Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Isopet II de Paris'

La formation et le remodelage des jonctions intercellulaires sont essentiels pour de nombreux processus biologiques tels que la compaction et la morphogenèse de l’embryon, la formation et la cicatrisation des tissus, le maintien de l’homéostasie tissulaire. Il est maintenant bien décrit que la myosine II non musculaire (NMII) agit comme un générateur de force et un support mécanique pour les jonctions adherens (E-cadhérine-dépendantes) lors de la migration collective et de la morphogenèse. Cependant, la contribution de NMII pendant les premières étapes de la formation de jonctions adherens reste mal connue, probablement en raison de la difficulté technique à capter un tel évènement transitoire mais complexe. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié le rôle des isoformes non musculaires de la myosine II (NMIIA et NMIIB) au cours de la biogenèse des jonctions adherens dans les cellules MDCK, en utilisant une approche réductionniste in vitro. Cette approche, basée sur l’utilisation de substrats de culture micropatternés, chimiquement activables, mais permit un contrôle spatio-temporel de la formation des contacts intercellulaires. Mes travaux montrent que les cellules forment des contacts irréversibles base de E-cadhérine. L’élongation de ces contacts est accompagnée de la repolarisation du cytosquelette d’actine et de l’axe noyau-centrosome. En utilisant des shRNA spécifiques aux isoformes NMIIA et IIB, j’ai montré que ces deux isoformes ont contributions distinctes la formation et la dynamique des jonctions. NMIIA et NMIIB régulent différemment la biogenèse des jonctions par association avec des réseaux d'actine distincts. L'analyse de la dynamique des jonctions, de l'organisation de l'actine et des forces mécaniques a révélé que NMIIA fournit la force de traction mécanique nécessaire au renforcement et la maintenance des jonctions cellulaires. Le NMIIB est impliquée dans le clustering de la E-cadhérine, le maintien d'une couche d'actine branchée reliant les complexes de cadhérine et les fibres d'actine péri-jonctionnelles conduisant la création d'un stress mécanique anisotrope. Ces données révèlent des fonctions complémentaires imprévues de NMIIA et NMIIB dans la biogenèse et l'intégrité des jonctions adherens
Adherens junction formation and remodeling is essential for many biological processes like embryo compaction, tissue morphogenesis and wound healing. It is now well described that non-muscle myosin II (NMII) acts as a mechanical support and force-generator for E-cadherin junctions during collective migration and morphogenesis. However, the contribution of NMII during early steps of junction formation remains obscure, probably because of the technical difficulty to catch such a transient event. In this work, we investigate the role of non-muscle myosin II isoforms (NMIIA and NMIIB) during adherens junction biogenesis in MDCK cells, using an in vitro reductionist approach. This system, based on chemically switchable micropatterns allows a spatio-temporal control of adherens junction formation. Our observations on MDCK cells show that the cells form irreversible E-cadherin based contacts, junction elongation is accompanied by the repolarization of actin cytoskeleton and nucleus-centrosome axis. Using isoform-specific ShRNA for NMIIA and IIB, we show that they have distinct contributions to junction formation and dynamics. NMIIA and NMIIB differentially regulate biogenesis of AJ through association with distinct actin networks. Analysis of junction dynamics, actin organization, and mechanical forces of control and knockdown cells for myosins revealed that NMIIA provides the mechanical tugging force necessary for cell-cell junction reinforcement and maintenance. NMIIB is involved in E-cadherin clustering, maintenance of a branched actin layer connecting E-cadherin complexes and perijunctional actin fibres leading to the building-up of anisotropic stress. These data reveal unanticipated complementary functions of NMIIA and NMIIB in the biogenesis and integrity of AJ

Les dépôts littéraires regroupent des livres nationalisés de corps ou communautés supprimés et ceux confisqués à des émigrés ou condamnés. La thèse se compose de quatre parties: 1 ° Orchestrer les entrées de livres dans les dépôts littéraires: l'importance géostratégique de leur implantation illustre leur rôle d'intermédiaire entre anciens propriétaires et futurs possesseurs. L'organisation matérielle et la segmentation des espaces des dépôts sont conditionnées par la nature des travaux et la hiérarchisation des fonctions. 2° Acteurs et tutelles du projet: le personnel, chargé d'inventorier et de déplacer les livres, est majoritairement constitué d'hommes de lettres, reconvertis dans le nouveau service public de l'Instruction. L'intégration à la fonction publique leur assure un salaire minimum et témoigne de la reconnaissance de leurs compétences. La fonctionnarisation des personnels et l'institutionnalisation des dépôts littéraires reflètent l'importance politique du projet de redistribution des livres acquis à la Nation. 3° Une science en héritage, la bibliographie : les dépôts permettent la transition entre une opération de recensement et un instrument de péréquation. 4° Les destinations des livres des dépôts littéraires : la fonction des dépôts consiste à trier les livres qu'ils contiennent puis à leur donner la meilleure des destinations possibles, soit par la vente des ouvrages inutiles, soit par la mise à disposition des ouvrages utiles auprès d'établissements ou d'organes publics. La répartition s'opère suivant une politique de la demande, fondée sur un principe d'équité et déterminée par le domaine de spécialité et le rang institutionnel des destinataires
The depots are established to put together the books nationalized or confiscated from religious communities after their suppression but also from émigrés and condemned persons. This thesis is composed of four parts: 1 ° Organize the intlux of books in the depots : they are put up in strategic places, to facilitate the movements of books between former owners and future possessors. The types of work and the different functions determine the material organisation and the segmentation of inner spaces. 2° Actors and supervision of the project: former men of letters are employed by the public service of state education to make the inventories and move the books. As employees of the State, the payment of salaries is guaranteed and their skills acknowledged. The institutionalization of the depots retlects the political importance of the project of redistribution of the books. 3° Bibliography, an inherited science : the depots allow the transition between an operation of inventory to an instrument of perequation. 4° The destinations of the books of the depots: the function of the depots is to determine the best purpose possible, either by selling the useless books or by putting the useful ones at the disposaI of public establishments or organs of govemment. The books are shared out according to the institutional position of the future possessors

Cette etude analyse, a l echelon paroissial, la nature et la portee de l aggiornamento conciliaire, avant la crise socio-religieuse de mai 1968, a partir de la presse paroissiale et de temoignages de pretres parisiens. La premiere partie traite de la societe paroissiale. Un nouveau modele clerical s affirme avec la reforme tardives seminaires sulpiciens, l etablissement progressif d une vie d equipe et d institutions de concertation, sans affecter le statut des cures de paris. L "option missionnaire" adoptee en 1967 veut demanteler la paroisse d oeuvres qui a entame sa mue communautaire. La seconde partie aborde les reformes conciliaires qui trouvent a paris un terrain prepare. Messe en francais, profession de foi liturgie penitentielle, oecumenisme sont bien acceptes. Les exigences d une partie du clerge heurtent la sensibilite populaire sur fond d evolution de la piete. La troisieme partie montre la permanence de l intransigeantisme dans le discours social paroissial
This paper analyzes, at parish level, the nature and scope of the conciliar aggiornamento, prior to the social religious crisis of may 1968, from the scrutiny of the parochial press and the testimonies of paris priests. The first part reviews parochial society. A new clerical model emerges through the belated reform of the st-sulpice seminaries, the gradual institution of a team lifestyle and concerting bodies, but the priestly status is unchanged. The "missionary policy" adopted in 1967 aims at dismantling the parish as a charitable institution, despite the resultant community lifestyle. The second part reviews the conciliar reforms which were welcomed in paris : mass in french, profession of faith penitential liturgy, ecumenism. Some priests shock the faithful on a background of change in piety. The third part shows the pervading "integralism" (cf. E. Poulat) of the social doctrine
Cette etude analyse, a l echelon paroissial, la nature et la portee de l aggiornamento conciliaire, avant la crise socio-religieuse de mai 1968, a partir de la presse paroissiale et de temoignages de pretres parisiens. La premiere partie traite de la societe paroissiale. Un nouveau modele clerical s affirme avec la reforme tardives seminaires sulpiciens, l etablissement progressif d une vie d equipe et d institutions de concertation, sans affecter le statut des cures de paris. L "option missionnaire" adoptee en 1967 veut demanteler la paroisse d oeuvres qui a entame sa mue communautaire. La seconde partie aborde les reformes conciliaires qui trouvent a paris un terrain prepare. Messe en francais, profession de foi liturgie penitentielle, oecumenisme sont bien acceptes. Les exigences d une partie du clerge heurtent la sensibilite populaire sur fond d evolution de la piete. La troisieme partie montre la permanence de l intransigeantisme dans le discours social paroissial
This paper analyzes, at parish level, the nature and scope of the conciliar aggiornamento, prior to the social religious crisis of may 1968, from the scrutiny of the parochial press and the testimonies of paris priests. The first part reviews parochial society. A new clerical model emerges through the belated reform of the st-sulpice seminaries, the gradual institution of a team lifestyle and concerting bodies, but the priestly status is unchanged. The "missionary policy" adopted in 1967 aims at dismantling the parish as a charitable institution, despite the resultant community lifestyle. The second part reviews the conciliar reforms which were welcomed in paris : mass in french, profession of faith penitential liturgy, ecumenism. Some priests shock the faithful on a background of change in piety. The third part shows the pervading "integralism" (cf. E. Poulat) of the social doctrine

This thesis examines Marlowe‘s interest in the representation of European religion and politics in three selected plays. The Jew of Malta (c. 1590), The Massacre at Paris (c. 1592) and Edward II (c. 1592) consider various aspects of Protestant/Catholic clashes, anti-Catholic sentiment, and elaborate on Machiavellian policies during the late Elizabethan period. The relationship between England and France is governed by many factors. Responses towards Mary, Queen of Scots and to Elizabeth‘s proposed marriage to Anjou can be considered part of this relationship, whereas the representation of France and the French can be assessed by exploring Marlowe‘s texts, Holinshed‘s Chronicles and Foxe‘s Books of Martyrs. The reaction of the Elizabethan state to Catholics is governed by mutual interest and shared benefits, and not necessarily hatred. Marlowe‘s The Massacre at Paris contains similarities and differences with two French plays written by Pierre Mathieu (La Guisiade 1589) and Chantelouve (Coligny 1575). The plays will be analyzed with reference to characters, interests, and themes. Minions will be investigated in terms of their influence on the political order. Anti-catholic sentiment is clearly demonstrated. The Jew of Malta presents a variety of Machiavelli‘s thoughts, whether stated in Machiavelli‘s books or understood by Marlowe‘s contemporaries. Religious conflict between the two most prominent characters of Marlowe‘s play is manifested. Barabas‘ resistance to Ferneze is used to show the Catholic tyranny of Ferneze. Ferneze‘s tyranny is strongly associated with Machiavellianism, encouraging the investigation of themes such as policy, dominance, power and villainy. Political theories in Edward II could be seen to have parallels in the Elizabethan court. Marlowe‘s interest in Elizabethan politics is apparent in the topics of opposition to the ruler and of despotism. Minions, again, are presented as causing disorder and instability, whereas Mortimer appears to adopt Machiavellian statecraft. Religious antagonism is a relatively minor theme in this play, but remains a factor in Marlowe‘s political thought.

Mestrado em Engenharia Mecânica
A delaminagem é um dos modos de rotura mais frequentes dos laminados compósitos, e que é geralmente tratado no âmbito da Mecânica da Fratura. Tem havido recentemente interesse crescente na caraterização do comportamento à delaminagem sob fadiga. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a delaminagem sob fadiga em modo II de laminados carbono/epóxido. Para isso recorreu-se a ensaios End-Notched Flexure (ENF) sob deslocamentos cíclicos impostos. Os ensaios foram realizados numa máquina de baixo custo desenvolvida no Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da Universidade de Aveiro. Os resultados obtidos revelaram-se consistentes com a bem conhecida Lei de Paris, que relaciona a taxa de propagação da fenda com a variação da taxa de libertação de energia de deformação. Foi ainda possível obter valores aproximados do chamado limiar de fadiga.
Delamination is one of the most common damage modes of laminated composites. It is usually analysed within the scope of Fracture Mechanics. Recently, there has been growing interest in the characterization of fatigue driven delamination. The main objective of the present work was to study the mode II delamination under fatigue of carbon/epoxy laminates through End-Notched Flexure (ENF) tests under imposed cyclic displacements. The tests were conducted on a low cost machine developed at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Aveiro. The results proved to be consistent with well-known Paris law, which relates the crack propagation rate with the variation of the strain-energy release rate. It was also possible to obtain approximate fatigue thresholds.

Ce travail de recherche approfondit un thème particulier de l’enseignement théologique dispensé à la Faculté de Théologie de Paris durant la première moitié du XVIIe siècle, enseignement tenu – après la réforme de Francisco de Vitoria à Salamanque – sur la Summa de Thomas d’Aquin, qui avait désormais remplacé dans toute l’Europe les Sententiae de Pierre Lombard comme texte officiel des cours. Dans ce travail de recherche, l'attention est concentrée en particulier sur les commentaires à la Quaestio secunda, De Deo, an Deus sit, de la Summa Theologiae de Thomas D’Aquin. En ce qui concerne la délimitation chronologique de la thèse, on a choisi les deux dates suivantes: 1600 comme terme a quo; à cette date remonte l'ordonnance des nouveaux statuts de l'Université de Paris ad opera du pouvoir royal; 1642, l’année de la mort du Cardinal de Richelieu, comme terme ad quem. Je présente ici le plan général de ma thèse: dans l’Introduction, on commencer par donner quelque dates concernant le contexte académique sorboniste de cette époque-là. En second lieu, l'attention est concentrée sur les figures des professeurs qui commentaient à la même époque la Quaestio II de la Summa theologiae (en appendice à l’introduction je donnerai des fiches biobliographiques complètes de ces magistri). Il s’agit là du cadre préliminaire qui sera suivi d’une analyse plus approfondie des trois docteurs précités, à qui on à été consacré les trois chapitres de la thèse, dans lesquels on analyse les cours, aussi bien manuscrits que publiés, qu’ils tinrent en Sorbonne
The aim of this thesis is to give a historic reconstruction of the context of the Theology faculty of the Sorbonne. The principal source for this reconstruction are the theology courses held by Nicolas Ysambert, André Du Val, Philippe de Gamache, three Sorbionan Professors. This work analyze in details the commentaries of the three Professors on the Quaestio II, An Deus sit, of the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas. My thesis is made up of two volumes. The volume I contains, after an introduction and some biographical profiles of the others Sorbonian Professors who tought in the same period, three chapters followed by a conclusion, a bibliography. The volume II contains the partial transcription of the course In primam partem divi Thomae annotata held by André Du Val, in 1604 (Ms. 266-I), and photographic material of this; reproduction of the second exemplar of this course. Photographic material of the P. De Gamaches' commentary on the Quaestio II of the Summa Theologiae (in the Summa theologica published in 1627) and photographic material of his course held in a. A. 1614-1615 (Commentarius in tres partes Summae theologicae sancti Thomae de Aquino, ms. N. 608). Photographic material of the Ysambert's commentary on the Quaestio II of the Summa Theologiae contained in the Disputationes in primam partem S. Thomae edited in 1643; photographic materials relatives to commentaries on the Quaestio II of the Summa Theologiae respectively contained in three Ysambert's handwritten courses: Annotata in primam D. Thomae partem, De Deo et attributis eius ad primam D. Thomae parte disputatio e Tractatus de attributis divinis

Une roche mère du toarcien du bassin de paris (broyée, sèche, humide), son kérogène isole et un charbon de la Mahakam ont été matur2s artificiellement en milieu confiné afin d'étudier les effets de la présence de matrice minérale, de la présence d'eau et du couple temps-température lors de la maturation thermique de la matière organique. 224 pyrolyses ont été réalisées sur ces différents précurseurs dans des conditions temps-température variables: 5 heures < t < 100 jours ; 203c < t < 508c. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que: la plupart des paramètres géochimiques sont décalés entre le kérogène et la roche mère en raison des propriétés de rétention des minéraux argileux ; l'influence catalytique des minéraux argileux est plus faible pour une roche mère que pour un mélange artificielle (kérogène + minéraux argileux) ; la présence d'eau (12%) induit un enrichissement du bitume résiduel en hydrocarbures ; l'eau intervient directement dans les processus de transfert d'hydrogène lors de la dégradation de la matière organique en milieu confiné ; le temps et la température ne sont pas des paramètres interchangeables. En effet, la dégradation des composes polaires s'intensifie avec la durée de pyrolyse alors que la dégradation des hydrocarbures est plus sensible à l'utilisation de températures élevées. Ces résultats montrent la nécessité de prendre en compte les différents facteurs (présence de matrice minérale, rôle de l'eau, effets combinés du temps et de la température) dés lors qu'il s'agit d'extrapoler

Étudiant en histoire à La Sorbonne, Henri Rollet (1917-2003) découvre l’action sociale de l’Église, grâce à Mgr Chaptal, évêque auxiliaire de Paris. Sa responsabilité de « patron » dans l’industrie ne l’empêche pas, en 1948, de soutenir une thèse de doctorat qui retrace l’action sociale des catholiques en France (1871-1901). Dès l’année suivante, il est nommé président du Secrétariat Social de Paris. Plus tard il deviendra président national, puis international de l’action catholique des hommes, auditeur laïc au Concile Vatican II, et ensuite président de l’Institut Catholique de Paris. Pendant cette période, il écrit plusieurs ouvrages souvent historiques sur le rôle des catholiques sociaux, rédige beaucoup d’articles, donne de très nombreuses conférences. C’est essentiellement à partir des informations et commentaires donnés par la presse sur ses livres, articles, et conférences, que l’on peut découvrir le comportement, les opinions, et les prises de position de ce laïc engagé. Comment, au cours de cette deuxième partie du XX° siècle, a-t-il conçu et exercé sa mission de laïc engagé ? Comment a-t-il porté témoignage de sa foi, en France, mais également dans d’autres pays ? Comment a-t-il milité pour donner au laïc un rôle plus important au sein de l’Église ? Comme on le verra, un certain nombre de sujets énoncés il y a cinquante ans, sont encore d’actualité ! À partir des documents retrouvés, ce travail tente de répondre à ces questions, en montrant toute l’importance et l’actualité de la Doctrine Sociale de l’Église
While studying history at the Sorbonne, Henri Rollet (1917-2003) discovered the Church’s social teaching through Emmanuel Chaptal, an auxiliary bishop of Paris. Though he was an industry manager, he nevertheless submitted a doctoral thesis in 1948 on how Catholics had engaged with French society between 1871 and 1901. The following year, he was appointed President of the Secrétariat Social de Paris. Later he would become national President and then international President of Catholic Action for men, a lay auditor at Vatican II, and then president of the Institut Catholique de Paris. During this period he wrote several works on the role of socially engaged Catholics, mostly of a historical kind, as well as many articles; and he gave numerous conferences. It is essentially though press reports and commentaries on his books, articles and talks that one can discover who this committed lay person was: his attitudes, his opinions, the stands he took. How did this committed lay person conceive and carry out his mission in the second half of the 20th century? How did he bear witness to his faith, not only in France but also in other countries? How did he struggle to give the lay person a more significant role within the Church? As will be seen, a number of topics worked through fifty years ago are still all too relevant. Drawing on newly discovered documents, this study attempts to answer these questions, while bringing out the full importance and relevance of Catholic Social Teaching

This thesis is a study of royal acts printed in French before 1601. The kingdom of France is a natural place to begin a study of royal acts. It possessed one of the oldest judicial systems in Europe, which had been established during the reign of St Louis (1226-1270). By the sixteenth century, French kings were able to issue royal acts without any concern as to the distribution of their decrees. In addition, France was one of the leading printing centres in Europe. This research provides the first detailed analysis of this neglected category of texts, and examines the acts’ significance in French legal, political and printing culture. The analysis of royal acts reveals three key historical practices regarding the role of printing in judiciary matters and public affairs. The first is how the French crown communicated to the public. Chapters one and two discuss the royal process of dissemination of edicts and the language of royal acts. The second is how printers and publishers manoeuvred between the large number of royal promulgations and public demand. An overview of the printing industry of royal acts is provided in chapter three and the printers of these official documents are covered in chapter four. The study of royal acts also indicates which edicts were published frequently. The last two chapters examine the content of royal decrees and discuss the most reprinted acts. Chapter five explores the period before 1561 and the final chapter discusses the last forty years of the century. An appendix of all royal acts printed before 1601, which is the basis of my research for this study, is included. It is the first comprehensive catalogue of its kind and contains nearly six thousand entries of surviving royal acts printed before 1601.

2014 kehrte ein Prachtband in die SLUB Dresden zurück, der 1945 gestohlen und 2011 auf einer Pariser Auktion angeboten wurde. Der in goldgeprägtes Maroquinleder gebundene Großfoliant enthält eine reich bebilderte Beschreibung eines Kopf- und Ringrennens am Hof Ludwigs XIV. in Paris. Von dort erhielt ihn der polnische König Johann III. Sobieski, nach dessen Tod er in den Besitz Augusts des Starken gelangte. Dieser wiederum schenkte das Exemplar dem Grafen Heinrich von Brühl, mit dessen Bibliothek es 1768 in die Kurfürstliche Bibliothek zu Dresden kam.:- Ein königliches Turnier in Paris - Das Turnier auf Papier - Ein Prachteinband für den polnischen König - Von Polen nach Dresden - Eine Dublette für den Grafen Heinrich von Brühl - Von Dresden nach Paris und zurück

« Le rural n’existe plus », annoncent certains chercheurs au vu de l’urbanisation généralisée des territoires ou de la disparition des spécificités sociologique ou économique des campagnes. Pourtant, le « rural » est encore présent dans les discours politiques, dans les représentations des ménages, dans la littérature scientifique actuelle. Qu’est-ce que le rural aujourd’hui ? A partir d’une approche compréhensive et inductive, notre recherche analyse les déterminants permettant de comprendre les pratiques spatiales, les relations sociales ou les formes d’appartenance territoriale des ménages ; elle met en évidence l’influence sur les modes d’habiter ruraux du territoire et du profil des ménages. La thèse aborde également la question de l’évolution du dynamisme démographique et économique des territoires ruraux dans un contexte de durcissement probable des conditions de mobilité des ménages. Elle s’intéresse aux marges de manoeuvre des populations rurales, au potentiel d’évolution de leurs pratiques de mobilité vers des pratiques moins dépendantes de la voiture. A partir d’une expérimentation de recherche-action elle met en évidence le rôle du levier « accompagnement personnalisé » et apporte des éléments prescriptifs en faveur de politiques globales de mobilité
What is rural today? Based on a comprehensive and inductive approach of the rural households’ ways of living, our research shows the influence of the rural area’s features and of the households’ profile (in particular their spatial origin, their seniority in the area and their life project) on their daily practices. They are underlain by easy and cheap car-mobility, which could evolve as a result of three phenomena (rarefaction of fossil energy; stronger injunctions to sustainable development; public policies that incite to develop only the territories that are served by public transport). Our research evaluates the households’ leeway in terms of mobility practices and their potential for transition towards more sustainable practices. Thanks to the analysis of an action-research project we highlight the role of a lever of “personalized accompaniment” in terms of behavioral evolution and propose some prescriptive elements in favor of global mobility policies

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal
Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A presente investigação explora a correspondência enviada por um representante diplomático português na corte francesa do tempo de Luís XIV, Salvador Taborda Portugal, a D. João de Ataíde e Castro. Cobrindo o período da regência e reinado de D. Pedro II, este trabalho visa captar a perspetiva do diplomata quanto à vida na corte francesa, bem como explicar o modo como tinha acesso à informação sobre os mais diversos assuntos. Desse modo, a tese irá contribuir para traçar um perfil biográfico do próprio enviado diplomático. No que respeita às fontes utilizadas, esta tese baseia-se num corpo documental que se encontra na Biblioteca da Ajuda. O conteúdo deste é composto por 138 cartas, enviadas entre Outubro de 1684 e Setembro de 1690. Numa primeira fase, esta dissertação apresenta uma breve panorâmica da situação da Europa durante a segunda metade do século XVII, com especial destaque para as monarquias francesa, portuguesa e hispânica, bem como uma descrição da situação diplomática europeia desta época. Segue-se um capítulo sobre a trajetória biográfica de Salvador Taborda Portugal, no qual se elucidam as suas origens, os seus escritos e as pessoas que o rodeavam. No terceiro e último capítulo – o principal desta tese – realiza-se a análise da correspondência em questão, numa tentativa de entender quais os núcleos de problemas que Salvador aborda, comenta e analisa. Tal estudo permitirá apresentar algumas conclusões sobre o olhar deste diplomata acerca de questões fundamentais como a gestão de informação sobre a Europa e Portugal, a sua noção de geopolítica europeia e, ainda, a sua vivência da corte francesa de Luís XIV. Essa análise também contribuirá para traçar um retrato mais aprofundado dessa figura marcante da diplomacia portuguesa seiscentista.
The present investigation explores the correspondence sent by a Portuguese diplomatic representative on the French court at the time of Louis XIV, Salvador Taborda Portugal, to D. João de Ataíde e Castro. Covering the period of regency and reign of D. Pedro II, this work aims to capture the diplomat's perspective on life in the French court, as well as explain how he had access to information on the most diverse subjects. In this way, the thesis will contribute to a biographical profile of the diplomatic envoy himself. Regarding the sources used, this thesis is based on a documentary body that is in Biblioteca da Ajuda. The content of this is composed of 138 letters, sent between October of 1684 and September of 1690. In a first phase, this dissertation presents a brief overview of the situation of Europe during the second half of the seventeenth century, with special emphasis on the French, Portuguese and Spanish monarchies, as well as a description of the European diplomatic situation of this time. There follows a chapter on the biographical trajectory of Salvador Taborda Portugal, in which his origins, his writings and the people around him are elucidated. In the third and final chapter - the main of this thesis - the correspondence in question is analyzed in an attempt to understand which nuclei of problems Salvador addresses, comments and analyzes. This study will allow us to present some conclusions about the diplomat's view on fundamental questions such as the management of information about Europe and Portugal, his notion of European geopolitics and his experience of the French court of Louis XIV. This analysis will also contribute to a deeper picture of this striking figure of seventeenth-century Portuguese diplomacy.

Diploma thesis "Nazi ideology in relation to mentally ill people" focuses on starting points and ideas of this ideology, which in its consequences led to social exclusion and subsequent systematic extermination of people with a certain handicap. Although the thesis is limited in time from 1933 - 1945, it also follows development line of selected scientific disciplines, which were significantly reflected in the Nazi ideology. Primarily it concerns historical science, medical disciplines, genetics, racial hygiene, eugenic origins and other related disciplines. The thesis also takes into account the economic situation of that time with its many social problems which arose as a result of the new geopolitical arrangement after the World War I and the changes in the social world of that period and it also captures the process of changes in the social status of mentally ill people in the course of history. Last but not least, it describes the practical consequences of these changes, which were "forced sterilization" and "euthanasia" of both children and adults. The Nazi ideology is viewed in this regard from three perspectives: legal, theoretical with a broader historical context and on the practical level in the form of the consequences of the two previous perspectives. Key words: nazi ideology, mental...

The Marillac were one of the most important noble families in early modern France. My analysis of this pivotal and deeply political family during the turbulent era of the French Wars of Religion (1562-1629) examines and explains the importance of the interaction of familial alliances, religion and diplomacy in the making of the state. This period represents a critical moment in the process of state development. In contrast to prevailing studies of early modern state formation that concentrate on a centrally-directed program, this dissertation argues that it was the expansion of family strategy, and its interplay with religion and diplomacy, that drove the ongoing construction of the early modern state. There was no blueprint for the creation of this state. Rather, it was born out of an accretion of policies formed by politically important clans working to advance their familial interests. By closely tracing the fortunes of the Marillac clan through archives and research libraries in France, this study discloses the nature of power in early modern Europe in its daily, practical manifestations. My project reaffirms the agency of the family and the individual in the making of the state. It showcases the importance of religious devotion to the formation of family strategy, and especially how Marillac women were drivers of this devotion. My research demonstrates how one family successfully negotiated the Wars of Religion. Additionally, I discuss the impactful role of the individual diplomat in the practice of foreign affairs. Finally, by tracing the fortunes of the Marillac family, I show how a family not only rises to power, but falls, as well as the consequences and limits of disgrace. My research will therefore contribute to the fields of early modern state-building, diplomacy, religious politics, and women and gender through the prism of Marillac family strategy and its interaction with religion and diplomacy.