. The author reveals the issues of the emergence of the theory of factual contractual relations and its subsequent perception by the doctrine and judicial practice of Germany and Switzerland, and also correlates this theory with private autonomy and legal certainty. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that there is no need to apply the theory of factual contractual relations in the Russian legal order.
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Manfredini, Matteo, Marco Breschi, Alessio Fornasin, Stanislao Mazzoni, Sergio De lasio, and Alfredo Coppa. "Maternal Mortality in 19th- and Early 20th-century Italy." Social History of Medicine 33, no. 3 (February 5, 2019): 860–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkz001.
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Summary Although dramatically reduced in Western and developed countries, maternal mortality is still today one of the most relevant social and health scourges in developing countries. This is the reason why high levels of maternal mortality are always interpreted as a sign of low living standards, ignorance, poverty and woman discrimination. Maternal mortality represents, therefore, a very peculiar characteristic of demographic systems of ancien regime. Despite this important role in demographic systems, no systematic study has been addressed to investigate the impact of maternal mortality in historical Italy. The aim of this article is to shed some light on such a phenomenon by investigating its trend over time and the determinants in some Italian populations between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. The analysis will make use of civil and parish registers linked together by means of nominative techniques, and it will be, therefore, carried out at the micro level.
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Zhang, Jie, and Wenxin Lin. "Historical facts of literature and personality in research – about the compilation of the book “History of Russian and Soviet literary criticism of the XX century”." Neophilology, no. 24 (2020): 755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2020-6-24-755-764.
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Russian literature is an important part of world literature and is studied all over the world. In comparison with the history of literature, the history of literary criticism is more an interaction between the objectivity of literary facts and the personality of the compiler of this history. This work presents a description of the personality in research using the example of the book “History of Russian and Soviet literary criticism of the XX century” written by Chinese scientist Zhang Jie, the main task of which is to provide a theoretical basis and methods of criticism for analyzing the mechanism of reproducing the meanings of literary texts and images. We analyze the functions of literary criticism and explain the interaction and harmony of objective historical facts of literature and the compiler’s personality in the study. We define three currents of Russian and Soviet literary criticism of the 20th century: religious and cultural criticism, real literary criticism, and aesthetic criticism. We prove that history reflects not only the objectivity of factors, but also its compiler’s personality, which is an indicator. We explain the need to coordinate the objectivity of historical facts and the subjectivity of the compiler, and we present a value-based reflection of a scientific linguistic personality in the Chinese ethnoculture.
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Gorodecki, Michael. "Strands in 20th-Century Italian Music: 1. Luigi Nono: A History of Belief." Musical Times 133, no. 1787 (January 1992): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/966230.
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Petrov, Vladislav O. "Synthetic Ideas of Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini in the 20th Century: to the History and Theory of Performance." Observatory of Culture, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-5-66-71.
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The article demonstrates relevance of the synthetic ideas of the Italian architect, sculptor and artist Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) in the modern performance art, which has become a landmark in the 20th century in terms of the Actionism manifestation. The chosen subjects (the absurdist situation and the actual event), as well as the methods for their dramatic composition and the applied means of their expression, characterize the performance of the 20th century, which gives us a reason to examine the position of Bernini and the position of one of the most actual genres in the modern world more closely.
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Alheit, Peter, and Bettina Dausien. "A brief history of biographical research in Germany." Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa (Auto)biográfica 3, no. 9 (December 20, 2018): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31892/rbpab2525-426x.2018.v3.n9.p749-764.
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The contribution gives a brief historical insight in the beginning and the drastic change of biographical thinking particularly in the educational sphere. Biography is a theme addressed by German educational sciences ever since its historical beginnings in the late 18th century. The discovery of the autonomous, educated, middle-class subject is rooted in that interest in biography, which also shaped the process of “biographisation” of the lower social strata a century later. Even post-modern and post-structural criticism of the ‘subject’ towards the end of the 20th century has a lasting influence on educational science. Understanding the historical background and the consequences of this threefold change of ideas in the concept of “biography” in the German tradition is the aim of this article.
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Ebanoidse, Igor А. "Karl Jaspers’ “Question of German Guilt” in the Context of the German Self-Criticism." History of Philosophy Yearbook 27 (December 28, 2022): 36–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0134-8655-2022-37-36-57.
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On the example of German philosophical thought of the first half of the 20th century, the paper examines the problem of collective guilt of the nation for the actions of its state. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the revanchist ideology that led to the domination of National Socialism. The paper also addresses the history of the criticism of the German imperial statehood, which had developed by the end of the 19th century.
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Bijan, Amanj N. B. "Kurdish studies in Russia in the early 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 190 (2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-190-158-165.
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We consider the history of studying the history of Kurds in Russia in the early 20th century. The plans of cooperation between the Russians and Kurds against the Ottoman Empire are analyzed. We consider the socio-political and research activities of Russian politicians and scientists in the framework of solving the Kurdish issue. Research on Kurdistan, which began in the 19th century, continued and developed in Russia. Along with military and strategic studies, there were studies of Kurdish clans and Kurdish society. In addition to Russian scientists, Russian diplomats also contributed to the development of Kurdish studies. Before World War I, Russia tried to establish consulates and shopping centers in Kurdish cities. In the early of 20th century in Russia, Kurdish studies were developing rapidly, which was due to both the international situation and the activity of well-trained specialists-orientalists. Often they, like V.F. Minorsky and I.A. Orbeli, combined official (diplomatic) and research activities. Active role in the formation and development of Kurdish studies played N.I. Marr and A.S. Shamilov, who had no formal linguistic education and has been at the epicenter of political processes in the Soviet historiography and linguistics (repression, criticism of “marisma”). Despite the complex political processes of the early 20th cen-tury, it was during this period that the main ideas about Kurdish history and the Kurdish language were formed, and the main scientific schools were formed, which were developed after 1945.
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Panizzolo, Claudia. "The Daily Life of Italian and Italian-Descendant Children in Tenements, Work and School (Sao Paulo, Late 19th And Early 20th Century)." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.365.
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From the late 19th century onwards, men, women and children from the Italian peninsula started playing an increasingly relevant role in the history of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The text herein aims to investigate the presence of Italian and Italian-descendant children in Sao Paulo, especially among the lower social classes, focusing on their daily survival conditions and also in their roles as workers and students. In order to carry out this investigation, our time frame spans the two last decades of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century – a period of significant arrivals of Italian immigrants to Sao Paulo. It was also a fruitful time in terms of the creation of Italian Schools and School Groups in neighborhoods where immigrants lived, as well as the creation of media content, written in both Italian and Portuguese, covering everyday life in factories and houses. Document analysis of references from Cultural History and the History of Childhood, as well as newspapers, official letters, consular dispatches and reports, public school yearbooks and publications about the city of Sao Paulo was performed. This revealed that Italian and Italian-descendant children learned, together with their parents, to live, coexist and survive living in unhealthy places, with little or no access to city benefits, usually with insufficient or inadequate food. Despite the many barriers to attending school, many parents faced strenuous sacrifices so that their children could go to an Italian School or to a Sao Paulo public school.
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Leoni, Giulia. "Social responsibility in practice: an Italian case from the early 20th century." Journal of Management History 23, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmh-10-2016-0057.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the ideals informing the social strategy of Marzotto, an Italian family business in the textile industry, during the rise and fall of the fascist regime and to compare it with the main concepts of social responsibility theory that developed from the 1950s onwards. Because Italy at that time was a family-based economy, subject to a dictatorial government, it offers an interesting context of investigation that is similar to various contemporary emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach Using a company’s public social report and various published histories, the historical case study of this Italian family business and its pioneering social strategy is reconstructed. Through the identification of the social practices and the ideals underlying the strategy, the analysis finds similarities and differences with the traditional concepts from social responsibility literature. Findings The study finds that Marzotto’s social strategy traces some dimensions of social responsibility theory for it was a voluntary and discretional act by the business owner; it was based on the necessary balance between economic and social aims; and it was focusing only on social issues. Instead, the “social” spectrum is found to have a different meaning in the Marzotto strategy with respect to the “social” in the traditional theory because it was limited to a local level and limited groups of stakeholders. Practical implications By showing the relevant role of business-owners in social responsibility awareness, this study has implications for contemporary practice. It suggests that the educating business-owners about social responsibility and the development of bottom-up rather than top-down social initiatives will be crucial in contemporary similar contexts. The results also open to new research opportunities on corporate social responsibility in the past to explain contemporary differences among its implementation in different countries. Originality/value The research brings awareness to social responsibility in the past in a context other than traditional Western countries and to its differences and similarities with the established social responsibility framework. It is the first study on past social practices that makes use of primary sources to support the analysis.
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Kuhutiak, Mykola, Ihor Raikivskyi, and Oleh Yehreshii. "Halychyna. Journal of Regional Studies: Science, Culture, and Education. Twenty Years of Publishing Activity." Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2017): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.4.2.134-138.
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This is a review of the twenty-year-long publishing activity of Halychyna. Journal of Regional Studies: Science, Culture and Education, one of the first Ukrainian journals for historians, philologists, art critics that appeared in the independent Ukraine. In Halychyna, there has been published the works by well-known scholars of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University and many other higher educational establishments of Ukraine. The Journal can boast an array of sections – archaeology, history, ethnology, political science, historiography, source studies, documents and materials, culturology, art criticism, historical biography studies, and others. Most of the studies published in Halychyna focus on the issues of the modern and contemporary history of Ukraine, ethnology. A special attention is given to the issues of the Ukrainian national liberation movement in the 20th century, the Ukrainian national revival in the 19th–20th century, the activity of the political parties in Galicia in the late 19th–early 20th century, source studies and historiography in Ukraine, historical regional studies, the problems of modern state formation in Ukraine, and others
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Sher, S. A., T. V. Yakovleva, and V. Yu Al’bitskiy. "About history and significance of the eugenic ideas." Kazan medical journal 99, no. 5 (December 15, 2018): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2018-855.
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Aim. To show the short history of the origin and development of the eugenic ideas at the beginning of the 20th century.
Methods. Historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were used.
Results. The article presents the results of historical and medical research that demonstrated that close by the tasks to medicine eugenics studied inherited properties, their social manifestations and historical changes. Science eugenics gained wide circulation and recognition in 1920s in USSR. The ideas became popular that achievements of the Soviet health care, its preventive direction lead to creation of higher sanitary culture and realization of eugenic tasks for creation of the harmonious Soviet identity. Since the early 1930s in the Soviet Union the eugenics underwent severe criticism. The eugenic ideas were completely discredited by Nazi programs of fascist Germany in 1933-1945 when millions of people were exterminated. In the end of the 20th century interest in eugenics has renewed because of development of genetics.
Conclusion. Despite the ambiguous past, the eugenics had played a certain positive role as it allowed understanding genetic and anthropological human features, and served as an incentive for development of medical genetics and study of genetic diseases.
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Stolzi, Irene. "CORPORATISM AND NEO-CORPORATISM: DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 20TH -CENTURY ITALIAN LEGAL ORDER." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 31, no. 64 (August 2018): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2178-14942018000200006.
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Abstract The article seeks to analyze how the legal thought represented the idea of corporative and neo-corporative order in the framework of the 20th-century in Italian history. The first part is dedicated to highlight the evolutions of historical studies on fascist corporatism through a brief review of the main interpretations over the last decades. Then, the paper describes three different lectures of fascist corporative order brought by the jurists between the twenties and the forties: the vision of those who saw in corporatism the ideological and institutional answer for outlining the identity of the new totalitarian state; the interpretation, typical of jurists with a liberal background, who attempted to fit the corporatist phenomenon (and the 20th century in general) into traditional interpretative categories; and finally, the minority view embraced by jurists having different backgrounds and ideological sensibilities, but nonetheless convinced that the corporatist system should represent an opportunity to imagine types of relationships between private and public, political and economic spheres that were remote both from 19th century individualism and the new frontiers of totalitarianism. The second part tries to stress the so-called neo-corporatism, that is the season of “social consultation” spanning the 1980s and 1990s to see whether and in which sense it is possible to connect this experience both with the interwar corporatism and the democratic constitutional context.
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Bahri, Saeful. "SHEIKH DJAMIL DJAHO AND SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CRITICISM OF MINANGKABAU MUSLIM: A Study on Tazkirat al-Qulub Fi Mu‘amalat ‘Allam al-Guyub." Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 3, no. 02 (December 28, 2018): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v3i02.651.
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This article discusses the socio-religious critique of Sheikh Djamil Djaho on the religious and socio-society conditions in Minangkabau. Analysis of the content and approach of social history-intellectuals was used to dissect the contents of the book Tazkirat al-Qulub associated with social-religious context in the policy at the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of texts it is known that Sheikh Djaho expressed his criticism towards several groups. Among the groups are (1) scholars, (2) worshippers, (3) Sufism experts, and (4) experts of the world. According to Sheikh Djaho, the four groups might include gurur (faction), when they use intelligence in their respective fields as masks, not in honesty. This study shows three points. First, the presence of Sheikh Djaho's criticism departs from the reality of the life of the clergy and layman at that time. Second, the reality of social life keeps a text alive in society. Third, the solution to social-religious reality in the early 20th century was the practice of tasawwuf.
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Skrlj, Katja. "All'ombra del Muro di Berlino. (De)costruendo la memoria di una cittŕ divisa a Gorizia e Nova Gorica." MEMORIA E RICERCA, no. 39 (May 2012): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2012-039003.
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Paper focuses on two small provincial cities on Slovenian - Italian border, Italian Gorizia and Slovenian Nova Gorica. It examines the construction of collective memory in the 20th century up to the year 2007, when the Schengen border has been removed and the "wall" between the "divided cities" has finally been torned down. The analysis has focused on identity formation, on everyday life in the cities after the second world war, and people bitter- sweet stories and memories of living with the border.
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LEHTSALU, LIISE. "CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF WOMEN'S RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BOLOGNA." Historical Journal 55, no. 4 (November 15, 2012): 939–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x12000386.
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ABSTRACTEighteenth-century convents are little studied, and women's third order houses even less so, despite the growing numbers of the latter. Through a case-study, this article explores the origins and functions of one eighteenth-century third order house in an Italian urban community. Relying on the rich meeting minutes of Santa Maria Egiziaca in Bologna, the article analyses the everyday realities and the changing perceptions of women's religious institutions among the urban elites connected to the house. Santa Maria Egiziaca emerges as neither only a convent nor a shelter, the two institutional types recognized in current scholarship, but rather as both. The diverse goals of the house's administrators and benefactors suggest why third order houses thrived in the eighteenth century when more traditional convents came under increasing criticism and declined.
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Trento, Giovanna. "From Marinetti to Pasolini: Massawa, the Red Sea, and the Construction of "Mediterranean Africa" in Italian Literature and Cinema." Northeast African Studies 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2012): 273–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41960565.
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Abstract Postwar Italian historiography tended for decades to exclude colonialism from national history, and the country largely forgot its colonial past. The interconnections between the academic schools and anthropological scholarly theories that focused on the Horn of Africa during Italian colonialism and twentieth century Italian literary and cinematic representations of the Horn and the Red Sea have been understudied and underestimated. This article will argue that during Italian colonialism, Italy and the Horn of Africa were interconnected through the Mediterranean and Red Sea by scholarly, literary, cultural religious, and imaginary links that contributed to the construction of a "Mediterranean Africa," based on genetic continuities and the legacies with Latin antiquity and ancient Roman values. Such baggage affected or was affected by the building of Italian-ness after the country’s unification, Italy’s self-representation, the country’s Southern question, and its articulation of "modernity." As this article will show, the construction of "Mediterranean Africa" influenced the Italian literary and cinematic representations of Northeast Africa, throughout the 20th century; from the founder of Futurism—the Egypt born writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti—in the first four decades of the century, to the leftist writer and filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini, in the 1960s and 1970s. The problematic transnational links constructed between Italy, the Horn of Africa, and the Red Sea would also surface in the works of the most prominent film directors during Fascism, Alessandro Blasetti and Mario Camerini, and other important writers, like Giovanni Comisso, Ennio Flaiano and Giorgio Manganelli.
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Kuznetsova, Natalia I. "History of Science: Projects and Realities." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 57, no. 3 (2020): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202057344.
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The article analyzes the key methodological problems of the contemporary research in the field of the history of science. It is shown that in the 18th and 19th centuries works on the history of science demonstrated the difficult paths of scientists to the heights of scientific discoveries. The positivism of the 19th century has opened the field of the philosophy of science, emphasizing the crucial role of scientific knowledge for the development of civilization. The history of science is fundamental for the justification of this thesis. However, in the 20th century, the history of science has solved mainly applied problems. It was necessary as a cursory review of the main achievements of various scientific disciplines arranged in chronological order. In fact, the history of science was based on the cumulative concept of the development of science. The criticism of cumulatism and the fight against anti-historical stereotypes emerged thanks to T. Kuhn. Later, the criticism of presentism in the community of science historians has become the main methodology for reconstructing the development of cognition. It is shown in the paper that the history of science was closely connected with the philosophy of science. However, genuine cooperation between philosophers and historians of science had not yet occurred. The situation has changed with the advent of a new philosophical discipline – historical epistemology.
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Gilman, Todd S. "Augustan Criticism and Changing Conceptions of English Opera." Theatre Survey 36, no. 2 (November 1995): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400001186.
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The love-hate nature of the relations between England and Italy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is well known. Ever since Henry VIII broke with Rome after Pope Clement VII refused to allow his divorce, things Italian were a popular object of satire and general disdain. An ever-increasing British nationalism founded on political, religious, and aesthetic principles during the seventeenth century fanned the flames of anti-Italian sentiment. This nationalism, newly consolidated in the seventeenth century by the ambitions of the Stuart monarchs to destroy Parliament, was intimately connected with English Protestantism. As Samuel Kliger has argued, the triumph of the Goths—Protestant Englishmen's Germanic ancestors—over Roman tyranny in antiquity became for seventeenth-century England a symbol of democratic success. Moreover, observes Kliger, an influential theory rooted in the Reformation, the “translatio imperii ad Teutonicos,” emphasized traditional German racial qualities—youth, vigor, manliness, and moral purity—over those of Latin culture—torpor, decadence, effeminacy, and immorality—and contributed to the modern constitution of the supreme role of the Goths in history. The German translatio implied an analogy between the conquest of the Roman Empire by the Goths (under Charlemagne) and the rallying of the humanist-reformers of northern Europe (e.g., Luther) for religious freedom, understood as liberation from Roman priestcraft; that is, “the translatio crystallized the idea that humanity was twice ransomed from Roman tyranny and depravity—in antiquity by the Goths, in modern times by their descendants, the German reformers…the epithet ‘Gothic’ became not only a polar term in political discussion, a trope for the ‘free,’ but also in religious discussion a trope for all those spiritual, moral, and cultural values contained for the eighteenth century in the single word ‘enlightenment.’”
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martino, paolo di. "Evolution of Italian enterprises in the 20th century – Edited by Renato Gianetti and Michelangelo Vasta." Economic History Review 60, no. 2 (May 2007): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00384_16.x.
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Dahrendorf, Marianna, and Ilya Kolesnikov. "From the history of the settlements of European colonists in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (XIX — early XX centuries)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 12-1 (December 1, 2020): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi18.
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The article is devoted to the topical problem of the history of settlements (colonies) of Europeans (Scots, Germans, Italians) in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (XIX century - early XX century). The development of the system of colonies of Scots, Germans and Italians in the Kavminvod region is considered. Some socio -economic and cultural -ethnic processes of interaction and mutual influence of Scottish, German and Italian colonists are analyzed. The article emphasizes, in general, the positive (economic and cultural) significance of the existence of European settlements in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters in the 19th - early 20th centuries.
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Majori, Giancarlo. "SHORT HISTORY OF MALARIA AND ITS ERADICATION IN ITALY." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 4, no. 1 (March 10, 2012): e2012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2012.016.
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In Italy at the end of 19th Century, malaria cases amounted to 2 million with 15,000-20,000 deaths per year. Malignant tertian malaria was present in Central-Southern areas and in the islands. Early in the 20th Century, the most important act of the Italian Parliament was the approval of laws regulating the production and free distribution of quinine and the promotion of measures aiming at the reduction of the larval breeding places of Anopheline vectors. The contribution from the Italian School of Malariology (Camillo Golgi, Ettore Marchiafava, Angelo Celli, Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli) to the discovery of the transmission’s mechanism of malaria was fundamental in fostering the initiatives of the Parliament of the Italian Kingdom. A program of cooperation for malaria control in Italy, supported by the Rockefeller Foundation started in 1924, with the establishment of the Experimental Station in Rome, transformed in 1934 into the National Institute of Public Health. Alberto Missiroli, Director of the Laboratory of Malariology, conducted laboratory and field research, that with the advent of DDT brought to Italy by the Allies at the end of the World War II, allowed him to plan a national campaign victorious against the secular scourge.
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Michelagnoli, Giovanni. "The modern Italian debate on the Walrasian theory of capitalization (1960-1971)." HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, no. 1 (November 2021): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2021-001006.
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Historians have studied the intellectual relationships between Walrasian eco-nomic thought and the Italian tradition with a primary focus on nineteenth-century economic thought. Nevertheless, in the 1960s heated controversy over Walras's capitalization theory, prompted by Sraffa (1960) and, even more, by Garegnani (1960), developed in Italy. This paper aims to reconstruct that debate to illustrate that, even during such a period of critical reappraisal, a number of Ital-ian economists held a fundamentally sceptical attitude towards a criticism of Walras's scheme.
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Liu, Miaowen, and Natalia Z. Koltsova. "Perception of works of V. Shklovsky in China." RUDN Journal of Studies in Literature and Journalism 24, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-9220-2019-24-3-462-476.
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The article is devoted to studying the long-term dissemination and perception of Viktor Shklovsky's works and ideas in China from the 1930s to 2010s, while providing a brief overview of the scientific articles of Chinese Russianists, who played a key role in studying the heritage of Shklovsky conceptual apparatus in Chinese literary criticism. Particular attention is paid to the category of estrangement, firmly included in Chinese literary studies and widely used in the analysis of works of Chinese literature and cinema, have been considered such concepts of Russian formalism as literary character, reception, since the early 80s of the 20th century adopted by the science of China. The article emphasizes that the history of the perception of the theoretical views of V. Shklovsky in China includes several stages, while a true study of his works, like Russian formalism in general, begins only in the 1980s of the 20th century. The artworks of Shklovsky in China began to pay attention only to the XXI century.
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Paniga, Massimiliano. "Public Health Institutions in Italy in the 20th Century." Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies 8, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.8-2-3.
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Only recently studied by Italian historiography, public health is one of the most important sectors of a modern Welfare system. During the Twentieth century Italy faced the hygienic and sanitary problem often with different ways and tools than other European countries. The aim of this article is to understand better the attitude and the development of the main public health institutions, both at the central and peripheral level, during the three great phases that marked the history of Italy in the last century: the liberal age, fascism and the Republic, as well as to highlight the organisations, men and structures that exercised decisive functions in the bureaucratic and administrative State machine. The essay focuses on the most significative legislative measures (for example, the “Testi Unici” of 1907 and 1934) and the turning points that have changed the sector on the institutional plan, from the creation of the Directorate-General for Public Health inside the Ministry of the Interior, and destined to remain for the entire Fascist period, to the birth, in the post-war years, of the High Commission for Hygiene and Public Health, then replaced by the Ministry of Health, until the establishment of the National Health Service in 1978. Keywords: Welfare State, social policies, public health, assistance, institutions
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Ivanovich Kolonitskii, Boris. "The Genealogy of the “Leader of the People”: Images of Leaders and the Political Language of the Russian Revolution of 1917." Russian History 45, no. 2-3 (August 31, 2018): 149–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04502002.
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Boris Kolonitskii continues his studies of the cult of Alexander Kerensky in 1917 and the larger issues of the vocabulary used to describe leaders and the nature of cults and their relationship to authoritarianism in Russian and Soviet history. He reviews the linguistic fields surrounding such revolutionary figures as Miliukov, Rodzianko, Chernov, Plekhanov and Lenin and shows how politicians may become hostages of their own rhetoric. Hero image terminology can sanctify the leader. But even negative publicity or criticism can lead to the strengthening of the cult image. The construction of cults is subject to reversals and shifting creativity. Cults have pre- histories and are vital to our understanding of 20th century politics.
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Toninelli, Pier Angelo. "Between State and market. The parabola of Italian public enterprise in the 20th century." Entreprises et histoire 37, no. 3 (2004): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.037.0053.
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Scholz, Gunther. "Are text interpretations fictions?" Semiotic studies 2, no. 4 (December 28, 2022): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2782-2966-2022-2-4-44-52.
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In the 19th century philology became the most important human science following history, and the interpretation methods were refined. However, in the 20th century, fundamental doubts arose about the possibility and the sense of the interpretation procedure, and an increasingly sharp criticism was expressed. It was aimed at the presupposition of a certain, unchangeable meaning of the texts. The diversity of interpretations seemed to confirm that. The interpretations could also be called "fictions". However, this essential doubt about a certainty of the text meaning contradicts the linguistic communication in the society. These critics ignore the fact that there are very different forms of texts and the interpretations in different cultural areas pursue very different objectives. It is reasonable to distinguish between criticism and hermeneutics to regulate the controversy of interpretations: while the latter tries to explore the author's perspective, in criticism the interpreter is allowed to bring his own perspective to bear. These two concepts are usually related in the interpretation process, but can be separated in case of controversy.
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Spahić, Elmir. "The Ethics of the Anti-War Letter and Poetics of Testimony in Tvrtko Kulenović’s History of Illness (1994)." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2022.9.1.115.
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Tvrtko Kulenović’s History of Illness (1994) belongs to the anti-war letter and poetics of testimony genres from late 20th-century Bosniak and Bosnian-Herzegovian literature. Although a novel, History of Illness depicts the evils of the 1992–1995 war, in which Sarajevo was besieged by the Yugoslav People’s Army and the Army of Republika Srpska. Kulenović writes from the position of victim, and advocates the idea of ethical engagement during the writing process, in which the narrative and existential selves merge. This paper uses the methodological bases of ethical literary criticism to prove the ethical dimension of the literary text.
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Nhaueleque, Laura António, and Luca Bussotti. "The Conceptualisation of Africa in the Catholic Church." Social Sciences and Missions 32, no. 1-2 (May 3, 2019): 148–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-03201004.
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Abstract This article aims to show the evolution of the conceptualisation of Africa according to the Catholic Church, using as its key references Daniele Comboni and Adalberto da Postioma, two Italian missionaries who lived in the 19th century and 20th century respectively. Through them, the article attempts to interpret how the Catholic Church has conceived and implemented its relationships with the African continent in the last two centuries. The article uses history to analyse the thought of the two authors using a qualitative and comparative methodology.
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Sorlin, Pierre. "Cinéma et religion dans l'Europe du XXe siècle." Journal of Modern European History 3, no. 2 (September 2005): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944_2005_2_183.
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Film and Religion in 20th Century Europa The article focuses on the conflict zones and compromises of the ambivalent relationship which developed between film and religion in Europe. European film production was more reluctant than Hollywood to treat Biblical themes; on the other hand, the Christian Churches oscillated between damning, controlling and producing their own films. Their censorship and criticism were frequently the occasion of stormy internal debates about Church strategy toward the decline of traditional religiosity. Subjects such as the position and role of the pastor in his congregation and the lives of the saints were made into films; specific religious themes, however, remained rare. For the historian, these films offer symptomatic indicators of sensitivities, complex problems and uncertainties concerning religious life at the time.
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Mithen, Nicholas. "A Taste for Criticism: ‘Buon Gusto’ and the Reform of Historical Scholarship in the Early Eighteenth-Century Italian Republic of Letters." Erudition and the Republic of Letters 4, no. 4 (October 26, 2019): 439–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24055069-00404003.
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Historians of scholarship and intellectual historians have recently been paying more attention to the social and epistemic conditioning of scholarly production. Informed by the history of science, such scholarship has shed light upon how knowledge production changed over time, and how its ‘legislation’, ‘administration’, and ‘institutionalisation’ varied in different contexts. This article explores the reform of intellectual culture in the early eighteenth-century Italian republic of letters, as a case-study in the application of such emergent methodologies. From around 1700, a nexus of ethical, aesthetical and epistemological ideals began to crystallize on the Italian peninsula, codified under the concept of ‘buon gusto’ or ‘good taste’. ‘Buon gusto’ became a point of reference for individual scholars, scholarly communities and literary journals seeking to reform scholarly practice. This led to the normalization of historical criticism as the dominant scholarly mode among Italian scholars by the mid-eighteenth century.
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Gurenkova, Julia V. "Perception of absurdistic texts of Achille Campanile in criticism." Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, no. 5 (September 2022): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.5-22.164.
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The article presents an overview of the critical reception of the work of the Italian writer of the twentieth century Achille Campanile. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it analyzes the work of a little-known Italian writer-comedian in Russia, which has not been sufficiently studied in Russian literary criticism and in foreign science. Officially, the works of Campanile are not classified as absurdism as a direction, however, according to some critics, this author should be considered not just a predecessor, but the founder of the theater of the absurd. Accordingly, the study of the poetics of A. Campanile’s comedies is necessary from the point of view of analyzing the genesis of absurdism in Western Europe. The purpose of the study is to comprehend the role and significance of the author’s heritage in the history of Italian and world literature. The main methodological basis of the study is a combination of biographical, historical-literary, historical-cultural and comparative research methods. The materials presented in the article allow us to conclude that in the work of A. Campanile, some critics identify common features with futurism, surrealism and absurdism. Researchers of Campanile’s work generally highly appreciate the talent of the writer, highlight the main techniques used by the author to create a comic effect, a feature of the style and language of the works.
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Kan, Sergei. "“True Heirs to a Heroic Russian Past” or “Russians in Name Only”: Sitka Creoles as Seen by the Late Nineteenth Century Russian Orthodox Clergy." Journal of Frontier Studies 5, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 12–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v5i4.211.
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The paper examines the criticism levelled against the Creoles of Sitka (persons of Russian and Alaska Native descent) by the Russian Orthodox priests who came to minister among them in the late 19th-early 20th century. These clergymen accused their parishioners not only of immorality but also of not being truly Russian, as far as their language and culture were concerned. By focusing on this criticism, the paper explores the symbolic significance of Alaska’s Russian colonial and missionary history and its legacy in the conservative nationalist ideology of the Russian Orthodox clergy. Particular attention is paid to the causes to which this clergy attributed the decline of the Russian culture and devotion to Orthodoxy among the Creole population of this frontier American/Alaskan town.
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Alberro, Alexander, Homi Bhabha, Alejandra Castillo, Keti Chukhrov, T. J. Demos, Keyna Eleison, Irmgard Emmelhainz, et al. "What is Radical?" ARTMargins 10, no. 3 (October 2021): 8–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00301.
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Abstract What does it mean to think and act radically, and how does this relate to forms of radicalism connected to earlier moments, for example, in the 20th century? What can be the role of radical art and scholarship under the conditions of late capitalism? More generally, how can art and artists serve the ongoing struggle for social justice and the agendas of emancipatory social change? Finally, what kinds of art criticism and art historical scholarship are necessary to address the great challenges of our uncertain future?
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Andrei, Paolo, C. Richard Baker, and Massimo Sargiacomo. "Public Sector Accounting in Italy at the Beginning of the 20th Century: The Contributions of Fabio Besta." Accounting Historians Journal 44, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aahj-10521.
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ABSTRACT The 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century were particularly important for the development of accounting theory. Various accounting historians have emphasized the key role of Italian scholars during this period (Amaduzzi 2001; Bariola 1897; Ceccherelli 1915; Luchini 1898; Melis 1950). One of the most important of these scholars was Fabio Besta. This paper presents both a biography of Fabio Besta and a discussion of his contributions to accounting thought. There are two primary motivations for this paper; namely (1) to contribute to the biographical strand of accounting history research, and (2) to develop a better understanding of the history of public sector/state accounting. Besta is acknowledged as one of the most important Italian scholars of the accounting discipline. His work, focusing on public administration, is remarkable for its clarity and depth, and it is of particular interest today for researchers of business and management, especially with regard to those aspects that differentiate private sector from public administration. Over a century after his death, Besta's work continues to be of great interest. In fact, the debate concerning accounting methods in the public sector has not yet been completely resolved, with the process of change from cash-based to accrual-based accounting still taking place in many countries.
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Legeżyńska, Anna. "Translatologia z perspektywy końca (wieku)." Przestrzenie Teorii, no. 1 (February 15, 2007): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pt.2002.1.8.
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When summing up the history of translatology in the second half of the 20th century, the author points to undoubtful achievements of this discipline as well as disputable questions and tasks for the future. She proves that the postmodern conceptions of the exhaustion of literature (Lyotard) are not reflected in studies of translation. Just the opposite, this field has been developing dynamically, although its autonomy is still questioned. The chance of translatology is its interdisciplinary character, relation with methodology of linguistic studies, using the theory of interpretation and the theory of intertextuality. Some of the questions which are disputed are: equivalentisation, non-translatability, opposition of archaisation and modernisation. In the sphere of postulates is the synthesis of Polish knowledge on translation, Formation of proper criticism of translation and codification of terminology. All these motifs of considerations are supported by references to the most important conceptions and trends of the 20th century translatology.
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Payne, Alina A. "Architectural Criticism, Science, and Visual Eloquence: Teofilo Gallaccini in Seventeenth-Century Siena." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 58, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 146–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991482.
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This article examines the transition from a mimetic conception of architecture as proposed by the great treatise writers of the Renaissance, to the modern, science- and engineering-oriented one that began to supplant it in the eighteenth century. The focus of the investigation is the textual culture of Italian Baroque theory and its vehicle, the till now largely unknown corpus of the Sienese scientist Teofilo Gallaccini. It is argued that alongside the traditional path of architectural theory produced by architects, which evolved in the grooves set in the Vitruvian Renaissance, there existed a parallel path driven by scientists. Absorbing the imitatio practices of visual artists into their own inquiries, scientists provided other outlets for their use and in so doing also provided other directions for architectural discourse. By locating Gallaccini's work in the scientific and architectural culture of his own time, and by exploring its appeal to exponents of the Enlightenment who held widely divergent views on the means of achieving architectural reform, this article argues that-far from proceeding by watersheds and paradigm revolutions, as modernist history writing has held-modern theory owes much to both the scientific and mimetic approaches that not only co-existed but also intertwined in the Baroque.
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Homberg, Mauricio, and Jens Ivo Engels. "Corruption Debates in the First Portuguese Republic 1910-1926." Revista Portuguesa de História 53 (September 27, 2022): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4147_53_4.
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This paper deals with corruption debates as a political factor in the First Portuguese Republic. Criticism of corruption is a hitherto hardly considered aspect for understanding the instability of the Republic. Criticism of corruption as a critique of parliamentarism existed in almost all European countries in the first third of the 20th century. This essay offers a systematic examination of corruption debates in Portugal and aims to emphasise the international commonalities. Similar to the rest of Europe, these criticisms contributed to the bad image and destabilisation of the parliamentary system. The essay mainly uses political newspapers and pamphlets as sources. After an assessment of the relevant research literature and a very short section on anticorruption in the late monarchy, we will concentrate on three groups of critics: monarchical Catholic voices, radical republican commentaries, and anarchist left-wing contributions. The aim is to reconstruct patterns of argumentation of the aforementioned political directions that were typical throughout the republican period. We will also take up the alleged connection between cultural backwardness and corruption in the Portuguese self-description. In the last section, we will shortly focus on the (almost non-existent) defence strategies of the ruling Republicans.
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Solovev, Artem. "Secular as political theology in russian religious philosophy of the first half of the 20th century." St.Tikhons' University Review 101 (June 30, 2022): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturi2022101.57-81.
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The article is devoted to the problem of understanding the secular as political theology in Russian religious philosophy of the first half of the 20th century. The connection between the concept of «political theology» and the concept of «secular» is carried out in accordance with the approach of K. Schmitt. Schmitt’s approach is proposed to be expanded to understand political theology as borrowing the structure of theistic theology by other means for secular purposes. In the article, this approach is used to identify what can be defined as the analysis of «political theologies» in the works of Russian religious philosophers of the first half of the 20th century. The study determines that the secular as political theology appears as the «religion of anthropolatry» of the Russian intelligentsia for Merezhkovsky and Bulgakov, and appears as the mythology of communism for Losev and Florensky. The article concludes that the political theologies of socialism and communism are the result of the secularization of the Jewish apocalyptic and Christian chiliasm for Bulgakov, Berdyaev, Losev. Whereas, socialism and communism are secular variants of Gnosticism, which he defines as «the heresy of utopianism» from Frank’s point of view. The article concludes that understanding of the secular as political theology allows us to interpret the phenomenon of religious conversion, which is considered as the beginning of Russian religious philosophy, as a transition from political theology to theistic theology, and not just as a transition from atheism and skepticism to faith. It also states the possibility of applying the concept of confessionalization to understand cultural criticism of modern political theologies by Russian religious philosophers of the first half of the 20th century.