Journal articles: 'Isotope geology South Australia Gawler Craton'

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Reid, Anthony, Richard Flint, Roland Maas, Katherine Howard, and Elena Belousova. "Geochronological and isotopic constraints on Palaeoproterozoic skarn base metal mineralisation in the central Gawler Craton, South Australia." Ore Geology Reviews 36, no. 4 (December 2009): 350–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2009.09.001.

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Tiddy, Caroline, Diana Zivak, June Hill, David Giles, Jim Hodgkison, Mitchell Neumann, and Adrienne Brotodewo. "Monazite as an Exploration Tool for Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold Mineralisation in the Gawler Craton, South Australia." Minerals 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080809.

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The chemistry of hydrothermal monazite from the Carrapateena and Prominent Hill iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits in the IOCG-rich Gawler Craton, South Australia, is used here to define geochemical criteria for IOCG exploration in the Gawler Craton as follows: Monazite associated with IOCG mineralisation: La + Ce > 63 wt% (where La > 22.5 wt% and Ce > 37 wt%), Y and/or Th < 1 wt% and Nd < 12.5 wt%; Intermediate composition monazite (between background and ore-related compositions): 45 wt% < La + Ce < 63 wt%, Y and/or Th < 1 wt%. Intermediate monazite compositions preserving Nd > 12.5 wt% are considered indicative of Carrapateena-style mineralisation; Background compositions: La + Ce < 45 wt% or Y or Th > 1 wt%. Mineralisation-related monazite compositions are recognised within monazite hosted within cover sequence materials that directly overly IOCG mineralisation at Carrapateena. Similar observations have been made at Prominent Hill. Recognition of these signatures within cover sequence materials demonstrates that the geochemical signatures can survive processes of weathering, erosion, transport and redeposition into younger cover sequence materials that overlie older, mineralised basement rocks. The monazite geochemical signatures therefore have the potential to be dispersed within the cover sequence, effectively increasing the geochemical footprint of mineralisation.

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Fraser, G. L., R. G. Skirrow, A. Schmidt-Mumm, and O. Holm. "Mesoproterozoic Gold in the Central Gawler Craton, South Australia: Geology, Alteration, Fluids, and Timing." Economic Geology 102, no. 8 (December 1, 2007): 1511–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.8.1511.

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Curtis, Stacey, and Stephan Thiel. "Identifying lithospheric boundaries using magnetotellurics and Nd isotope geochemistry: An example from the Gawler Craton, Australia." Precambrian Research 320 (January 2019): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.11.013.

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Schmidt Mumm, Andreas, and Frank Reith. "Biomediation of calcrete at the gold anomaly of the Barns prospect, Gawler Craton, South Australia." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 92, no. 1 (January 2007): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2006.06.003.

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Brotodewo, Adrienne, Caroline Tiddy, Diana Zivak, Adrian Fabris, David Giles, Shaun Light, and Ben Forster. "Recognising Mineral Deposits from Cover; A Case Study Using Zircon Chemistry in the Gawler Craton, South Australia." Minerals 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11090916.

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Detrital zircon grains preserved within clasts and the matrix of a basal diamictite sequence directly overlying the Carrapateena IOCG deposit in the Gawler Craton, South Australia are shown here to preserve U–Pb ages and geochemical signatures that can be related to underlying mineralisation. The zircon geochemical signature is characterised by elevated heavy rare-earth element fractionation values (GdN/YbN ≥ 0.15) and high Eu ratios (Eu/Eu* ≥ 0.6). This geochemical signature has previously been recognised within zircon derived from within the Carrapateena orebody and can be used to distinguish zircon associated with IOCG mineralisation from background zircon preserved within stratigraphically equivalent regionally unaltered and altered samples. The results demonstrate that zircon chemistry is preserved through processes of weathering, erosion, transport, and incorporation into cover sequence materials and, therefore, may be dispersed within the cover sequence, effectively increasing the geochemical footprint of the IOCG mineralisation. The zircon geochemical criteria have potential to be applied to whole-rock geochemical data for the cover sequence diamictite in the Carrapateena area; however, this requires understanding of the presence of minerals that may influence the HREE fractionation (GdN/YbN) and/or Eu/Eu* results (e.g., xenotime, feldspar).

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Lintern, M. J., M. J. Sheard, and A. R. Chivas. "The source of pedogenic carbonate associated with gold-calcrete anomalies in the western Gawler Craton, South Australia." Chemical Geology 235, no. 3-4 (December 2006): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.08.001.

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Ferguson, Matthew R. M., Kathy Ehrig, and Sebastien Meffre. "Insights into magma histories through silicate-oxide crystal clusters: Linking the Hiltaba Suite intrusive rocks to the Gawler Range Volcanics, Gawler Craton, South Australia." Precambrian Research 321 (February 2019): 103–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.11.015.

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Petersson, Andreas, Anthony I. S. Kemp, and Martin J. Whitehouse. "A Yilgarn seed to the Pilbara Craton (Australia)? Evidence from inherited zircons." Geology 47, no. 11 (September 25, 2019): 1098–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46696.1.

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Abstract Knowledge of the age and compositional architecture of Archean cratonic lithosphere is critical for models of geodynamics and continental growth on early Earth, but can be difficult to unravel from the exposed geology. We report the occurrence of numerous >3.7 Ga zircon crystals in 3.45 Ga rhyolites of the eastern Pilbara Craton (Western Australia), which preserve evidence for an Eoarchean meta-igneous component in the deep Pilbara crust. This inherited zircon population shares similar and distinctive age and Hf-O isotope characteristics with the oldest gneissic components of the Yilgarn Craton ∼500 km farther south, suggesting a common ca. 3.75 Ga felsic crustal nucleus to these two Archean granite-greenstone terranes. We infer a pivotal role for such ‘seeds’ in facilitating the growth and persistence of Archean continental lithosphere.

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Gloyn-Jones, Jonathan Nicholas, Ian James Basson, Ben Stoch, Corné Koegelenberg, and Michael-John McCall. "Integration of Stress–Strain Maps in Mineral Systems Targeting for IOCG Mineralisation within the Mt. Woods Inlier, Gawler Craton, South Australia." Minerals 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12060699.

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The application of finite element analysis is used to simulate the relative distribution and magnitude of stress–strain conditions during a geologically brief, NNW-SSE-oriented, extensional event (1595 Ma to 1590 Ma), co-incident with IOCG-hydrothermal fluid flow and mineralisation across the Mt Woods Inlier, Gawler Craton, South Australia. Differential stress and shear strain maps across the modelled terrane highlight regions that were predisposed to strain localization, extensional failure and fluid throughput during the simulated mineralisation event. These maps are integrated with other datasets and interpretation layers, one of which is a proposed structural–geometrical relationship apparent in many world-class IOCG deposits, including Prominent Hill, Olympic Dam, Sossego, Salobo, Cristalino and Candelaria. These deposits occur at steeply plunging, pipe-like intersections of conjugate extensional systems of faults, shears and/or contacts, wherein the obtuse angle may have been bisected by the maximum principal extensional axis (viz., σ3) during mineralisation. Several other layers are also used for the generation of targets, such as distance from major shear zones, favourable host lithologies, and proximity to tectonostratigraphic contacts of markedly contrasting competency. The result is an integrated target index or heat map for IOCG prospectively across the Mt. Woods Inlier.

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Zang, Wen-Long. "Deposition and deformation of late Archaean sediments and preservation of microfossils in the Harris Greenstone Domain, Gawler Craton, South Australia." Precambrian Research 156, no. 1-2 (June 2007): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.03.002.

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12

Halpin, Jacqueline A., and Anthony J. Reid. "Earliest Paleoproterozoic high-grade metamorphism and orogenesis in the Gawler Craton, South Australia: The southern cousin in the Rae family?" Precambrian Research 276 (May 2016): 123–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.02.001.

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13

Skirrow, R. G., E. N. Bastrakov, K. Barovich, G. L. Fraser, R. A. Creaser, C. M. Fanning, O. L. Raymond, and G. J. Davidson. "Timing of Iron Oxide Cu-Au-(U) Hydrothermal Activity and Nd Isotope Constraints on Metal Sources in the Gawler Craton, South Australia." Economic Geology 102, no. 8 (December 1, 2007): 1441–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.8.1441.

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Glorie, Stijn, James W. Hall, Angus Nixon, Alan S. Collins, and Anthony Reid. "Carboniferous fault reactivation at the northern margin of the metal-rich Gawler Craton (South Australia): Implications for ore deposit exhumation and preservation." Ore Geology Reviews 115 (December 2019): 103193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103193.

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Reid, Anthony J., Elizabeth A. Jagodzinski, Geoffrey L. Fraser, and Mark J. Pawley. "SHRIMP U–Pb zircon age constraints on the tectonics of the Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic transition within the Mulgathing Complex, Gawler Craton, South Australia." Precambrian Research 250 (September 2014): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2014.05.013.

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Kelka, Ulrich, Cericia Martinez, Carmen Krapf, Stefan Westerlund, Ignacio Gonzalez-Alvarez, Mark Pawley, and Clive Foss. "Establishing an integrated workflow identifying and linking surface and subsurface lineaments for mineral exploration under cover: example from the Gawler Craton, South Australia." Solid Earth 13, no. 4 (April 29, 2022): 827–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-827-2022.

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Abstract. Mineral exploration in areas comprising thick and complex cover represents an intrinsic challenge. Cost- and time-efficient methods that help to narrow down exploration areas are therefore of particular interest to the Australian mining industry and for mineral exploration worldwide. Based on a case study around the Tarcoola gold mine in the regolith-dominated South Australian central Gawler Craton, we suggest an exploration targeting workflow based on the joint analysis of surface and subsurface lineaments. The datasets utilised in this study are a digital elevation model and radiometric data that represent surface signals and total magnetic intensity and gravity attributed to subsurface signals. We compare automatically and manually mapped lineament sets derived from remotely sensed data. In order to establish an integrated concept for exploration through cover based on the best-suited lineament data, we will point out the most striking differences between the automatically and manually detected lineaments and compare the datasets that represent surficial in contrast to subsurface structures. We further show how lineaments derived from surface and subsurface datasets can be combined to obtain targeting maps that help to narrow down areas for mineral exploration. We propose that target areas are represented by high lineament densities which are adjacent to regions comprising high density of lineament intersections.

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Rodger, Andrew, Adrian Fabris, and Carsten Laukamp. "Feature Extraction and Clustering of Hyperspectral Drill Core Measurements to Assess Potential Lithological and Alteration Boundaries." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020136.

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A workflow incorporating hyperspectral reflectance data, hull corrections, absorption feature extraction and clustering is presented. The workflow is applied to dense hyperspectral datasets, as collected by hyperspectral drill core logging systems. The extracted absorption features of the reflectance spectra collected from drill cores are shown to form assemblage clusters when plotting the wavelength position of the first, second and third deepest absorption features in two and three dimensions. Using an unsupervised clustering method to establish clusters based on the extracted absorption features yields viewable down hole distributions of similar mineral assemblages. The proposed workflow has the potential for the rapid identification of differing lithologies, alteration and/or weathering overprints. Application of the workflow with no a-priori assumptions about the composition of the potential mineral assemblages provides a means of generating an informative overview of the dataset that is not biased or constrained by preconceptions. The workflow can easily be added to the current workflows of geologists whom are working with dense hyperspectral data to provide an overview of the potential down hole mineral assemblages and aid in the visual logging process or assist in quickly identifying areas for more detailed observation. Furthermore, key mineralogical parameters for resource characterisation, such as the presence of clay minerals can be assessed in a cost and time efficient manner. The proposed workflow is applied to spectra collected from four different drill cores collected in the Gawler Craton located in South Australia and demonstrates the potential outlined above.

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MA, XIAO, KUNGUANG YANG, and ALI POLAT. "U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from pre-Devonian sequences along the southeast Yangtze: a link to the final assembly of East Gondwana." Geological Magazine 156, no. 06 (August 22, 2018): 950–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756818000511.

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AbstractThe Early Palaeozoic geology of the South China Craton (SCC) is characterized by an Early Palaeozoic intracontinental orogen with folded pre-Devonian strata and migmatites, MP/MT metamorphic rocks and Silurian post-orogenic peraluminous magmatic rocks in both the Yangtze and the Cathaysia blocks. In this contribution, we present new zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope data for detrital zircons from the Neoproterozoic to Silurian sedimentary sequences in the southeastern Yangtze Block. Samples from Neoproterozoic rocks generally display a major peak at 900–560 Ma, whereas samples from Lower Palaeozoic rocks are characterized by several broader peaks within the age ranges 600–410 Ma, 1100–780 Ma, 1.6–1.2 Ga and 2.8–2.5 Ga. Provenance analysis indicates that the 900–630 Ma detritus in Cryogenian to Ediacaran samples was derived from the Late Neoproterozoic igneous rocks in South China that acted as an internal source. The occurrence of 620–560 Ma detritus indicates the SE Yangtze was associated with Late Neoproterozoic arc volcanism along the north margin of East Gondwana. The change of provenance resulted in the deposition of 550–520 Ma and 1.1–0.9 Ga detrital zircons in the Cambrian–Ordovician sedimentary rocks. The εHf(t) values of these detrital zircons are similar to those of zircons from NW Australia–Antarctica and South India. This change of provenance in the Cambrian can be attributed to the intracontinental subduction between South China and South Qiangtang, and the convergence of India and Australia when East Gondwana finally amalgamated.

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Reid, Anthony. "The Olympic Cu-Au Province, Gawler Craton: A Review of the Lithospheric Architecture, Geodynamic Setting, Alteration Systems, Cover Successions and Prospectivity." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060371.

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The Olympic Cu-Au Province is a metallogenic province in South Australia that contains one of the world’s most significant Cu-Au-U resources in the Olympic Dam deposit. The Olympic Cu-Au Province also hosts a range of other iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits including Prominent Hill and Carrapateena. This paper reviews the geology of the Olympic Cu-Au Province by investigating the lithospheric architecture, geodynamic setting and alteration systematics. In addition, since the province is almost entirely buried by post-mineral cover, the sedimentary cover sequences are also reviewed. The Olympic Cu-Au Province formed during the early Mesoproterozoic, ca. 1.6 Ga and is co-located with a fundamental lithospheric boundary in the eastern Gawler Craton. This metallogenic event was driven in part by melting of a fertile, metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle during a major regional tectonothermal event. Fluid evolution and multiple fluid mixing resulted in alteration assemblages that range from albite, magnetite and other higher temperature minerals to lower temperature assemblages such as hematite, sericite and chlorite. IOCG mineralisation is associated with both high and low temperature assemblages, however, hematite-rich IOCGs are the most economically significant. Burial by Mesoproterzoic and Neoproterozoic-Cambrian sedimentary successions preserved the Olympic Cu-Au Province from erosion, while also providing a challenge for mineral exploration in the region. Mineral potential modelling identifies regions within the Olympic Cu-Au Province and adjacent Curnamona Province that have high prospects for future IOCG discoveries. Exploration success will rely on improvements in existing potential field and geochemical data, and be bolstered by new 3D magnetotelluric surveys. However, drilling remains the final method for discovery of new mineral resources.

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Keyser, William, Cristiana L. Ciobanu, Kathy Ehrig, Marija Dmitrijeva, Benjamin P. Wade, Liam Courtney-Davies, Max Verdugo-Ihl, and Nigel J. Cook. "Skarn-style alteration in Proterozoic metasedimentary protoliths hosting IOCG mineralization: the Island Dam Prospect, South Australia." Mineralium Deposita, February 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01096-1.

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AbstractNew mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological data are presented for the Island Dam prospect, Olympic Cu-Au Province, South Australia. Skarn assemblages comprising actinolite/phlogopite + K-feldspar + magnetite suggest the presence of calcareous protoliths at Island Dam and indicate high-temperature alkali-calcic alteration in the early stages of IOCG mineralization, as seen in other deposits in the region. Dating of lamellar hematite intergrown with Cu-Fe-sulfides allows the timing of the alteration-mineralization event to be constrained at 1594 ± 28 Ma, contemporaneous with the ~ 1.59 Ga IOCG mineralization event recorded across the eastern Gawler Craton. The host metasedimentary sequence can be correlated to the Wallaroo Group based on lithology and fabrics, and stratigraphically by an underlying ~ 1850 Ma Donington Suite granite and the new U–Pb ages for superimposed mineralization. Oscillatory zoned silician magnetite in skarn displays a trace element signature comparable to that observed in the outer shell of the Olympic Dam deposit and the nearby Wirrda Well prospect and is consistent with early stages of IOCG mineralization. The geochemical signatures of hematite from skarn and banded Fe-rich metasedimentary rocks share a common enrichment in W, Sn, Mo, Th, and U seen in hematite from IOCG-style mineralization across the Gawler Craton. Relative enrichment in As, Sb, Ni, and Co is, however, specific to iron-oxides from banded Fe-rich metasedimentary rocks. These features can be attributed to pre-existing iron-rich lithologies.

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Liu, Qian, Guochun Zhao, Jianhua Li, Jinlong Yao, Yigui Han, Peng Wang, and Toshiaki Tsunogae. "Provenance of early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Altyn Tagh orogen: Insights into the paleoposition of the Tarim craton in northern Gondwana associated with final closure of the Proto−Tethys Ocean." GSA Bulletin, June 30, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35576.1.

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The evolution of the northern margin of Gondwana, especially to the north of India and Australia, remains enigmatic. Much controversy concerns when and where the Tarim craton was amalgamated with northern Gondwana due to final closure of the North and South Altyn Oceans (two branches of the Proto−Tethys Ocean between southeastern Tarim and northern Gondwana). This study addressed these issues through systematic field-based zircon U-Pb dating and Hf-isotope analyses of early Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Altyn Tagh orogen. New dating results reveal depositional ages from ca. 494 to 426 Ma. Provenance tracing indicates the ca. 494−477 Ma samples were dominantly sourced from local Altyn Tagh areas to the south of the North Altyn Ocean, whereas the ca. 465−449 Ma samples are characterized by a significant increase in ca. 2.7−2.4 Ga, 2.0−1.7 Ga, and 840−780 Ma detrital zircons, indicating an augmented supply of detritus from the Tarim craton to the north of the North Altyn Ocean. This change indicates a major provenance shift from a single to multiple source regions between ca. 477 and 465 Ma, marking the timing of the final closure of the North Altyn Ocean. Zircon U-Pb and Hf-isotopic data from the ca. 444−426 Ma samples resemble those from the ca. 465−449 Ma samples, suggesting local sediment recycling related to a postcollisional regime. Considering the South Altyn Ocean and other branches of the Proto−Tethys Ocean, we infer that the entire Proto−Tethys Ocean might have been progressively closed at ca. 500−420 Ma, leading to the amalgamation of most East Asian blocks with northern Gondwana. Detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf-isotope comparisons indicate that Tarim shared a North Indian affinity with many East Asian terranes (such as North Qilian, North Qinling, South China, Indochina, South Qiangtang, etc.), rather than with Arabia-Iran or other terranes (e.g., Lhasa and Sibumasu) that were adjacent to western Australia along the northern margin of Gondwana.

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Yang, Bo, Alan S. Collins, Morgan L. Blades, Tim J. Munson, Justin L. Payne, Stijn Glorie, and Juraj Farkaš. "Tectonic controls on sedimentary provenance and basin geography of the Mesoproterozoic Wilton package, McArthur Basin, northern Australia." Geological Magazine, December 23, 2020, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756820001223.

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Abstract The c. 1.5–1.3 Ga Wilton package, the upper succession of the greater McArthur Basin, preserves detailed tectono-sedimentary evidence for the Mesoproterozoic evolution of the North Australian Craton (NAC). In addition, it is a valuable global sedimentary repository for the poorly explored Mesoproterozoic. New detrital zircon U–Pb age and Lu–Hf isotope data, collected from multiple, geographically separated, basins that make up the Wilton package, are compiled with previously published data to illuminate the basin evolution. The spatial and temporal variation in sedimentary provenance illustrates two major geographic changes that correspond to continent-scale tectonic convulsions of the NAC during the Mesoproterozoic. The first is shown by the influx of sediment sourced from east and southeast terranes. This is linked to rifting between Proterozoic Australia and Laurentia at c. 1.45 Ga, resulting in the uplift of the eastern margin of the NAC–SAC (South Australian Craton). The second basin geographic change is illustrated by a flux of southerly-sourced detritus that is interpreted to be tectonically driven by the uplift of the southern NAC, during the subduction/closure of the Mirning Ocean at c. 1.32 Ga. Spatially, sediment in the Wilton package is separated into two depositional systems: sedimentary rocks within the Birrindudu Basin, the western component of the Wilton package, have different detrital signatures relative to other Wilton package successions found east of the Daly Waters Fault Zone, in the Beetaloo Sub-basin, the McArthur Basin and the South Nicholson Basin. The Daly Waters Fault Zone is interpreted as an ancient bathymetric high, blocking sediment transport. Although they differ in sources, rocks in both the Birrindudu Basin and the eastern Wilton package record coeval shifts of basin provenance to southern sources. The coherent evolution of basin provenance indicates a consistent tectono-sedimentation history, and links the Birrindudu Basin and the other Wilton successions in a tectonic framework.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Isotope geology South Australia Gawler Craton'

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