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1
Lomakina, Tat'yana, and Nina Vasil'chenko. Modern technology of teaching a foreign language: design and experience. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1111366.
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The monograph deals with the theoretical and practical issues of pedagogical design of the technology of teaching a foreign language in the system of secondary vocational education. Presents an analysis of key concepts "instructional design" and "technology of education" that is meaningful and reveals the basic principles of the system, activity-based and student-centered approaches to the design of learning technologies to address new opportunities and the status of the str system in the modern socio-economic conditions. The author has developed a method of selection of the content of learning English language, based on the modular structure of the course, taking into account international experience in building the content of language education for professional purposes, the requirements of the educational-methodical complex of teaching business English and core competencies stipulated by the Council of Europe, as well as the requirements of the labour market and the needs of employers standardisert, intensificarea language training specialist of middle management by reflection of the status and trends of professional activities in various fields. For use in the system of professional development of teachers of secondary vocational education, additional education and the system of corporate training.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 17 Derivatives, Clearing, and Exposures to CCPs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0017.
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This chapter discusses requirements for derivatives, clearing and exposures to CCPs. In September 2009, as one of the primary policy responses to the crisis, G20 leaders at the Pittsburgh summit decided to promote central clearing of derivatives, and legislation is now in place to provide a framework for compelling banks to do this. However, clearing increases the risk exposures of banks providing that clearing service, since the bank retains the risks arising from the original derivative transaction, and adds to them any risks arising from the clearing process. In general, a bank will measure its derivative exposures using one of three methods: the Internal Model Method; the Standardized Method; or the Current Exposure Method. The risk weight is that which applies to the counterparty under the Standardized Approach (SA) or internal ratings-based approach for credit risk. However, these approaches will be replaced by the SA-CCR under Basel 3.
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Bachilo, Dmitry A., and Grigory R. Khazankin. Network Technologies: A Video Course. Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1073-0.
Full textAbstract:
This video course covers a number of issues related to methods of distributed information processing and principles of information transmission via communication channels. It is designed for those who needs to master the basic principles, methods, technologies and standardized solutions for local, campus and global computer networks and information systems. This video course has been successfully used since 2015 as a video accompaniment to the discipline "Network technologies" at the Information Technologies Department of Novosibirsk State University.
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Velkushanova, Konstantina, Linda Strande, Mariska Ronteltap, Thammarat Koottatep, Damir Brdjanovic, and Chris Buckley, eds. Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780409122.
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Faecal sludge management is recognized globally as an essential component of city-wide inclusive sanitation. However, a major gap in developing appropriate and adequate management and monitoring for faecal sludge is the ability to understand and predict the characteristics and volumes of accumulated faecal sludge, and correlations to source populations. Since standard methods for sampling and analysing faecal sludge do not currently exist, results are not comparable, the actual variability is not yet fully understood, and the transfer of knowledge and data between different regions and institutions can be challenging and often arbitrary. Due to this lack of standard analytical methods for faecal sludge, methods from other fields, such as wastewater management, and soil and food science are frequently applied. However, these methods are not necessarily the most suitable for faecal sludge analysis, and have not been specifically adapted for this purpose. Characteristics of faecal sludge can be different than these other matrices by orders of magnitude. There is also a lack of standard methods for sampling, which is complicated by the difficult nature of in situ sampling, the wide range of onsite sanitation technologies and potential sampling locations, and the diverse heterogeneity of faecal sludge within onsite containments and within cities. This illustrates the urgent need to establish common methods and procedures for faecal sludge characterisation, quantification, sampling, and modelling. The aim of this book is to provide a basis for standardised methods for the analysis of faecal sludge from onsite sanitation technologies, for improved communication between sanitation practitioners, and for greater confidence in the generated data. The book presents background information on types of faecal sludge, methods for sample collection, health and safety procedures for handling, case studies of experimental design, an approach for estimating faecal sludge at community to city-wide scales, modelling containment and treatment processes, recipes for simulants, and laboratory methods for faecal sludge analysis currently in use by faecal sludge laboratories. This book will be beneficial for researchers, laboratory technicians, academics, students and sanitation practitioners. ISBN13: 9781780409115 eISBN: 9781780409122
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Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Process and Critical Tasks of Cross-Cultural Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0002.
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The overall process of cross-cultural instrument development and assessment are discussed in this chapter. Research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three methods of cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. In order to develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Clinical trial design. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0014.
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This chapter outlines the various study designs and their uses. The phases of drug development are described and the appropriate study design employed at each phase of development is identified Elimination of bias is critical to the study design and methods of eliminating bias are discussed, defining the population, randomisation and blinding. A summary of the elements to be considered when designing a study are presented including the types of control, placebo or active, and their uses, Non comparative and comparative designs are presented. In the comparative design both within and between patient designs are discussed including crossover, parallel, sequential, factorial and left right comparisons. Patient outcomes measures as well as efficacy measurement are required for new treatments. There is a brief review of pharmaeconomic study designs. Other types of study design, dose escalation and dose response studies are also discussed. As well as reducing bias in studies another critical element is the recording of the primary assessment methods. The choice of methods will affect other aspects of the study such as the statistical considerations. The methodology must be standardised and validated.
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Laureno, Robert. At the Bedside. Edited by Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0001.
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The chapter “At the Bedside” examines neurologic history-taking with special attention paid to the importance of clarifying the use of terms between physician and patient, the use of gestures and demonstration in eliciting accurate symptom recall, evaluating input from witnesses and family members, and observing patient demeanor and emotional status. The chapter also describes and evaluates popular neurologic examination methods with comments on quantification, selection, and appropriate application of various standardized tests. Helpful guidance on performing examinations of strength, sensory perception, mental status, and memory is also provided. The physician is encouraged to develop his or her own succinct, quickly applied, and easily replicated tests to aid in the diagnosis of neurologic disorders.
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Lonie, Douglas. Measuring Outcomes and Demonstrating Impact. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.24.
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This chapter explores approaches to evaluation and measurement in community music, within a policy environment increasingly focused on establishing the impact of public investment on individuals, communities, and society as a whole. It seeks to critically engage with terminology and appraise common models of evaluation and measurement advocated by a range of funders of community music by reviewing policy documents and evaluation approaches promoted across the public and third sectors, using recent history in the United Kingdom as a case study. Drawing on published examples of community music evaluations, a variety of methods are discussed including quantitative studies, interpretative and qualitative approaches, and standardized tools. These are examined in relation to their ability to convey project learnings, as well as the extent to which ‘impact’ can be attributed and claimed. The findings are then discussed in relation to the broader literature relating to the impact of community music, and an emerging field of applicable methods is proposed.
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Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 13. Ethnography and Participant Observation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the principles of ethnography and participant observation: what they are, how (if) they became standardized as a research method, what form of evidence they constitute, and what place they occupy in the study of Politics. Participant observation has emerged as a popular research tool across the social sciences. In particular, political ethnographies are now widely carried out in a wide variety of contexts, from the study of political institutions and organizations to the investigation of social movements and informal networks, such as terrorist groups and drugs cartels. Political ethnography is also becoming a research method of choice in the field of International Relations. The chapter examines the strengths of ethnographic fieldwork, focusing on issues relating to sampling, access, key informants, and collecting observational data. It also addresses the weaknesses of ethnography, especially issues of subjectivity, reliability, and generalizability.
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Dostál, Petr, and Chia-Yang Lin. Business Applications of Fuzzy Logic. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.14.
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The chapter focuses on the use of fuzzy logic, or soft computing, among the different methods used as supports for decision making in business applications. The processes are focused on private corporate attempts at making money or decreasing expenses; therefore, the details of applications, successful or not, are not published very often. Fuzzy logic helps in decentralization of decisionmaking processes that are to be standardized, reproduced, and documented. Fuzzy logic plays very important roles, especially in business, because it helps reduce costs. It differs from conventional (hard) computing in that it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for fuzzy logic is the human mind. The guiding principle of fuzzy logic is to exploit this tolerance to achieve tractability, robustness, and low solution cost.
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Konopasek, Lyuba, Marcy Rosenbaum, John Encandela, and Kathy Cole-Kelly. Evaluating communication skills training courses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0062.
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This chapter describes strategies for designing programme evaluation for communication skills training courses. It draws on the communication literature to demonstrate evaluation approaches including use of control groups, validated instruments, and observation methods. The logic model is introduced as a tool to ensure that evaluation is aligned with programme plans. Kirkpatrick’s four levels of programme evaluation are used to analyse training outcomes. Kirkpatrick’s Level 1 evaluates learners’ reaction to training. Level 2 evaluates changes in the learners’ attitudes, such as self-efficacy, knowledge and skills, including assessment by standardized patients. Level 3 assesses change in communication behaviours in the context of patient care, and Level 4 measures changes in patient outcomes, including patient satisfaction. Examples of each Kirkpatrick level are provided in this chapter, along with their strengths and limitations.
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van Tubergen, Astrid, and Robert Landewé. Clinical outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0012.
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In general, axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) follows a chronic course, requiring regular medical care and monitoring. The outcome of axSpA may vary substantially due to heterogenic presentation. For both research and clinical practice, it is important to have relevant, reliable, validated instruments for measuring outcome, to evaluate patients in a standardized way and capture all disease aspects. The Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society has developed core sets and instruments to measure these domains, and recommends only the most important domains being measured with best available methods. This chapter provides an overview of the most important outcomes in axSpA and most commonly used instruments to measure these. Additional measures frequently used but not (yet) included in the core set are addressed, and several sets of response criteria applied in axSpA research described. This chapter also provides guidance in which setting (research versus practice) and with which frequency these measures can be used.
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Drew, Phillip. The Law of Maritime Blockade. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808435.001.0001.
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Although benign by appearance, Maritime Blockade can, in the right circumstances, be a devastating method of warfare, capable of bringing a country’s economy to its knees and causing mass suffering and starvation amongst its civilian population. In spite of its potentially deadly nature, maritime blockade remains one of the most unregulated and misunderstood forms of modern warfare. This holds particularly true in regards to the laws surrounding humanitarian requirements of civilian populations subjected to blockade operations. The Law of Maritime Blockade: Past, Present, and Future is an examination of the development and practice of the law of blockade over the past four centuries. Using examples from history, it describes the humanitarian impact of blockade, and provides analysis as to why this method of warfare has proven so difficult to regulate. Concluding that the current law of maritime blockade lacks a common framework or understanding, particularly in the context of non-international armed conflict, it suggests that the customary status of blockade law is dubious. In response, it offers model guidelines that provide the foundation for standardized rules designed to support the operational requirements of the belligerent parties whilst addressing the humanitarian requirements of affected civilian populations.
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Ritchie, Karen. Psychometric assessment in older people. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0002.
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Psychometrics permits the quantification of cognition, affect and behaviour, thus permitting both the identification of pathology and degree of deviation from normality. These methods have been principally used in older populations to screen affective and cognitive disorders, as an adjunct to the differential diagnosis of different forms of cognitive dysfunction and also to describe and monitor the functional consequences of pathology. The application of psychometric tests in older populations raises several problems, notably the confounding effects of associated pathologies, changing definitions of disease threshold in parallel with advances in medical technology, and inadequate knowledge of normal information processing at higher ages. Computerized assessment, once considered inappropriate in older populations, is now commonly used to standardize administration procedures and tailor testing to individual competency. It has also permitted the more accurate measurement of information processing time, which is important in the diagnosis of many neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Furlani, Dianne, Rosemary Gales, and David Pemberton. Otoliths of Common Australian Temperate Fish. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098459.
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The accurate identification of fish ‘ear-bones’, known as otoliths, is essential to determine the fish prey of marine and terrestrial predators. Fish otoliths are species-specific when combining size, shape and surface features, and can remain undigested for long periods. As a result, they can indicate which fish make up the diet of various predators, including cephalopod, seabird, marine mammal and fish species. Such studies are crucial for understanding marine ecosystems, and trophodynamics in particular. Increasingly, these methods are being used to understand the diet of some terrestrial predators, also extending to that of humans in archaelogical studies.
Otoliths of Common Australian Temperate Fish offers users a verified reference collection to assist in the accurate identification of species and size of fish using otoliths. It covers 141 fish species from a broad geographic range of the Australian temperate region and includes commercial and non-commercial fish species. A standardised written description of the otolith structure, size and surface features is provided for each species. Included are brief distribution and ecology notes, and regression for both otolith and fish lengths, together with high-quality SEM photographs of the otolith described.
This guide will be an essential reference for marine scientists and marine mammal researchers; ornithologists, fisheries researchers and fish biologists studying age and growth or comparative anatomy; and archaeologists.
Winner of the 2008 Whitley Award for Zoological Manual.
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Hodges, John R. Cognitive Assessment for Clinicians. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749189.001.0001.
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This book provides clinicians with a theoretically motivated guide to the assessment of patients with cognitive complaints. Its main goal is to teach physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists how to assess cognition in the clinic or at the bedside based around the instrument, the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE), developed in Cambridge over many years and subsequently refined and modified. The latest version is the ACE-III, which is freely available and has been translated into many languages. The early chapters provide a framework in which aspects of cognition are considered as those with a distributed representation in the brain (such as attention and memory) versus those with more focal representation (such as language, praxis, and spatial abilities). There are descriptions of the major syndromes encountered in clinical practice, notably delirium and dementia, which have been updated to incorporate recent discoveries. There follows the all-important section on history taking and the ‘meat of the book’: how to perform bedside cognitive testing. The ACE-III is contrasted to other commonly used brief standardized mental test schedules (such as the Montreal Cognitive Examination). Sixteen cases with a full range of cognitive disorders illustrate the method recommended. Finally, there is an appendix outlining the range of formal tests commonly used in neuropsychological practice.
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Ricci, Edmund M., Ernesto A. Pretto, Jr., and Knut Ole Sundnes. Disaster Evaluation Research. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796862.001.0001.
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The ultimate hope and great challenge undertaken by the authors of this volume is to improve disaster preparedness and response efforts globally by providing a standardized way to conduct rigorous and comprehensive scientific evaluative studies of the medical and public health response to these horrific events. It is our strongly held belief that the framework for the conduct of evaluative studies, as developed by specialists in scientific evaluation, offers the most appropriate and comprehensive structure for such studies. Our ‘eight-step approach’ is based upon a conceptual framework that is now widely used by health organizations globally as a basis for the evaluation of community-based medical and public health programs. We contend that many more disaster-related injuries and deaths can be prevented if the concepts and methods of evaluation science are applied to disaster events. In Part 1 of this book we describe the basic concepts and scientific methods used by program evaluation scientists to assess the structure, process, and outcomes of medical and public health interventions. In addition, a detailed description of a comprehensive medical and public health response system is described. In Part 2 we present an eight-step model for conducting an evaluative study of the response, again with a focus on the medical and public health components. Ethical issues that come into play in the conduct of disaster evaluative disaster research, and how these should be addressed, are the focus of Chapter 13. The final chapter offers a look to the future as new technology for data collection becomes available. We are not so naïve as to believe that disaster preparedness and response will change as a direct result of the availability of scientifically conducted assessments. Change requires a double pronged commitment—leaders from both the ranks of government and of the health professions must carefully consider, fund, and adopt policy positions and programs that are based upon the findings and recommendations that emerge from scientific evaluation studies. That is the most certain pathway to a better future.
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Holmqvist, Rolf. Client and Therapist Reports. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.36.
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Testing efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatment requires valid and reliable methods for describing change. There are three main issues in rating outcome: First, from what perspective should the ratings be made (client, therapist, society)? Second, what level should the measurement target (concrete behavior or thought, syndrome, or global change)? Third, should outcome be described nomothetically (with standardized instruments) or ideographically? Despite many proposals over the years, there is still no consensus about instruments that make comparisons between studies comparable. Some scales have, however, become standard for specific disorders. Comparisons of ratings by clients and therapists show moderate agreement about presenting problems, perception of the process (e.g., alliance), and outcome. One reason for imperfect agreement may be different formulations and instruments for each participant. Another reason could be that clients and therapists have different perspectives on how to describe problems and therapy activities conceptually. It may be important to distinguish between clients’ and therapists’perceptionsof agreement, for instance about activities in therapy and goals, andactualagreement on specific behaviors and targets. Although agreement may be important, recent theories and studies have emphasized that a mutual therapeutic endeavor can be characterized as an ongoing negotiation between client and therapist. The negotiation in itself may be a potent therapeutic tool. Therapists are encouraged to follow the development of clients’ ratings of both symptoms and alliance continuously during treatment in order to modify the treatment in accordance with the current level of symptoms as well as the clients’ perspective on the therapeutic collaboration.