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Zamyslowska-Szmytke, Ewa, Wieslaw Szymczak, and Mariola Sliwinska-Kowalska. "Vibration Perception Thresholds Assessed by Two Different Methods in Healthy Subjects." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 22, no. 2 (June 2003): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026309203322770329.
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The values of vibration perception threshold (VPT) should be related to the equipment and methods of measurement that differ between European countries. ISO Standard 13091-1-2001 specifies the general guidelines regarding device facilities and measurement methodology. This study was designed to compare VPTs in healthy subjects by using two different methods of measurement. The first one was a standard technique applied currently in Poland and the second one was based on the principles of the International Standard ISO 13091-1-2001. The study comprised 187 healthy subjects, aged 17–57 years, not occupationally exposed to vibration. Both measurements of VPTs were performed using the same equipment (P-8, EmsonMat). The main differences in methodology between the Polish standard method and the method of ISO included: different mode of stimuli presentation (ascending in standard vs. Bekesy in ISO method), frequency range applied (63–500 Hz vs. 4–125 Hz), probe contact force (larger in Polish method), probe diameter (12 mm vs. 5 mm) and its surface (plane vs. rough). The results obtained found that the mean VPTs differed significantly at the overlapping frequencies depending on the method used, the differences varied from 2.2 to 6.4 dB at frequencies 125 and 250Hz, respectively. The correlation between the thresholds obtained by both methods at these frequencies was moderate (correlation coefficients about 0.6), although statistically significant. In the ISO method, the best VPTs were found at 4 and 125 Hz. There was a poor correlation between the thresholds at the extreme frequencies (i.e. 125 and 4 Hz) and rather high between adjacent frequencies (i.e. 25 and 32 Hz). Age, weight and height were significant covariates in both measurements. The model to calculate the normative values of VPTs adjusted for explanatory factors was set up in this study. It was concluded that different methods of VPT measurement are not comparable. The ISO method seems to supply more information about skin receptors and different kinds of tough sense than the Polish standard method. In order to perform international cohort studies there is a need to establish a unified standardised method of vibrotactile sense assessment.
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Groeneveld, Onno N., Esther van den Berg, Odd Erik Johansen, Sven Schnaidt, Karin Hermansson, Bernard Zinman, Mark A. Espeland, and Geert Jan Biessels. "Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are associated with reduced cognition in type 2 diabetes." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 16, no. 6 (May 9, 2019): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164119848093.
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Objective: Type 2 diabetes is associated with cognitive dysfunction, but the mechanisms are unknown. We assessed the relationships of biomarkers of oxidation, endothelial function and inflammation with cognition in participants of the CAROLINA® trial (CARdiovascular Outcome Trial of LINAgliptin Versus Glimepiride in Type 2 Diabetes). Methods: Baseline circulating biomarkers of oxidation (8-iso-prostaglandin F2α), endothelial function (asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1) and inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α), based on linear regression, were related to cognition on five domains, as measured with an automated battery. Results: In 37 patients (mean age 66.7 ± 8.7 years, median HbA1c 6.9%/52 mmol/mol), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α was associated with reduced mental flexibility and attention (standardised regression coefficients −0.47, −0.34), whereas asymmetric dimethylarginine was associated with reduced psychomotor speed and attention (standardised regression coefficients −0.39, −0.34). No significant associations were observed between biomarkers of inflammation and cognition. Conclusion: Elevated biomarkers of oxidation and endothelial function are associated and may play a role in reduced psychomotor speed, mental flexibility and attention in type 2 diabetes.
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Fritzsche, Sebastian, Ralf Ossenbrink, and Vesselin Michailov. "Experimental Characterisation of Structured Sheet Metal." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.404.
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Structured sheet metals with regular bumps offer higher bending stiffness compared to flat sheet metals. The application of structured sheet metals requires new investigations regarding their strength and deformation behaviour. Standardised testing methods like the tensile test considering defined specimen geometry and measuring methods exist. Those methods, however, have been developed for plain sheets and cannot be directly transferred to structured sheet metals. The assessment of the strength and deformation behaviour of structured sheet metals needs adapted specimen geometry and measuring methods. In this paper the adaption of the standardised tensile test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6892-1 to the specific characteristics of structured sheet metals is introduced. In order to determine the appropriate specimen geometry their dimensions were methodically varied and the influence of the structure position on the strength and the deformation behaviour was identified. The analysis of the local strain behaviour was carried out by 3D displacement measurement with the ARAMIS-system. For the derivation of the material properties different analysing methods were developed. The test results were compared to those of flat sheet metals.
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griffiths, s. e., s. stanley, and m. sydes. "recommendations on best practice for radiographer set-up of conformal radiotherapy treatment for patients with prostate cancer: experience developed during the mrc rt01 trial (isrtcn 47772397)." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 4, no. 2-3 (June 2004): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396905000154.
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the trial required field placement to within 3mm. radiographers from participating centres related set-up methods to accuracy to establish best practice and inform recommendations. all centres made changes to methods as a result of the trial to improve accuracy, identified in categories, including patient positioning, iso-centre setting, couch top, imaging methods, and bladder and rectal filling. up to 80% of centres made changes in any one category.in three centres accuracy was inferior in one axis, related to the set-up methods used.recommendations included:for reproducibility –achieving a comfortable bladder statususing a standardised firm head support (not pillow)using the hands on chest position to avoid the weight of the arms on the trunkaligning lateral tattoos in both the longitudinal and vertical directionsusing leg or ankle supportsevidence-based methods of controlling rectal filling are still requiredfor iso-centre setting –using the anterior tattoo for lateral direction and the lateral tattoos for the superior/inferior directionusing a solid/carbon couch top throughout, using the height above couch as the reference measurement, not the anterior source to skin distancedevelop an alternative to using the couch height readout alone
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Rodriguez, Carolina, María Coronado, Marta D’Alessandro, and Juan Medina. "The Importance of Standardised Data-Collection Methods in the Improvement of Thermal Comfort Assessment Models for Developing Countries in the Tropics." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 4180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154180.
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Thermal comfort in the built environment is one of the most defining parameters influencing energy use, environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research in this area within developing countries, which are becoming increasingly urbanised and where mechanical air conditioning demands are rising. Many of these countries are adopting thermal comfort standards such as the ASHRAE Standard 55, the EN 15251, and the ISO 7730 to regulate the use of air-conditioning; even when these standards have been widely criticised for their inadequacy within geographical regions different to the ones that they were designed for. Research suggests the need to confirm these models through further post-occupancy studies and fieldwork. Deficiencies in data collection and methodologies are thought to require particular attention to develop algorithms that can predict thermal comfort levels accurately. Comprehensive strategies considering interrelated psychological, physiological and social factors are needed. This manuscript highlights gaps of research, specifically within tropical developing countries, through the analysis of Colombia as a case study. It emphasises the importance of standardised fieldwork data and gives examples of alternative collection systems. This aims to contribute to the understanding of occupant´s adaptive behaviours and their impact on the mitigation of climate change.
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Yoshihara, Hiroshi, Naoki Ataka, and Makoto Maruta. "Measurement of the Young’s modulus and shear modulus of extruded polystyrene foam by the longitudinal and flexural vibration methods." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16681447.
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The Young’s modulus and shear modulus of extruded polystyrene foam were obtained by measurements using the longitudinal and flexural vibration methods on specimens with various lengths and performing a subsequent numerical analysis on the test data. In addition to the vibration tests, ISO 844 compression and ASTM C273/C273M-11 shear tests were conducted, and the results were compared with those obtained from the vibration tests. The Young’s modulus values could be measured accurately by the longitudinal and flexural vibration tests while reducing the effects of the specimen configuration. In contrast, the shear modulus value was often dependent on the specimen configuration. The Young’s modulus and shear modulus values obtained from the vibration tests were often higher than those obtained from the standardised tests because the bending of cell wall is not induced in the vibration test. Although a provisional method for reducing the influence of the specimen configuration was proposed based on the numerical results, further research is required to measure the elastic modulus of extruded polystyrene foam accurately.
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Thiele-Bruhn, Sören, Michael Schloter, Berndt-Michael Wilke, Lee A. Beaudette, Fabrice Martin-Laurent, Nathalie Cheviron, Christian Mougin, and Jörg Römbke. "Identification of new microbial functional standards for soil quality assessment." SOIL 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-17-2020.
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Abstract. The activity of microorganisms in soil is important for a robust functioning of soil and related ecosystem services. Hence, there is a necessity to identify the composition, diversity, and function of the soil microbiome in order to determine its natural properties, functioning, and operating range as well as to assess ecotoxicological effects due to anthropogenic activities. Numerous microbiological methods currently exist in the literature and new, more advanced methods continue to be developed; however, only a limited number of these methods are standardised. Consequently, there is a need to identify the most promising non-standardised methods for assessing soil quality and to transform them into standards. In agreement with the “Ecosystem Service Approach”, new methods should focus more on soil microbial functions, including nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emission, pest control and plant growth promotion, carbon cycling and sequestration, as well as soil structure development and filter function. The few existing standardised methods available that focus on the function of the soil microbiome mostly include measurements, like basal respiration, enzyme activities, and biodegradation of organic matter, under well-defined conditions in the lab. This paper sets out to summarise and expand on recent discussions within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil Quality – Biological Characterization sub-committee (ISO TC 190/SC 4), where a need was identified to develop scientifically sound methods which would best fulfil the practical needs of future users for assessing soil quality, going beyond the existing test systems. Of particular note is the current evolution of molecular methods in microbial ecology that use quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to produce a large number of new functional endpoints which are more sensitive as compared to “classical” methods. Quantitative PCR assesses the abundance of microbes that catalyse major transformation steps in nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, chemical transformations including pesticide degradation, and plant growth promotion pathways based on the assessment of marker gene sequences that drive the related processes. In the assessment of soil quality methods, it was found that most methods focus on bacteria and related endpoints. Techniques to describe fungal communities as well as their functional traits are far less represented. As such, techniques to analyse fungal enzyme activities are proposed. Additionally, methods for the determination of microbial growth rates and efficiencies, including the use of glomalin as a biochemical marker for soil aggregation, are discussed. Furthermore, field methods indicative of carbon turnover, including the litter bag test and a modification to the tea bag test, are presented. However, it is obvious that with increasing developments in high throughput sequencing technologies and big data analyses, including metagenomics analysis, it will be possible to implement these technologies into the standardisation process for assessing the functions of the soil microbiome. Overall, it is suggested that endpoints should represent a potential function of soil microorganisms rather than actual activity levels, as the latter can largely be dependent on short-term variable soil properties such as pedoclimatic conditions, nutrient availability, and anthropogenic soil cultivation activities.
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Zovko, Mira, Željka Vidaković-Cifrek, Želimira Cvetković, Jasna Bošnir, and Sandra Šikić. "Assessment of acrylamide toxicity using a battery of standardised bioassays / Procjena toksičnosti akrilamida pomoću standardiziranih biotestova." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2015-66-2715.
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Acrylamide is a monomer widely used as an intermediate in the production of organic chemicals, e.g. polyacrylamides (PAMs). Since PAMs are low cost chemicals with applications in various industries and waste- and drinking water treatment, a certain amount of non-polymerised acrylamide is expected to end up in waterways. PAMs are non-toxic but acrylamide induces neurotoxic effects in humans and genotoxic, reproductive, and carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals. In order to evaluate the effect of acrylamide on freshwater organisms, bioassays were conducted on four species: algae Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, duckweed Lemna minor and water flea Daphnia magna according to ISO (International Organization for Standardisation) standardised methods. This approach ensures the evaluation of acrylamide toxicity on organisms with different levels of organisation and the comparability of results, and it examines the value of using a battery of low-cost standardised bioassays in the monitoring of pollution and contamination of aquatic ecosystems. These results showed that EC50 values were lower for Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata than for Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, which suggests an increased sensitivity of algae to acrylamide. According to the toxic unit approach, the values estimated by the Lemna minor and Daphnia magna bioassays, classify acrylamide as slightly toxic (TU=0-1; Class 1). The results obtained from algal bioassays (Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) revealed the toxic effect of acrylamide (TU=1-10; Class 2) on these organisms.
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Bruyère, Franck, Marion Perennec-Olivie, Juliette Tanguy, Martine Aupee, Pascal Astagneau, Pascal Jarno, and Sandra Malavaud. "Surgical site infection after trans urethral resection of the prostate (TURP): 2008–2013 French national SSI surveillance ISO-RAISIN." Journal of Infection Prevention 19, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177418755307.
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Objective: To describe surgical site infection (SSI) after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) from the French national database. Methods: A national SSI surveillance system was implemented in 1999. Each year, the network included urology departments that included at least two months plus one month follow-up, or at least 100 consecutive targeted surgical procedures. A dataset of patients who underwent urology procedures during the six-year period 2008–2013 was made available. SSI diagnosis was made according to standardised CDC criteria. Descriptive analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.4. Results: A total of 12,897 TURPs were performed by 89 urology departments. The crude incidence SSI rate was 2.43 (95% confidence interval = 2.16–2.79). The mean delay for diagnosis was 11.9 ± 8.9 days. The treatment of the SSI required a new surgical intervention in 1.35%. In the multilevel multivariate analysis, ASA score and duration of follow-up were the only parameters correlated with the SSI rate. Conclusions: On more than 12,000 TURPs surveyed, the SSI rate was 2.43. ASA score and duration of follow-up were the only parameters correlated with the SSI rate.
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Intorp, M., S. Purkis, and W. Wagstaff. "Determination of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The CORESTA 2011 Collaborative Study." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0926.
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AbstractA CORESTA Recommended Method (CRM 75) has been developed and published, applicable to the quantification of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), namely, Nnitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), Nnitrosoanatabine (NAT) and 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in cigarette mainstream smoke. The method involves smoke collection on a Cambridge filter pad under both ISO 3308 and the intense conditions adopted by Health Canada. An internal standard solution is added to the smoke collected on the pad and, after extraction, an aliquot is separated and quantitatively analysed by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).CRM 63 involving gas chromatography coupled with a thermal energy analyser (GC-TEA) was previously developed by the CORESTA Special Analytes Group that had been set up to develop recommended methods on smoke components. However, by 2009 most laboratories had moved to similar LC-MS/MS methods for TSNA analysis and so this technique was chosen as the basis of a new CRM and to complement CRM 63. Initial joint experiments, specific experiments by single laboratories and ongoing discussions identified methodological aspects that needed to be ‘standardised’ before moving to a CRM.A joint experiment by 15 laboratories was carried out in 2010-2011 that investigated and identified important methodological features that needed to be controlled or clarified. CRM 75 was produced through a final collaborative experiment involving 20 laboratories from 12 countries using both linear and rotary smoking machines. Some notes are included in the CRM to inform other laboratories that might wish to adopt the method, concerning aspects that need to be well controlled to provide data as robust as possible and to provide similar repeatability and reproducibility data.Statistical evaluations were made according to ISO 5725 guidelines and are included. Under ISO smoking, the levels of reproducibility (R) expressed as a percentage of the mean of TSNA yields across laboratories are much greater than the levels found for “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide and given in the relevant ISO standards. The R value was expressed as a percentage of the mean yield amonglaboratories and across all of the studied products. UnderISO smoking R% values ranged from 25-60% for NNN; from 31-85% for NNK; from 47-58% for NAT and 40-99% for NAB. These levels are generally in line with those determined previously for TSNAs in CRM 63 and for other smoke analytes studied by the Special Analytes Group.Under ‘intense’ smoking, R% values ranged from 30-88% for NNN; from 37-79% for NNK; from 47-83% for NAT and 42-111% for NAB. A plot of R against mean yields suggests that the ‘intense’ regime gives similar or slightly worse reproducibility than the ISO regime in spite of the higher yields generated.
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Uhitil, Sunčica, Suzana Hađina, Kornelija Granić, and Slavica Jakšić. "Prevalence of Candida Species in Fresh Fruit Juices." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1991.
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Prevalence of Candida Species in Fresh Fruit JuicesFruit juices are popular soft drinks with an important role in human nutrition. Fruit juices are often infested by yeast species that can survive different storage conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of yeast contamination of freshly squeezed juices in three large supermarkets in Zagreb, Croatia. The analysis included 84 juice samples obtained from freshly squeezed orange, lemon, grapefruit, and apples. Their acidity varied between pH 2.1 and pH 4.9. Juice samples were plated directly on Sabouraud 4 % glucose Agar (Merck, 1.05438) and processed according to standardised methods (HRN ISO 7954:2002). Yeasts were isolated in all 84 samples and ranged between 0.005×103 and 23×103 colony forming units per mL (CFU mL-1). The most common yeasts identified using the API 20C AUX yeast kit included Candida guillermondii, C. krusei, C. famata, C. spherica, C. colliculosa, C. albicans, Trichosporon mucoides, Kloeckera spp. and yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. C. guillermondii prevailed in 55.95 % of all samples.
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Intorp, M., S. Purkis, M. Whittaker, and W. Wright. "Determination of “Hoffmann Analytes” in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke. The Coresta 2006 Joint Experiment." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 23, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 161–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0859.
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AbstractRegulatory authorities are currently discussing the measurement of and imposition of ceilings on certain smoke analytes, the so called ‘Hoffmann analytes’. However, as a pre-requisite, the measurement methods and the tolerances around the measurements first need to be established.In 1999, the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) set up a Task Force ‘Special Analytes’ to deal with analytical methodology for measuring ‘Hoffmann analytes’ under International Standard (ISO) smoking and to work towards the standardisation of methods. This paper describes the output and conclusions from a 2005-2006 joint experiment made within the Task Force representing laboratories currently able to analyse these compounds. Data were obtained on most ‘Hoffmann analytes’ from reference cigarettes (2R4F and 1R5F), collecting data according to the existing methods used by the nineteen participating laboratories, in order to describe the within and among laboratory variability and to see which methods could most benefit from more rigorous standardisation work.In some cases, the applied statistical analysis found that methods could not well differentiate the 1R5F and 2R4F cigarettes of differing ‘tar’ yield. This was explained, in part, by the broad range of methods used by the participating laboratories but also indicated that there were significant inadequacies in the choice of some methods or weaknesses in their application.Results indicate that ‘Hoffmann analyte’ data are generally more variable both within and among laboratories than nicotine free dry particulate matter (NFDPM); nicotine and carbon monoxide due to their lower smoke yields. Accordingly, tolerances around methods adopted for regulatory purposes will need to be proportionately higher.Methods for benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), already taken to CORESTA recommended methods or ISO standardised methods through the efforts of this Task Force, give some of the most reproducible results, showing the value of this process. However, these data strongly suggest that even these analytes have much higher among-laboratory variability than for NFDPM, nicotine and CO and, based on the only two available one point in time studies, may need tolerances in the range of 35-45% for B[a]P and 26-55% for TSNAs, if they are to be measured for regulatory purposes.The collected data is useful to participating laboratories for internal method validation and laboratory accreditation, and data comparisons with others allow laboratories to identify strengths and weaknesses in their current methods.However, much work still needs to be carried out to take most of the methods towards standardisation. Although some fundamental differences or areas of concern around the methodology are discussed herein, they are not comprehensive and there may be others that need to be addressed before methods can be considered ready to take to a Recommended Method and/or to an ISO Standard. These methodological issues are being addressed in further CORESTA work within this Task Force. Smoke analytes with the highest variability found in this study and those analytes that are currently of highest regulatory interest are being prioritised and after further joint experiments, the results are intended to be published.
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Navarro, Ignacio J., Víctor Yepes, and José V. Martí. "A Review of Multicriteria Assessment Techniques Applied to Sustainable Infrastructure Design." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (June 17, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6134803.
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Given the great impacts associated with the construction and maintenance of infrastructures in both the environmental, the economic and the social dimensions, a sustainable approach to their design appears essential to ease the fulfilment of the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations. Multicriteria decision-making methods are usually applied to address the complex and often conflicting criteria that characterise sustainability. The present study aims to review the current state of the art regarding the application of such techniques in the sustainability assessment of infrastructures, analysing as well the sustainability impacts and criteria included in the assessments. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is the most frequently used weighting technique. Simple Additive Weighting has turned out to be the most applied decision-making method to assess the weighted criteria. Although a life cycle assessment approach is recurrently used to evaluate sustainability, standardised concepts, such as cost discounting, or presentation of the assumed functional unit or system boundaries, as required by ISO 14040, are still only marginally used. Additionally, a need for further research in the inclusion of fuzziness in the handling of linguistic variables is identified.
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Hohenwarter, Dieter, Christopher Fischer, and Matthias Berger. "Influence of 3D-Printing on the Flammability Properties of Railway Applications Using Polycarbonate (PC) and Polylactic acid (PLA)." Problemy Kolejnictwa - Railway Reports 64, no. 187 (June 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36137/1874e.
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Due to limited production numbers, using additive manufacturing for the production of railway components, is proving more economical. Furthermore, strict requirements regarding flammability properties, standardised in EN 45545-2, are applied on trains. This work focuses on the production of transparent components made of Polycarbonate via 3D-printing. The polymer was modified using diff erentflame retardant agents and the influence of the printing parameters, especially the print density, was determined. Polylactic Acid was examined for comparison reasons only. The printed and modified polymers were tested exposing the samples to heat radiation, according to ISO 5660-1 using a Cone Calorimeter, and to a direct flame, according to UL 94. Processing and printing of the polymer causes thermal stress to the molecules. This may lead to a worsening of the flammability causing a decline of the properties compared to the native Polycarbonate. This was confirmed through both testing methods. Moreover, the additive and the print density both influence the flammability properties depending on the polymer type. In summary print parameters and additivation have to be carefully considered when it comes to the flammability properties of polymers. Keywords: fire behaviour of material (Polycarbonate, also with additives) after 3D print, Influence of 3D printing on the fi re behaviour
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Ungerman, Otakar, and Jaroslava Dědková. "Current Implementation of the Circular Economy in Enterprises in the Czech Republic." Review of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2021-0009.
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Abstract The subject of this paper is the contemporary use of the circular economy in business practice. The topicality of this theme was the reason for resolving the main objectives, which were to determine how enterprises in the Czech Republic are currently involved in the circular economy. The authors focused on empirical research, the methodological framework of which contains three interrelated parts. The basis was secondary research from scientific databases, which was followed up by the primary research. The objects of the primary research were based on three research questions, which were focused on the use of standardised environmental activities, the identification of tools of the circular economy and determining their importance. The research was evaluated using the methods of content analysis, descriptive and inductive statistics. The research showed that 71 % of enterprises present themselves as taking an active approach to the environment beyond the scope of the statutory obligations. Enterprises then make most use of regulatory tools such as the ISO 14001 standard or Ecodesign. An in-depth interview was used to identify sixteen tools of the circular economy as they are perceived by enterprises. When assessing importance, the highest rated tool was reducing energy consumption in production, waste from production, the consumption of materials, emissions and minimization of waste. Statistically significant differences were also identified with these tools. The research showed that the circular economy is most used in automotive industry enterprise.
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Purkis, SW, and IA Bailey. "Current Measurement Reliability of Selected Smoke Analytes." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 5 (March 1, 2003): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0745.
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AbstractThe reliability of measurements of mainstream smoke analytes other than “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) is not known but is important in the current regulatory environment internationally. An appreciation of between laboratory variability is essential for companies contracting analytical work to outside suppliers.Seven laboratories obtained data from three cigarette brands for as many as they could currently measure of the 44 smoke analytes, commonly referred to as the “Hoffmann list”. The brands, of “tar” yields 12 mg, 8 mg and 5 mg, were smoked under the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) smoking regime to obtain average yield values based on 5 replicates, each laboratory smoking their chosen number of cigarettes per replicate. In addition, laboratories used their preferred and internally validated methodology i.e. smoking machine type, trapping system, sample work-up and detection system. Around 3600 data points were obtained.This study was based on one point in time measurements. It did not therefore include any components of longer-term variability that would be expected to further increase the measurement variability. No analytes had lower within-laboratory measurement variability than “tar” and 70% of the other analytes had significantly higher levels. All laboratories ranked the products in the same order for all analytes (except some metals) but there were as much as 10-fold differences in measured values between laboratories. The mean difference between highest and lowest yield measurements was 80% when the values for the three smoke analytes with differences in excess of 8-fold were excluded.Given the lack of standardised methods, and the consequent high degree of inter-laboratory variability it is not currently possible to make meaningful comparisons between such data from several sources. Indeed, calculation of yields from benchmarking studies may prove no less reliable.
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Yokoyama, Sakae. "A comparison of standardized methods for sound attenuation test of hearing protectors." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3002.
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In order to prevent hearing impairment due to occupational noise, it is essential to wear hearing protectors such as earplugs and earmuffs, especially in an extremely noisy environment. The method of measuring their sound attenuation is defined by international standards such as ISO and IEC, and standards such as ANSI, BS, AS/NZS, JIS et.. Although most standards recommend subjective methods where the thresholds of hearing shall be measured once with open ears and once with the hearing protector in place for each subject, measurement and evaluation methods are not unified internationally. In Japan, in April 2020, the old product standard was abolished in consideration of international consistency, and a new method standard was established with the ISO standard as the corresponding international standard for the first time in about 40 years. In this study, we compared the measurement methods and evaluation methods according to the standards for sound attenuation tests of hearing protectors.
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Römbke, J., J. P. Sousa, T. Schouten, and F. Riepert. "Monitoring of soil organisms: a set of standardized field methods proposed by ISO." European Journal of Soil Biology 42 (November 2006): S61—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.07.016.
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El-Gendy, Hazem Mostafa, and Ihab ElSayed Talkhan. "Towards Standardized Conformance Test Suite for ISO Transport Layer Protocol." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 2 (December 28, 2013): 3268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v12i2.3291.
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In this paper, we develop a sound Conformance Test Suite for the Transport Layer Protocol Internationally standardized by both ISO and IEC. This is to test the implementations of the protocol, promote and facilitate standardized test suites, and promote the use of formal methods. We use formal methods for the generation of testing sequences to make the results sound. The protocol is formally specified in Lotos; the ISO/IEC Formal Description Technique for computer/communications protocols and distributed systems.
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Grigoratos, Theodoros, Carlos Agudelo, Jaroslaw Grochowicz, Sebastian Gramstat, Matt Robere, Guido Perricone, Agusti Sin, et al. "Statistical Assessment and Temperature Study from the Interlaboratory Application of the WLTP–Brake Cycle." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121309.
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The relative contribution of brake emissions to traffic-induced ambient Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations has increased over the last decade. Nowadays, vehicles’ brakes are recognised as an important source of non-exhaust emissions. Up to now, no standardised method for measuring brake particle emissions exists. For that reason, the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) group has been working on the development of a commonly accepted method for sampling and measuring brake particle emissions. The applied braking cycle is an integral part of the overall methodology. In this article, we present the results of an interlaboratory study exploring the capacity of existing dynamometer setups to accurately execute the novel Worldwide Harmonised Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP)–brake cycle. The measurements took place at eight locations in Europe and the United States. Having several dynamometers available enabled the coordination and execution of the intended exercise, to determine the sources of variability and provide recommendations for the correct application of the WLTP–brake cycle on the dyno. A systematic testing schedule was applied, followed by a thorough statistical analysis of the essential parameters according to the ISO 5725 standards series. The application of different control programmes influenced the correct replication of the cycle. Speed control turned out to be more accurate and precise than deceleration control. A crucial output of this interlaboratory study was the quantification of standard deviations for repeatability (between repeats), sample effect (between tests), laboratory effect (between facilities), and total reproducibility. Three critical aspects of the statistical analysis were: (i) The use of methods for heterogeneous materials; (ii) robust algorithms to reduce the artificial increase in variability from values with significant deviation from the normal distribution; and (iii) the reliance on the graphical representation of results for ease of understanding. Even if the study of brake emissions remained out of the scope of the current exercise, useful conclusions are drawn from the analysis of the temperature profile of the WLTP–brake cycle. Urban braking events are generally correlated to lower disc temperature. Other parameters affecting the brake temperature profile include the correct application of soak times, the temperature measurement method, the proper conditioning of incoming cooling air and the adjustment of the cooling airspeed.
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Kuwano, Sonoko, and Seiichiro Namba. "Application of loudness level to temporally varying sounds." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 6 (August 1, 2021): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-1304.
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Most of the environmental noises are temporally varying and include various frequency components. Various methods for evaluating the environmental noises have been proposed. Among them, the method for calculating loudness level was first standardized in 1975 as ISO 532, including Stevens' and Zwicker's methods. Unfortunately, these methods can only be applied to steady state sounds. On the other hand, Aeq (Equivalent Continuous A-weight Sound Pressure Level) is standardized for the evaluation of level fluctuating environmental sounds as ISO 1996. In , the energy mean and A-weighting are used for averaging temporal fluctuation and frequency weighting, respectively. The present authors with their colleagues have conducted many psychological experiments using artificial sounds and actual sounds since 1970's and have being introduced that p (Loudness-based Method), which is a combination of ISO 532 for frequency weighting and ISO 1996 for temporal level fluctuation, is a good method for evaluating various kinds of environmental sounds. ISO 532-1 (Zwicker's method) has been revised including the temporal fluctuation into consideration in 2017, in which p has been adopted as a note. The merit of p will be introduced in this paper presenting many examples.
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Keane, Donal A., Niki Hamilton, Lorraine T. Gibson, Suresh C. Pillai, Justin D. Holmes, and Michael A. Morris. "Photocatalytic air-purification: a low-cost, real-time gas detection method." Analytical Methods 9, no. 1 (2017): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ay03008d.
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This research demonstrates the use of a gas detector as a feasible alternative to the standardized analytical methods typically found in photocatalytic air-purification ISO standard tests and academic literature.
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Hu, Ying, Li Bai, Linna Zhao, Lingling Wu, Hong Lv, Qiongqiong Li, Xinpeng Li, et al. "Standardized Shiga-Toxin Encoding Genes Real-Time PCR Screening Methods Comparison and Development of an Internally Controlled Assay for Pan-stx2 Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 104, no. 4 (March 16, 2021): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsab030.
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Abstract Background Various primer and probe sets have been developed and standardized, but certain sets may have low efficiency or miss some stx-subtypes. Objective To compare the efficiency of the recommended stx screening primers and probe sets in four standardized methods and develop a new primers and probe system with an internal amplification control (IAC) for all known stx2 subtypes. Method The inclusivity and specificity of recommended screening primers and probe sets in four standardized methods were compared. A new pan-stx2 primer and probe set was adapted from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) method for all known stx2 subtypes. The robustness of the new method was assessed in seven laboratories and also assessed in ground beef and bean sprout samples. Results None of the recommended screening primers and probe sets in the four standardized methods could efficiently amplify all the stx2 subtypes because of various mismatches in the primers or the probe sequences. A new primers and probe system adapted from the ISO method, through introducing degenerate bases in primers and probe sequences with an IAC, showed high amplification efficiency and specificity for all known stx2 subtypes in ground beef and bean sprouts samples. The specificity of the new method was assessed in seven laboratories and showed robust and consistent results. Conclusions This study provided evidence for Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) screening method development, and the newly developed primers and probes system should be considered in the revision of the standardized methods. Highlights None of the recommended screening primer and probe set in the four official methods could efficiently amplify all the stx2 subtypes. A new developed primer and probe set showed high amplification efficiency and specificity for all known stx2 subtypes in fresh ground beef and bean sprouts samples. The newly developed stx2 screening system showed robustness and consistency during interlaboratory study.
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Guzmán, Carolina, Laura Mocé-Llivina, Francisco Lucena, and Juan Jofre. "Evaluation of Escherichia coli Host Strain CB390 for Simultaneous Detection of Somatic and F-Specific Coliphages." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 2 (November 16, 2007): 531–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01710-07.
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ABSTRACT Escherichia coli WG5, the strain recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to detect somatic coliphages, was transformed to F+ by introducing the plasmid Famp, which rendered it capable of simultaneously detecting both somatic and F-specific coliphages. Indeed, this strain, CB390, proved as effective in detecting similar numbers of phages as the sum of somatic and F-specific bacteriophages detected by the host strains recommended by both the ISO and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standardized methods.
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Sejkorová, Marie, Marián Kučera, Ivana Hurtová, and Ondřej Voltr. "Application of FTIR-ATR Spectrometry in Conjunction with Multivariate Regression Methods for Viscosity Prediction of Worn-Out Motor Oils." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 3842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093842.
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Viscosity is considered to be a key factor in the quality of lubrication by oil and engine manufacturers and is therefore one of the most monitored parameters of lubricants. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectrometry in combination with Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) was therefore proposed and tested as an alternative to the standardized method for determining the kinematic viscosity at 100 °C with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer (CSN EN ISO 3104) of worn-out motor oil grade SAE 15W-40. The FTIR-PLS model in the spectral region of 1750–650 cm−1 with modification of the spectra by the second derivative proved to be the most suitable. A significant dependence of R = 0.95 was achieved between the viscosity values of 190 samples of worn-out motor oils, which were determined by a standardized laboratory method, and the values predicted by the FTIR-PLS model. The Root Mean Square Error of Calibration (RMSEC) parameter reached 0.148 mm2s−1 and the Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) parameter reached 0.190 mm2s−1. The proposed method for determining the kinematic viscosity at 100 °C by the FTIR-PLS model is faster compared to the determination according to the CSN EN ISO 3104 standard, requires a smaller amount of oil sample for analysis and produces less waste chemicals.
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SZCZYGLAK, Piotr. "METHOD OF PAINT COAT DURABILITY ASSESSMENT EXPOSED TO MINERAL MASS." Tribologia 278, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6985.
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This study analyses issues concerning defects of passive paint coats. Four reasons of their occurrence have been identified: constructional, technological, operational, and caused by wear and tear. Standardized methods of paint coat assessment are discussed based on the impact of mechanical factors (PN-EN ISO 2409:2013-06, ASTM D3359-17, PN-EN ISO 1522:2008, PN-EN ISO 4624:2016-05, PN-EN ISO 1518-1:2011, PN-EN ISO 16276-2:2008, PN-EN ISO 6272:2011, PN-EN ISO 6860:2006, PN-EN ISO 2815:2004, PN-EN ISO 1519:2000). The original method of paint coat durability evaluation is presented with the consideration of synergetic impact of mechanical forces. This method permits carrying out testing in conditions close to those during normal service. The testing stand equipped with a rotating drum filled with mineral mass has been described as well as the optical method of assessing paint coat quality using original software developed by authors. Tests for three coating systems were carried out in order to present the possibilities of the developed method. In summary, the conclusions relating to the presented testing method are presented.
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Boubetra, Abdelkader, François Le Nestour, Corrie Allaert, and Max Feinberg. "Validation of Alternative Methods for the Analysis of Drinking Water and Their Application to Escherichia coli." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 10 (March 25, 2011): 3360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00020-11.
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ABSTRACTIn Europe, the Drinking Water Directive of the European Commission indicates which methods (most of which are CEN/ISO-standardized methods) should be used for the analysis of microbiological parameters (European Commission, Environment, Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998). According to the Directive, alternative methods “may be used, providing it can be demonstrated that the results obtained are at least as reliable as those produced by the methods specified.” The prerequisite for the routine use of any alternative method is to provide evidence that this method performs equivalently to the corresponding reference method. In this respect, the ISO 16140 standard (ISO,ISO 16140. Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs—Protocol for the Validation of Alternative Methods, 2003) represents a key issue in generating such a procedure based on an interlaboratory study. A new statistical tool, called the accuracy profile, has been developed to better interpret the data. The study presented here is based upon the enumeration ofEscherichia colibacteria in water. The reference method may require up to 72 h to provide a confirmed result. The aim of this publication is to present data for an alternative method by which results can be obtained in 18 h (Colilert-18/Quanti-Tray) based upon defined substrate technology (DST). The accuracy profile is a statistical and graphical decision-making tool and consists of simultaneously combining, in a single graphic, β expectation tolerance intervals (β-ETIs) and acceptability limits (λ). The study presents the validation criteria calculated at the three levels of contamination used in the trial for a β equal to 80% and a λ equal to ±0.3 and combines the accuracy profiles ofEscherichia colifor a λ of ±0.3 log10unit/100 ml, a λ of ±0.4 log10unit/100 ml, and a β of 80% or 90%. Several interesting conclusions can be drawn from these data. The accuracy profile method has been applied to the validation of the Colilert-18/Quanti-Tray method against reference method ISO 9308-1 (ISO,ISO 9308-1. Water Quality—Detection and Enumeration of Escherichia coli and Coliform Bacteria. Part 1. Membrane Filtration Method, 2000), using a β of 80% and a λ of 0.4; the alternative method can be validated between 1.00 and 2.05 log10units/100 ml, equivalent to 10 to 112 CFU/100 ml.
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Zhu, Yong Shuang, Xiang Yang Xu, and Li Jie Wang. "The Characterization of Web Offset Equipment Based on the Measurement of Chromaticity." Advanced Materials Research 718-720 (July 2013): 923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.718-720.923.
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t would be a large effort to use traditional methods of calibration procedures for Web Offset Press equipments. In this paper we proposed a convenient process calibration, which will not only guarantee the product quality meeting the ISO standards, but also save financial and material resources. Firstly, the measurements for determining the best ink thickness in Web Offset Press are discussed. The chromaticity values on solid fields with corresponding combination of paper and ink required by ISO Standards were achieved. Through a optimization process for gray balance, the printed tone values were adjusted to meet the requirements of ISO Standards. Finally several standardized test targets on sampled sheets ware measured, then the ICC profiles were created. This paper proposed an innovative process calibration, therefor using methods of chromaticity measurement, characterization of Web Offset Press can be put to effect to optimize printing processes.
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Bebić, Jelena M., Luka S. Gažević, and Christian Bläul. "PROLAB SOFTWARE FOR DATA EVALUATION OF INTERLABORATORY STUDIES." International Journal "Advanced Quality" 44, no. 3 (February 28, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25137/ijaq.n3.v44.y2016.p23-28.
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Interlaboratory studies represent a form of external quality control for laboratories. International standards that are used for interlaboratory comparisons, ISO 17043, ISO 13528, ISO 5725, define ways of organisation of comparisons and data treatment of participating laboratories’ results. Intercomparison results can be exploited, apart from the main goal for laboratory performance evaluation, also for method validation and production of Certified Reference Materials. PROLab is a comprehensive, globaly accepted and standardized software package for evaluating interlaboratory studies. It provides large data set structures, graphical andcomputational methods for optimal use of the data. Directorate of Measures and Precious Metals has purchased and installed software package PROLab Plus, licenced as the only one in the Republic of Serbia. As such, it will be available to all interested organisers of interlaboratory comparisons, in our country.
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Oury, Clement, and Roswitha Poll. "Counting the uncountable: statistics for web archives." Performance Measurement and Metrics 14, no. 2 (July 19, 2013): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pmm-05-2013-0014.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the aims and contents of the ISO Report ISO/TR 14873.Design/methodology/approachFor more than a decade, libraries have started to “collect the web”. National libraries in particular select, collect and store publications and websites from their national domain, seeing this as a task similar to traditional legal deposit. The collection policies and collecting methods vary, so that it is difficult to compare the quantity and quality of the respective web archives.FindingsIn order to harmonize the evaluation of web archives, ISO TC 46 SC 8 has produced a Technical Report that standardizes the terminology and statistics and offers tested indicators for assessing the quality of web archiving.Originality/valueThis paper describes the shortly to be published ISO/TR 14873, a potentially vital guide to harmonize web archive collection internationally.
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Rey, Romina del, Jesus Alba, Jorge P. Arenas, and Jaime Ramis. "Technical Notes: Evaluation of Two Alternative Procedures for Measuring Airflow Resistance of Sound Absorbing Materials." Archives of Acoustics 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2013-0064.
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Abstract It is well known that sound absorption and sound transmission properties of open porous materials are highly dependent on their airflow resistance values. Low values of airflow resistance indicate little resistance for air streaming through the porous material and high values are a sign that most of the pores inside the material are closed. The laboratory procedures for measuring airflow resistance have been stan- dardized by several organizations, including ISO and ASTM for both alternate flow and continuous flow. However, practical implementation of these standardized methods could be both complex and expensive. In this work, two indirect alternative measurement procedures were compared against the alternate flow standardized technique. The techniques were tested using three families of eco-friendly sound absorbent materials: recycled polyurethane foams, coconut natural fibres, and recycled polyester fibres. It is found that the values of airflow resistance measured using both alternative methods are very similar. There is also a good correlation between the values obtained through alternative and standardized methods.
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Reisinger, M., C. Dierolf, C. Schneider, A. Sauer, and G. Hörcher. "Intelligente Druckluftsysteme und Datenmodellierung*/Standardized data management for smart compressed air systems – Conceptual implementation of aggregated environmental production data according to ISO 20140." wt Werkstattstechnik online 109, no. 06 (2019): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2019-06-112.
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Der Beitrag präsentiert zunächst ein Klassifikationsschema für Druckluftsystem-Komponenten. Darauffolgend wird die Normenreihe ISO 20140 als Basis für ein standardisiertes Datenmanagement vorgestellt. Die Normenreihe beschreibt eine Methode für die Erfassung, Aggregation und Bewertung der Energieeffizienz und weiterer umweltrelevanter Faktoren von Fertigungssystemen. Dargestellt wird die Konzeption eines Datenmodellierung-Anwendungsfalls eines pneumatischen Systems in Form eines Demonstrators. This paper introduces a schemata for the classification of compressed air system components. It presents the standard ISO 20140 as a standardized data modeling technique. The standard represents a method for evaluating energy efficiency and other factors influencing the environment of manufacturing systems. The presented use case is a pneumatic sub system of a smart compressed air system demonstrator.
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Loffredo, Lorenzo, Evaristo Ettorre, Anna Maria Zicari, Maurizio Inghilleri, Cristina Nocella, Ludovica Perri, Alberto Spalice, et al. "Oxidative Stress and Gut-Derived Lipopolysaccharides in Neurodegenerative Disease: Role of NOX2." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (February 1, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8630275.
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Background. Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis represent a growing cause of disability in the developed countries. The underlying physiopathology is still unclear. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) in the neuropathological pathways that lead to ND. Furthermore, recent studies hypothesized a role for gut microbiota in the neuroinflammation; in particular, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Gram-negative bacteria in the gut is believed to play a role in causing ND by increase of oxidative stress and inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess NOX2 activity as well as serum 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), serum H2O2, and LPS in patients with ND compared to controls. Methods. One hundred and twenty-eight consecutive subjects, including 64 ND patients and 64 controls (CT) matched for age and gender, were recruited. A cross-sectional study was performed to compare serum activity of soluble NOX2-dp (sNOX2-dp), blood levels of isoprostanes, serum H2O2, and LPS in these two groups. Serum zonulin was used to assess gut permeability. Results. Compared with CT, ND patients had higher values of sNOX2-dp, 8-iso-PGF2α, H2O2, and LPS. Simple linear regression analysis showed that sNOX2-dp was significantly correlated with serum LPS (Rs=0.441; p<0.001), zonulin (Rs=0.411; p<0.001), serum H2O2 (Rs=0.329; p<0.001), and 8-iso-PGF2α (Rs=0.244; p=0.006). LPS significantly correlated with serum zonulin (Rs=0.818; p<0.001) and 8-iso-PGF2α (Rs=0.280; p=0.001). A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to define the independent predictors of sNOX2-dp. LPS (SE, 0.165; standardized coefficient β, 0.459; p<0.001) and 8-iso-PGF2α (SE, 0.018; standardized coefficient β, 0.220; p=0.005) emerged as the only independent predictive variables associated with sNOX2-dp (R2=57%). Conclusion. This study provides the first report attesting that patients with ND have high NOX2 activation that could be potentially implicated in the process of neuroinflammation.
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Menck, Oliver, Matthias Stammler, and Florian Schleich. "Fatigue lifetime calculation of wind turbine blade bearings considering blade-dependent load distribution." Wind Energy Science 5, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 1743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1743-2020.
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Abstract. Rotating bearings are some of the most commonly employed machine elements. As such, they are well-understood and thoroughly researched pieces of technology. Fatigue lifetime calculation is internationally standardized through ISO 281, which is based on the assumption that loads act on a bearing under constant rotation. Blade bearings of wind turbines do not conform to this assumption since their movement typically consists of small, repetitive oscillations. Moreover, their load distribution differs considerably over the bearing circumference, a load case for which ISO 281 refers to ISO 16281 and which requires detailed simulations of the bearing to be sufficiently precise. Aside from ISO 16281, the NREL DG03, a guideline for pitch and yaw bearing lifetime, lists two methods for incorporating bearing loads into the fatigue life calculation. This paper compares all three methods. Two of the methods can not be used directly for the double-row four-point bearing used in this paper and are thus slightly adjusted. Load distributions in the bearing are simulated and curve-fit by means of a novel approach using regression analysis. The method from NREL DG03, which requires the least computational effort, is shown to result in a much higher lifetime than the other two, which are based on internal load distributions of the bearing. The two latter methods are shown to produce very similar results. An adjustment is proposed for increasing the accuracy of that lifetime calculation method which requires the least computational effort in order to resemble the other two more closely.
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Gravit, V. Marina, Olamipe Ogidan, and Elena Znamenskaya. "Methods for determining the number of closed cells in rigid sprayed polyurethane foam." MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 03027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819303027.
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Polyurethane foams are currently the most effective thermal insulation materials, polyisocyanurates have low combustibility. Predicting the number of closed cells forming a gas-filled matrix in the finished polymer is necessary to improve the quality and durability of rigid sprayed polyurethane foam (SPF) and also be able to determine their quantity in finished coatings using standardized techniques. Depending on the number of closed cells, the polyurethane coatings are classified into certain levels in European documents. The methods of determining the volume percentage of open and closed cells of polyurethane foam, the problems of applying these methods, measuring equipment and their errors are analyzed in the article. The authors analyzed the international standard ISO 4590 for determining the volume percentage of open and closed cells spread in the EU countries and the American standard ASTM D 6226 for the purposes of harmonization of European standards with the developed national standard for PUR insulation and polyisocyanurate (PIR), sprayed on the site of production.
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Fang, Zhi, Li-Xia Lou, and Ke Yao. "Socio-economic disparity in visual impairment from cataract." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.09.03.
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AIM: To investigate the association of visual impairment from cataract with human development index (HDI) by years lived with disability (YLDs). METHODS: Published data on national age-standardized YLD rates caused by cataract and national HDIs in 2019 were obtained. Age-standardized YLD rates from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed to explore cataract burden among patients with different income levels. Age-standardized YLD rates in different HDI groups were compared by different degrees of visual impairment. Association between national age-standardized YLD rates and HDI in 2019 was analyzed. RESULTS: The age-standardized YLD rates of populations with visual impairment or blindness due to cataract declined from 1990 to 2019, especially among those with lower middle income. Multiple comparison tests revealed that countries with low HDI had significantly higher age-standardized YLD rates of blindness due to cataract than those with high and very high HDI (P<0.001). The age-standardized YLD rates of populations with blindness (β= -0.588, P<0.001), severe vision loss (β=-0.378, P<0.001), and moderate vision loss (β=-0.389, P<0.001) inversely correlated with HDI. CONCLUSION: Age-standardized YLD rates caused by cataract have declined since 1990. The burden of visual impairment due to cataract inversely correlate with national socioeconomic development and is more concentrated in countries with low HDI than those with high HDI, especially among the blind. These findings highlight the need to provide additional cataract services and cataract surgery coverage to developing countries to decrease the burden of avoidable blindness caused by cataract.
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Grossmann, Swen, Stefan Siewert, Robert Ott, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, Stefanie Kohse, Wolfram Schmidt, and Niels Grabow. "Standardized technique of water permeability measurement for biomedical applications." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2018-0152.
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AbstractStandardized methods and measures are ubiquitous in biomedical engineering and a key factor for the successful development and certification of novel biomaterials, implants or other medical devices. Hence, the development of standardized measurement techniques, which can be applied to nearly every material and device is of crucial importance. Within the current work, we introduce a method to evaluate the water permeability according to ISO/FDIS 7198. The setup was designed to determine the volumetric flow through a test sample for a given hydraulic pressure. One key feature is the effortless replacement of the chamber containing the test sample. The measurement technique can thus be applied to a variety of materials and medical devices. To demonstrate the functionality of the setup we fabricated nanofiber membranes using the process of electrospinning. Nonwovens with comparable thickness and varying morphology were analyzed with regard to water permeability. In particular the different fiber diameters as well as the modified inter-fiber distances result in large deviations of the water permeability. Furthermore, there are hints for a rearrangement of the nanofibers due to the applied hydraulic pressure. The developed measurement technique provides a powerful tool for the standardized quantification of the water permeability and can be applied to a variety of biomaterials and medical devices.
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Morales-Espejel, Guillermo E., and Antonio Gabelli. "Rolling bearing performance rating parameters: Review and engineering assessment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 15 (March 24, 2020): 3064–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220911395.
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The choice of a rolling bearing for a particular application relies on performance rating parameters as the static, the dynamic, and the fatigue limit load of bearings. The values of these parameters define the calculated performance of the bearing. Endurance testing of high-quality rolling bearings has been used for the development of rolling bearing performance standards like the ISO 281 and ISO 76 that are commonly used throughout the industry. However, standard test methods for the measurement and validation of load ratings of rolling bearings are not available in the standards. This leads to the undifferentiated use of the “status of the art” standardized performance to the very large variety of rolling bearing types and qualities that are produced today. The current paper revisits the origin, definition, and development of rolling bearing performance parameters. A numerical study for the determination process of bearing load ratings is carried out. The results are compared with standardized values and values quoted by bearing manufacturers. This provides an overview of the load rating practices that are in use. The limitations and possible improvements of the present methodology are discussed.
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Oberhausen, Christof, Meysam Minoufekr, and Peter Plapper. "Standardized Value Stream Management Method to Visualize, Analyze and Optimize Cross-Enterprise Value Stream Data." International Journal of Standardization Research 15, no. 2 (July 2017): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsr.2017070102.
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This article describes how on the way towards a reliable and efficient collaboration in global supply chain networks, organizations are seeking for suitable methods and tools to enhance product and information flows. Based on the evolving Lean Manufacturing methodology in combination with the increased exploitation of ICT, new and diverse Value Stream Management (VSM) approaches are currently used. Thus, a common VSM standard is sought to analyze and visualize valuable data and to synchronize capacities and flows. In this article, the authors present a review of existing VSM approaches, patents and software solutions. Furthermore, a classification comprising four categories that serve as a basis for the ongoing VSM standard development within ISO/TC 154 and a case study of an administrative value stream are shown.
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Jayamani, Elammaran, Pushparaj Ezhumalai, Sinin Hamdan, and M. Rezaur Rahman. "Investigation on Sound Absorption Coefficients of Betel Nut Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (December 2013): 901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.901.
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This research investigates the sound absorption coefficients of betel nut fibers (Areca Fibers) reinforced with thermoplastic (Polypropylene) and thermoset (Unsaturated polyester) matrix composites with different fiber loadings and frequencies. In this research we used 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of betel nut fibers in the polymer matrix and the test frequencies are from 400 Hz to 1800 Hz. There are two standardized methods used for measuring the normal incidence sound absorption coefficient of composites namely, standing wave method (ISO 10534-1) and two fixed microphone method (ISO 10534-2). From this research, betel nut fibers reinforced with polymer matrix composites have good sound absorption coefficients at high frequency although the overall sound absorption coefficient is quiet low. The Increase in fiber loading increases the sound absorption coefficients of composites. The types of polymer did not have significant influences on sound absorption coefficients. Both methods of measurement show the same results where the two fixed microphone method is much quicker than standing wave method.
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Schorler, Hendrik, Robert Wendlandt, Christian Jürgens, Arndt-Peter Schulz, Christian Kaddick, and Felix Capanni. "Bone plate-screw constructs for osteosynthesis – recommendations for standardized mechanical torsion and bending tests." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 63, no. 6 (November 27, 2018): 719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2017-0126.
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Abstract This paper follows up on a recent systematic review of test methods and parameters for biomechanical testing of bone plates and it is the first study that contains recommendations for standardized mechanical testing of bone plate-screw constructs for osteosynthesis. Following the testing philosophy of ASTM F382 and ISO 9585, we have developed standardized quasi-static and dynamic testing methods for straight linear and anatomically shaped plates, including locked type and conventional systems. The test specification comprises torsion and bending tests along the implant axis and therefore modifies and extends the methods proposed by ASTM F382. We present specific test setups in order to determine product-specific characteristics of the mechanical construct, consisting of the bone plate with corresponding screws (such as construct stiffness, yield strength, ultimate strength and fatigue properties) under the condition that it is rigidly fixed to “healthy bone”. We also address specific testing requirements that are important for the purpose of standardization, such as the positioning of the construct for testing or the number of screws in the diaphysis and metaphysis. Finally, we define the outcome parameters and associated failure criteria related to quasi-static and dynamic testing for comparative purposes. This paper does not intend to replace biomechanical testing of those devices under physiological loading conditions.
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Kessel, Stephen L., James G. Bennett, and Charles E. Rogers. "Corrosivity Test Methods for Polymeric Materials. Part 1- Radiant Furnace Test Method [1]." Journal of Fire Sciences 12, no. 2 (March 1994): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419401200201.
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This is the first in a series of papers published by the Polyolefins Fire Performance Council, a unit of the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., to investigate corrosivity test methods. In this paper, 25 polymeric materials were evaluated for smoke corrosion using the proposed ASTM E05.21.70 test stan dard. These commercially available polymeric materials cover a broad range of compositions used for wire and cable insulation and jacketing. The samples were decomposed in the proposed ASTM apparatus and a copper probe was subsequently exposed to the combustion gases. The corrosive poten tial, as defined by metal loss in angstroms, was determined for each material. The data demonstrate that the ASTM E05.21.70 test protocol does differentiate corrosive potentials of polymeric materials. Some refinement in this test method is warranted to better develop it as a standard for measuring corrosiv ity. Further work is under way to evaluate other test methods as standardized corrosivity methods. This future work will focus on the proposed CNET ISO IC61/SC4/WG2 test, the DIN 57472 acid gas test, and the cone calorimeter (DyGST) corrosivity test under review by ASTM DO9.21.04.
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Diniz, Débora P., Daniela Aparecida Lorencini, Andresa Aparecida Berretta, Monica A. C. T. Cintra, Erica N. Lia, Alceu A. Jordão, and Eduardo B. Coelho. "Antioxidant Effect of Standardized Extract of Propolis (EPP-AF®) in Healthy Volunteers: A “Before and After” Clinical Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (October 16, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7538232.
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Background. Propolis is rich in polyphenols, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, and has significant antioxidant activity, shown mainly in “in vitro” studies. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant efficacy and safety of a standardized propolis extract in healthy volunteers. Design. A two-phase sequential, open-label, nonrandomized, before and after clinical trial. Methods. Healthy participants received two EPP-AF® doses (375 and 750 mg/d, P.O, tid) during 7 ± 2 days, starting with the lower doses. Immediately before starting EPP-AF® administration and at the end of each 7-day dosing schedule, blood and urine samples were collected for quantification of 8-OHDG (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) and 8-ISO (8-isoprostanes) in urine and GSH (reduced glutathione), GSSG (oxidized glutathione), SOD (superoxide dismutase), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), vitamin E, and MDA (malondialdehyde) in plasma. Results. In our study, we had 34 healthy participants (67.7% women, 30 ± 8 years old, 97% white). The 8-ISO, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, decreased with both doses of EPP-AF® compared to baseline (8-ISO, 1.1 (0.9–1.3) versus 0.85 (0.75–0.95) and 0.89 (0.74–1.0), ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.05 , for 375 and 750 mg/d EPP-AF® doses versus baseline, mean and CI 95%, respectively). 8-OHDG, a biomarker of DNA oxidation, was also reduced compared to baseline with 750 mg/d doses (8-OHDG, 15.7 (13.2–18.1) versus 11.6 (10.2–13.0), baseline versus 750 mg/d, respectively, ng/mg creatinine, P < 0.05 ). Reduction of biomarkers of oxidative stress damage was accompanied by increased plasma SOD activity (68.8 (66.1–73.3) versus 78.2 (72.2–80.5) and 77.7 (74.1–82.6), %inhibition, P < 0.0001 , 375 and 750 mg/d versus baseline, median and interquartile range 25–75%, respectively) and by increased GSH for 375 mg/d EPP-AF® doses (1.23 (1.06–1.34) versus 1.33 (1.06–1.47), μmol/L, P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. EPP-AF® reduced biomarkers of oxidative stress cell damage in healthy humans, with increased antioxidant enzymatic capacity, especially of SOD. This trial is registered with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC, RBR-9zmfs9).
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Georgsson, Mattias, and Nancy Staggers. "Quantifying usability: an evaluation of a diabetes mHealth system on effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction metrics with associated user characteristics." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 1 (September 16, 2015): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocv099.
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Abstract Objective Mobile health (mHealth) systems are becoming more common for chronic disease management, but usability studies are still needed on patients’ perspectives and mHealth interaction performance. This deficiency is addressed by our quantitative usability study of a mHealth diabetes system evaluating patients’ task performance, satisfaction, and the relationship of these measures to user characteristics. Materials and Methods We used metrics in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9241-11 standard. After standardized training, 10 patients performed representative tasks and were assessed on individual task success, errors, efficiency (time on task), satisfaction (System Usability Scale [SUS]) and user characteristics. Results Tasks of exporting and correcting values proved the most difficult, had the most errors, the lowest task success rates, and consumed the longest times on task. The average SUS satisfaction score was 80.5, indicating good but not excellent system usability. Data trends showed males were more successful in task completion, and younger participants had higher performance scores. Educational level did not influence performance, but a more recent diabetes diagnosis did. Patients with more experience in information technology (IT) also had higher performance rates. Discussion Difficult task performance indicated areas for redesign. Our methods can assist others in identifying areas in need of improvement. Data about user background and IT skills also showed how user characteristics influence performance and can provide future considerations for targeted mHealth designs. Conclusion Using the ISO 9241-11 usability standard, the SUS instrument for satisfaction and measuring user characteristics provided objective measures of patients’ experienced usability. These could serve as an exemplar for standardized, quantitative methods for usability studies on mHealth systems.
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Ma, Dandan, Yunyun Sun, Shi-Ming Li, Wen-Zai An, Jian-Ping Hu, Kai Cao, Xiao-Hui Yang, et al. "Distribution of IOP and its relationship with refractive error and other factors: the Anyang University Students Eye Study." International Journal of Ophthalmology 14, no. 4 (April 18, 2021): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2021.04.12.
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AIM: To investigate the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) and its relationship with refractive error and other factors in university students from Anyang, China. METHODS: A university-based study was conducted. Subjects were invited to complete ophthalmic examinations, including visual acuity, noncontact tonometry (NCT), cycloplegic autorefraction, and ocular biometry. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to evaluate the associations between IOP and other factors. Only data from right eyes were used in analysis. RESULTS: A total of 7720 subjects aged 16 to 26 years old were included, and 2834 (36.4%) of the participants were male. The mean IOP of the right eye for all subjects was 15.52±3.20 mm Hg (95%CI: 15.45, 15.59). Using multivariate linear regression analysis, IOP was found to correlate significantly with younger age (P&#x003C;0.001; standardized regression coefficient β, -0.061; regression coefficient β, -0.139; 95%CI: -0.18, -0.09), higher myopic refractive error (P=0.044; standardized β, -0.060; regression coefficient β, -0.770; 95%CI: -0.15, -0.002), higher central corneal thickness (P&#x003C;0.001; standardized β, 0.450; regression coefficient β, 0.044; 95%CI: 0.04, 0.05), and shorter axial length (AL; P&#x003C;0.001; standardized β, -0.061; regression coefficient β, -0.163; 95%CI: -0.25, -0.07). CONCLUSION: This study described the normal distribution of IOP. In Chinese university students aged 16-26y, higher IOP is associated with younger age, higher myopic refractive error, higher thickness of the central cornea, and shorter AL.
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Eberhardt, HJ, and G. Scherer. "Human Smoking Behaviour in Comparison with Machine Smoking Methods: A Summary of the Five Papers Presented at the 1995 Meeting of the CORESTA Smoke and Technology Groups in Vienna." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 16, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0642.
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AbstractDuring the last months there have been extensive discussions, particularly in the United States, whether and to what extent data obtained by machine smoking using standardized methods (e.g. ISO, FTC, Coresta) permit conclusions about the actual uptake of smoke constituents (nicotine, condensate, etc.) by a smoker. This topic was a major focus of interest at the meeting of the Coresta Smoke and Technology Group in Vienna from 10th to 14th September 1995. A total of five studies were presented, four of which compared smoke yields obtained by standard machine smoking with actual yields obtained by human smoking. The fifth study investigated the effect of alternative puffing regimens and filter vent blocking on “tar” and nicotine yields of cigarettes. This paper summarizes the essential findings of the five studies.
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Knezović, Nevenka J., Mustafa Memić, Mirela Mabić, Jasna Huremović, and Ivanka Mikulić. "Correlation between water hardness and cardiovascular diseases in Mostar city, Bosnia and Herzegovina." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 4 (April 25, 2014): 817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.129.
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The aim of this study was to determine the association of cardiovascular disease (CVD) of selected human subjects with the hardness of water they consume. Laboratory testing of physical and chemical parameters of water were made using standardized methods: Standard Methods 19th edn, 1995 (APHA, AWWA & WEF, Washington, DC), and ISO 7888:1985, ISO 10523:1998. Pearson's chi-squared test was used for the statistical analysis of data, with the significance level of 0.05. The obtained data were analysed using the statistical program SPSS 16.0. The study sample consisted of 1,021 individuals divided into two groups: soft water consumers, 603 individuals, and, hard water consumers, 618 individuals. Results indicate that a statistically significant (χ2 = 5.315; df = 1; p = 0.021) number of individuals with CVD drink soft water. The prevalence of CVD in the age group 45–60 years in the study area where soft water is consumed was 21.3% and in the study area where hard water is consumed the prevalence of CVD was 13.7%. The summary results indicate significant correlation between the prevalence of CVD in the population group who drink soft water. The value of the relative risk is 1.127.
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Debreczeni, Dániel, and Gabriella Bognár. "Analytical and FE Determination of the Change of Single Stiffness for Cylindrical Gears with External Involute Teeth." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 64, no. 4 (September 28, 2020): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.15656.
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The calculation of mesh stiffness with required accuracy is essential for determining the contact characteristics of gear pairs. The easiest approximation of the relative stiffness for the basic profile geometries is the so-called single stiffness. Standardized and analytical methods for the determination of the single and mesh stiffness of gears are used to achieve design goals considering the load capacity and the vibration excitation characteristics. Such methods involve the formulas of ISO 6336-1:2006 based on experimental relationships and the equations of Weber and Banaschek based on mechanical calculations. In this paper, guidelines are given to refine the analytical calculations. Our goal is to present the impact of the change of the applied pressure angle, module, load, rim thickness and tooth number on the maximal single stiffness. The profile geometry of the gears is generated with our program in MATLAB. The profile of gears is calculated by the tool geometry and the kinematics of production. The geometry is imported into Abaqus. The sensitivity of the models to different parameters is examined and compared to those obtained by analytical calculations. The benchmarks for the single stiffness are the two most widely used analytical calculation methods in Europe such as ISO 6336-1:2006 formulas and Weber and Banaschek equations.
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Coleman, Kristine, Nicola D. Robertson, Gregory A. Dissen, Martha D. Neuringer, L. Drew Martin, Verginia C. Cuzon Carlson, Christopher Kroenke, Damien Fair, and Ansgar M. Brambrink. "Isoflurane Anesthesia Has Long-term Consequences on Motor and Behavioral Development in Infant Rhesus Macaques." Anesthesiology 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001383.
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Abstract Background Experimental evidence correlates anesthetic exposure during early development with neuronal and glial injury and death, as well as behavioral and cognitive impairments, in young animals. Several, although not all, retrospective human studies of neurocognitive and behavioral disorders after childhood exposure to anesthesia suggest a similar association. Few studies have specifically investigated the effects of infant anesthesia exposure on subsequent neurobehavioral development. Using a highly translational nonhuman primate model, the authors investigated the potential dose-dependent effects of anesthesia across the first year of development. Methods The authors examined the effects of single or multiple early postnatal isoflurane exposures on subsequent behavioral development in 24 socially reared rhesus macaques. Infants were exposed to 5 h of isoflurane anesthesia once, three times (ISO-3), or not at all (control). The authors assessed reflex development and anxiety using standardized tests. At approximately 1 yr, infants (n = 23) were weaned and housed indoors with 5 to 6 other subjects. The authors recorded their response to this move and reassessed anxiety. Results Compared to controls, animals exposed to repeated isoflurane (ISO-3) presented with motor reflex deficits at 1 month (median [range]: ISO-3 = 2 [1 to 5] vs. control = 5 [3 to 7]; P < 0.005) and responded to their new social environment with increased anxiety (median [range]: ISO-3 = 0.4 bouts/min [0.2 to 0.6]; control = 0.25 bouts/min [0.1 to 0.3]; P = 0.05) and affiliative/appeasement behavior (median [range]: ISO-3 = 0.1 [0 to 0.2]; control = 0 bouts/min [0 to 0.1]; P < 0.01) at 12 months. There were no statistically significant behavioral alterations after single isoflurane exposure. Conclusions Neonatal exposure to isoflurane, particularly when repeated, has long-term behavioral consequences affecting both motor and socioemotional aspects of behavior.
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Kimura, M., S. Ogishima, A. Shabo, I. K. Kim, C. Parisot, B. de Faria Leao, and J. Nakaya. "Future Direction of IMIA Standardization." Yearbook of Medical Informatics 23, no. 01 (August 2014): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15265/iy-2014-0010.
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Summary Objectives: Standardization in the field of health informatics has increased its importance and global alliance for establishing interoperability and compatibility internationally. Standardization has been organized by standard development organizations (SDOs) such as ISO (International Organization for Standardization), CEN (European Committee for Standardization), IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise), and HL7 (Health Level 7), etc. This paper reports the status of these SDOs’ activities. Methods: In this workshop, we reviewed the past activities and the current situation of standardization in health care informatics with the standard development organizations such as ISO, CEN, IHE, and HL7. Then we discussed the future direction of standardization in health informatics toward “future medicine” based on standardized technologies. Results: We could share the status of each SDO through exchange of opinions in the workshop. Some WHO members joined our discussion to support this constructive activity. Conclusion: At this meeting, the workshop speakers have been appointed as new members of the IMIA working groups of Standards in Health Care Informatics (WG16). We could reach to the conclusion that we collaborate for the international standardization in health informatics toward “future medicine”.