Relevant bibliographies by topics / Issue variables

Academic literature on the topic 'Issue variables'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Issue variables"

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Castillo R., Augusto. "The Announcement Effect of Junk Bond Issues: an Analysis of the 1976-1989 Period." Estudios de Administración 8, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0816.2001.56761.

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This paper analyzes the impact of corporate junk bond offering announcements on stock prices for a sample of 680 issues of below investment grade bonds, during the 1976-1989 period. The sample shows a -1.0% cumulative abnormal return (CAR) for a two day event window period, and the zero CAR hypothesis is rejected with 99% confidence. The cumulative abnormal returns are negative and significant for combined announcements of bond and equity issues (CAR of -2.10%), and for announcements of convertible bond issues (CAR of -1.24%). Announcements of issues of straight bonds (CAR of -0.24%) are not significantly different from zero. Differences in CARs are observed across subsamples formed on the basis of size of the issuer, relative size of the issue, rating of the issue, name of the underwriter, market value of the issuer, and year of issue, but these variables are not significant when used in cross sectional regressions. The only variables with some explanatory power in those regressions are the ones indicating type of the issue, recession periods, and the dummy used to identify announcements made in 1976 (the first year junk bond issues were allowed).
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Kedar, Orit, and W. Phillips Shively. "Introduction to the Special Issue." Political Analysis 13, no. 4 (2005): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpi027.

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The use of multilevel models—models in which lower-level (“micro”) units are nested within higher-level (“macro”) units—has blossomed recently in political science. Possible relationships in such models include macro variables influencing macro variables; micro variables influencing micro variables; macro variables influencing micro variables, and vice versa; and often most interestingly, micro-micro relationships varying interactively with macro variables. Most work in political science has drawn on the useful introductions of Raudenbush and Bryk (2002), Western (1998), and Steenbergen and Jones (2002). We refer readers to good general introductions/reviews of multi-level modeling in the articles in this issue by Bowers and Drake and by Franzese.
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Buchwitz, Michael, Samantha Lavender, and Emilio Chuvieco. "Special issue on earth observation of essential climate variables." Remote Sensing of Environment 203 (December 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.001.

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Erlich, Rakefet Ron, and Shahar Gindi. "Are civics teachers different from teachers of other disciplines in their handling of controversial issues?" Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 14, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1746197918767082.

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Conducting discussions on controversial political issues is an important vehicle to promote students’ democratic values and critical thinking in schools. This schoolwide task cuts across all disciplines and different subject matter. Israeli civics and social studies teachers are often required to touch upon such issues and manage the situations that follow. This study examined whether civics and social studies teachers are different from teachers of other disciplines in their attitudes toward controversial political issues and in their reported behaviors. Civics and social studies teachers scored higher in all the variables related to discussions of controversial political issue and reported more relevant behaviors. In examining the variables that predict teachers’ self-efficacy to conduct controversial political issue discussions, variables that related to professional identity were the strongest predictors alongside pluralistic attitudes. We concluded that teacher training should emphasize the importance of discussions of controversial political issue and develop teachers’ ability to conduct such discussions as part of their professional role.
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Spagna, Michael E. "Dyslexia Marker Variables." Remedial and Special Education 19, no. 5 (September 1998): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074193259801900505.

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Despite warnings that the field of learning disabilities (LD) must address the issue of population heterogeneity, the LD research community still lacks operational definitions of specific learning disabilities as well as a systematic approach for reporting sample characteristics. Recently, however, a definition of dyslexia has been proposed that might signal a significant advance. This article builds on this definition of dyslexia by: (a) reintroducing the concept of marker variables, (b) proposing a strategy for developing an updated marker variable system, (c) presenting a preliminary working set of dyslexia marker variables, and (d) calling for the eventual adoption of this or similar marker variable systems to facilitate future research efforts.
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Pearl, Judea. "Conditioning on Post-treatment Variables." Journal of Causal Inference 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jci-2015-0005.

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AbstractIn this issue of the Causal, Casual, and Curious column, I compare several ways of extracting information from post-treatment variables and call attention to some peculiar relationships among them. In particular, I contrast do-calculus conditioning with counterfactual conditioning and discuss their interpretations and scopes of applications. These relationships have come up in conversations with readers, students and curious colleagues, so I will present them in a question–answers format.
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Hausman, Jerry. "Mismeasured Variables in Econometric Analysis: Problems from the Right and Problems from the Left." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.57.

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The effect of mismeasured variables in the most straightforward regression analysis with a single regressor variable leads to a least squares estimate that is downward biased in magnitude toward zero. I begin by reviewing classical issues involving mismeasured variables. I then consider three recent developments for mismeasurement econometric models. The first issue involves difficulties in using instrumental variables. A second involves the consistent estimators that have recently been developed for mismeasured nonlinear regression models. Finally, I return to mismeasured left hand side variables, where I will focus on issues in binary choice models and duration models.
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Guezenoc, Julian, Léna Bassel, Anne Gallet-Budynek, and Bruno Bousquet. "Variables selection: A critical issue for quantitative laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 134 (August 2017): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2017.05.009.

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Montanari, Angela, and Maurizio Vichi. "Special issue on Advances in latent variables: methods, models and applications." Advances in Data Analysis and Classification 10, no. 2 (May 18, 2016): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11634-016-0252-z.

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Wadhwa, Kavita, and Sudhakara Reddy Syamala. "Market timing and pseudo market timing: an empirical examination of IPOs in India." Managerial Finance 44, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2017-0006.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of market timing and pseudo market timing on equity issuance decisions of IPOs in an emerging economy – India. Indian new issues market provides a perfect setting to test market timing against pseudo market timing due to two reasons. First, the US literature shows that most underpriced IPOs are highly overvalued and in India, the authors have the evidence of underpricing of IPOs. But whether Indian IPOs are overvalued or not it is yet to be tested. Second, majority of IPOs were issued in India only after the 1991 economic reforms which may signal the evidence for pseudo market timing hypothesis. Design/methodology/approach The authors use direct test to examine the impact of market timing and pseudo market timing variables on the IPO activity. The direct tests of market timing and pseudo market timing hypotheses are based on the positive relation of market timing variables and market conditions variables with IPO activity. The authors examine the long-run performance of IPOs by using the calendar-time regression approach to test market timing against pseudo market timing. This serves as indirect test of market timing and pseudo market timing. Evidence of market timing using indirect test shows that there is a decline in the long-run stock performance of IPOs. Findings The results show that in India, firms issue equity not just due to market conditions but they also issue equity in order to time the market. The results of market timing are also supported by the calendar-time approach results. However, the authors find that the evidence of market timing is stronger for hot issue markets as compared to cold issue markets. Originality/value This is the first study to comprehensively examine market timing and pseudo market timing using direct and indirect tests for an emerging market context.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Issue variables"

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Li, Qiang, and n/a. "The Measurement of Short- and Long- Term Returns of Chinese Initial Public Offerings and the Identification of Corporate Governance Variables That May Explain These Returns." Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061017.155437.

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This thesis examines the relationship between the aftermarket performance of Chinese initial public offerings (IPOs) and corporate governance for firms that listed during the years 1999 to 2001. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the significance of corporate governance variables as explanations of IPOs aftermarket performance. By doing so, a set of hypotheses dealing with the relationships between IPO aftermarket performance and three categories of independent variables: corporate governance variables; issue variables; and control variables, were examined. The descriptive analysis indicates that IPOs in China continue to provide significant short-term returns to investors, although the level of underpricing has declined from that found in earlier studies. This finding suggests a growing level of maturity and sophistication in the Chinese IPO market. The analysis of long-term performance indicates negative returns to investors which is consistent with international evidence but challenges the bulk of prior Chinese studies. It is found that there is no significant relationship between corporate governance variables and IPO returns in the short-term with the exception of board composition, while IPO underpricing is primarily explained by the imbalance between supply and demand and the inefficient capital market in China. The significance of board composition can be explained by the launch of the new corporate governance code on board structures in 2001. Overall the empirical evidence shows that the Information Asymmetry Hypothesis is an appropriate explanation of the underpricing of Chinese IPOs. In the long-term, it is found that corporate governance variables do have explanatory power for the market performance of Chinese IPOs, in particular state ownership and the separation of Chairman and CEO, supporting the notion that corporate governance appears to be important to IPO investors in the long-term. It also confirms the view that investors are willing to pay a premium for the shares of what they consider to be well-governed firms in the long-term. Besides corporate governance variables, both issue variables and control variables are also found to have explanatory power in IPO aftermarket performance. In particular firm size, IPO offer price, IPO lottery rate and industry are significantly related to IPO short-term performance in China, while growth in earning per share, firm size and industry are related to the long-term market performance.
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Li, Qiang. "The Measurement of Short- and Long- Term Returns of Chinese Initial Public Offerings and the Identification of Corporate Governance Variables That May Explain These Returns." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367285.

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This thesis examines the relationship between the aftermarket performance of Chinese initial public offerings (IPOs) and corporate governance for firms that listed during the years 1999 to 2001. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the significance of corporate governance variables as explanations of IPOs aftermarket performance. By doing so, a set of hypotheses dealing with the relationships between IPO aftermarket performance and three categories of independent variables: corporate governance variables; issue variables; and control variables, were examined. The descriptive analysis indicates that IPOs in China continue to provide significant short-term returns to investors, although the level of underpricing has declined from that found in earlier studies. This finding suggests a growing level of maturity and sophistication in the Chinese IPO market. The analysis of long-term performance indicates negative returns to investors which is consistent with international evidence but challenges the bulk of prior Chinese studies. It is found that there is no significant relationship between corporate governance variables and IPO returns in the short-term with the exception of board composition, while IPO underpricing is primarily explained by the imbalance between supply and demand and the inefficient capital market in China. The significance of board composition can be explained by the launch of the new corporate governance code on board structures in 2001. Overall the empirical evidence shows that the Information Asymmetry Hypothesis is an appropriate explanation of the underpricing of Chinese IPOs. In the long-term, it is found that corporate governance variables do have explanatory power for the market performance of Chinese IPOs, in particular state ownership and the separation of Chairman and CEO, supporting the notion that corporate governance appears to be important to IPO investors in the long-term. It also confirms the view that investors are willing to pay a premium for the shares of what they consider to be well-governed firms in the long-term. Besides corporate governance variables, both issue variables and control variables are also found to have explanatory power in IPO aftermarket performance. In particular firm size, IPO offer price, IPO lottery rate and industry are significantly related to IPO short-term performance in China, while growth in earning per share, firm size and industry are related to the long-term market performance.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
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ALNASRALLAH, MOHAMMAD A. "GEOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES OF OBESITY AS A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE IN SUMMIT COUNTY, OHIO." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1436765800.

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Earl, Judith Kavanaugh. "Assessing the issue of arbitrariness in capital sentencing in North Carolina are the effects of legally relevant variables racially invariant? /." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001370.

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LaMontagne, Tamara Marie. "Psychosocial Differences in Far Right, Far Left, Islamic, and Single Issue Lone Extremists." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6451.

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Acts of lone extremism are on the rise, yet little is known about who commits these acts. Research in this area has failed to delineate by extremist subtype. This has led to the misconception these acts and actors present with such variance psychosocially that they cannot be predicted. The purpose of this research was to assess whether statistically significant relationships exist between lone extremist subtypes on the psychosocial variables of mental illness, substance use, and having radicalized friends or family members. The conceptual framework for this study was De La Corte's psychosocial principles of terrorism, which addressed the social and political influences of terrorism with the complex psychosocial constructs that may exist. The Profiles of Individual Radicalization in the United States was chosen as the dataset and includes de-identified individual-level information on 1,865 extremists. The research questions that guided this study sought to determine if significant differences exist between 4 lone extremist subtypes across 4 psychosocial variables. Crosstabulation analysis and multiple chi-square tests for independence were used to test the relationship between categorical variables. Statistically significant relationships were found among each lone extremist subtype and having radicalized family members and friends (p=.00). In terms of mental illness, far left extremists were the only extremist subtype that yielded a significant relationship (p=.00). Also, a significant relationship was found between substance use and far right (p=.00), far left (p=.01), and single issue (p=.04) extremists. In terms of social change, this research presented support for studying lone extremism by subtype and also provided a foundation towards constructing a predictive model.
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Kemerer, Kevin L. "Accounting variables, stock splits and when-issued trading." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39702.

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When-issued trading, the contractual agreement for the sale and purchase of shares to be issued in the future (when-issued securities), typically occurs after stock split announcements. Curiously, when-issued trading does not always exist for a stock-splitting firm's shares even though the shares are eligible for when-issued trading. Although stock splits have been the subject of a large number of studies, intriguing questions concerning these events remain unanswered. In particular, academia has yet to explain adequately the positive average abnormal returns associated with stock split announcements. These two peculiar phenomena are examined. A major objective of this dissertation is to determine whether there are systematic differences between those stock-splitting firms whose shares are traded on a when-issued basis and those whose shares arc not. A logistic regression model was constructed, using information with respect to nine accounting variables, to determine if there are systematic differences in accounting information that are useful in classifying stock-splitting firms as being associated with when-issued trading. The classification accuracy of the logistic regression model was significantly better than a random walk model, but was not better than the maximum chance model. The results of the final model indicate that size of the stock-splitting firm is the most significant factor affecting the probability that a stock-splitting firm's shares are traded on a when-issued basis. The probability that a stock-splitting firm's shares will be traded on a when-issued basis increases with firm size. The presence/absence of when-issued trading indicates that investors do not react to stock splits in a consistent manner. Therefore, the stock price behavior around the stock split announcements was examined and the difference in the reaction to announcements of when-issued traded and non-when-issued traded firms was tested for statistical significance. The results indicate that the market responds more favorably to the stock split announcements made by non-when-issued traded firms. The variation in the stock price behavior over a two-day stock split announcement period was analyzed cross-sectionally to determine whether the market reaction displayed through stock prices is related to selected accounting variables. Again, size was the most significant factor. In this case, size was negatively related to the stock price behavior suggesting that stockholders of larger firms earn lower abnormal returns. Another interpretation would be that stock splits are viewed more favorably if authorized by smaller firms. Overall, the results of this study suggest that all stock-splitting firms are not similar and that the market does not react consistently to the announcement of stock splits of all firms. It seems that the larger the firm, the more likely its shares will be traded on a when-issued basis after the stock split is announced. Furthermore, the market does not react as positively to stock split announcements of larger firms as it does to announcements of smaller firms. My conclusion is that larger firms are more efficiently valued and, accordingly, the announcements of stock splits by larger firms are less informative than for smaller ones.
Ph. D.
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Henningsen, David. "Cost as an independent variable : implementation issues." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8159.

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This thesis will examine challenges defense department managers face when implementing the cost as an independent variable (CAIV) concept of cost control. The CAIV concept replaces the design-to-cost (DTC) concept which only achieved limited success. Emphasis is placed on identifying issues that managers faced implementing the DTC concept. These issues are analyzed to determine the potential cause of the issue and the impact the issue may have on programs implementing CAIV. It is the contention of this thesis that the CAIV concept and the DTC concept are in theory, virtually identical. Many of the same issues will surface during CAIV implementation that managers faced implementing DTC. CAIV may become another ineffective cost control measure. However, DTC was not usually implemented as intended by the guidance. In addition, acquisition reform has provided the manager implementing the CMV concept significant advantages over previous managers. With full management support, programs implementing the CAIV concept can succeed and provide cost effective systems that meet the needs of the user
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Davis, John Mark. "Personality variables mediating change in concern toward environmental issues." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 1990. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/RTD/id/47540.

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University of Central Florida College of Arts and Sciences Thesis
Researchers have for several decades examined the relationships between personality and demographic variables, pro-environmental behaviors, and level of convern toward environmental problems. In this study, personality and selected demographic variables contriubting to an increase in convern toward environmental issues were examined. Subjects included 79 females and 46 males with a mean age of 22.5 years who were enrolled in undergraduate cources at the University of Central Florida. During the first session, information concerning personality and demographic variables was obtained and subjects completed Weigel and Weigel's (1978) Ecological Concern Scale (ECS). During the second session, experimental group subjects viewed a video tape addressing environmental issues, while the control group viewed a video tape examining health issues. Subjects were then retested using the ECS. The ANCOVA demonstrated that experimental group subjects exhibited a significant increase in environmental concern compared to the control group (F) (1, 112) = 8.40, p<.005). However, personality and demographic variables were not significantly associated with increase in concern for experimental group subjects.
M.S.
Masters
Arts and Sciences
Clinical Psychology
58 p.
iv, 58 leaves, bound : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Truntzer, Caroline. "Évaluation de modèles pronostiques issus de l'analyse dutranscriptome." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00161161.

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L'enjeu de l'étude du transcriptome est de proposer de nouveaux biomarqueurs pronostiques. Cette
étude soulève cependant de nombreuses questions statistiques dues à l'analyse simultanée de l'expression
de milliers de gènes pour un nombre restreint de patients. Nous nous sommes intéressés
à deux aspects de l'évaluation des modèles pronostiques issus de l'analyse du transcriptome. Dans
un premier temps, l'utilisation complémentaire de jeux de données simulés et publics nous a permis
de montrer que le choix de la méthode d'analyse la plus adaptée repose sur la manière dont ses
propriétés théoriques s'adaptent à la structure des données. Cette réflexion a été appliquée aux
analyses discriminante et inter-groupes. Dans un second temps, des simulations nous ont permis
d'estimer les contributions respectives des variables clinico-biologiques classiques et transcriptomiques
dans des modèles de survie. Les paramètres associés à la surestimation de la contribution
des biopuces ont été identifiés.
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Geronimi, Julia. "Contribution à la sélection de variables en présence de données longitudinales : application à des biomarqueurs issus d'imagerie médicale." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CNAM1114/document.

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Les études cliniques permettent de mesurer de nombreuses variables répétées dans le temps. Lorsque l'objectif est de les relier à un critère clinique d'intérêt, les méthodes de régularisation de type LASSO, généralisées aux Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) permettent de sélectionner un sous-groupe de variables en tenant compte des corrélations intra-patients. Les bases de données présentent souvent des données non renseignées et des problèmes de mesures ce qui entraîne des données manquantes inévitables. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'intégrer ces données manquantes pour la sélection de variables en présence de données longitudinales. Nous utilisons la méthode d'imputation multiple et proposons une fonction d'imputation pour le cas spécifique des variables soumises à un seuil de détection. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de sélection de variables pour données corrélées qui intègre les données manquantes : le Multiple Imputation Penalized Generalized Estimating Equations (MI-PGEE). Notre opérateur utilise la pénalité group-LASSO en considérant l'ensemble des coefficients de régression estimés d'une même variable sur les échantillons imputés comme un groupe. Notre méthode permet une sélection consistante sur l'ensemble des imputations, et minimise un critère de type BIC pour le choix du paramètre de régularisation. Nous présentons une application sur l'arthrose du genoux où notre objectif est de sélectionner le sous-groupe de biomarqueurs qui expliquent le mieux les différences de largeur de l'espace articulaire au cours du temps
Clinical studies enable us to measure many longitudinales variables. When our goal is to find a link between a response and some covariates, one can use regularisation methods, such as LASSO which have been extended to Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). They allow us to select a subgroup of variables of interest taking into account intra-patient correlations. Databases often have unfilled data and measurement problems resulting in inevitable missing data. The objective of this thesis is to integrate missing data for variable selection in the presence of longitudinal data. We use mutiple imputation and introduce a new imputation function for the specific case of variables under detection limit. We provide a new variable selection method for correlated data that integrate missing data : the Multiple Imputation Penalized Generalized Estimating Equations (MI-PGEE). Our operator applies the group-LASSO penalty on the group of estimated regression coefficients of the same variable across multiply-imputed datasets. Our method provides a consistent selection across multiply-imputed datasets, where the optimal shrinkage parameter is chosen by minimizing a BIC-like criteria. We then present an application on knee osteoarthritis aiming to select the subset of biomarkers that best explain the differences in joint space width over time
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Books on the topic "Issue variables"

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Chandra, Saurabh, ed. SOCRATES (Vol 3, No 2 (2015): Issue- June). 3rd ed. India: SOCRATES : SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL, 2015.

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Dogramaci, Ali, ed. Measurement Issues and Behavior of Productivity Variables. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-6867-8.

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Ali, Dogramaci, ed. Measurement issues and behavior of productivity variables. Boston: Kluwer Nijhoff, 1986.

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Henningsen, David. Cost as an independent variable: Implementation issues. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997.

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K, Davis Paul. Variable-resolution combat modeling: Motivations, issues, and principles. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1992.

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C, Duncan Susan, and Strycker Lisa A, eds. An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. 2nd ed. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006.

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Bossert, Walter. On Some Variable Population Size Issues in Welfare Economics. Frankfurt am Main: athenaum Verlag, 1989.

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Bossert, Walter. On some variable population size issues in welfare economics. Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1989.

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E, Duncan Terry, ed. An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1999.

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K, Davis Paul. Variable affecting Central-region stability: The "Operational Minimum" and other issues at low force levels. Sanata Monica, CA: RAND, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Issue variables"

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Wang, Jing, Jinglin Zhou, and Xiaolu Chen. "Bayesian Causal Network for Discrete Variables." In Intelligent Control and Learning Systems, 233–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8044-1_13.

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AbstractEnsuring the safety of industrial systems requires not only detecting the faults, but also locating them so that they can be eliminated. The previous chapters have discussed the fault detection and identification methods. Fault traceability is also an important issue in industrial system. This chapter and Chap. 10.1007/978-981-16-8044-1_14 aim at the fault inference and root tracking based on the probabilistic graphical model. This model explores the internal linkages of system variables quantitatively and qualitatively, so it avoids the bottleneck of multivariate statistical model without clear mechanism. The exacted features or principle components of multivariate statistical model are linear or nonlinear combinations of system variables and have not any physical meaning. So the multivariate statistical model is good at fault detection and identification, but not at fault root tracking.
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Hill, Kimberly, Richard Lehman, and Dan Swiler. "The Effect of Selected Processing Variables on Color Formation in Praseodymium-Doped Zircon Pigments." In Materials & Equipment/Whitewares: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 21, Issue 2, 31–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470294611.ch4.

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Cazaubon, Valentine, Audrey Abi Akle, and Xavier Fischer. "A Parametric Study of Additive Manufacturing Process: TA6V Laser Wire Metal Deposition." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 15–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_4.

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AbstractAdditive Manufacturing has proven to be an economically and industrially attractive process in building or repairing parts. However, the major issue of this new process is to guarantee a mechanical behavior identical to the subtractive manufacturing methodologies. The work, presented in this paper, is centered on the Laser Wire Metal Deposition (LMD-w) method with the metallic alloy TA6V. Its working principle is to fuse a coaxial wire on a substrate with a laser as a heat source. To better understand the interaction between the input parameters (Laser Power, Wire Feed Speed and Tool Speed) and the clad geometry output variables (Height, Width and Contact Angle) and the substrate displacement, we have realized an experimentation. We printed 9 clads according Taguchi’s experimental design. Pearson correlation coefficient and Fisher test performed on the experimental measures showed as main result: Tool Speed is the parameter with the most significant influence on the output variables.
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Palazzo, Lucio, Pietro Sabatino, and Riccardo Ievoli. "Determinants of social startups in Italy." In Proceedings e report, 85–90. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-304-8.18.

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The so called "Startup Act" (Decree Law 179/2012, converted into Law 221/2012), has introduced in Italy the notion of innovative companies with a high technological value, denoted as the innovative startups. Among them, the Italian government includes the category of SIAVS ("Startup Innovative A Vocazione Sociale"), which represents a relatively new field of interest in both scientific and normative perspective. A social startup must satisfy the same requirement of other innovative startups, usually operating in sectors such as social assistance, education, health, social tourism and culture which can have a direct (social) impact on collective well-being. Furthermore, they must produce specific reporting of the produced social impact, enjoying also some tax benefits. In 2020 more than 200 SIAVS are registered in Italy, more than doubled with respect to 2015. This work is concerned with the empirical analysis of innovative companies focused in funding and implementing solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues. Specifically, the aim of the paper is to investigate what are the relevant factors for the arise of SIAVS in Italy. The response variable is based on the number of active social startups in Italian provinces while the set of explanatory variables is composed by economic and demographic indicators at the provincial level. Generalized linear models (GLM) for discrete outcomes are applied and compared, even taking into account the zero-inflated issue arising due to the distribution of these particular data.
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Yhee, Yerin, Hyemin Kim, Jungkeun Kim, and Chulmo Koo. "What Makes Potential Tourists Trust the Managerial Response of the Hotel? - The Three-Way Interaction of Ability, Benevolence, and Integrity." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2023, 343–48. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25752-0_38.

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AbstractPotential customers are likely to rely on online reviews as e-WOM. While review from negative consumer has an impact on customers’ decision-making, the response of hotel to negative review is also perceived as a signal of restoring trust. Although three dimensions of trust (ability, benevolence, and integrity) have significant effects on the overall trust of consumers, it is still an open issue how the three variables interact. To fill this gap, current study investigates a three-way interaction effect of the dimension of trusting belief in managerial responses by experimental analyses. The results suggest that the hotel’s ability to handle the issue is the most important consideration for hotel management. Attitude toward hotels is high even if only one of benevolence and integrity is high under conditions of high ability. In contrast, attitude is only high when both other dimensions are high simultaneously. This study has implications for understanding the distinct effect of each dimension of trusting belief in online review systems and providing insights into effective managerial response strategies from the perspective of trust.
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Pignocchino, Gianmarco, Alessandro Pezzoli, and Angelo Besana. "Satellite Data and Epidemic Cartography: A Study of the Relationship Between the Concentration of NO2 and the COVID-19 Epidemic." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 55–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94426-1_5.

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AbstractSatellite data are widely used to study the spatial component of epidemics: to monitor their evolution, to create epidemiological risk maps and predictive models. The improvement of data quality, not only in technical terms but also of scientific relevance and robustness, represents in this context one of the most important aspects for health information technology that can make further significant and useful progress in monitoring and managing epidemics. In this regard, this paper intends to address an issue that is not always adequately considered in the use of satellite data for the creation of maps and spatial models of epidemics, namely the preliminary verification of the level of spatial correlation between remote sensing environmental variables and epidemics. Specifically, we intend to evaluate the contribution of exposure to the pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the spatial spread of the virus and the severity of the current COVID infection.
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"Index of Issue Importance Variables by City." In Big City Elections in Canada, 257–58. University of Toronto Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487528577-017.

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"TABLE 1 Psychological Variables Before Treatment and at Follow-Up." In -Special Issue on Women's Health, 69–84. Psychology Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781410608536-9.

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"The Hidden-Variables Issue and the Bell Inequalities." In From Spinors to Quantum Mechanics, 253–79. IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781783266388_0007.

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El-Amin, Abeni. "Evaluating Intentional Education Practice in Graduate Programs." In Elevating Intentional Education Practice in Graduate Programs, 160–76. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4600-3.ch008.

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The purpose of this chapter was to examine whether the six variables of graduate educational quality predict intentional education practice (IEP) (teaching style) in United States graduate university programs. The issue is that graduate student engagement, student satisfaction, and matriculation diminish without IEP. Consequently, current performance measures of graduate higher educational programs illuminate issues in processes within instruction, quantity of trained instructor mentors, professional support networks, and existing programming, which may need improvement. Indeed, past researchers have noted limitations in higher educational and graduate school environments. Performance measurement variables impact long-term institutional effectiveness and remain largely unknown within educational institutions. However, some studies have noted IEP may be used as a variable to impact teaching effectiveness.
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Conference papers on the topic "Issue variables"

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Altunöz, Utku. "Analysing the Relationships between Financial Development and Income Inequality in Turkey as a Parallel of Kuznet Curve." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01179.

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Analysing the relationship between development and Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is one of the most important issue for economics. Kuznet claims that mentioned relationships between developing and GDP resemble as upside down U. In this paper, GINI, GDP, credit and trade variables were analysed by using ARDL bounding test for the period covering by 1991-2014. Obtained results of econometric model shows that credit in private sector, GDP per capita and trade variables play an important role to be eliminated of income inequality. Effect of trade variable is less compare with other variables. For Turkish Economy, 1% increase in private credits causes to a 0,044 % fall in income inequality for the estimated period. Alike, 1% increase in income causes to a 0.055 % fall in income inequality.
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Karymshakov, Kamalbek, Kadyrbek Sultakeev, and Burulcha Sulaimanova. "The Impact of Microfinance on Entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01412.

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This paper aims to investigate the impact of microfinance on entrepreneurship in Kyrgyzstan. For estimation the nationally representative "Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey" for 2013 is used, which covers around 5000 households from all regions in the country. The main variable of interest, the probability of being an entrepreneur of household members depends on individual, household level characteristics and on microfinance loan receiving status. Following the literature, due to the endogeneity issue in using microcredit loan in estimation, this research applies binary response model with instrumental variables. Estimation results show that participation in the micro loan raises the probability of individual to be entrepreneur.
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Schulte-Fortkamp, Brigitte. "Sound Quality Design as an Issue of Interactive Context." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15462.

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When sound quality has to be evaluated a number of difficulties arise. Although there are various attempts of evaluating it, there is no definitive approach which covers the diverse requirements with respect to subjective importance. Since the subjective evaluation will be influenced by different modifiers, the methods in question have to be adapted necessarily to the various objectives that are related to certain subjective as well as to physical, psycho-acoustic, and socio-acoustic variables. The evaluation of the perception of acoustic environments needs an interactive, integrating, transdisciplinary concept. What will to be discussed up front are contextual interdependencies, socio-acoustic, and psychological methods, the significance of the modifiers within the guided decision-making process as well as the importance of sensorial modifiers as they make up the foundation of the research process. In many studies focusing on sound quality the observation of context in general becomes an issue if the experimental setup or the instruction or even the respective stages of the experiment are regarded as contextual, i.e. sound evaluation or the evaluation of product-related sound quality always implies evaluation of lifestyles depending upon acceptance and therefore intimately related to the daily routine of the tested individual. evaluations of sounds are highly sensitive contextually, but at present there is no usage-oriented experimental instruction which sufficiently defines the contextual rapport within a given sound evaluation setup. the concept of sound quality evaluation needs to be broadened to integrate a subjective and psycho-social approach. a concept and procedure will be introduced for benchmarking and target sound development in context to appropriately evaluate the sound of the corporate identity introduction
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Lombardo, Enzo, Carla Rossi, and Alberto Zuliani. "The Teaching of Probability and Statistics in Schools: Issues for Interdisciplinary Reflection." In Proceedings of the First Scientific Meeting of the IASE. International Association for Statistical Education, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.93102.

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In the following discussion several issue are presented for interdisciplinary reflection on the teaching of Probability and Statistics in preparatory school. They are set out according to a scheme which links this particular subject, with, in the first place other disciplines- mathematics, physical- natural sciences, humanities and social sciences; secondly, with the variables of individual learning and modes of scholastic organization; and finally, with environmental variables (see scheme 1). The scheme is organized around problems and disciplines involved in the didactic complex and incorporates many features of the learning-taching process.
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Usmanov, R. R., and N. F. Hohlov. "ON THE ISSUE OF MULTIPLE EVALUATION OF THE DEPENDENCE OF YIELD ON THE CONJUGATE COMPLEX OF INDICATORS OF SOIL FERTILITY." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-54.

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A statistical assessment of the dependence of barley yield on agrophysical and agrochemical indicators of soil fertility has been carried out. It is recommended to select variables in the multiple regression model in the Stat program.Soft Statistica.
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Sundaresan, Sivakumar, Kosuke Ishii, and Donald R. Houser. "A Robust Optimization Procedure With Variations on Design Variables and Constraints." In ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0326.

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Abstract This paper describes a procedure that incorporates manufacturing and operational variances to achieve designs with robust and optimal performance. The procedure optimizes the expected value of a performance characteristic subject to a set of constraints. It uses concepts from statistical design of experiments to approximate the expected value of a performance characteristic. The procedure incorporates uncertainties in design variables and variations in constraints due to uncertainty in design variables. This paper discusses the following three methods to incorporate variations in constraints: 1) A method using heuristics that evaluates constraints at the worst combinations of design variables, 2) A method with built-in constraint variation that models constraints using first order Taylor expansion, and 3) A method based on differentiating KKT optimality conditions. The design of spur and helical gears with minimum transmission error serves as the target application. The key gear design research issue is to determine the optimal combination of geometric design variables like number of teeth, pressure angle that minimizes transmission error subject to constraints like minimum number of teeth to avoid undercut and maximum bending stress.
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Rusnak, Ilan. "Control Organization: Survey and Application." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59050.

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The issue of the organization of control and feedback can be subdivided into several subjects: i) Selection of performance objectives; ii) The control algorithms; iii) Selection of measured and manipulated variables; and iv) Feedback organization. In previous publication [1] partial survey of the issues above and a terminology for feedback and control organization has been presented, that is, not all issues and not all relevant disciplines have been covered. Namely, motion control and servo-regulator applications have been covered; however, aircraft control, missile autopilots and process control have been barely covered. The issues of: (i) Selection of measured variables (location of sensors) and manipulated variables (location of actuators) called as well as Input-Output Selection (IO); (ii) Control Structure Design (CSD); and (iii) Control Configuration selection (CC); had not been covered and are presented here. These issues are strictly proper sub-issues of the Control and Feedback organization problem. This paper extends the survey to additional disciplines and subjects. Thus this paper can be considered as part II and supplement of [1]. Using the definitions the problem of Control and Feedback Organization (CFO) is defined over the set theory within the well-established functional analysis and optimal control theories. The optimal control-feedback organization problem and the optimal simultaneous design of the system and feedback configuration problem are presented as open issues. This demonstrates the usefulness of the existence of a proper terminology and theory of the control-feedback organization problem and its extension and connection to design of sensors and actuators location. As an example the architecture generating property of the LQR metric is used to derive advanced high performance architecture for motion control applications.
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Zhang, Xiao-Ling, Hong-Zhong Huang, Zhong-Lai Wang, and Pei-Nan Ge. "System Optimization Design Under Time Variant Reliability Constraints." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48002.

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Due to the degradation, input loading and uncertainty in the design parameters usually involve random variables and random processes, reliability analysis for engineering design problems are usually time dependent. Many problems related to degradation have been treated as monotonic or statistically independent, therefore, the probability of failure only at the end of the lifetime of the structure are considered. To the issues of parameters with stochastic process, the outcrossing rate methods have been extensively developed to calculate the upper bound of time-dependent reliability. In these methods, the issue of proper choice of time interval is crucial and difficult. In this paper, a new method for time dependent reliability optimization based on the total probability theory and universal generating function is proposed. In the proposed method, firstly, Parameters with stochastic processes are discretized into some discrete random variables. Secondly, the discrete parameters are reformed into a new random process by the operation of the universal generating functions. Finally, based on the total probability theory, the probability of failure for each limit state function is analyzed using sequential optimization and time invariant reliability assessment method. Only the time invariant reliability method is needed in the proposed method, by conditioning the continuous random variables on the discrete random parameters. Numerical example is presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
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Acar, Tuğçe, and Ebru Çağlayan Akay. "The Relationship Democracy with Health and Governance Indicators: Panel Probit Approach." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02503.

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The relationship of politics with health has been documented in Greece and Rome in ancient times and has been the center of attention from past to present. The difficulty of interpreting the causal relationships between politics and democracy and outcome measures as the macro-social determinants of population health has limited the studies in the field. On the other hand, in the state-society relationship, governance and indicators representing the traditions and institutions in which authority is applied in a country are used as a tool to evaluate the tendencies of countries in the field of democracy over time. Accordingly, the study aims to address the issue in the relationship between democracy and health, together with governance indicators, within the framework of broader structural factors. For this aim, panel probit analysis was carried out for 144 countries between 2010 and 2018, examining the effect of explanatory variables on the probability of occurrence of the dependent variable. The limited number of studies dealing with the impact of democracy studies on the international level and over time makes the method used advantageous. According to the findings, the variables of freedom of expression and accountability, political stability and regulatory quality, which are among the indicators of governance, were found to be statistically significant on the democracy index, along with the variables of domestic general government health expenditures, infant mortality rate, GDP per capita, and the reasons for the results obtained were discussed.
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Cetin, Ali, Trond Pytte, and Sveinung Eriksrud. "Determination of Short Term Extreme Response Values for Temporary Riser Systems: A Practical Approach." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54763.

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Operation limits for temporary riser system are determined according to some probability of exceedance of a relevant variable. Accordingly, consistent statistical analysis and probability modelling of the data is required. The common industry approach is to rely on the classical narrow-banded Gaussian process assumption when considering time series of variables of interest. Thus, the time series peaks are characterized by means of the Rayleigh distribution and the relevant extreme values are estimated based on this. However, non-linearities present in riser systems may yield non-Gaussian (wide-banded) processes, rendering the classical approach inappropriate. In the present work, an approximate and practical method is presented to address above issue. It is demonstrated that the approximate method is capable of consistently estimating the relevant extreme values, even where the classical method comes short.
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Reports on the topic "Issue variables"

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Mooney, Henry, David Rosenblatt, Cloe Ortiz de Mendívil, Gralyn Frazier, Ariel McCaskie, Victor Gauto, Elton Bollers, Jason Christie, Jeetendra Khadan, and Nazera Abdul-Haqq. Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin: Volume 10: Issue 2, August 2021. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003573.

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For more than a year, the Caribbean economics team at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has focused on the potential implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for lives and livelihoods across the region. The pandemic is still with us, but there is hope that the cycles of lockdowns and containment measures will eventually come to an end as vaccination programs progress, even if unevenly, across the region. However, the availability of vaccine supply remains a concern, and the pandemic continues to pose a constraint for the recovery of key sectors such as tourism and local services sectors. This edition of the Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin focuses on two topics: (1) forecasts of key macroeconomic variables, based on the April 2021 WEO, and (2) financial sector risks. In general, regional economies are embarking on a fragile path to recovery. Continued progress with vaccination programs, credible medium-term fiscal programs, and continued attention to financial vulnerabilities will be needed to push that path to recovery forward.
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Salazar-Díaz, Andrea, Aaron Levi Garavito Acosta, Sergio Restrepo-Ángel, and Leidy Viviana Arcila-Agudelo. Real Equilibrium Exchange Rate in Colombia: Thousands of VEC Models Approach. Banco de la República Colombia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1221.

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Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER) models suggest many variables as potential drivers of equilibrium real exchange rates (ERER). This gives rise to model uncertainty issues, as ERER depends and varies, often drastically, on a particular set of chosen variables. We address this issue by estimating thousands of Vector Error Correction (VEC) specifications for Colombian data between 2000Q1-2019Q4. According to an extensive literature review, we employ thirty-five proxies categorized among five fixed groups of economic fundamentals that underlie the ERER: Indebtedness, Fiscal sector, Productivity, Terms-of-Trade, and Interest Rate Differentials. Our approach derives an empirical distribution of ERER that allows us to state with greater certainty, among hundreds of plausible economic specifications, whether the real exchange rate is either misaligned or in equilibrium.
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Glewwe, Paul, Zoe James, Jongwook Lee, Caine Rolleston, and Khoa Vu. What Explains Vietnam’s Exceptional Performance in Education Relative to Other Countries? Analysis of the Young Lives Data from Ethiopia, Peru, India and Vietnam. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/078.

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Vietnam’s strong performance on the 2012 and 2015 PISA assessments has led to interest in what explains the strong academic performance of Vietnamese students. Analysis of the PISA data has not shed much light on this issue. This paper analyses a much richer data set, the Young Lives data for Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana), Peru and Vietnam, to investigate the reasons for the strong academic performance of 15-year-olds in Vietnam. Differences in observed child and household characteristics explain 37-39% of the gap between Vietnam and Ethiopia, while observed school variables explain only about 3-4 additional percentage points (although an important variable, math teachers’ pedagogical skills, is not available for Ethiopia). Differences in observed child and household characteristics explain very little of the gaps between Vietnam and India and between Vietnam and Peru, yet one observed school variable has a large explanatory effect: primary school math teachers’ pedagogical skills. It explains about 10-12% of the gap between Vietnam and India, raising the overall explained portion to 14-21% of the gap. For Peru, it explains most (65-84%) of the gap.
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Anglade, Boaz, and Julia Escobar. Effect of Violence against Women on Victims and their Children: Evidence from Central America, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003157.

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This paper presents a systematic overview of the evidence of violence against women in the Central America, Mexico, Panama, Haiti, and Dominican Republic region and examines its impact on the well-being of women and their children. Population-based surveys show that violence against women remains a widespread issue in the region. The proportion of women who have experienced physical or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime varies between 13% and 53%; Panama has the lowest rate while Mexico and El Salvador have the highest. The percentage of women who have experienced violence within private spheres ranges between 17% and 24%. Also, homicidal violence targeting women remains a major problem in the region. Using a novel propensity score reweighting technique, we assess the impact of violence on a series of outcome variables related to a womans health and socioeconomic condition. We find evidence that violence against women negatively affects victims reproductive and physical health as well as their fertility preferences. We also find evidence that violence against mothers has an adverse effect on childrens advancement in school and overall health.
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Cappers, Peter, Andrew Mills, Charles Goldman, Ryan Wiser, and Joseph H. Eto. Mass Market Demand Response and Variable Generation Integration Issues: A Scoping Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051046.

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Miller, M., and S. Cox. Overview of Variable Renewable Energy Regulatory Issues: A Clean Energy Regulators Initiative Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1134130.

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Kahrl, Fredrich, Hyungkwan Kim, Andrew Mills, Ryan Wiser, Cristina Crespo Montañés, and Will Gorman. Variable Renewable Energy Participation in U.S. Ancillary Services Markets: Economic Evaluation and Key Issues. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1824782.

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Muelaner, Jody, ed. Unsettled Issues in Commercial Vehicle Platooning. SAE International, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021027.

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Platooning has the potential to reduce the energy consumption of commercial vehicles while improving safety; however, both advantages are currently difficult to quantify due to insufficient data and the wide range of variables affecting models. Platooning will significantly reduce the use of energy when compared to trucks driven alone, or at a safe distance for a driver without any automated assistance. Platooning will also reduce stopping distances—multiple states in the US have passed laws authorizing truck platoons to operate at shorter gaps than are authorized for normal, human-driven trucks. However, drivers typically do not currently leave the recommended gaps and, therefore, already gain much of the potential energy savings by drafting lead vehicles, albeit illegally. The automated systems associated with platooning cannot be programmed to flout safety recommendations in the way that human drivers routinely do. Therefore, actual energy savings may be minimal while safety may be greatly improved. More data will be needed to conclusively demonstrate a safety gain. Recommended safe gaps are currently highly generalized and must necessarily assume worst-case braking performance. Using a combination of condition monitoring and vehicle-to-vehicle communications, platooning systems will be able to account for the braking performance of other vehicles within the platoon. If all the vehicles in a platoon have a high level of braking performance, the platoon will be able to operate in a more efficient, tighter formation. Driver acceptance of platooning technology will increase as the systems become more effective and do not displace jobs. The increased loading of infrastructure must also be considered, and there may be requirements for upgrades on bridges or restrictions on platooning operation.
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Herbert, George. The Unintended Consequences of Economic Sanctions. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.100.

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Economic sanctions are associated with a range of adverse effects, with variable levels of supporting evidence for different kinds of negative consequences. It is frequently challenging to demarcate the boundary between the intended and unintended consequences of sanctions. This rapid review is based on an assessment of 75 separate articles or reports. It found that sanctions apply pressure on targeted states by inflicting economic damage, but the economic disruption is frequently broader than intended with economic damage not being restricted to targeted states. With sections possibly having a negative humanitarian impact, declining health outcomes, increasing the possibility of conflict, terrorism, and undermine the rule of law in targeted states. It also finds that the impact of sanctions on democratisation and respect for human and economic rights remains disputed. Despite the volume of studies published on this topic, there are weaknesses in the evidence base. Many – though not all – econometric studies do not distinguish sufficiently between different kinds of sanctions. As a result, sanctions regimes that may have quite different effects often lumped together, making it challenging to assess whether sanctions can be designed in a way that is likely to avoid specific kinds of adverse effects. In addition, on some important issues, there are major inconsistencies between the findings of different econometric studies. In some cases these inconsistencies are paired with technical debates around whether the methodologies employed on different studies adequately address issues related to the potential endogeneity between the decision to impose sanctions and trends in variables of interest.
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Rosenblatt, David, Henry Mooney, Khamal Clayton, Cloe Ortiz de Mendívil, Ariel McCaskie, Victor Gauto, Monique Graham, Jeetendra Khadan, and Nirvana Satnarine-Singh. Open configuration options Caribbean Economics Quarterly: Volume 11: Issue 1, February 2022: Year in Review in Graphs: Economic Story of 2021 in a Series of Graphs. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004018.

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Last year ended with incipient but fragile economic recoveries in most Caribbean economies. Relatively low vaccination rates remain a concern in the six countries covered by the Caribbean Country Department of the IDB. The sharp rise in commodity prices bolster prospects for commodity exporters in the region, but they also dampen prospects for tourism dependent economies. This edition of the Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin provides a “Year in Review in Graphs” for the overall region and each of the six countries. The graphs cover the evolution of key macroeconomic variable during the course of 2021.
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