Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Isotopes Li et Nd'
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Yang, Chengfan. "Li isotope study of Yangtze River sediments : new constraints on climate, weathering and carbon cycle relationships." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS433.pdf.
Full textIn order to better understand the weathering-climate feedback, a series of studies was carried out in the Changjiang (Yangtze) Basin. First, the operation of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) changed downstream sediment geochemical compositions. Before 2003, large amounts of upstream-derived sediments deposited and experienced further weathering in the mid-lower basin. Since 2003, strong riverbed sediment resuspension changed the roles of the mid-lower reaches from important sinks to major sources of sediments delivered to the sea. As a consequence, an intensified weathering intensity of downstream sediment was observed.Second, dissolved δ7Li exhibit a conservative behavior in the Changjiang Estuary. During the process of SPM transported offshore, weathering product flocculated and deposited, while primary minerals resuspended. The combined effect resulted in the UCC-like SPM δ7Li values. There is a Li isotope fractionation between the dissolved load and exchangeable phase. However, this process shows negligible impact on δ7Li of dissolved load and particulates. Third, weathering response to climate is complex in large river basins. During the Younger Dryas, the positive excursion of clay δ7Li is consistent with enhanced incongruent weathering, in response to temperature cooling. The minor variation of clay δ7Li at 11 – 2 ka likely indicate stable weathering and mile climate variation. Over the last 2 kyr, the fluctuation of clay δ7Li is mostly caused by intensification of human activities. In summary, this thesis sheds new lights on the weathering-climate feedback over geologic past, and provides perspectives on how human activities affect natural processes
Simien, Frédéric. "Croissance crustale et contraintes paléogéographiques apportées par les isotopes du Nd dans les sédiments." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GLOB0005.
Full textLahd, Geagea Majdi. "Caractérisation chimique et isotopique des aérosols organiques/inorganiques et détermination de l'impact de la pollution atmosphérique sur l'environnement urbain." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR1GE14.
Full textThe aim of this study was to determine the heavy metal pollution in the urban environment of Strasbourg and Kehl with help of isotopes. This study focused on three aspects: 1) The « natural » background isotopic composition in the Rhine Valley, Vosges Mountains and the Central Swiss Alps. 2) The REE characteristics and Pb, Sr and Nd isotopic compositions of steel plant emissions. 3) Tracing of industrial aerosol sources in an urban environment using Pb, Sr and Nd isotopes. Filter dust of the principal pollutant sources (waste incinerators, thermal power plant, and steel plant) and soot of car and ship exhaust have been analyzed. The industrial sources have variable εNd values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. PM10 collected in the urban centre of Strasbourg show the influence of different industrial and natural sources
Munier, Thomas. "Évolution des conditions d’altération et des paléoclimats au cours de l'intervalle Albien-Santonien (113-83 Ma) : apports des minéraux argileux et de la géochimie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS156.pdf.
Full textThe Albian-Santonian interval (~113-83 Ma) is a key period in Cretaceous history. This interval is characterised by a high seafloor spreading rate, related to the breakup of Pangea, and by a significant activity of large igneous provinces, which generate an increase in pCO2 (Arthur et al., 1985). These conditions lead to a progressive temperature increase until the mid-Cretaceous thermal maximum, recorded at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary (~94 Ma). This latter is followed from the late Turonian by a decline in temperature and pCO2 (Linnert et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014). A decrease of volcanic activity, an increase of carbonate production, and an enhanced organic carbon storage during the anoxic oceanic event OAE 2 (Cenomanian-Turonian boundary) are frequently cited to explain the pCO2 decline. However, silicate weathering can also be involved as a triggered mechanism for this decrease. The analyse of new boreholes, drilled during the IODP Leg 369 on the southern and southwestern margins of Australia, coupled with some old boreholes of the ODP Legs 122 and 123 on the northwestern margin, allowed us to investigate the evolution of weathering conditions during this interval at the middle and high latitudes in a poorly studied sector. A detailed work, based on clay mineralogy, has been done on six sites located in the Great Bay Basin (Site U1512), in the Mentelle Basin (sites U1513 & U1516), in the Carnarvon Basin (sites 763 & 766) and the Argo Abyssal Plain (Site 765), respectively. For 3 sites (U1512, U1513 and 763), these studies have been completed by SEM and TEM observations and geochemical analyses (Sr and Nd isotopic ratios and concentrations of major & trace elements). These new data have been compared to the several studies, already done in the Atlantic Ocean and in the peri-Tethyan domain. During the Albian-Turonian interval, the clay mineral assemblages are characterised by an increase in smectite proportions, observed over all the studied regions. This increase results from a combination of global and local parameters. The tectonic stabilisation of the African and North American margins reduces the physical weathering, which leads to a decrease in illite and chlorite proportions, and permits the implementation of pedogenetic processes, which favours the formation of smectites. The preferential weathering of volcanic rocks from the end of the Cenomanian, highlighted by Sr and Nd isotopic measurements on some sites of Australia (U1513) or Africa (959) margins, also results in a relative increase of smectites. Finally, the sea level rise, recorded from the Albian to the Lower Turonian and associated with an enrichment in smectites, highlights the influence of the differential settling process on clay assemblages. The Cenomanian-Turonian interval, characterised by an increase in the proportions of kaolinites at the low and middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, is interpreted as marked by more hydrolysing conditions. These kaolinites are present only in sectors, where tectonic was active at the end of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian). Thus, despite a climate favourable to their formation, the absence of kaolinites in favour of smectites in the Southern Hemisphere characterizes the influence of topography and good drainage conditions to form these minerals. The Albian-Santonian interval is thus characterised by an increase in chemical weathering that was maximal at the mid-Cretaceous thermal maximum. Nevertheless, this increase in hydrolysing conditions, associated to the denudation of the continental landmasses, seems to be insufficient to cause the pCO2 decrease during this thermal maximum. It appears then, despite a climate favourable for hydrolysis, high sea level and flattening of the continental masses prevent the chemical weathering of silicates which cannot regulate pCO2
Imbert, Stulc Anna. "Provenances géographiques des bois de la cathédrale de Notre-Dame de Paris. Compositions élémentaires et isotopiques en Sr et Nd : effet de la carbonisation, référentiels régionaux et applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS594.pdf.
Full textThe wooden framework of the Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral was almost destroyed by fire on April 15, 2019. Although the remains of the charred timbers are not of interest for the reconstruction, they conceal more than 800 years of the monument’s history. Their investigation thus constitutes an extraordinary opportunity to shed light on the construction techniques and relationships between society and forest resources during the Central Middle Ages (11th-13th centuries). A key point to better understand past forestry management and timber trade is the provenance of the timber woods. The aim of this work is to determine the geographical origin of the wood used to build the Notre-Dame's framework with the help of geochemical tracers, in particular the multi-elemental composition and isotope ratios of strontium (Sr) and neodymium (Nd). The strength of geochemical source tracing relies on the ability to discriminate sites based on their geological and soil contexts. During growth, trees absorb mineral-derived nutrients which are partially transferred to the wood cell walls. The abundance and isotopic signature of these mineral-derived nutrients in wood thus reflect those of rocks and soils on which the tree grew. This approach is applied here for the first time to carbonized archeological wood. Before proceeding to identification of the origin of the Notre-Dame timber woods, 1) the preservation of geochemical signals during carbonization was verified experimentally, and 2) a referential database of multi-elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic signatures in modern wood was built at the scale of the Seine River catchment. Although the carbonization led to volatilization and loss of some of the studied elements, it did not affect Sr and Nd isotopic composition of charred wood. Additionally, reliable elemental tracers for provenance were selected on the basis of the ratios of thermostable elements i.e., those whose decrease in concentration was negligible (< 20% at 800°C). The geochemical tracers were tested on modern wood from the 12 referential forests, each representing one type of substrate characteristic of the Seine River catchment area. Determination of the origin of modern wood could be achieved with an accuracy of around 80% and was strongly controlled by the 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio, as well as by the Sr/Ca and Nd/Ca elemental ratios. The carbonized timbers from the Notre-Dame framework were characterized for cutting dates of trees and their geochemical signatures were compared with one another, and with those of wood from the referential forests. The geochemical signatures of most of the medieval woods were found to be characteristic of forest stands growing on deep silty soils, in agreement with findings from historical archives pointing towards an origin of the timbers in the south-east of Paris
Romeur, Monique, and René Maury. "Séries magmatiques arc et arrière-arc de la Sonde : nature des sources impliquées (éléments en trace et isotopes Sr-Nd-Pb)." Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2006.
Full textYang, XiaoZhi. "Water content and H-O-Li isotopes in lower crustal granulite minerals." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL028N/document.
Full textFor the first time, systematic investigations of water content and H-O-Li isotopic compositions of minerals in lower crustal granulites, as well as water content of minerals in mantle peridotites, from eastern China have been carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and ion microprobe. The results show that: (1) Nominally anhydrous minerals, such as pyroxenes and plagioclase, in the lower crust generally contain trace amounts of structural water, with their content (H2O by wt.) varying from 200 to 2330 ppm for clinopyroxene, 60 to 1875 ppm for orthopyroxene, 65 to 900 ppm for plagioclase and 155 to 1100 ppm for the estimated bulk compositions. (2) Water contents of minerals in lower crustal granulites from eastern China, and their bulk values, are significantly higher than those in the underlying upper mantle, implying vertical heterogeneities of water distribution in the deep continental lithosphere; the contrast in water content even affect the rheological strength of the lithosphere. (3) The O-isotopic compositions of pyroxenes in the lower crustal granulites from eastern China are highly variable between different localities (~ 4.5 to 12.5‰, expressed in [delta]18OSMOW values), indicating variable influences from recycled crustal materials on their protoliths. (4) The H-isotopic compositions of granulite minerals from eastern China, are mostly in the range of -80 to -10‰ expressed in [delta]DSMOW values, and these minerals are usually in equilibrium with their [delta]D values. The relatively high [delta]D of granulite minerals may be related with degassing loss of H during the genesis of granulites. (5) The Li-isotopic compositions of granulite minerals from eastern China are usually in the range of -13 to 4.7‰, mostly lower than those of MORB (2-6‰). They reflect the source heterogeneity and are probably results of high-T Li diffusion during the intrusion of their original melts into the preexisting lower crust. (6) The large dispersion of Li and water contents and of H-O-Li isotopic results indicate the absence of any pervasive fluids in the lower crust
Le, Quilleuc Meryll. "Caractérisation élémentaire et isotopique (Sr et Nd) des dépôts d'aérosols sahariens sur la marge sénégalaise : implications pour la signature géochimique des sources." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R075.
Full textMineral aerosols emitted in arid and semi-arid regions of the Earth represent an active element of the global climate system. In fact, due to their optical properties and their role in nucleation processes in the atmosphere, they have an impact on the radiative budget and the hydrological cycle. They also take part in many biogeochemical cycles in the ocean and on land through the input of micro-nutriments in regions where they are deposited. Mineral dust is also an indicator of paleo-environmental conditions changes in sedimentary archives. Mineral dust impact in the climate system depends on the amount of particles transported in the atmosphere, on their grain size distributions and on their geochemical compositions. Yet, these characteristics are often insufficiently quantified, particularly in the vast Sahara-Sahel domain (the largest source worldwide), due to the numerous emissions areas and to their intermittency. The characteristics of Saharan dust deposits are especially poorly constrained, although they are essentials to estimate the dust impact on biogeochemical cycles, to make the connection with sedimentary deposits, and to validate dust transport model outputs. A study of eolian deposits was carried out on the Senegalese coast in order to improve our knowledge of the chemical composition of mineral aerosols transported over the West African margin and of the geochemical signature of the source regions. For this purpose, a passive collector was set up in 2006 at Mbour, allowing the build up of a long continuous time series dust deposits with a sampling resolution of a week or less (down to 24h). Elemental composition (major and trace elements) of the <30µm carbonate-free, silicate fraction of 221 dust deposit samples was determined (including a two-year continuous time series between March 2013 and February 2015), as well as the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios for 63 of them. Concurrently, investigations on the sources feeding our sampling site were conducted with the help of the IDDI satellite product as well as air masses backtrajectories calculated with the HYSPLIT model. The study of the 2013-2015 continuous time series of dust deposits revealed a large variability in the chemical composition of the dust, suggesting an important diversity in the geochemistry of the contributing sources. This long time series brought to light marked seasonal changes, both in the mass flux and the chemical composition, that can be linked to changes in provenance and transporting wind systems between the dry season (winter-spring) during which aerosols are transported in the trade winds that sweep across West Africa, and the wet season (summer) when dust deposit result to some degree from the scavenging by precipitations of dust transported at high altitude in the Saharan Air Layer (SAL)
Negrel, Justine. "Etude couplée des fractionnements isotopiques du LI, B et U dans des profils d'altération : exemple du bassin versant du Strengbach (Vosges, France)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH001/document.
Full textIn-depth comparison of the response of various selected isotopic tools (Li, B and U) during chemical weathering in an already known profile (eg the Summit profile in the Strengbach watershed, Ackerer, 2017) to identify the driving mechanisms of isotopic fractionations of these elements to link the response of these tools compared to the chemical alteration to go back to the alteration regime. Develop the observations made on the Summit profile and apply them to five other weathering profiles distributed over the entire watershed focusing on the <2μm fraction. This will make it possible to see if the observations made in the first profile are found in the other profiles and if we are able to go back to the alteration regime. Preliminarily investigate how the isotopic signal of chemical alteration acquired in alteration profiles evolves during the sediment transportation and if it is possible to determine the alteration regime of a watershed from it sediments
Bouchet, Bert Manoz Romain. "Structure de la lithosphère continentale de l'Ouest USA : contribution des isotopes du Plomb,du Néodyme, et de l'Hafnium." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066021.
Full textMauricot, Robert. "Les nouveaux pigments gamma-aln#2s#3 (a = li, na, k ; ln = la, ce, nd, gd) : caracterisation structurale, electronique et optique." Nantes, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NANT2079.
Full textPratte, Steve. "Les tourbières ombrotrophes en tant qu'archives de la variabilité des apports de poussières atmosphériques holocènes au Québec boréal - Implications paléoenvironnementales et paléoclimatiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0044/document.
Full textMineral dust plays an important role in the global climate system having effects on the radiation budget and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Our understanding of the exact role of dust in the Earth’s climate system is still poorly constrained mostly due to a lack of data reflecting the high spatial and temporal variability of dust. Using peat bogs, spatial and temporal variability of Holocene dust deposition in boreal Quebec was investigated in relation to climate fluctuations. Dust fluxes were reconstructed using rare earth elements (REE) concentrations in bulk peat, while Nd and Pb isotopes in combination with REE were used to identify the source of dust particles deposited into these bogs. In order to evaluate the relationship between dust fluxes and climate variability, temporal changes in dust flux, and Nd isotopes were compared to dust grain size and ecohydrological reconstructions derived from testate amoebae and plant macrofossils. In two peat bogs from the North Shore region of the St. Lawrence Estuary (Baie bog) and Gulf (IDH bog), atmospheric dust fluxes were reconstructed using REE concentration while the geochemical composition of deposited dust was characterized using Nd and Pb isotopes combined with REE and grain size. Both peat bogs present similar Nd values, which suggests either a common source or sources with similar signatures in both regions. In terms of dust flux, the two study sites display distinct tendencies. IDH bog show few variations in dust flux, which can be explained by its geographical setting, where a tree fringe and higher altitude likely partially prevent dust from reaching the peat bog. Two dust events were recorded in the Baie bog from 1750 to 1000 cal BP and 600 to 100 cal BP and correspond to documented cold periods. These two periods have been found to occur at the same time as periods of high variability in the macrofossil record (i.e. successive layers dominated by Sphagnum or Ericaceae). REE elements, Nd and grain-size distribution suggest that, over the last 2000 years, the Baie bog received more local dust. The two periods were identified as periods of increased local storminess in response to regional hydroclimatic instability and temperature variations mainly controlled by solar activity. These episodes of climatic instability could also have been caused by changes in the wind regime. The same set of analyses were performed in a third peatland located in the James Bay region, the La Grande 2 bog (LG2). Increases in dust flux were reconstructed from 4000-3000, 2600-2000, 1600-1000, 800-650 cal BP and from 1960-1990AD. The Nd values show a large variability from -37 to -12, identifying a least three sources: local marine sediment, the Sakami moraine and another unidentified source likely from a more regional origin. Between 7000 and 4100 cal BP, Nd values resemble those localsources (-36 to -29). A gradual increase in Nd signature is observed from 4100 to 1500 cal BP suggesting a decreasing influence of local sources in favor of a yet unidentified source. The occurrence of increased dust deposition during cold periods in two of the three studied bogs suggests that dust fluxes can be used as an indicator of cold and dry climatic conditions in boreal Quebec. In northeastern Canada, these cold and dry conditions are usually the results of the intrusion of Arctic air masses. The exact mechanism controlling these incursion is yet unknown, but the similar timing of solar minima and dust peaks suggest that solar irradiance may also have played a role. The fact that both Baie and LG2 sites display similar tendencies during the last 2000 years reveals that both regions were likely controlled by the same climatic processes
Briot, Danielle. "Génèse d'une série alcaline intraplaque continentale : étude géochimique (éléments traces et isotopes SR-ND-O) du volcan des Monts Dore (Massif central français)." Clermond-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF21107.
Full textBriot, Danielle. "Genèse d'une série alcaline intraplaque continentale étude géochimique (éléments en trace et isotopes Sr-Nd-O) du volcan des Monts Dore, Massif Central français /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612417w.
Full textTourpin, Sylvie. "Perte des mémoires isotopiques (Nd, Sr, 0) et géochimiques (REE) primaires des komatiites au cours du métamorphisme : Exemple de la Finlande Orientale." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675899.
Full textSmietana, Magali. "Pétrologie, géochronologie (K-Ar) et géochimie élémentaire et isotopique (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb) de laves anciennes de la Réunion : Implications sur la construction de l'édifice volcanique." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716829.
Full textDeveaud, Sarah. "Caractérisation de la mise en place des champs de pegmatites à éléments rares de type LCT : exemples représentatifs de la chaîne Varisque." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2049/document.
Full textLCT-type rare-element pegmatites have long been studied and exploited for their gems and rare metals they contain. Despite many studies about the rare-element enrichment, or about the mechanisms leading their exotic textures, very few studies have been dedicated to the mechanisms controlling their emplacement and their spatial distribution at the scale of the pegmatite field. To better investigate the origin of ascent-driving mechanisms of these magmas, a multidisciplinary study was conducted on 3 rare-element pegmatite fields across the Variscan belt. The results demonstrate the spatial proximity of the rare-metals-rich pegmatites with the intensity of deformation of the hosting rocks. In addition, spatial statistical analyses suggest that the emplacement of such magmas has been facilitated by fracture-controlled model. According to numerical models, the rise of these pegmatite-forming melts along weakened crustal zones would be facilitated by their peculiar physico-chemical properties (low viscosity and density), but also by very high crustal permeability (> 10⁻¹² m²) at depths around 10 km. Finally, accordingly to Li isotope signatures measured on pegmatitic micas, lithium does not fractionate from neighbouring granite up to the more differentiated pegmatites, since all δ⁷Li (‰) fall within a range of - 2 to + 2 ‰, as for orogenic granites. Therefore, we suggest that the genesis these pegmatite-forming melts is common to that of peraluminous granites. Mechanisms of fracturation and magma-pumping may have favoured the rise of these low volumes of residual melts, enriched in rare-elements, during short periods (~ 10³ yrs) of strong permeability increase. These results question the granitic model commonly used for the exploration of this type of mineral deposits. We suggest a revisited model accounting for both genesis and emplacement controlling mechanisms of the pegmatite-forming melts
Jouini, Anis. "Étude thermodynamique des systèmes : MIPO3-Y(PO3)3 (MI = Li, K et Cs) : Synthèse et détermination structurale de PrP3O9.3H2O, Pr(PO3)3 et NaLnP2O7 Propriétés optiques de Pr3+ et Nd3+ dans LnP3O9.3H2O, Ln(PO3)3 et NaLnP2O7 (Ln=Pr, Nd)." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10028.
Full textAyache, Mohamed. "Modélisation d’éléments traces (T, 3He, Nd, 14C) en mer Méditerranée pour l’étude des cycles biogéochimiques et de la circulation océanique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV138.
Full textUseful diagnostics of the ventilation of the ocean’s interior are derived from geochemical tracers characterized by simple boundary conditions at the ocean’s surface, and a conservative behavior in marine waters. In this thesis, we simulated explicitly some trace elements distribution in the Mediterranean to better constrain the thermohaline circulation and biogeochemical cycles. We used a high resolution physical/biogeochemical model NEMO-MED12-PISCES.The Mediterranean offers a particularly attractive setting for studying geochemical tracers. It’s a semi-enclosed basin, which makes it easier to quantify the various sources and sinks of the elements (atmospheric dust, rivers ...). In particular, we modeled tritium (3H), a transient tracer currently used for the study of the interannual variability of the thermohaline circulation. We also simulated helium isotopes (3He, 4He), useful tracers for investigating the deep ocean circulation.We have simulated the isotopic composition of neodymium (Nd), tracer adapted to investigate the exchanges between dissolved/particulate phases, with the continental margins, and to constrain the modern and paleo thermohaline circulation, as well as radiocarbon (14C), an ideal tracer for studying air-sea gas exchange and for assessing the ventilation rate of the deep water masses over very long timescales.This study is part of the work carried out to assess the robustness of the NEMO-MED12 model, which will be used to study the evolution of the climate and its effect on the biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, and to improve our ability to predict the future evolution of the Mediterranean Sea under the increasing anthropogenic pressure
Smietana, Magali. "Pétrologie, géochronologie (K-Ar) et géochimie élémentaire et isotopique (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb) de laves anciennes de la Réunion : Implications sur la construction de l’édifice volcanique." Thesis, La Réunion, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LARE0012/document.
Full textThe volcanic system of La Reunion is made of the coalescent Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise edifices. Its formation, associated with the activity of a mantle plume, is characterized by phases of submarine and subaerial growth, followed by a period of destruction, as described in the classical model proposed for Hawaiian Island volcanoes. Previous studies showed that the subaerial activity of La Reunion would have started around 2.2 Ma ago. Geochemical analyses carried out on the products associated with subaerial and submarine volcanism revealed their transitional chemical nature and their peculiar homogeneous isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sr, 143Nd/144Nd et 176Hf/177Hf) for a hotspot derived magmatism. In this study, we show that some unusual submarine lavas were recently identified below the basal series of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (dredged on the North-East Rift Zone of la Fournaise) and below the subaerial lavas outcropping at the base of the differentiated series of Rivière des Remparts, indicate that the evolution of La Reunion system is probably more complex than previously suggested. The question of the nature and origin of these lavas, together with their implication on the formation of La Reunion, is an issue of major interest in order to better constrain the global evolution of the volcanic system. As a consequence, new petrological, geochemical and geochronological investigations were conducted on the submarine part of La Reunion edifice. They revealed the existence of a geochemically exceptional group of lavas. Its composition is clearly different from common samples of La Reunion and presents (1) an enrichment in incompatible elements and (2) tends toward an enriched EM endmember. These chemical specificities reveal that the source of La Reunion magmatic products is (1) an heterogeneous source affected by (2) variable melting degrees. Moreover, two samples of this new group dated at 3.77 (0,08) and 3.34 (0,07) Ma extend considerably the period of activity of the island. These rocks are the oldest samples ever dated at La Reunion. The nature and stratigraphical location of subaerial and submarine samples from Piton des Neiges and Piton de la Fournaise imply a new interpretation of the global evolution of the island. Unlike previous studies, our results indicate that :(1) The differentiated subaerial lavas from Rivière des Remparts, due to their stratigraphical and geographical location underlying Piton de la Fournaise, and by analogy with the Piton des Neiges, cannot be linked to the activity of Piton de la Fournaise. (2) The isotope signature of the submarine lava group from the North-East Rift Zone of Piton de la Fournaise, reveals the heterogeneous character of the mantle source under La Reunion Island, that can be modelled as embedded eclogite in a matrix of spinel lherzolite, (3) The age of this submarine group and its location under the eastern flank of Piton de la Fournaise, imply a more complex model of evolution of La Reunion. Therefore, our geochemical and geochronological data are new arguments suggesting the existence of a third volcanic center on the island. This assumption confirms the previous petrological and geophysical evidence supporting the existence of this volcano at the East of La Reunion, commonly called Les Alizés volcano
Le, Faouder Antoine. "Caractérisation géochimique (déséquilibres 230Th/238U, isotopes Sr, Nd et Pb, éléments en traces) du volcanisme de dorsale en contexte d'interaction point chaud dorsale : Cas des bassins marginaux du Sud Ouest Pacifique et de la dorsale Centrale Indienne." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2039.
Full textStudying U series disequilibria in young lavas (<10kyr) is a powerful tool for understanding magma genesis and transfer such as time constraints of melt ascent or mantle porosity. Combined trace element geochemistry, isotope composition and U series data are able to indicate source heterogeneity due to the possible input of plume-derived enriched material. Input of additional mantle material can be carried out under two forms : melt or solid transport state. A major constrain to decipher between these two mechanisms is the duration of transport. Thus, U series disequilibria can provide information about the rate of the transfer process and therefore the transport mechanism of the process. The study presented here (on lavas from the North Fiji and Lau basins and the Central Indian Ridge) is probably one of the first to constrain ridge hotspot interaction using U series disequilibria and accentuates the peculiar interest of this method
Janin, Myriam. "Le plateau Amsterdam-St. Paul : caractérisation du point chaud éponyme et évolution de son interaction avec la dorsale Sud-est Indienne." Brest, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592036.
Full textThe Amsterdam-St Paul plateau (ASP) is an oceanic plateau built from the interaction between ASP hotspot and the Southeast Indian ridge. P volcanic chain, called the chain of the dead Poets (CDP), lies to its northward and related to the hotspot intraplate activity. Their study reveals that ASP plume composition comes from oceanic crust and pelagic sediments recycled in the mantle through a 1,5Ga subduction process, ASP plume activity is pulsatile and occurs preferentially on weakness zones. The CDP construction results thus from (1) the plume pulses and (2) the diffuse divergent boundary between the Capricorn and Australian plates. K-Ar datings reveal that this volcanic chain is made of two generations of seamounts: (1) an old one, of about 9Ma and made of large edifices which had probably a sub-aerial period and (2) a young one, younger than 2Ma, and made of small edifices related to some pounded plume pulse material. In addition, ASP plume has an own motion of about 1-2 cm/yr to the south-west. The ASP plateau lavas compositions (major and trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes) show en important variability and reveal that the underlying mantle is heterogeneous. It is made of a depleted mantle with lower continental crust strips in the form of garnet-plagioclase granulites, probably delaminated during the Gondwana breakup. The lower continental crust s one of the hypotheses for DUPAL anomaly origin and our data support this assumption
Dubois-Dauphin, Quentin. "Restitution de l’hydrologie de l’Atlantique Nord-Est et de la Méditerranée occidentale depuis la dernière période glaciaire à partir de la composition isotopique du néodyme mesurée dans l’eau de mer et les coraux d’eau froide." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS114/document.
Full text: The purpose of this thesis is to constrain the hydrology of the North-East Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea since the last glacial period from neodymium isotopic composition (εNd) measured on seawater, cold water corals and foraminifera. In particular, hydrological changes of intermediate water masses (LIW, AAIW, MSW, mid-subtropical and subpolar gyre water) have been studied as their role on salt budget in North Atlantic and ultimately on AMOC are currently poorly constrained. This work has been conducted at times of major and abrupt hydrological changes that occurred during rapid climatic variations of the last glacial period (Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger events) and during the last sapropel deposit (S1) in eastern Mediterranean Sea. In a first step, we have improved the spatial distribution of water masses εNd values in North-east Atlantic and Alboran Sea, what is an absolute prerequisite in order to track past hydrological changes in these areas with εNd proxy. Next, we have highlighted a major change of the western Mediterranean circulation pattern during the sapropel S1 deposit, which is marked south of Sardinia by a strong reduction of eastern-sourced water masses (LIW) in favor of western-sourced water masses (WIW). This hydrological change as well as those occurring in Mediterranean Sea since the last glacial period was not associated with strong modifications of εNd values in Alboran and Balearic Sea, suggesting a stability of Nd isotopic signature of MOW over the time. This has highlighted, from an εNd record obtained on cold water corals in the Gulf of Cadiz, an enhanced contribution of more radiogenic AAIW and therefore a stronger northward penetration in North Atlantic at times of reduced AMOC linked to iceberg discharges from Northern Hemisphere ice sheets
Ayache, Mohamed. "Modélisation d’éléments traces (T, 3He, Nd, 14C) en mer Méditerranée pour l’étude des cycles biogéochimiques et de la circulation océanique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV138/document.
Full textUseful diagnostics of the ventilation of the ocean’s interior are derived from geochemical tracers characterized by simple boundary conditions at the ocean’s surface, and a conservative behavior in marine waters. In this thesis, we simulated explicitly some trace elements distribution in the Mediterranean to better constrain the thermohaline circulation and biogeochemical cycles. We used a high resolution physical/biogeochemical model NEMO-MED12-PISCES.The Mediterranean offers a particularly attractive setting for studying geochemical tracers. It’s a semi-enclosed basin, which makes it easier to quantify the various sources and sinks of the elements (atmospheric dust, rivers ...). In particular, we modeled tritium (3H), a transient tracer currently used for the study of the interannual variability of the thermohaline circulation. We also simulated helium isotopes (3He, 4He), useful tracers for investigating the deep ocean circulation.We have simulated the isotopic composition of neodymium (Nd), tracer adapted to investigate the exchanges between dissolved/particulate phases, with the continental margins, and to constrain the modern and paleo thermohaline circulation, as well as radiocarbon (14C), an ideal tracer for studying air-sea gas exchange and for assessing the ventilation rate of the deep water masses over very long timescales.This study is part of the work carried out to assess the robustness of the NEMO-MED12 model, which will be used to study the evolution of the climate and its effect on the biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, and to improve our ability to predict the future evolution of the Mediterranean Sea under the increasing anthropogenic pressure
Feneyrol, Julien. "Pétrologie, géochimie et genèse des gisements de tsavorite associés aux gneiss et roches calco-silicatées graphiteux de Lemshuku et Namalulu, Tanzanie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0348/document.
Full textTsavorite, a (V, Cr, Mn)-bearing green grossular, is hosted by graphitic gneisses or calc-silicates, often asssociated with dolomitic marbles, and belonging to the Metamorphic Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt. Tsavorite is found either as nodules or in quartz veins (primary deposits), or in placers (secondary deposits). The mineralogical study of tsavorites suggests a new protocol to certificate their geographical origin, based on the V/Cr ratio, Mn content and delta18O. The study of the Lemshuku and Namalulu deposits in Tanzania has shown that the metamorphism of organic matter-rich and evaporites-rich sedimentary protoliths occurred at P = 7.0 ± 0.4 kbar and T = 677 ± 14°C, at 634 ± 22 Ma (U-Th-Pb dating on monazite). The metamorphic series cooled down at around 500 Ma (40Ar-39Ar dating on muscovite). Two metasomatic stages are linked to the formation of tsavorite : (i) diffusion metasomatism forming nodules at P = 5.0-7.4 kbar and T = 580-691°C; (ii) calcitic infiltration metasomatism forming quartz veins at P = 3.6-4.9 kbar and T = 505-587°C. These last have been dated in situ with Sm-Nd dating at 606 ± 36 Ma. Continental evaporites, deposited in a coastal marine sabkha with (Si, Ca)-bearing sediments, transformed into tsavorite in the case of the nodules, while the molten salts are associated with the formation of the quartz veins. The mineralisations are controlled by lithostratigraphy and structure
Janin, Myriam. "Le plateau d'Amsterdam-St Paul : Caractérisation du point chaud éponyme et évolution de son interaction avec la dorsale Sud-est indienne." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592036.
Full textDuhamel, Maxence. "Restitution des changements de l’hydrologie des masses d’eaux intermédiaires et profondes de la Méditerranée au cours des derniers 145 ka à partir de la mesure de la composition isotopique du Nd de foraminifères Variations in eastern Mediterranean hydrology during the last climatic cycle as inferred from neodymium isotopes in foraminifera Changes in the intermediate water masses of the Mediterranean Sea during the last climatic cycle - new constraints from neodymium isotopes in foraminifera." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS120.
Full textThis thesis aims to advance our knowledge of the hydrology of the intermediate and deep water masses of the Mediterranean during the last climatic cycle (last 145 ka), and to constrain the ocean circulation models that allowed the deposition of organic matter-rich sediments (ENT and sapropels). The Nd isotopic composition (εNd) of foraminifera samples in cores located at intermediate and deep bathymetries of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Adriatic Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Levantine Basin were analyzed. This work allowed to highlight that the intermediate and deep waters of the Eastern Mediterranean are systematically more radiogenic during the glacial stadiums than during the interglacials. We have shown that these changes cannot be entirely attributed to variations in dust and river inputs from northern Africa but to significant changes in the amount of Atlantic (AW) water entering the Mediterranean. Periods of low sea ice levels are associated with a reduction in Atlantic water flows through the straits of Gibraltar and Siculo-Tunisia by inducing more radiogenic deep-water masses in the eastern Mediterranean. Superimposed on these glacial-interglacial fluctuations, African humid periods and sapropel deposits are systematically characterized by more radiogenic εNd values. This has been attributed to the cessation of deep convection of less radiogenic surface water associated with an increase in the contact time of deep-water bodies with radiogenic sediments from the continental margins of the Levantine basin. Our results highlight during terminations I and II an increase in the contribution of less salty water of North Atlantic origin (MAW) of around 55% which may have pre-conditioned the eastern Mediterranean several thousand years before the deposit S1 and S5 sapropels. A comparison of the εNd recordings obtained in the Eastern and Western basins over the last climate cycle shows a stronger gradient of εNd between the two basins at intermediate and deep depths during the glacial stadiums. This is consistent with a weaker water exchange across the Siculo-Tunisian Strait during periods of low sea ice. On the contrary, during the high sea levels of the interglacial periods, water exchanges are stronger between the two basins, inducing a transfer to the Tyrrhenian Sea of variations in the isotopic composition of Nd observed in the eastern Mediterranean. Thus, the African wet periods inducing a stratification of the water masses and the deposits of sapropels in the east, are associated with signatures of more radiogenic waters which are then transported by the LIW in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Superimposed on these orbital variations, rapid variations in εNd could be highlighted in the Corsica channel. Each cold event in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (Younger Dryas and Heinrich events) is characterized by a more radiogenic LIW in the Tyrrhenian Sea involving a reduction in the formation of intermediate water in the Gulf of Lion (linked to more strong freshwater inflows from the Atlantic during the Heinrich events) and / or a greater production of LIW in the eastern Mediterranean (linked to a cooling of the northern Mediterranean surface during the Heinrich events)
Carpentier, Marion. "Composition chimique des sédiments entrant dans la zone de subduction des Petites Antilles." Phd thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00187335.
Full textLes échantillons présentent une grande hétérogénéité lithologique correspondant globalement à un mélange en proportion variable entre une composante détritique et une composante biogénique (siliceuse ou carbonatée). De plus, au niveau du site 144, des niveaux très riches en matière organique (black shales) datant du Cénomanien supérieur au Santonien (~ 95 à 84 Ma) ont été forés. Ces formations correspondent à l'enregistrement des Oceanic Anoxic Events 2 et 3. Nous avons montré que la « dilution » variable de la fraction détritique par la composante biogénique est le facteur qui contrôle largement les variations de concentrations en éléments traces observées. De plus, nous avons révélé un enrichissement en U extrêmement important au sein des black shales du site 144. Les signatures isotopiques de l'Hf, du Nd et du Pb sont dominées par la composante détritique, alors que celle du Sr, dans le cas d'échantillons riches en carbonates est dominée par celle de l'eau de mer. Les sédiments des trois sites présentent des compositions isotopiques du Pb fortement radiogéniques par rapports aux sédiments océaniques « classiques », que nous avons associées à une forte contribution de matériel issu de l'altération des cratons guyanais et brésilien dans la composante détritique. De plus, la décroissance radioactive de l'U dans les black shales du site 144 a généré des rapports 206-207Pb/204Pb extrêmement radiogéniques.
Un mélange entre le manteau appauvri et les sédiments du site 543 reproduit les compositions isotopiques des laves de la partie nord de l'arc. Pour la partie sud de l'arc un mélange entre les sédiments les plus radiogéniques en Pb du site 144 et le manteau appauvri explique les compositions des laves des îles de la Martinique à Grenade. Une contribution croissante des black shales du nord vers le sud est nécessaire, et est de plus en accord avec l'augmentation du nord vers le sud de l'âge du plancher océanique subduit. Enfin, quelques sédiments de l'île de la Barbade présentent certaines caractéristiques compatibles avec leur implication dans la genèse des laves de la partie sud de l'arc.
Labou, Ibrahima. "Les complexes mafiques et ultramafiques birimiens de la ceinture de Mako (Sénégal oriental) témoins d'une évolution d'un domaine intra-océanique vers un domaine d'arc insulaire." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30306.
Full textThe isotopic and trace element data on rocks and minerals in the Birimian Mako region of Senegal reveal the existence of variously differentiated magmatic rocks (from ultramafic to rhyolite cumulates) from three perfectly identified magmatic sources: a more juvenile depleted source at the origin of the tholeiitic series 1; a weakly enriched source at the origin of the tholeiitic series 2 and a highly enriched source from which the calc-alkaline series originates. We can thus propose for the Mako group the following geodynamic evolution: i) opening of an ocean resulting in the emplacement of the rocks of the tholeiitic series 1 in the setting of an oceanic ridge, the rocks having characteristics close to the MORB ; ii) intra-oceanic subduction inducing magmatism leading to the formation of an immature insular arc which is characterized by a tholeiitic magmatism represented by the tholeiitic series 2; iii) Maturation of the insular arc and emplacement of rocks of the calc-alkaline series related to the subduction of the plate and thickening of the crustal portion of the arc
Carpentier, Marion. "Composition chimique des sédiments entrant dans la zone de subduction des Petites Antilles." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10153.
Full textLesser Antilles lavas display large chemical variability and their isotopic compositions suggest variable incorporation of old crustal material during their genesis. The Lesser Antilles arc is also characterized by a chemical zoning from north to south along the arc, and lavas from the southern islands generally display a more pronounced crustal fingerprint than northern lavas. The aim of the study is to determine whether a north-south chemical variation exists within the subducting sediment cover, and if potential change in the sediment compositions can explain the chemical variations observed in the lavas. We have undertaken a detailed geochemical study (major and trace elements, Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopes) of sedimentary flux potentially entering the subduction zones at different latitudes. Sampling includes sediments drilled at sites 543 (northern forearc) and 144 (extreme southern forearc) during DSDP Legs 78A and 14 respectively, and sediments from Barbados island (southern forearc). Samples display large lithological heterogeneity which can globally be explained by mixing in variable proportion of a detrital component and a biogenic one (carbonated or siliceous). Moreover, at site 144, some organic rich deposits (black shales) of upper Cenomanian to Santonian (~ 95 to 84 Ma) were drilled and correspond to sedimentary records of Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events 2 and 3. We have shown that variable dilution of detrital component by biogenic one is the main factor controlling the observed variations of trace element concentrations. Moreover, we have revealed an extremely important enrichment of U in site 144 black shales. Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic compositions of studied sediments mainly represent those of the detrital component, whereas Sr isotope ratios, in the case of carbonate rich sediments, are dominated by the seawater signature. Sediments from the three sites exhibit highly radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions if compared with other sediments localized in front of the other major subduction zones, due in part to the important input of detrital material derived from the Guyana and Brazilian Shields. Moreover, Cretaceous black shales from site 144, U-enriched, are characterized by extremely high Pb isotopes ratios due to radioactive decay of U. Mixing of depleted mantle with northern sediments (site 543) produce the isotopic compositions of lavas from the northern part of the arc. For the southern part of the arc, mixing of the depleted mantle and sediments from site 144 explain the compositions of lavas from the islands of Martinique to Grenada. An increase of black shales contribution from north to south is necessary and in agreement with the increasing age of subducting Atlantic crust from north to south along the Lesser Antilles trench. Finally, some sediments of Barbados island associated with sediments like those from site 543 may represent the appropriated sedimentary end member to explain isotopic composition of southern island lavas
BERGEON, MURIELE. "Etude et realisation de microlasers declenches et de microlasers balayes en longueur d'onde, compatibles avec un procede de fabrication collectif." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10248.
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