Journal articles: 'Issue variables'

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Castillo R., Augusto. "The Announcement Effect of Junk Bond Issues: an Analysis of the 1976-1989 Period." Estudios de Administración 8, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0816.2001.56761.

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This paper analyzes the impact of corporate junk bond offering announcements on stock prices for a sample of 680 issues of below investment grade bonds, during the 1976-1989 period. The sample shows a -1.0% cumulative abnormal return (CAR) for a two day event window period, and the zero CAR hypothesis is rejected with 99% confidence. The cumulative abnormal returns are negative and significant for combined announcements of bond and equity issues (CAR of -2.10%), and for announcements of convertible bond issues (CAR of -1.24%). Announcements of issues of straight bonds (CAR of -0.24%) are not significantly different from zero. Differences in CARs are observed across subsamples formed on the basis of size of the issuer, relative size of the issue, rating of the issue, name of the underwriter, market value of the issuer, and year of issue, but these variables are not significant when used in cross sectional regressions. The only variables with some explanatory power in those regressions are the ones indicating type of the issue, recession periods, and the dummy used to identify announcements made in 1976 (the first year junk bond issues were allowed).

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Kedar, Orit, and W. Phillips Shively. "Introduction to the Special Issue." Political Analysis 13, no. 4 (2005): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpi027.

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The use of multilevel models—models in which lower-level (“micro”) units are nested within higher-level (“macro”) units—has blossomed recently in political science. Possible relationships in such models include macro variables influencing macro variables; micro variables influencing micro variables; macro variables influencing micro variables, and vice versa; and often most interestingly, micro-micro relationships varying interactively with macro variables. Most work in political science has drawn on the useful introductions of Raudenbush and Bryk (2002), Western (1998), and Steenbergen and Jones (2002). We refer readers to good general introductions/reviews of multi-level modeling in the articles in this issue by Bowers and Drake and by Franzese.

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Buchwitz, Michael, Samantha Lavender, and Emilio Chuvieco. "Special issue on earth observation of essential climate variables." Remote Sensing of Environment 203 (December 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.001.

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Erlich, Rakefet Ron, and Shahar Gindi. "Are civics teachers different from teachers of other disciplines in their handling of controversial issues?" Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 14, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1746197918767082.

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Conducting discussions on controversial political issues is an important vehicle to promote students’ democratic values and critical thinking in schools. This schoolwide task cuts across all disciplines and different subject matter. Israeli civics and social studies teachers are often required to touch upon such issues and manage the situations that follow. This study examined whether civics and social studies teachers are different from teachers of other disciplines in their attitudes toward controversial political issues and in their reported behaviors. Civics and social studies teachers scored higher in all the variables related to discussions of controversial political issue and reported more relevant behaviors. In examining the variables that predict teachers’ self-efficacy to conduct controversial political issue discussions, variables that related to professional identity were the strongest predictors alongside pluralistic attitudes. We concluded that teacher training should emphasize the importance of discussions of controversial political issue and develop teachers’ ability to conduct such discussions as part of their professional role.

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Spagna, Michael E. "Dyslexia Marker Variables." Remedial and Special Education 19, no. 5 (September 1998): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074193259801900505.

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Despite warnings that the field of learning disabilities (LD) must address the issue of population heterogeneity, the LD research community still lacks operational definitions of specific learning disabilities as well as a systematic approach for reporting sample characteristics. Recently, however, a definition of dyslexia has been proposed that might signal a significant advance. This article builds on this definition of dyslexia by: (a) reintroducing the concept of marker variables, (b) proposing a strategy for developing an updated marker variable system, (c) presenting a preliminary working set of dyslexia marker variables, and (d) calling for the eventual adoption of this or similar marker variable systems to facilitate future research efforts.

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Pearl, Judea. "Conditioning on Post-treatment Variables." Journal of Causal Inference 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jci-2015-0005.

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AbstractIn this issue of the Causal, Casual, and Curious column, I compare several ways of extracting information from post-treatment variables and call attention to some peculiar relationships among them. In particular, I contrast do-calculus conditioning with counterfactual conditioning and discuss their interpretations and scopes of applications. These relationships have come up in conversations with readers, students and curious colleagues, so I will present them in a question–answers format.

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Hausman, Jerry. "Mismeasured Variables in Econometric Analysis: Problems from the Right and Problems from the Left." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.57.

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The effect of mismeasured variables in the most straightforward regression analysis with a single regressor variable leads to a least squares estimate that is downward biased in magnitude toward zero. I begin by reviewing classical issues involving mismeasured variables. I then consider three recent developments for mismeasurement econometric models. The first issue involves difficulties in using instrumental variables. A second involves the consistent estimators that have recently been developed for mismeasured nonlinear regression models. Finally, I return to mismeasured left hand side variables, where I will focus on issues in binary choice models and duration models.

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Guezenoc, Julian, Léna Bassel, Anne Gallet-Budynek, and Bruno Bousquet. "Variables selection: A critical issue for quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 134 (August 2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2017.05.009.

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Montanari, Angela, and Maurizio Vichi. "Special issue on Advances in latent variables: methods, models and applications." Advances in Data Analysis and Classification 10, no. 2 (May 18, 2016): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11634-016-0252-z.

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Wadhwa, Kavita, and Sudhakara Reddy Syamala. "Market timing and pseudo market timing: an empirical examination of IPOs in India." Managerial Finance 44, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2017-0006.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of market timing and pseudo market timing on equity issuance decisions of IPOs in an emerging economy – India. Indian new issues market provides a perfect setting to test market timing against pseudo market timing due to two reasons. First, the US literature shows that most underpriced IPOs are highly overvalued and in India, the authors have the evidence of underpricing of IPOs. But whether Indian IPOs are overvalued or not it is yet to be tested. Second, majority of IPOs were issued in India only after the 1991 economic reforms which may signal the evidence for pseudo market timing hypothesis. Design/methodology/approach The authors use direct test to examine the impact of market timing and pseudo market timing variables on the IPO activity. The direct tests of market timing and pseudo market timing hypotheses are based on the positive relation of market timing variables and market conditions variables with IPO activity. The authors examine the long-run performance of IPOs by using the calendar-time regression approach to test market timing against pseudo market timing. This serves as indirect test of market timing and pseudo market timing. Evidence of market timing using indirect test shows that there is a decline in the long-run stock performance of IPOs. Findings The results show that in India, firms issue equity not just due to market conditions but they also issue equity in order to time the market. The results of market timing are also supported by the calendar-time approach results. However, the authors find that the evidence of market timing is stronger for hot issue markets as compared to cold issue markets. Originality/value This is the first study to comprehensively examine market timing and pseudo market timing using direct and indirect tests for an emerging market context.

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Sternberg, Robert J., Elena L. Grigorenko, and Li-fang Zhang. "A Reply to Two Stylish Critiques: Response to Hunt (2008) and Mayer (2008)." Perspectives on Psychological Science 3, no. 6 (November 2008): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00092.x.

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We reply to helpful critiques by Mayer (2008, this issue) and Hunt (2008, this issue) of our article on the role of styles of learning and thinking in instruction and assessment. We deal with issues of aptitude—treatment interaction, the range of variables important in instruction and assessment, the originality of our theories, overlap of our constructs with constructs in other theories, ethnic-group differences, and new data reported.

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David, Anda, and Frédéric Docquier. "Special Issue on Climate Migration." Journal of Demographic Economics 87, no. 3 (June 9, 2021): 289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2021.11.

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How do weather shocks influence human mobility and poverty, and how will long-term climate change affect future migration over the course of the 21st century? These questions have gained unprecedented attention in public debates as global warming is already having severe impacts around the world, and prospects for the coming decades get worse. Low-latitude countries in general, and their agricultural areas in particular, have contributed the least to climate change but are the most adversely affected. The effect on people's voluntary and forced displacements is of major concern for both developed and developing countries. On 18 October 2019, Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research (LISER) organized a workshop on Climate Migration with the aim of uncovering the mechanisms through which fast-onset variables (such as weather anomalies, storms, hurricanes, torrential rains, floods, landslides, etc.) and slow-onset variables (such as temperature trends, desertification, rising sea level, coastal erosion, etc.) influence both people's incentives to move and mobility constraints. This special issue gathers five papers prepared for this workshop, which shed light on (or predict) the effect of extreme weather shocks and long-term climate change on human mobility, and stress the implications for the development community.

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Montanari, Angela, and Maurizio Vichi. "Second special issue on “Advances in latent variables: methods, models and applications”." Advances in Data Analysis and Classification 10, no. 4 (November 19, 2016): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11634-016-0275-5.

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Kumar, Abhishek, and Seshadev Sahoo. "Do anchor investors affect long run performance? Evidence from Indian IPO markets." Pacific Accounting Review 33, no. 3 (May 17, 2021): 322–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/par-09-2020-0149.

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Purpose Anchor investor (AI) regulation was introduced in 2009 by the Indian market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India to facilitate the price discovery process during the book-building mechanism. This study aims to examine the aftermarket pricing performance of initial public offering (IPO) firms over the long-run period of up to 36 months after the listing date in the anchor investor regime. Design/methodology/approach The post-issue performance of 129 Indian IPOs issued from 2009 to 2014 is studied by using buy and hold abnormal returns, cumulative abnormal returns and wealth relatives approaches. This study presents the aftermarket performance indicators of Indian IPOs along with the comparative analysis between anchor-backed and non-anchor-backed IPO categories. Using multiple regression analysis, this study identifies the firm-level variables and issue characteristics that can explain long-term IPO performance. Findings This study reports that Indian IPOs continue to underperform in the long run in the anchor regulation era as well. However, anchor-backed IPOs are reported to underperform lesser than the IPOs not backed by anchor investment. Additionally, this study documents that the variables, i.e. offer size, grade, post-issue promoter holding and IPOs issued during hot IPO periods, are significant in explaining the 36-month aftermarket performance. Originality/value This study investigates the long-run aftermarket pricing performance of anchor affiliated IPOs in the Indian market context. Thus, it contributes to the limited primary markets’ research from emerging economies. Further, the results provide fresh evidence reaffirming the credibility of AI as an institutional investor for attestation of quality of the issues.

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Dhamija, Sanjay, and Ravinder Kumar Arora. "Impact of Quality Certification on IPO Underpricing: Evidence from India." Global Business Review 18, no. 2 (March 17, 2017): 428–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150916668611.

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The study examines the impact of quality certification of initial public offerings (IPOs) arising out of lead manager’s reputation, grading by credit rating agencies, presence of anchor investors and the reputation of auditors on the level of IPO underpricing. The mean initial excess return that measures the level of IPO underpricing is 22 per cent based on a sample of 399 IPOs made by Indian companies during the period from April 2005 to March 2015. Contrary to expectations, nearly 37 per cent of the IPOs do not provide a positive initial excess return. Univariate analysis reveals that except for IPO grading, the other quality certification variables do not make a significant impact on the level of underpricing. Graded issues are more fairly priced compared to non-graded issues. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the capital market regulator, has recently done away with mandatory grading of IPOs. As graded issues have been observed to improve pricing efficiency, SEBI should reconsider its decision and reintroduce compulsory IPO grading. Multivariate analysis, that includes other variables, such as issue size, level of subscription and promoters holding, reveals that the two variables that have a significant influence on initial excess returns from IPOs are the issue size and the level of oversubscription of the IPO.

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Zubair Mumtaz, Muhammad, Zachary A. Smith, and Ather Maqsood Ahmed. "The Aftermarket Performance of Initial Public Offerings in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 23–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2016.v21.i1.a2.

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This paper estimates the aftermarket performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange. The evidence confirms that IPOs generate statistically significant abnormal returns in the short run, which indicates that underwriters initially underprice IPOs when analyzed using a short time horizon. However, when using longer time horizons to estimate abnormal performance, the results indicate that IPOs underperform in the long-run. There is an apparent dislocation between the initial valuation set by underwriters and the premium paid by the market for these new issues. The market sentiment that causes this temporary disequilibrium eventually fades and the market reprices the newly issued shares. We conduct an extreme bounds analysis to test the sensitivity and robustness of 16 explanatory variables in determining the long-term performance of unseasoned newly issued shares. The results indicate that the long-term investment ratio, industry affiliation, market-adjusted abnormal returns, financial leverage, return on assets, IPO activity period, the aftermarket risk level of unseasoned issues, and the post-issue promoter’s holdings variables significantly affect IPOs’ aftermarket performance. Theoretically, the overreaction hypothesis, ex-ante uncertainty hypothesis and window-of-opportunity hypothesis best explain IPOs’ aftermarket performance in this study.

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Pollock, Philip H., Stuart A. Lilie, and M. Elliot Vittes. "Hard Issues, Core Values and Vertical Constraint: The Case of Nuclear Power." British Journal of Political Science 23, no. 1 (January 1993): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006554.

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Under what conditions are mass attitudes towards particular issues ‘vertically’ constrained by core cultural values? Vertical constraint is shaped by three related variables: the objective content of the issue, the way the issue is framed by elites and the individual's level of attentiveness to the controversy. Some issues are ‘easy’. They so permeate social discourse that people encounter, often without wanting to, many social agents offering shortcuts for the vertical, values-to-issue link. Most issues, however, are ‘hard’. Arcane in content and bereft of vigorous mediation, hard issues are more difficult for individuals to tie to core values. As the inferential connection between value and issue lengthens, and as social agents become fewer and more remote, an individual's ability to use values to interpret issues will increasingly depend on whether the decision makers, activists and other elites directly involved in the debate can create a connection and, of course, on whether the individual is paying attention. An analysis of the nuclear power controversy, a highly complex technical issue, reveals that a value-based interpretation favoured by elites and promoted by the media is faithfully reflected in how the mass public understands the issue. Furthermore, non-elites who are more attuned to political life are more polarized on the basis of these core values.

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Benford, Frank. "Base Dependence of Benford Random Variables." Stats 4, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 578–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats4030034.

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A random variable X that is base b Benford will not in general be base c Benford when c≠b. This paper builds on two of my earlier papers and is an attempt to cast some light on the issue of base dependence. Following some introductory material, the “Benford spectrum” of a positive random variable is introduced and known analytic results about Benford spectra are summarized. Some standard machinery for a “Benford analysis” is introduced and combined with my method of “seed functions” to yield tools to analyze the base c Benford properties of a base b Benford random variable. Examples are generated by applying these general methods to several families of Benford random variables. Berger and Hill’s concept of “base-invariant significant digits” is discussed. Some potential extensions are sketched.

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YAGER, RONALD R. "DISSONANCE — A MEASURE OF VARIABILITY FOR ORDINAL RANDOM VARIABLES." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 09, no. 01 (February 2001): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488501000594.

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We look at the issue of obtaining a variance like measure associated with probability distributions over ordinal sets. We call these dissonance measures. We specify some general properties desired in these dissonance measures. The centrality of the cumulative distribution function in formulating the concept of dissonance is pointed out. We introduce some specific examples of measures of dissonance.

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Mejía-Escobar, Juan Camilo, Juan David González-Ruiz, and Giovanni Franco-Sepúlveda. "Current State and Development of Green Bonds Market in the Latin America and the Caribbean." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 10872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910872.

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The green bonds market has had a growth in recent years within its different sectors and regions. Specifically, up to 2020, the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region has issued USD 26 billion. Some authors have studied the factors influencing financing through green bonds. However, a research gap is identified in the analysis of the regions that contribute to the issuance of this type of bond, specifically for LAC. This is the first study to examine the variables such as issue amount, number and type of issuers, currency, and maturity data in the region using a dataset of issuing performed between 2014–2020. We find the typical sizes of the issues, the search for a premium in the issue, the perception of complexity, the issuance of guides, and tax incentives as the main factors affecting this market. Finally, the study presents the potential for further research.

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Grynaviski, Jeffrey D., and Bryce E. Corrigan. "Specification Issues in Proximity Models of Candidate Evaluation (with Issue Importance)." Political Analysis 14, no. 4 (2006): 393–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpl003.

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The use of the proximity model to represent the relationship between citizens' policy attitudes and the positions of candidates on the issues of the day has considerable appeal because it offers a bridge between theoretical models of political behavior and empirical work. However, there is little consensus among applied researchers about the appropriate representation of voter behavior with respect to the measurement of issue distance, candidate location, or whether to allow heterogeneity in the weight that each individual places on particular issues. Each of these choices suggests a different, and reasonably complicated, nonlinear relationship between voter utility and candidate and voter issue positions which may have a meaningful influence on the substantive conclusions drawn by the researcher. Yet, little attention has been given to the best way to represent the proximity model in applied work. The purpose of this paper is to identify which forms of the proximity model work best, with particular consideration given to the identification of functional forms that are invariant to the choice of scale for the independent variables.

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Akram, Aisha, Muhammad Omair, Huzaifa Ameen, Zohaib Khan Babar, and Jawwad Hassan Jaskani. "Variables affecting Corporate Governance in the Profitability of Banks in Pakistan." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 4, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v4i2.6080.

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Purpose: Understanding the issue of Corporate Governance requires to think beyond the Profit maximization for the firm. Corporate governance is the effective control of the issue regarding top management. Corporate governance is the major element of the present international business system. This research therefore investigates the connection between corporate governance and financial institutions profitability in Pakistan. Methodology: For this purpose a questionnaire is being adapted and responses are gathered from the executive body in banks of all the three divisions of Southern Punjab. Findings: The research found that good corporate governance is necessary for the profitability in banks. Limitation: The limitation of the study is that we had a small sample size due to the time constraint but it provides a research framework for future studies.

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Nawrocka, Ewa B. "Game localization pitfalls: Translating variables and gender." Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, no. 16/4 (December 11, 2019): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2019.4.05.

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Variables and gender constitute game localization pitfalls due to the fact that games are interactive entertainment software and contain dynamically generated content. Variables pose a problem in languages (such as Polish) which use inflection (conjugation and declination). Gender is an issue as the player, the characters the player creates, and the characters the player encounters in the game world can be male or female. Gender neutrality is a requirement not only in all messages directed to the player but also in plot related texts such as dialogs and journals. The present article seeks to investigate the subject of variables and gender in order to determine some strategies for dealing with these pitfalls.

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Capozziello, S., R. D’Agostino, and O. Luongo. "High-redshift cosmography: auxiliary variables versus Padé polynomials." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 2576–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa871.

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ABSTRACT Cosmography becomes non-predictive when cosmic data span beyond the redshift limit z ≃ 1. This leads to a strong convergence issue that jeopardizes its viability. In this work, we critically compare the two main solutions of the convergence problem, i.e. the y-parametrizations of the redshift and the alternatives to Taylor expansions based on Padé series. In particular, among several possibilities, we consider two widely adopted parametrizations, namely y1 = 1−a and $y_2=\arctan (a^{-1}-1)$, being a the scale factor of the Universe. We find that the y2-parametrization performs relatively better than the y1-parametrization over the whole redshift domain. Even though y2 overcomes the issues of y1, we get that the most viable approximations of the luminosity distance dL(z) are given in terms of Padé approximations. In order to check this result by means of cosmic data, we analyse the Padé approximations up to the fifth order, and compare these series with the corresponding y-variables of the same orders. We investigate two distinct domains involving Monte Carlo analysis on the Pantheon Superovae Ia data, H(z) and shift parameter measurements. We conclude that the (2,1) Padé approximation is statistically the optimal approach to explain low- and high-redshift data, together with the fifth-order y2-parametrization. At high redshifts, the (3,2) Padé approximation cannot be fully excluded, while the (2,2) Padé one is essentially ruled out.

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Marques, Anabela, Ana Sousa Ferreira, and Margarida G. M. S. Cardoso. "Selection of variables in Discrete Discriminant Analysis." Biometrical Letters 50, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bile-2013-0013.

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Summary In Discrete Discriminant Analysis one often has to deal with dimensionality problems. In fact, even a moderate number of explanatory variables leads to an enormous number of possible states (outcomes) when compared to the number of objects under study, as occurs particularly in the social sciences, humanities and health-related elds. As a consequence, classi cation or discriminant models may exhibit poor performance due to the large number of parameters to be estimated. In the present paper, we discuss variable selection techniques which aim to address the issue of dimensionality. We speci cally perform classi cation using a combined model approach. In this setting, variable selection is particularly pertinent, enabling the handling of degrees of freedom and reducing computational cost.

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Mendoza, Daniel L., Martin P. Buchert, Tabitha M. Benney, and John C. Lin. "The Association of Media and Environmental Variables with Transit Ridership." Vehicles 2, no. 3 (August 12, 2020): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles2030028.

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Transportation systems are central to all cities, and city planners and policy makers take special interest in assuring these systems are efficient, functional, sustainable, and, increasingly, that they have a positive impact on human health. In addition, vehicular emissions are increasingly costly to cities due to congestion and its impact on public health. This study aims to show the associations between the media and environmental variables and associated transit ridership. By tracking media influence, we illustrated how media coverage and attention to an issue over time may impact public opinion and ridership outcomes, especially at the local level where the issues are most salient. The relationship between air quality and transit ridership shown can be generally explained through a combination of infrastructure and human behavior. The media key terms examined in this analysis show that ridership is associated with favorable weather conditions and air quality, suggesting that ridership volume may be influenced by an overall sense of comfort and safety. Based on this analysis, we illustrated the role of media attention in both increased and decreased transit ridership and how such effects are compounded by air quality conditions (e.g., green, yellow, orange, and red air quality days).

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Bychkov, Alexey S., Olga N. Suprun, Irzhy Krzhyzh, and Veronika Navotna. "On the Issue of Stability of Hybrid Automata by a Part of Variables." Journal of Automation and Information Sciences 51, no. 10 (2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jautomatinfscien.v51.i10.20.

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Petitjean, Julien, Eric Grivel, William Bobillet, and Patrick Roussilhe. "Multichannel AR parameter estimation from noisy observations as an errors-in-variables issue." Signal, Image and Video Processing 4, no. 2 (March 31, 2009): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11760-009-0112-9.

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Kouretas, Georgios P., and Athanasios P. Papadopoulos. "Editorial of the special issue on debt, taxation, economic activity and financial variables." Economic Change and Restructuring 50, no. 3 (May 15, 2017): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10644-017-9213-6.

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PANJASILPA, Pairin. "A BUSINESS MANAGEMENT MODEL OF TENNIS TRAINING CENTER: AN ANALYTICAL ISSUE." Business & Management Studies: An International Journal 6, no. 2 (September 2, 2018): 717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v6i2.280.

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This article aims to present knowledge from the literature review of business management model of tennis training center in Thailand, as well as to describe the meaning and background of elements and relationships of variables related to the business management model. From the literature review, it was found that the popular variables include corporate image, quality of service, marketing mix for service (7Ps), satisfaction and loyalty.

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Kim, Jong-Min, Chulhee Jun, and Hope H. Han. "Sustainable Causal Interpretation with Board Characteristics: Caveat Emptor." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2020): 3429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083429.

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The study of a causal interpretation of board and firm characteristics, that is, a hidden dependence relationship on the causal inference among board and firm characteristics, is an important but unaddressed issue in the corporate governance literature. Using diverse advanced statistical methods and focusing on Tobin’s Q, we find that (i) not all board variables previously found to be significant are “robust” to latent variable data analysis, and (ii) those variables that are consistently significant differ markedly in latent structural equation analysis. Our analyses provide researchers interested in board issues with an important caveat: Focusing on the dependence structure of available board variables affected by latent factors may introduce a new horizon in corporate finance.

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Badollahi, Ismail, A. Ifayani Haanurat, and Kadriati Hasyim. "PENGARUH CORPORATE ACTION TERHADAP PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN DALAM PEMBELIAN SAHAM (STUDI PADA INVESTOR DI KOTA MAKASSAR)." INVOICE : JURNAL ILMU AKUNTANSI 2, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/inv.v2i1.3186.

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This research uses quantitative methods. This study aims to examine and see the effect of Corporate Action consisting of dividends, right issues and stock split on decision making in purchasing shares. This study uses multiple regression analysis using a sample of 80 respondents, namely investors in the city of Makassar. The analytical tool used is the SPSS version 20 program. The results of this study are dividend variables that positively and significantly influence investors 'decision making in buying shares, right issue variables that are positive but not significant, although positive right issues do not affect investors' decision making in buying shares because they are not significant to decision making, Stock split variables are positive but not significant, although positive stock split does not affect investor decision making in buying shares because it is not significant to decision making

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Rimal, Rajiv N., and Kevin Real. "Assessing the Perceived Importance of Skin Cancer: How Question-Order Effects Are Influenced by Issue Involvement." Health Education & Behavior 32, no. 3 (June 2005): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198104272341.

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Question-order effects refer to systematic differences in responses that can be attributed to the manner in which questions assessing attitudes and cognitions are asked. This article hypothesized that question-order effects in assessing the perceived importance of skin cancer would be moderated by the extent to which people are involved with the issue of skin cancer. A telephone survey ( N = 325) was conducted by administering two versions of the same questionnaire, one in which importance of skin cancer was assessed without other contextual variables and another in which contextual variables were asked before assessing the importance of skin cancer. As hypothesized, when people were highly involved with the issue, question-order effects did not occur. When involvement was low, importance of skin cancer was greater in the absence of contextual questions than in their presence. Findings have implications for how health-related issues are communicated to the public and how formative research is conducted.

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Marrone, Arcangelo. "Corporate Governance Variables and Integrated Reporting." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 5 (April 10, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n5p26.

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Integrated reporting (IR) represents the last frontier of corporate disclosure. Its purpose is to provide information on an organization's strategy and its business model, performance and governance, offering a clear overview of the organization's capacity to create value. From an academic point of view, the focus on integrated reporting has grown significantly in recent years. However, an aspect still little explored is represented by the level of compliance of the integrated reports with the IIRC requirements. Among the few studies on the issue of the level of alignment of integrated reports with the IIRC framework, only two focused on identifying the determinants. This work aims to bridge this gap through the analysis of the effect of three characteristics of the board (size, average age, gender diversity) and one of the CEO (duality) on the level of compliance of integrated reports with the IIRC framework. The results show a significant and positive effect of board size and board gender diversity on the level of alignment of integrated reports with the IIRC framework. They also show a significant and negative effect of the CEO duality and a not significant effect of the board average age.

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ZHANG, GUANGQUAN, JIE LU, and YA GAO. "FUZZY BILEVEL PROGRAMMING: MULTI-OBJECTIVE AND MULTI-FOLLOWER WITH SHARED VARIABLES." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 16, supp02 (August 2008): 105–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488508005510.

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Bilevel programming deals with hierarchical optimization problems in which the leader at the upper level attempts to optimize his or her objectives, but subject to a set of constraints and the follower's reactions. Typical bilevel programming considers one leader one follower situation and supposes each of them has only one objective. In real world situations, multiple followers may be involved and they may be with different relationships such as sharing decision variables or not, sharing objectives or not. Therefore, the leader's decision will be affected not only by those followers' reactions but also by their relationships. In addition, any of the leader and/or these followers may have multiple conflict objectives that should be optimized simultaneously. Furthermore, the parameters of a bilevel programming model may be described by uncertain values. This paper addresses all these three issues as a whole by particularly focusing on the situation of sharing decision variables among followers. It first proposes a set of fuzzy multi-objective multi-follower bilevel programming (FMMBP) models to describe the complex issue. It then presents an approximation branch-and-bound algorithm to solve the FMMBP problems. Finally, two examples illustrate the proposed models and algorithm.

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Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N. "On joint distributions, counterfactual values and hidden variables in understanding contextuality." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2157 (September 16, 2019): 20190144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0144.

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This paper deals with three traditional ways of defining contextuality: (C1) in terms of (non)existence of certain joint distributions involving measurements made in several mutually exclusive contexts; (C2) in terms of relationship between factual measurements in a given context and counterfactual measurements that could be made if one used other contexts; and (C3) in terms of (non)existence of ‘hidden variables’ that determine the outcomes of all factually performed measurements. It is generally believed that the three meanings are equivalent, but the issues involved are not entirely transparent. Thus, arguments have been offered that C2 may have nothing to do with C1, and the traditional formulation of C1 itself encounters difficulties when measurement outcomes in a contextual system are treated as random variables. I show that if C1 is formulated within the framework of the Contextuality-by-Default (CbD) theory, the notion of a probabilistic coupling, the core mathematical tool of CbD, subsumes both counterfactual values and ‘hidden variables’. In the latter case, a coupling itself can be viewed as a maximally parsimonious choice of a hidden variable. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Contextuality and probability in quantum mechanics and beyond’.

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Galupa, Nicolae. "Logic Circuits Timing Analysis Using Timed Logic Variables." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 18 (June 29, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n18p35.

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Combinational logic circuit timing analysis is an important issue that all designers need to address. The present paper presents a simple and compact analysis procedure. We follow the guidelines drawn by previous methods, but we shall define new time-dependent logic variables that help us improve their efficiency. By using the methodology suggested, we shall replace a very laborious technique (pure delay circuit + time constants method) with a simpler procedure that can pinpoint the specific conditions for a logic circuit’s anomalous behaviour within a few simple steps. Considering the logic function implemented the methodology presented will require analysis of only a limited number of situations/combinations to determine the presence of an anomalous behaviour. When anomalous behaviour is identified, the methodology provides a clear timing description.

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Austin, Timothy. "Finding Your Island: To Return or Not to Return." Practicing Anthropology 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.37.2.c67738415008jm47.

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Based upon multiple field visits to the same site in northwest Mindanao in the southern Philippines, the issue addressed here is how ethnographic data may differ, pro and con, as the researcher ages and changes over time. Issues of validity, reliability and even potential creativity of insights are touched upon as variables in long-term research to the same locale.

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Mukhtar, Anila, Anila Amber Malik, and Ayesha Rasool. "MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES IN CAREGIVERS OF CANCER PATIENTS." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 55, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v55i1.90.

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Cancer, a terminal illness, has long been a focus of attention due to its fatal nature. Its diagnosis results in distress not only to the patients and physicians, but also the families and caregivers involved. This distress is of a multifaceted nature, including psychological, financial and physical distress. The present paper aims to explore mental health issues that specifically influence cancer patients’ caregivers. However, in a country like Pakistan literature is not very rich regarding the mentioned issue. Therefore, giving rise to the immense need to create awareness concerning this pressing issue. In this paper, an effort has been made to identify the types of mental health problems and variables which could potentially affect the mental health of a cancer patient caregiver. An analysis on the type of issues and associated determining variables reveals various patients’ variable, situational variable or the caregiver’s own personality which makes them susceptible to poor mental health. Furthermore, the paper tries to answer the different question regarding the prevalence rate, current status of, and awareness on the above mentioned aspect. In the end some possible recommendations have also been made in the context of the mental health issues regarding the caregivers of cancer patients discussed in the paper.

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Raharusun, Windy, and Juanita R. Horman. "ANALISIS PENGARUH ISU HUBUNGAN PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DENGAN PERUSAHAAN MOBIL LISTRIK TESLA TERRHADAP ABNORMAL RETURN DAN TRADING VOLUME ACTIVITY PT. VALE INDONESIA TBK." INTAN Jurnal Penelitian Tambang 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.56139/intan.v4i1.75.

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This study aims to see the effect of the issue on the stock price of a nickel mining company, namely PT. Vale Indonesia Tbk. The total research time is 33 days with seven days of event period and 26 days of estimation period. The method used in this research is the event study method with the research variables are abnormal returns and trading volume activity. From the descriptive result, both abnormal return and trading volume activity affect the issue that can be seen with the mean value after the issue which is higher than the mean value before the issue. However, in the paired sample test, the two research variables yield different significance values. The abnormal return t value is -0.901 smaller than the t table of 0.4124 with a significance of 0.382, so the issue does not affect abnormal returns. The t trading volume activity is -2.305 higher than t table of 1.753 with a significance of 0.036, so the issue affects trading volume activity.

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Li, Wei, Xujian Zhao, and Shiyu Liu. "Traffic Accident Prediction Based on Multivariable Grey Model." Information 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11040184.

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Owing to frequent traffic accidents and casualties nowadays, the ability to predict the number of traffic accidents in a period is significant for the transportation department to make decisions scientifically. However, owing to many variables affecting traffic accidents in the road traffic system, there are two critical challenges in traffic accident prediction. The first issue is how to evaluate the weight of each variable’s impact on the accident. The second issue is how to model the prediction process for multiple interrelated variables. Aiming to solve these two problems, we propose effective solutions to deal with traffic accident prediction. Firstly, for the first issue, we exploit the grey correlation analysis to measure the correlation of factors to accident occurrence. Then, for the second issue, we select the main factors by correlation analysis to establish a multivariable grey model—MGM(1,N) for prediction process modeling. Further, we explore the collinearity between variables and better optimize the predictive model. The experimental results show that our approach achieves best performance than four general-purpose comparative algorithms in traffic accident prediction task.

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Pleil, Joachim D., Jonathan D. Beauchamp, Raed A. Dweik, and Terence H. Risby. "A special issue: Flow, pressure, volume and time as dependent variables in breath analysis." Journal of Breath Research 15, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 010201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1752-7163/abbe39.

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de Jonge, Hannelies, Suzanne Jak, and Kees-Jan Kan. "Dealing With Artificially Dichotomized Variables in Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 228, no. 1 (March 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000395.

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Abstract. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) is a relatively new method in which effect sizes of different independent studies between multiple variables are typically first pooled into a matrix and next analyzed using structural equation modeling. While its popularity is increasing, there are issues still to be resolved, such as how to deal with primary studies in which variables have been artificially dichotomized. To be able to advise researchers who apply MASEM and need to deal with this issue, we performed two simulation studies using random-effects two stage structural equation modeling. We simulated data according to a full and partial mediation model and systematically varied the size of one (standardized) path coefficient (β MX = .16, β MX = .23, β MX = .33), the percentage of dichotomization (25%, 75%, 100%), and the cut-off point of dichotomization (.5, .1). We analyzed the simulated datasets in two different ways, namely, by using (1) the point-biserial and (2) the biserial correlation as effect size between the artificially dichotomized predictor and continuous variables. The results of these simulation studies indicate that the biserial correlation is the most appropriate effect size to use, as it provides unbiased estimates of the path coefficients in the population.

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Dzhafarov, Ehtibar N., Víctor H. Cervantes, and Janne V. Kujala. "Contextuality in canonical systems of random variables." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2106 (October 2, 2017): 20160389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0389.

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Random variables representing measurements, broadly understood to include any responses to any inputs, form a system in which each of them is uniquely identified by its content (that which it measures) and its context (the conditions under which it is recorded). Two random variables are jointly distributed if and only if they share a context. In a canonical representation of a system, all random variables are binary, and every content-sharing pair of random variables has a unique maximal coupling (the joint distribution imposed on them so that they coincide with maximal possible probability). The system is contextual if these maximal couplings are incompatible with the joint distributions of the context-sharing random variables. We propose to represent any system of measurements in a canonical form and to consider the system contextual if and only if its canonical representation is contextual. As an illustration, we establish a criterion for contextuality of the canonical system consisting of all dichotomizations of a single pair of content-sharing categorical random variables. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Second quantum revolution: foundational questions’.

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As’ari, Hasim, Azfa Mutiara Ahmad Pabulo, and Badrus Zaman. "Pengaruh Restrukturisasi Perusahaan Terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan." JAE (JURNAL AKUNTANSI DAN EKONOMI) 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29407/jae.v4i3.13133.

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This study aims to empirically examine the effect of corporate restructuring on company performance. This analysis uses independent variables, namely debt restructuring, Right issue, Divestment, Acquisition, OPEX and layoffs. The dependent variable is ROA. The sample of this study is the issuer companies that restructured the companies listed on the IDX from 2010 to 2016. The samples of this study were 121 companies selected by purposive sampling method. Statistical methods use Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, by testing the statistical test hypotheses t and Test F. The results of this study conclude that debt restructuring, Right Issue (HMETD), Divestment, Acquisition, OPEX and layoffs significantly positively affect ROA.

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Aamir, Suhaib, Nuray Fatma Atsan, and Ayfer Ferda Erdem. "A review of entrepreneurship education research in the special issues of Education + Training journal." Education + Training 61, no. 9 (October 3, 2019): 1078–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-02-2019-0027.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the course of entrepreneurship education (EE) research within the framework of entrepreneurship. The study is based on the results of previous research published in the annual double special issues of Education + Training (E+T) journal. In this context, it examines the role of EE at different levels of education; EE interactions and approaches; the effects of the variety of variables on EE; and the grouping of these variables into clusters. Design/methodology/approach The study uses literature review to categorize 59 papers into clusters based on the associations of different variables to EE which have been extracted from the annual double special issues of E+T journal. These special issues were published during the period of 2011–2018. All the reviewed papers were empirical in nature. Findings The study has identified 47 variables from 59 empirical papers, which have been grouped into 6 clusters around EE. Based on different levels of studies such as primary, secondary and tertiary levels, the examined papers discuss a variety of variables with reference to their positive, negative, significant or non-significant relationships to EE. Originality/value The paper demonstrates the progress of the knowledge produced with regard to EE research in recent years. It is among the very few studies to focus on the discrete collection of special issue papers.

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Druckman, Daniel, and Paul F. Diehl. "Revisiting the Framework: Extensions and Refinements." Journal of International Peacekeeping 16, no. 3-4 (2012): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-1604007.

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In this article, the peace operations framework is re-evaluated based on the case applications performed by the authors in this issue. A number of suggestions are made for extending and refining the framework. Extensions include adding conflict prevention as a core goal, taking politically-motivated judgments into account, and adding context-specific variables including factors over which peacekeepers have limited control. Refinements include moving some dimensions to other goal categories, adjusting the sequencing of variables based on case-specific considerations, and several definitional and assessment issues. These suggestions contribute to an improved framework without altering the conception of peace operations as a set of interconnected and mutually-reinforcing processes.

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Bramson, B. D. "The Avoidance of Collisions for Newtonian Bodies with Hidden Variables." Journal of Navigation 45, no. 1 (January 1992): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010468.

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The collision avoidance of a pair of uniformly moving bodies is considered in three dimensions. The relative motion of the bodies yields an expression relating the time to closest approach, the minimum range, the current range and its rate of change, other variables being unobservable. A Boolean relation is then proposed that is satisfied whenever the minimum range and time to closest approach simultaneously fall below given thresholds. The relation is further studied, in particular with regard to the issue of false and premature alarms. An airborne collision avoidance system is a possible application.

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Tiwari, Adarsh, Pradeep Kanyal, Himanshu Panchal, and Manjot Kaur Bhatia. "Computer Science and High Dimensional Data Modelling." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47922.

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Abstract: The need to grasp large database structures is a very important issue in biological and life science. This review paper is aimed toward quantitative medical researchers searching for guidance in modeling large numbers of variables in medical research, how this relates to straightforward linear models and therefore the geometry that underlies their analysis. Issues reviewed include LASSO-related approaches, principal-component based analysis, and problems with model stability and interpretation. Model misspecification issues associated with potential nonlinearities are examined, as is that the Bayesian perspective on these issues.

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Hartomo, Deny Dwi. "RIGHT ISSUE: HUTANG ATAU INVESTASI?" Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen 14, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jbm.v14i2.4120.

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The objective of this study is to examine the difference of investor reaction on rights issue announcement pursuant to the purpose of using fund in Indonesia capital market. Investor react positively if the most using fund of right issue for investment and investor react negatively if the most using fund of right issue for debt payment. This study also examine influence offering price of right issue to investor reaction.The samples are 55 firms that listing the rights issues in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Event study with 21 event window (from day -10 to day +10) are used to investigate the investor's reaction. Investor reaction is proxyed by abnormal return that was calculated by market-adjusted model. To investigate the determinants in investor's reactions are used linier regression between cumulative abnormal return for several days (determined based on significant abnormal return) as dependent variable and the purpose of using fund with dummy and offering price as independent variables.The conclusions of this study are: (1) investor react to right issue announcement, proved by significant abnormal return around right issue announcement date; (2) investor react positively to right issue announcement that mostly using fund for investment; (3) investor react negatively to right issue announcement that mostly using fund for debt payment; (4) offering price of right issue have positively influential to investor reaction.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Issue variables'

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