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Academic literature on the topic 'Isotopique labeling'
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Journal articles on the topic "Isotopique labeling"
Masnovi, John, Xin Y. Bu, Kassahun Beyene, Paula Heimann, Terrence Kacik, A. Harry Andrist, and Frances I. Hurwitz. "Syntheses, Structures and Properties of Polycarbosilanes Formed Directly by Polymerization of Alkenylsilanes." MRS Proceedings 271 (1992). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-271-771.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Isotopique labeling"
Daou, Fatma. "Etude expérimentale d'un procédé de dépollution par décharge couronne à barrière diélectrique type pointe(s) - plan : rôle de la simulation numérique et du marquage isotopique." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066488.
Full textGao, Longhui. "C-H bond activation catalyzed by Ruthenium nanoparticles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS348/document.
Full textDeuterated and tritiated compounds are widely used in numerous applications in chemistry, biology and material science. In the drug discovery and development process, ADME studies require quick access to labelled molecules, otherwise the drug development costs and timeline are significantly impacted. The rapid development of metabolomics has also increased the need for isotopically labelled compounds. In particular, deuterated molecules are used as internal standards for quantitative LC-MS/MS analysis of metabolites in biological fluids and tissues. In this context, a general method allowing the deuterium and tritium labelling of bioactive thioethers using a HIE reaction is described in the first chapter. From a fundamental point of view, this transformation is the first example of (Csp³)-H activation directed by a sulfur atom. In terms of application, this new reaction has been proved to be useful for the preparation of deuterated LC-MS/MS reference materials and tritiated pharmaceuticals owning high specific activity.In the second chapter of this manuscript, the development of a method allowing the cross-dehydrogenative homocoupling of 2-arylpyridines catalyzed by Ru/C is developed. Various substrates with different substituents were efficiently coupled to give the desired dimers in good yield. In terms of application, a series of pyridine-boron complexes derived from the phenyl pyridine dimers were also synthesized and their photophysical properties were studied.In the third chapter, a regioselective palladium catalyzed intramolecular arylation reaction allowing the synthesis of pyridine containing polycyclic compounds is described
Hautbergue, Thaïs. "Caractérisation chimique des métabolomes secondaires de Penicillium et Fusarium par marquage isotopique couplé à la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0110/document.
Full textCharacterization of fungal secondary metabolomes became a great challenge in the last decades due to both the emergence of fungal threats, and the industrial interest of many natural products; In view of this, we recently developed an analytical strategy for fungal secondary metabolome characterization (Cano P. et al. Anal. Chem. (2013) 85:8412) based on untargeted MS metabolomics applied to labeled samples. This strategy has been here validated by application to the analysis of the complex secondary metabolomes of Penicillium verrucosum and Penicillium nordicum. HRMS acquisitions performed on specific isotopically labelled samples, MS/MS experiments and in-silico emerging tools such as molecular networks, allowed to characterize 181 metabolites, including 80% of new compounds, and the structural determination of seven potential new mycotoxins. Penicillium verrucosum (NRRL 5571) and Penicillium nordicum (NRRL 6062) were grown on wheat grains (Triticum aestivum) presenting different isotopic enrichments: (i) naturally enriched grains, (ii) 97% 13C, and (iii) 53% 13C / 97% 15N. Extracts of each culture were analyzed by HPLC coupled to a LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization, operating in the positive or the negative mode. Metabolites were then specifically detected according to the specific isotopic pattern of their respective isotopic enrichments. Known secondary metabolites were annotated using the Antibase database, then identified by comparison with standard compounds when available. Unknown secondary metabolites were annotated using molecular networks of MS/MS similarities (Watrous J. et al.; PNAS (2012) 109 E1743). Wheat grains representing the only source of carbon and nitrogen for fungal growth, the produced fungal secondary metabolites were either unlabeled (naturally enriched cultures), singly labeled (13C cultures) or doubly labeled (13C/15N cultures). This feature allowed discrimination of fungal metabolites against non-fungal compounds which remained unlabeled in the three substrates. Fungal origin was further confirmed by analysis of a control 12C wheat extract (without fungus). Furthermore, the comparison of m/z ratios of a same metabolite detected in the three different cultures, led to the unambiguous determination of the number of carbon and nitrogen atoms and therefore to the unambiguous characterization of its chemical formula. This approach previously developed and validated on a well characterized fungus, has been here successfully applied to the characterization of the complex and unknown secondary metabolomes of P. verrucosum and P. nordicum. Analyses of the two studied fungal strains allowed the detection of 181 secondary metabolites. Interestingly, only 20% of them are suspected to match known metabolites according to databases, meaning that 80% of this metabolome is unknown. To enhance unknown identification efficiency, a molecular network of MS/MS similarities has been generated from our data. A group of 24 metabolites with highly similar MS/MS spectra was highlighted on P. nordicum and P. verrucosum. Fifteen of them were identified as cyclic tetrapeptides from the fungisporin family. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments were performed to characterize the structure of these secondary metabolites. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time these molecules are pointed out on these Penicillium species. More interestingly, seven of the other metabolites display some similarities with fungisporins, but have never been detected on fungal metabolomes. Furthermore, although the two studied strains are genetically close, these new metabolites seem to be strain specific
Lecourt, Julien. "Rôle de la nutrition azotée dans le contrôle de l’allocation de la biomasse d’une vigne greffée : validation par marquage isotopique et modélisation." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22096/document.
Full textResearch on rootstock/scion interactions in grapevine in relation to the environment persisted for several decades, but the physiological mechanisms determining the rootstock effect on scion vigour are still misunderstood. This lack of knowledge hampers the development of existing rootstocks to control the vigor and productivity, or research new rootstock genotypes better adapted to future conditions of production. The objective of this work is to understand by an integrative biology approach coupling experimentation and modeling how the rootstock interacts specifically with the scion (and vice versa) to change in the early stages of grafting , the physiological characteristics of the whole plant to coordinate the development and growth of the aerial parts with the root parties. Nitrogen is considered a key element in the control of the growth and the biomass allocation within a plant, and a particular emphasis is placed on the role of nitrogen nutrition in the nutritional control of the grafted grapevine growth. Experimental work was conducted in a greenhouse to characterize by isotopic labeling nitrogen (15N) and carbon flow within the whole plant for two rootstock/scion combinations at vegetative stage : one giving a strong vigour (CS/1103P), the other a low vigour (CS / RGM), in response to a change in the external nitrate availability. This study on the coupling between acquisition functions and use of nitrogenous and carbonaceous resources was completed by a dynamic phenotyping aerial growth, the distribution of biomass between the organs and the biochemical and mineral composition of the principal organs of plant. We were able to understand the communication signals between the aerial part and the root part of grafted vines, which led to the development of a simplified conceptual model of the functioning of the grafted vines. A first version of a mechanistic model based on a source-sink formalism taking into account the acquisition and allocation of C and N in both aerial and root compartments and their plasticity to the availability of exogenous and endogenous resource was developed
Gastaldo, Clément. "Biosynthèse des unités isopréniques chez les végétaux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAF038.
Full textThis PhD thesis is included in a European project, Eulafuel, aiming to use latex triterpenes of caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris) as a biofuel source. Our investigation focuses on the biosynthetic origin of isoprene units. Are they produced via mevalonate (MVA) pathway and/or methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway? First, we proposed a procedure to cultivate E. lathyris in axenic conditions, and we compared triterpenic profiles from plants grown in different conditions. Then, we showed, by incorporating 13C- and 2H-labeled precursors, that E. lathyris isoprenoids were produced via MVA pathway. The second part of this work is based on an isotopic analysis of plant isoprenoids by GC-iRMS, an interesting alternative to labeling experiments. We compared isotopic signatures (δD and δ13C) of lipids arising from eight phototrophic organisms and we proposed several hypothesis to explain the isotopic fractionation differences we observed
Taglang, Céline. "C(sp3)-H activation énantiospécifique catalysée par des nanoparticules de ruthénium : application au marquage isotopique de molécules d’intérêt biologique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112086/document.
Full textIsotopic labeling with deuterium and tritium is extensively used in chemistry, biology and pharmaceutical research.Numerous methods of labeling by isotopic exchange allow high isotopic enrichments but generally require harsh conditions (high temperatures, acidity). As a consequence, a general, regioselective and smooth labeling method that might be applicable to a wide diversity of substrates remains to develop. In the first part of this thesis, we demonstrated that the use of ruthenium nanoparticles, synthesized by Pr. Bruno Chaudret’s team (INSA Toulouse), allowed the mild (2 bar of deuterium gas at 55°C), effective and selective H/D exchange reaction of a large variety of nitrogen-containing compounds, such as pyridines, indoles and primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl amines. The usefulness and the efficiency of this novel methodology was demonstrated by the deuteration of eight nitrogen-containing molecules of biological interest without altering their chemical and stereochemical properties. However, the conservation of the original stereochemistry of an activated chiral C-H center remains a major issue. We studied the reactivity of RuNP@PVP on different categories of nitrogen-containing substrates (amines, aminoacids and peptides) in water or in organic solvents. Our results showed that C-H activation of chiral carbons C(sp3) took place efficiently, selectively and, in all cases, with total retention of configuration. The wide range of applications of this procedure was demonstrated by the labeling of three chiral amines, fourteen aminoacids, three aromatic aminoesters and four peptides. Moreover, our collaboration with Pr. Romuald Poteau’s team (INSA Toulouse) led to the identification of two mechanisms by ab initio simulation in agreement with our experimental results: the σ-bond metathesis mechanism and the oxidative addition mechanism. These two mechanisms imply two vicinal ruthenium atoms leading to the formation an original dimetallacycle key-intermediate with four centers.The second part of this thesis deals with the development of a new method for the determination of the conformation and the relative arrangement of auto-assembled small molecules. It is based on the synergy between labeling chemistry, tritium solid-state NMR and molecular modeling. We focused on the diphenylalanine dipeptide (Phe-Phe) which forms either crystals or self-assembled nanotubes depending on the solvent. If the crystalline atomic structure of Phe-Phe has been solved, the structure of the self-assembled nanotubes of Phe-Phe is still unknown. Three Phe-Phe dipeptides ditritiated on aromatic positions, determined with the help of molecular modeling by Dr. Yves Boulard (CEA Saclay), were synthesized. Tritium solid-state NMR allowed Dr. Thibault Charpentier (CEA Saclay) to measure, on crystallized samples, three inter-tritiums distances very close to the reference distances. This technique also revealed a possible orientational disorder on an aromatic cycle of crystallized Phe-Phe. Ab initio modeling led us to set a double labeling Caryl and Cα on Phe-Phe with ruthenium nanoparticles. Deuteration with RuNP@PVP are very promising and supplementary studies are in progress to perform tritium labeling. We expect to set a new tool of structural study to determine atomic structures of small molecules integrated in supramolecular complexes (nanotubes, amyloid peptides or membranes)
Rousseau, Kathleen. "Développement de nouveaux outils pour l’analyse métabolomique par spectrométrie de masse haute résolution : de l’acquisition de spectres MS/MS pour l’identification large-spectre de métabolites au marquage isotopique pour la quantification." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF006.
Full textMetabolomics is a relatively new science that studies molecules with a molecular weight below 1.5 kDa, present in a given biological matrix. It is the last link in the "omics" sciences and represents the ultimate response of an organism to factors that disrupt its functioning. Today, many developments in high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC/HRMS) aim at improving the detection, identification and quantification of metabolites but also at increasing the robustness of the analyses. This PhD thesis took place in that context. One of its main objectives was to develop methods allowing the simultaneous acquisition of MS and MS/MS spectra via analyses in "Data Dependent Acquisition" and "Data Independent Acquisition" modes. These methods allowed the production of data with the same sensitivity as the traditional "Full Scan" analysis while providing more precise and relevant information for further metabolite identification. These methodological developments were applied to an inter-laboratory study as part of a European project. The other major objective of this PhD was to set-up strategies for the large-scale quantification of metabolites in biological samples. To do so, the production and characterization of isotopically labeled internal standards were investigated. Thus, chemical synthesis methods relying on H/D exchange was evaluated and enabled the production of a large panel of labeled compounds. Their isotopic pattern exploitation allowed the development of an innovative quantitative approach by multi-point internal calibration. This method was compared to the conventional isotope dilution approach. At last, isotope profiling was applied to the preliminary analysis of mouse urine samples obtained from mice that were in vivo labeled with carbone-13. The aims were to study the C-13 incorporation kinetics in targeted metabolites, but also to annotate and identify new metabolites. Overall, the set of developments carried out during this thesis have allowed to reach a better level of identification of metabolites and to improve their quantification
Martin, Florence. "Exploration de la biodiversité bactérienne dans un sol pollué par les hydrocarbures : analyse par marquage isotopique du potentiel métabolique et de la dynamique des communautés impliquées dans la dégradation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00637464.
Full textBouzouita, Donia. "Marquage isotopique catalysé par des nanoparticules métalliques." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0018/document.
Full textDeuterated compounds are molecules of great interest in various fields. In pharmacology, the H/D exchange can improve the pharmacokinetic properties of some drugs or reduce their toxicity. In addition, deuterium-labelled compounds can be used as internal standards for mass spectroscopy, or as tracers for the understanding of different reaction mechanisms. Therefore, it is important to find a way to exchange hydrogen with deuterium in a simple, selective and efficient way. The main goal of the PhD project is the synthesis of novel nanoparticles for isotopic exchange (H/D). Metal nanoparticles and more particularly ruthenium nanoparticles, has shown their efficiency to catalyze this exchange. However, ruthenium nanoparticles are very active in arene hydrogenation, and often lead to the reduction of aromatic substrates. In a second part of the work, we synthesized Ru-Pt alloys in an attempt to passivate the Ru surface with platinum, which is less-active in H/D exchange. We have shown that by changing the platinum precursor, we can change the atomic distribution of the surface, and thus we were able to modulate the reactivity of nanoparticles. We finally synthesized Ni and Ir nanoparticles. These nanoparticles have proven to be efficient catalysts for H/D exchange, without reducing aromatic functions. In addition, different selectivity was obtained depending on the metal used
Hatton, Pierre-Joseph. "Séquestration du carbone et de l’azote des feuilles de hêtre dans les associations organo-minérales du sol : Approches macroscopiques, nanométriques & moléculaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0050.
Full textOrgano-mineral associations play a key role in the long-term sequestration of organic matter in forest soils. However, knowledge about the contribution of the different types of organo-mineral associations and the microbial processes involved in soil organic matter stabilisation is scant. To solve it, stable isotope techniques have been combined with the sequential density fractionation of organo-mineral associations. Isolated fractions were investigated in field and in lab, at different temporal (from 8 hours to 12 years) and spatial scales (macro-, submicron- and molecular scales).Four types of organo-mineral associations were distinguished: plant debris with little mineral attached, plant aggregates, microbial aggregates and mineral grains. Isotopically labeled beech leaf litters were tracked at a decadal time-scale to reveal transfers in between organo-mineral associations. Both litter-derived carbon and nitrogen entered the soil as plant fragments to progressively pass through plant and microbial aggregates. Aggregates appeared particularly meaningful for the stabilisation of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at a decadal time-scale. Little of the litter-derived carbon and nitrogen was found quickly stabilized to mineral grains. Microbial activities appeared as a major controlling factor for the evolvement of organo-mineral associations, responsive for the transfers of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen. Indeed, plant debris colonized by microorganisms are progressively trapped into plant aggregates. As decomposition proceeds, plant aggregates disrupt into denser microbial aggregates. These aggregates are loaded with lesser organic matter, but enriched in stable microbial materials.Stabilisation by soil microorganisms has been studied at the macro-, submicronand molecular- scales, using mostly NanoSIMS and LC-IRMS. Microbial stabilization operated (i) directly through immobilization in microbial cells and, (ii) indirectly through large production of extracellular microbial products. By calibrating the NanoSIMS for accurate C/N ratios, extracellular microbial products have been shown to be stabilized onto organo-mineral associations without apparent control of the mineral-attached organic matter chemistry. The incorporation of 13C tracers into amino sugars, biomarkers of bacterial and fungal biomasses, revealed that living microorganisms grow where the resource is, but accumulate in microbial aggregates. Microbial biomasses moved from plant debris to microbial aggregates, likely along with the transfers of decaying litter residues as described above.This work points aggregates as meaningful organo-mineral associations for the sequestration of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at the decadal time-scale. It also revealed the role of microorganisms in the transfers and stabilization of litterderived carbon and nitrogen within organo-mineral associations