Academic literature on the topic 'ISO standardised methods'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'ISO standardised methods.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "ISO standardised methods"
1
Zamyslowska-Szmytke, Ewa, Wieslaw Szymczak, and Mariola Sliwinska-Kowalska. "Vibration Perception Thresholds Assessed by Two Different Methods in Healthy Subjects." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 22, no. 2 (June 2003): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026309203322770329.
Full textAbstract:
The values of vibration perception threshold (VPT) should be related to the equipment and methods of measurement that differ between European countries. ISO Standard 13091-1-2001 specifies the general guidelines regarding device facilities and measurement methodology. This study was designed to compare VPTs in healthy subjects by using two different methods of measurement. The first one was a standard technique applied currently in Poland and the second one was based on the principles of the International Standard ISO 13091-1-2001. The study comprised 187 healthy subjects, aged 17–57 years, not occupationally exposed to vibration. Both measurements of VPTs were performed using the same equipment (P-8, EmsonMat). The main differences in methodology between the Polish standard method and the method of ISO included: different mode of stimuli presentation (ascending in standard vs. Bekesy in ISO method), frequency range applied (63–500 Hz vs. 4–125 Hz), probe contact force (larger in Polish method), probe diameter (12 mm vs. 5 mm) and its surface (plane vs. rough). The results obtained found that the mean VPTs differed significantly at the overlapping frequencies depending on the method used, the differences varied from 2.2 to 6.4 dB at frequencies 125 and 250Hz, respectively. The correlation between the thresholds obtained by both methods at these frequencies was moderate (correlation coefficients about 0.6), although statistically significant. In the ISO method, the best VPTs were found at 4 and 125 Hz. There was a poor correlation between the thresholds at the extreme frequencies (i.e. 125 and 4 Hz) and rather high between adjacent frequencies (i.e. 25 and 32 Hz). Age, weight and height were significant covariates in both measurements. The model to calculate the normative values of VPTs adjusted for explanatory factors was set up in this study. It was concluded that different methods of VPT measurement are not comparable. The ISO method seems to supply more information about skin receptors and different kinds of tough sense than the Polish standard method. In order to perform international cohort studies there is a need to establish a unified standardised method of vibrotactile sense assessment.
2
Groeneveld, Onno N., Esther van den Berg, Odd Erik Johansen, Sven Schnaidt, Karin Hermansson, Bernard Zinman, Mark A. Espeland, and Geert Jan Biessels. "Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction are associated with reduced cognition in type 2 diabetes." Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 16, no. 6 (May 9, 2019): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479164119848093.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Type 2 diabetes is associated with cognitive dysfunction, but the mechanisms are unknown. We assessed the relationships of biomarkers of oxidation, endothelial function and inflammation with cognition in participants of the CAROLINA® trial (CARdiovascular Outcome Trial of LINAgliptin Versus Glimepiride in Type 2 Diabetes). Methods: Baseline circulating biomarkers of oxidation (8-iso-prostaglandin F2α), endothelial function (asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1) and inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α), based on linear regression, were related to cognition on five domains, as measured with an automated battery. Results: In 37 patients (mean age 66.7 ± 8.7 years, median HbA1c 6.9%/52 mmol/mol), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α was associated with reduced mental flexibility and attention (standardised regression coefficients −0.47, −0.34), whereas asymmetric dimethylarginine was associated with reduced psychomotor speed and attention (standardised regression coefficients −0.39, −0.34). No significant associations were observed between biomarkers of inflammation and cognition. Conclusion: Elevated biomarkers of oxidation and endothelial function are associated and may play a role in reduced psychomotor speed, mental flexibility and attention in type 2 diabetes.
3
Fritzsche, Sebastian, Ralf Ossenbrink, and Vesselin Michailov. "Experimental Characterisation of Structured Sheet Metal." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.404.
Full textAbstract:
Structured sheet metals with regular bumps offer higher bending stiffness compared to flat sheet metals. The application of structured sheet metals requires new investigations regarding their strength and deformation behaviour. Standardised testing methods like the tensile test considering defined specimen geometry and measuring methods exist. Those methods, however, have been developed for plain sheets and cannot be directly transferred to structured sheet metals. The assessment of the strength and deformation behaviour of structured sheet metals needs adapted specimen geometry and measuring methods. In this paper the adaption of the standardised tensile test in accordance with DIN EN ISO 6892-1 to the specific characteristics of structured sheet metals is introduced. In order to determine the appropriate specimen geometry their dimensions were methodically varied and the influence of the structure position on the strength and the deformation behaviour was identified. The analysis of the local strain behaviour was carried out by 3D displacement measurement with the ARAMIS-system. For the derivation of the material properties different analysing methods were developed. The test results were compared to those of flat sheet metals.
4
griffiths, s. e., s. stanley, and m. sydes. "recommendations on best practice for radiographer set-up of conformal radiotherapy treatment for patients with prostate cancer: experience developed during the mrc rt01 trial (isrtcn 47772397)." Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice 4, no. 2-3 (June 2004): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1460396905000154.
Full textAbstract:
the trial required field placement to within 3mm. radiographers from participating centres related set-up methods to accuracy to establish best practice and inform recommendations. all centres made changes to methods as a result of the trial to improve accuracy, identified in categories, including patient positioning, iso-centre setting, couch top, imaging methods, and bladder and rectal filling. up to 80% of centres made changes in any one category.in three centres accuracy was inferior in one axis, related to the set-up methods used.recommendations included:for reproducibility –achieving a comfortable bladder statususing a standardised firm head support (not pillow)using the hands on chest position to avoid the weight of the arms on the trunkaligning lateral tattoos in both the longitudinal and vertical directionsusing leg or ankle supportsevidence-based methods of controlling rectal filling are still requiredfor iso-centre setting –using the anterior tattoo for lateral direction and the lateral tattoos for the superior/inferior directionusing a solid/carbon couch top throughout, using the height above couch as the reference measurement, not the anterior source to skin distancedevelop an alternative to using the couch height readout alone
5
Rodriguez, Carolina, María Coronado, Marta D’Alessandro, and Juan Medina. "The Importance of Standardised Data-Collection Methods in the Improvement of Thermal Comfort Assessment Models for Developing Countries in the Tropics." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 4180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154180.
Full textAbstract:
Thermal comfort in the built environment is one of the most defining parameters influencing energy use, environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research in this area within developing countries, which are becoming increasingly urbanised and where mechanical air conditioning demands are rising. Many of these countries are adopting thermal comfort standards such as the ASHRAE Standard 55, the EN 15251, and the ISO 7730 to regulate the use of air-conditioning; even when these standards have been widely criticised for their inadequacy within geographical regions different to the ones that they were designed for. Research suggests the need to confirm these models through further post-occupancy studies and fieldwork. Deficiencies in data collection and methodologies are thought to require particular attention to develop algorithms that can predict thermal comfort levels accurately. Comprehensive strategies considering interrelated psychological, physiological and social factors are needed. This manuscript highlights gaps of research, specifically within tropical developing countries, through the analysis of Colombia as a case study. It emphasises the importance of standardised fieldwork data and gives examples of alternative collection systems. This aims to contribute to the understanding of occupant´s adaptive behaviours and their impact on the mitigation of climate change.
6
Yoshihara, Hiroshi, Naoki Ataka, and Makoto Maruta. "Measurement of the Young’s modulus and shear modulus of extruded polystyrene foam by the longitudinal and flexural vibration methods." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 2 (December 5, 2016): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16681447.
Full textAbstract:
The Young’s modulus and shear modulus of extruded polystyrene foam were obtained by measurements using the longitudinal and flexural vibration methods on specimens with various lengths and performing a subsequent numerical analysis on the test data. In addition to the vibration tests, ISO 844 compression and ASTM C273/C273M-11 shear tests were conducted, and the results were compared with those obtained from the vibration tests. The Young’s modulus values could be measured accurately by the longitudinal and flexural vibration tests while reducing the effects of the specimen configuration. In contrast, the shear modulus value was often dependent on the specimen configuration. The Young’s modulus and shear modulus values obtained from the vibration tests were often higher than those obtained from the standardised tests because the bending of cell wall is not induced in the vibration test. Although a provisional method for reducing the influence of the specimen configuration was proposed based on the numerical results, further research is required to measure the elastic modulus of extruded polystyrene foam accurately.
7
Thiele-Bruhn, Sören, Michael Schloter, Berndt-Michael Wilke, Lee A. Beaudette, Fabrice Martin-Laurent, Nathalie Cheviron, Christian Mougin, and Jörg Römbke. "Identification of new microbial functional standards for soil quality assessment." SOIL 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-17-2020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The activity of microorganisms in soil is important for a robust functioning of soil and related ecosystem services. Hence, there is a necessity to identify the composition, diversity, and function of the soil microbiome in order to determine its natural properties, functioning, and operating range as well as to assess ecotoxicological effects due to anthropogenic activities. Numerous microbiological methods currently exist in the literature and new, more advanced methods continue to be developed; however, only a limited number of these methods are standardised. Consequently, there is a need to identify the most promising non-standardised methods for assessing soil quality and to transform them into standards. In agreement with the “Ecosystem Service Approach”, new methods should focus more on soil microbial functions, including nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emission, pest control and plant growth promotion, carbon cycling and sequestration, as well as soil structure development and filter function. The few existing standardised methods available that focus on the function of the soil microbiome mostly include measurements, like basal respiration, enzyme activities, and biodegradation of organic matter, under well-defined conditions in the lab. This paper sets out to summarise and expand on recent discussions within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil Quality – Biological Characterization sub-committee (ISO TC 190/SC 4), where a need was identified to develop scientifically sound methods which would best fulfil the practical needs of future users for assessing soil quality, going beyond the existing test systems. Of particular note is the current evolution of molecular methods in microbial ecology that use quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to produce a large number of new functional endpoints which are more sensitive as compared to “classical” methods. Quantitative PCR assesses the abundance of microbes that catalyse major transformation steps in nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, chemical transformations including pesticide degradation, and plant growth promotion pathways based on the assessment of marker gene sequences that drive the related processes. In the assessment of soil quality methods, it was found that most methods focus on bacteria and related endpoints. Techniques to describe fungal communities as well as their functional traits are far less represented. As such, techniques to analyse fungal enzyme activities are proposed. Additionally, methods for the determination of microbial growth rates and efficiencies, including the use of glomalin as a biochemical marker for soil aggregation, are discussed. Furthermore, field methods indicative of carbon turnover, including the litter bag test and a modification to the tea bag test, are presented. However, it is obvious that with increasing developments in high throughput sequencing technologies and big data analyses, including metagenomics analysis, it will be possible to implement these technologies into the standardisation process for assessing the functions of the soil microbiome. Overall, it is suggested that endpoints should represent a potential function of soil microorganisms rather than actual activity levels, as the latter can largely be dependent on short-term variable soil properties such as pedoclimatic conditions, nutrient availability, and anthropogenic soil cultivation activities.
8
Zovko, Mira, Željka Vidaković-Cifrek, Želimira Cvetković, Jasna Bošnir, and Sandra Šikić. "Assessment of acrylamide toxicity using a battery of standardised bioassays / Procjena toksičnosti akrilamida pomoću standardiziranih biotestova." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2015-66-2715.
Full textAbstract:
Acrylamide is a monomer widely used as an intermediate in the production of organic chemicals, e.g. polyacrylamides (PAMs). Since PAMs are low cost chemicals with applications in various industries and waste- and drinking water treatment, a certain amount of non-polymerised acrylamide is expected to end up in waterways. PAMs are non-toxic but acrylamide induces neurotoxic effects in humans and genotoxic, reproductive, and carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals. In order to evaluate the effect of acrylamide on freshwater organisms, bioassays were conducted on four species: algae Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, duckweed Lemna minor and water flea Daphnia magna according to ISO (International Organization for Standardisation) standardised methods. This approach ensures the evaluation of acrylamide toxicity on organisms with different levels of organisation and the comparability of results, and it examines the value of using a battery of low-cost standardised bioassays in the monitoring of pollution and contamination of aquatic ecosystems. These results showed that EC50 values were lower for Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata than for Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, which suggests an increased sensitivity of algae to acrylamide. According to the toxic unit approach, the values estimated by the Lemna minor and Daphnia magna bioassays, classify acrylamide as slightly toxic (TU=0-1; Class 1). The results obtained from algal bioassays (Desmodesmus subspicatus and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) revealed the toxic effect of acrylamide (TU=1-10; Class 2) on these organisms.
9
Bruyère, Franck, Marion Perennec-Olivie, Juliette Tanguy, Martine Aupee, Pascal Astagneau, Pascal Jarno, and Sandra Malavaud. "Surgical site infection after trans urethral resection of the prostate (TURP): 2008–2013 French national SSI surveillance ISO-RAISIN." Journal of Infection Prevention 19, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177418755307.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To describe surgical site infection (SSI) after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) from the French national database. Methods: A national SSI surveillance system was implemented in 1999. Each year, the network included urology departments that included at least two months plus one month follow-up, or at least 100 consecutive targeted surgical procedures. A dataset of patients who underwent urology procedures during the six-year period 2008–2013 was made available. SSI diagnosis was made according to standardised CDC criteria. Descriptive analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.4. Results: A total of 12,897 TURPs were performed by 89 urology departments. The crude incidence SSI rate was 2.43 (95% confidence interval = 2.16–2.79). The mean delay for diagnosis was 11.9 ± 8.9 days. The treatment of the SSI required a new surgical intervention in 1.35%. In the multilevel multivariate analysis, ASA score and duration of follow-up were the only parameters correlated with the SSI rate. Conclusions: On more than 12,000 TURPs surveyed, the SSI rate was 2.43. ASA score and duration of follow-up were the only parameters correlated with the SSI rate.
10
Intorp, M., S. Purkis, and W. Wagstaff. "Determination of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The CORESTA 2011 Collaborative Study." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0926.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractA CORESTA Recommended Method (CRM 75) has been developed and published, applicable to the quantification of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), namely, Nnitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), Nnitrosoanatabine (NAT) and 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in cigarette mainstream smoke. The method involves smoke collection on a Cambridge filter pad under both ISO 3308 and the intense conditions adopted by Health Canada. An internal standard solution is added to the smoke collected on the pad and, after extraction, an aliquot is separated and quantitatively analysed by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).CRM 63 involving gas chromatography coupled with a thermal energy analyser (GC-TEA) was previously developed by the CORESTA Special Analytes Group that had been set up to develop recommended methods on smoke components. However, by 2009 most laboratories had moved to similar LC-MS/MS methods for TSNA analysis and so this technique was chosen as the basis of a new CRM and to complement CRM 63. Initial joint experiments, specific experiments by single laboratories and ongoing discussions identified methodological aspects that needed to be ‘standardised’ before moving to a CRM.A joint experiment by 15 laboratories was carried out in 2010-2011 that investigated and identified important methodological features that needed to be controlled or clarified. CRM 75 was produced through a final collaborative experiment involving 20 laboratories from 12 countries using both linear and rotary smoking machines. Some notes are included in the CRM to inform other laboratories that might wish to adopt the method, concerning aspects that need to be well controlled to provide data as robust as possible and to provide similar repeatability and reproducibility data.Statistical evaluations were made according to ISO 5725 guidelines and are included. Under ISO smoking, the levels of reproducibility (R) expressed as a percentage of the mean of TSNA yields across laboratories are much greater than the levels found for “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide and given in the relevant ISO standards. The R value was expressed as a percentage of the mean yield amonglaboratories and across all of the studied products. UnderISO smoking R% values ranged from 25-60% for NNN; from 31-85% for NNK; from 47-58% for NAT and 40-99% for NAB. These levels are generally in line with those determined previously for TSNAs in CRM 63 and for other smoke analytes studied by the Special Analytes Group.Under ‘intense’ smoking, R% values ranged from 30-88% for NNN; from 37-79% for NNK; from 47-83% for NAT and 42-111% for NAB. A plot of R against mean yields suggests that the ‘intense’ regime gives similar or slightly worse reproducibility than the ISO regime in spite of the higher yields generated.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "ISO standardised methods"
1
Roberts, Michael John, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "A Modified Life Cycle Inventory of Aluminium Die Casting." Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2003. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040825.110759.
Full textAbstract:
Aluminium die casting is a process used to transform molten aluminium material into automotive gearbox housings, wheels and electronic components, among many other uses. It is used because it is a very efficient method of achieving near net shape with the required mechanical properties. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique used to determine the environmental impacts of a product or process. The Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) is the initial phase of an LCA and describes which emissions will occur and which raw materials are used during the life of a product or during a process. This study has improved the LCI technique by adding in manufacturing and other costs to the ISO standardised methods. Although this is not new, the novel application and allocation methods have been developed independently. The improved technique has then been applied to Aluminium High Pressure Die Casting. In applying the improved LCI to this process, the cost in monetary terms and environmental emissions have been determined for a particular component manufactured by this process. A model has been developed in association with an industry partner so this technique can be repeatedly applied and used in the prediction of costs and emissions. This has been tested with two different products. Following this, specialised LCA software modelling of the aluminium high pressure die casting process was conducted. The variations in the process have shown that each particular component will have different costs and emissions and it is not possible to generalise the process by modelling only one component. This study has concentrated on one process within die casting but the techniques developed can be used across any variations in the die casting process.
Books on the topic "ISO standardised methods"
1
Lomakina, Tat'yana, and Nina Vasil'chenko. Modern technology of teaching a foreign language: design and experience. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1111366.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph deals with the theoretical and practical issues of pedagogical design of the technology of teaching a foreign language in the system of secondary vocational education. Presents an analysis of key concepts "instructional design" and "technology of education" that is meaningful and reveals the basic principles of the system, activity-based and student-centered approaches to the design of learning technologies to address new opportunities and the status of the str system in the modern socio-economic conditions. The author has developed a method of selection of the content of learning English language, based on the modular structure of the course, taking into account international experience in building the content of language education for professional purposes, the requirements of the educational-methodical complex of teaching business English and core competencies stipulated by the Council of Europe, as well as the requirements of the labour market and the needs of employers standardisert, intensificarea language training specialist of middle management by reflection of the status and trends of professional activities in various fields. For use in the system of professional development of teachers of secondary vocational education, additional education and the system of corporate training.
2
Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 17 Derivatives, Clearing, and Exposures to CCPs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses requirements for derivatives, clearing and exposures to CCPs. In September 2009, as one of the primary policy responses to the crisis, G20 leaders at the Pittsburgh summit decided to promote central clearing of derivatives, and legislation is now in place to provide a framework for compelling banks to do this. However, clearing increases the risk exposures of banks providing that clearing service, since the bank retains the risks arising from the original derivative transaction, and adds to them any risks arising from the clearing process. In general, a bank will measure its derivative exposures using one of three methods: the Internal Model Method; the Standardized Method; or the Current Exposure Method. The risk weight is that which applies to the counterparty under the Standardized Approach (SA) or internal ratings-based approach for credit risk. However, these approaches will be replaced by the SA-CCR under Basel 3.
3
Bachilo, Dmitry A., and Grigory R. Khazankin. Network Technologies: A Video Course. Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1073-0.
Full textAbstract:
This video course covers a number of issues related to methods of distributed information processing and principles of information transmission via communication channels. It is designed for those who needs to master the basic principles, methods, technologies and standardized solutions for local, campus and global computer networks and information systems. This video course has been successfully used since 2015 as a video accompaniment to the discipline "Network technologies" at the Information Technologies Department of Novosibirsk State University.
4
Velkushanova, Konstantina, Linda Strande, Mariska Ronteltap, Thammarat Koottatep, Damir Brdjanovic, and Chris Buckley, eds. Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780409122.
Full textAbstract:
Faecal sludge management is recognized globally as an essential component of city-wide inclusive sanitation. However, a major gap in developing appropriate and adequate management and monitoring for faecal sludge is the ability to understand and predict the characteristics and volumes of accumulated faecal sludge, and correlations to source populations. Since standard methods for sampling and analysing faecal sludge do not currently exist, results are not comparable, the actual variability is not yet fully understood, and the transfer of knowledge and data between different regions and institutions can be challenging and often arbitrary. Due to this lack of standard analytical methods for faecal sludge, methods from other fields, such as wastewater management, and soil and food science are frequently applied. However, these methods are not necessarily the most suitable for faecal sludge analysis, and have not been specifically adapted for this purpose. Characteristics of faecal sludge can be different than these other matrices by orders of magnitude. There is also a lack of standard methods for sampling, which is complicated by the difficult nature of in situ sampling, the wide range of onsite sanitation technologies and potential sampling locations, and the diverse heterogeneity of faecal sludge within onsite containments and within cities. This illustrates the urgent need to establish common methods and procedures for faecal sludge characterisation, quantification, sampling, and modelling. The aim of this book is to provide a basis for standardised methods for the analysis of faecal sludge from onsite sanitation technologies, for improved communication between sanitation practitioners, and for greater confidence in the generated data. The book presents background information on types of faecal sludge, methods for sample collection, health and safety procedures for handling, case studies of experimental design, an approach for estimating faecal sludge at community to city-wide scales, modelling containment and treatment processes, recipes for simulants, and laboratory methods for faecal sludge analysis currently in use by faecal sludge laboratories. This book will be beneficial for researchers, laboratory technicians, academics, students and sanitation practitioners. ISBN13: 9781780409115 eISBN: 9781780409122
5
Tran, Thanh V., Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Process and Critical Tasks of Cross-Cultural Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
The overall process of cross-cultural instrument development and assessment are discussed in this chapter. Research instrument is defined as a systematic and standardized tool for data collection. It includes all types of research questionnaires and standardized scales. There are three methods of cross-cultural research instrument development: adopting an existing instrument, adapting or modifying an existing instrument, and developing a new instrument. In order to develop a cross-culturally valid questionnaire or instrument, the concepts or constructs selected for the investigation must be clearly defined and bear the same meanings across the selected cultural groups. No good questionnaire can be developed without clear definitions. This is a matter of utmost importance for all levels of cultural comparative research and evaluation whether it is a gender or racial/ethnic comparison within one society or across nations.
6
Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Clinical trial design. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter outlines the various study designs and their uses. The phases of drug development are described and the appropriate study design employed at each phase of development is identified Elimination of bias is critical to the study design and methods of eliminating bias are discussed, defining the population, randomisation and blinding. A summary of the elements to be considered when designing a study are presented including the types of control, placebo or active, and their uses, Non comparative and comparative designs are presented. In the comparative design both within and between patient designs are discussed including crossover, parallel, sequential, factorial and left right comparisons. Patient outcomes measures as well as efficacy measurement are required for new treatments. There is a brief review of pharmaeconomic study designs. Other types of study design, dose escalation and dose response studies are also discussed. As well as reducing bias in studies another critical element is the recording of the primary assessment methods. The choice of methods will affect other aspects of the study such as the statistical considerations. The methodology must be standardised and validated.
7
Laureno, Robert. At the Bedside. Edited by Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter “At the Bedside” examines neurologic history-taking with special attention paid to the importance of clarifying the use of terms between physician and patient, the use of gestures and demonstration in eliciting accurate symptom recall, evaluating input from witnesses and family members, and observing patient demeanor and emotional status. The chapter also describes and evaluates popular neurologic examination methods with comments on quantification, selection, and appropriate application of various standardized tests. Helpful guidance on performing examinations of strength, sensory perception, mental status, and memory is also provided. The physician is encouraged to develop his or her own succinct, quickly applied, and easily replicated tests to aid in the diagnosis of neurologic disorders.
8
Lonie, Douglas. Measuring Outcomes and Demonstrating Impact. Edited by Brydie-Leigh Bartleet and Lee Higgins. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219505.013.24.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores approaches to evaluation and measurement in community music, within a policy environment increasingly focused on establishing the impact of public investment on individuals, communities, and society as a whole. It seeks to critically engage with terminology and appraise common models of evaluation and measurement advocated by a range of funders of community music by reviewing policy documents and evaluation approaches promoted across the public and third sectors, using recent history in the United Kingdom as a case study. Drawing on published examples of community music evaluations, a variety of methods are discussed including quantitative studies, interpretative and qualitative approaches, and standardized tools. These are examined in relation to their ability to convey project learnings, as well as the extent to which ‘impact’ can be attributed and claimed. The findings are then discussed in relation to the broader literature relating to the impact of community music, and an emerging field of applicable methods is proposed.
9
Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 13. Ethnography and Participant Observation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses the principles of ethnography and participant observation: what they are, how (if) they became standardized as a research method, what form of evidence they constitute, and what place they occupy in the study of Politics. Participant observation has emerged as a popular research tool across the social sciences. In particular, political ethnographies are now widely carried out in a wide variety of contexts, from the study of political institutions and organizations to the investigation of social movements and informal networks, such as terrorist groups and drugs cartels. Political ethnography is also becoming a research method of choice in the field of International Relations. The chapter examines the strengths of ethnographic fieldwork, focusing on issues relating to sampling, access, key informants, and collecting observational data. It also addresses the weaknesses of ethnography, especially issues of subjectivity, reliability, and generalizability.
10
Dostál, Petr, and Chia-Yang Lin. Business Applications of Fuzzy Logic. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.14.
Full textAbstract:
The chapter focuses on the use of fuzzy logic, or soft computing, among the different methods used as supports for decision making in business applications. The processes are focused on private corporate attempts at making money or decreasing expenses; therefore, the details of applications, successful or not, are not published very often. Fuzzy logic helps in decentralization of decisionmaking processes that are to be standardized, reproduced, and documented. Fuzzy logic plays very important roles, especially in business, because it helps reduce costs. It differs from conventional (hard) computing in that it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for fuzzy logic is the human mind. The guiding principle of fuzzy logic is to exploit this tolerance to achieve tractability, robustness, and low solution cost.
Book chapters on the topic "ISO standardised methods"
1
Mangers, Jeff, Christof Oberhausen, Meysam Minoufekr, and Peter Plapper. "Creation of an ISO Standard at the Example of Value Stream Management Method." In Shaping the Future Through Standardization, 1–26. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2181-6.ch001.
Full textAbstract:
The main objectives of this chapter are to elucidate the necessity of a standardized value stream management (VSM) and to clarify how this standard can effectively increase corporate performance within cross-enterprise supply chain networks (SCNs). VSM is an effective tool to collect, evaluate, and continuously improve product and information flows within companies in a common and standardized manner. The findings of this chapter are not only valid for consistent product and information flows but are representative for the relevance of standards in general. In a globalized economy, standards need to be generally accepted and valid for all countries. Thus, corporate or national standards only have limited impact. The International Standardization Organization (ISO) provides the means to develop, negotiate and communicate standards, which are globally binding. This chapter shares the experience of ISO 22468 standard development within ISO/TC 154 WG7 and proves its applicability by an administrative use case.
2
Mahajan, Rajneesh, Suresh Garg, and P. B. Sharma. "Pure Curd Supply Chain." In Innovative Solutions for Implementing Global Supply Chains in Emerging Markets, 97–110. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9795-9.ch006.
Full textAbstract:
The modern food safety management comprises of ISO 22000:2005. It has modified the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) by embedding food safety management. It has created a standardized management system. The objective of current chapter is to endow a systematic approach for the ground level implementation of ISO 22000 in Indian pure curd supply chain management. The chapter is prepared utilizing combination of qualitative research and case study method. A case of Milsh Dairy Ltd. (MDL, organisation's name is disguised) was discussed to shed light on ISO 22000 features, comparative analysis between HACCP and ISO 22000. The research is limited to professional pure curd manufacturing sector. Authors have adopted the research methodology which can be applied to other sectors also.
3
Kaliontzoglou, Alexandros, Basilis Meneklis, Despina Polemi, and Christos Douligeris. "A Formalized Design Method for Building E-Government Architechtures." In Secure E-Government Web Services, 254–81. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-138-4.ch015.
Full textAbstract:
E-government has the main goal of simplifying governmental processes and the interaction between citizens and state organizations. It therefore has to solve the problem of efficient and secure electronic exchange and processing of governmental documents and data across administration domains and boundaries, even crossing country borders. This is a difficult task that imposes a strict set of requirements to the design and modelling of e-government systems and demands the application of standardized architectural frameworks. This paper demonstrates how the ISO/RM-ODP, in combination with the UML notation, supports the de-sign and development of an open distributed e-government system, by addressing these requirements. It further presents a high level case study of how RM-ODP has been applied in the case of the eMayor platform to build a system supporting cross-border transactions between small to medium sized European municipali-ties.
4
Upitis, Rena. "Bridging Invented Notations to Standard Notation." In This Too is Music, 149–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190884956.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter suggests various ways in which children’s invented notations can be used as bridges to standardized forms. It begins by exploring how conventional symbols can be introduced through invented symbols, and it goes on to discuss the role of audience in shaping notational systems, especially when that audience is made up of peers who are also learning to use standard systems through their own invented notations. Several methods of moving to standard forms through direct instruction are also described, including instructional methods that involve movement, visual representations, and sound to embody the relationships among pitch, rhythm, and notational forms.
5
Lim, Chen Kim, Kian Lam Tan, and Abdullah Zawawi bin Haji Talib. "Low-Cost Methods for Generating Panoramic Views for a Mobile Virtual Heritage Application and its Application to the Heritage Zone of George Town Malaysia." In Modern Entrepreneurship and E-Business Innovations, 100–114. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2946-2.ch008.
Full textAbstract:
With rapid advancement of technology, people can roam around the virtual world through the aid of the Internet. One of these advances is a photographic technique called panoramic view where the images are captured with elongated field of view using specialized software or equipments. One popular software for generating panoramic views is Apple Inc.’s QuickTime VR (QTVR). However, iphone Operating System (iOS) does not support the existing QTVR software. Therefore, a low-cost method for generating panoramic views on mobile platform is proposed. The proposed method is to store finite images in an array in order to generate a 360o panoramic view from different angles of the heritage sites. This method can be supported various platforms and can be installed in any mobile device without using intermediate software to convert the image file format. The key aspects of the iOS User Experience (UX) are also explored from the perspectives of Model-View-Control (MVC) strategies. The outcome is 360o cylindrical panoramic views that allow the user to gain a clear vision around historical monuments with standardize iOS interface design on a mobile platform using lower computational cost but with similar quality of production. The results of the evaluation have shown that the application is successfully implemented in George Town, Malaysia.
6
Tuncalp, Deniz. "Management of Privacy and Security in Cloud Computing." In Web-Based Services, 1585–610. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9466-8.ch070.
Full textAbstract:
There are a number of risk domains that are relevant for information privacy and security in cloud-based scenarios and alternative deployment models, which require implementation of a number of controls. However, cloud service providers often take a one-size-fits-all approach and want all their customers to accept the same standardized contract, regardless of their particular information security and legal compliance needs. Taking ISO 27001 Information Security Management standard as a guide, we have employed the Delphi method with a group of cloud computing experts from around the world who are subscribed to the “Cloud Computing” group on LinkedIN to identify the most applicable controls in a generic cloud service provider – customer context. Based on these results, we use a sample of cloud computing customer service agreement as a case study to further discuss related contingencies. As a result, this chapter argues that a more balanced approach is needed in service contracts to ensure the maintenance of necessary service levels and the protection of cloud users.
7
Tuncalp, Deniz. "Management of Privacy and Security in Cloud Computing." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 409–34. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8210-8.ch017.
Full textAbstract:
There are a number of risk domains that are relevant for information privacy and security in cloud-based scenarios and alternative deployment models, which require implementation of a number of controls. However, cloud service providers often take a one-size-fits-all approach and want all their customers to accept the same standardized contract, regardless of their particular information security and legal compliance needs. Taking ISO 27001 Information Security Management standard as a guide, we have employed the Delphi method with a group of cloud computing experts from around the world who are subscribed to the “Cloud Computing” group on LinkedIN to identify the most applicable controls in a generic cloud service provider – customer context. Based on these results, we use a sample of cloud computing customer service agreement as a case study to further discuss related contingencies. As a result, this chapter argues that a more balanced approach is needed in service contracts to ensure the maintenance of necessary service levels and the protection of cloud users.
Conference papers on the topic "ISO standardised methods"
1
Shakarji, Craig M., and Vijay Srinivasan. "A Constrained L2 Based Algorithm for Standardized Planar Datum Establishment." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50654.
Full textAbstract:
For years (decades, in fact) a definition for datum planes has been sought by ASME and ISO standards writers that combines the contacting nature of traditional surface plate mating with a means of balancing rocking conditions when there is a centrally positioned extreme point or edge on the datum feature. This paper describes a completely self-balancing method for datum plane establishment that matches traditional surface plate mating while automatically stabilizing rocker conditions. The method is based on a constrained L2 (L2) minimization, which, when seen mathematically, elegantly combines the desirable contact properties of the constrained L1 (L1) minimization with the stable properties of the unconstrained least-squares and does so in a manner that avoids the drawbacks of either of those two definitions. The definition is shown along with proofs of a mathematical development of an algorithm that relies on a strategically chosen singular value decomposition that allows for an elegant, robust solution. Concise code is included for the reader for actual use as well as to full clarify all the algorithmic details. Testing has shown the definition defined here does indeed provide attractive balancing of full contact with rocker stability, leading to guarded optimism on the part of the key standards committees as an attractive default definition. Since both the ISO and ASME standardization efforts are actively working to establish default datum plane definitions, the timing of such a rigorously documented study is opportune.
2
Pan, James, Andrew Saltos, Dan Smith, Arthur Johnson, and Jafar Vossoughi. "Validation of Respiratory Resistance Measurements." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53366.
Full textAbstract:
The airflow perturbation device (APD) has been developed as a portable, easy to use, and rapid-response instrument for noninvasively measuring respiratory resistance in humans. However, the APD has limited data validating it against established techniques; moreover, a method does not exist to standardize resistance measurement outputs between APD units. This study proposes a system that simulates the normal range of human breathing to validate the APD with the clinically accepted impulse oscillometry technique. Two respiratory resistance ranges were tested. The validation system consisted of a sinusoidal flow generator with ten standardized resistance configurations that were shown to represent a total range of resistances from 0.7000–9.4475 cmH2O·L−1·s−1. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) measurements and APD measurements of the calibration system were recorded and compared at a constant volumetric flow rate of 0.150 L·s−1. Both IOS and the APD consistently failed to estimate nominal resistance accurately. However, a strong second-order relationship was observed between APD measurements and IOS measurements (R2 = 0.997). Because of their comparability to IOS measurements, APD measurements are shown to be valid representations of respiratory resistance in a standard pneumatic model.
3
Kashiwagi, Makoto, Mike Garamszeghy, Bertrand Lantès, Sébastien Bonne, Lucien Pillette-Cousin, Jose Luis Leganes, Ben Volmert, and David W. James. "ISO Standardization of Theoretical Activity Evaluation Method for Low and Intermediate Level Activated Waste Generated at Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96025.
Full textAbstract:
Disposal of low- and intermediate-level activated waste generated at nuclear power plants is being planned or carried out in many countries. The radioactivity concentrations and/or total quantities of long-lived, difficult-to-measure nuclides (DTM nuclides), such as C-14, Ni-63, Nb-94, α emitting nuclides etc., are often restricted by the safety case for a final repository as determined by each country’s safety regulations, and these concentrations or amounts are required to be known and declared. With respect to waste contaminated by contact with process water, the Scaling Factor method (SF method), which is empirically based on sampling and analysis data, has been applied as an important method for determining concentrations of DTM nuclides. This method was standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and published in 2007 as ISO21238 “Scaling factor method to determine the radioactivity of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste packages generated at nuclear power plants”. However, for activated metal waste with comparatively high concentrations of radioactivity, such as may be found in reactor control rods and internal structures, direct sampling and radiochemical analysis methods to evaluate the DTM nuclides are limited by access to the material and potentially high personnel radiation exposure. In this case, theoretical calculation methods in combination with empirical methods based on remote radiation surveys need to be used to best advantage for determining the disposal inventory of DTM nuclides while minimizing exposure to radiation workers. Pursuant to this objective a standard for the theoretical evaluation of the radioactivity concentration of DTM nuclides in activated waste, is in process through ISO TC85/SC5 (ISO Technical Committee 85: Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection; Subcommittee 5: Nuclear fuel cycle). The project team for this ISO standard was formed in 2011 and is composed of experts from 11 countries. The project team has been conducting technical discussions on theoretical methods for determining concentrations of radioactivity, and has developed the draft International Standard of ISO16966 “Theoretical activation calculation method to evaluate the radioactivity of activated waste generated at nuclear reactors”. This paper describes the international standardization process developed by the ISO project team, and outlines the following two theoretical activity evaluation methods: — Point method — Range method
4
Fraser, Ramsay, Mark Manzocchi, and Richard Gibson. "Pushover Load Factors for Fixed Steel Platforms Sensitive to Topside Load and Wave-in-Deck Load." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41605.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this paper is to present recent work in the development of a method for the strength assessment of offshore jacket structures subject to storm loading that is consistent across all global offshore regions. Recent developments in the application of response based metocean analysis together with the establishment of a standardized structural reliability model has resulted in an assessment method that can be applied in a consistent manner to all fixed jacket structures in all global regions. Applying this method in the “assessment” stage of the SIM process, as published by API and ISO, would aid global standardization of both the assessment methods and the performance criteria. The assessment methods have evolved over the last 3 years and have been subject to application and testing on several projects involving the assessment of existing offshore jacket structures. They have proven to be capable of discriminating between the differing extreme environments and differing evacuation and unmanning procedures that occur in different regions while being compatible with existing approaches to structural integrity. The paper will describe the standardized structural reliability model and provide examples of load factors for pushover and pushdown analysis for fixed steel offshore platforms that have a storm load capacity that is sensitivity to topside load and wave-in-deck load.
5
Shakarji, Craig M., and Vijay Srinivasan. "An Improved L1 Based Algorithm for Standardized Planar Datum Establishment." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35461.
Full textAbstract:
This paper has two major goals. First, we present an algorithm for establishing planar datums suitable for a default in tolerancing standards. The algorithm is based on a constrained minimization search based on the L1 (L1) norm after forming a convex surface from the original surface or sampled points. We prove that the problem reduces to a simple minimization search between the convex surface and its centroid. The data points in the discrete case do not need to have any corresponding weights provided with them, as appropriate weighting is part of the algorithm itself, thereby making the algorithm largely insensitive to nonuniformly sampled data points. Terse Mathematica code is included for the reader. The code is sufficient for constrained and unconstrained planar fitting as well as a 3-2-1 datum reference frame generation. The second goal of this paper is to compare this new method with several other possible means for establishing datum planes, ultimately showing several appealing characteristics of the proposed algorithm. Since both the ISO and ASME standardization efforts are actively working to establish datum plane definitions, the timing of such a study is opportune.
6
Dargahi, Ashkan, Ramin Sedaghati, and Subhash Rakheja. "Static and Dynamic Characterization of Magnetorheological Elastomers Under Shear Mode Operation." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8209.
Full textAbstract:
Static and dynamic properties of six magnetorheological elastomers (MRE) with iron particles volume fraction ranging from 12.5% to 40% were experimentally characterized under shear mode operation. The experiments were designed on the basis of standardized methods defined in ISO-1827 and ISO-4664. The static shear stress-shear strain data obtained under strains up to 30% were used to quantify absolute and relative MR effects of the MREs as functions of magnetic flux density in the 0 to 450 mT range. The MRE specimen with highest iron particles fraction and a softening agent revealed greatest MR effect. The dynamic characteristics of this MRE specimen were then evaluated under harmonic excitations in the 0.1–50 Hz frequency range with shear strain amplitude and magnetic flux density ranging from 2.5 to 20%, and 0 to 450 mT, respectively. The data were then utilized to evaluate elastic and loss shear moduli of the specimen.
7
Landi, Luca, and Damiano Amici. "Steel Sheets Impact Simulation for Safety Guards Design: Problems and Perspectives." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65181.
Full textAbstract:
The growing need of design of safety guards for industrial workers led to the need for experimentation in the field of ballistics, typically used in the military research. In the last few years some international standards for the safety of machine tools have been developed, such as the ISO 23125: 2010, improving the ballistic protection of safety guards. But it is still possible to find in the market a large quantity of machine tools with doubtful real protective characteristics of guards. The uncontrolled projection of parts of work piece or tools can often cause very dangerous perforations of the safety guards. In such a way specific experimental tests like the ones conducted in EU, have assured the possibility to write appendices of ISO standards for safety guards design of machine tools. These tests are based on impact between a particular standardized projectile, which exemplifies an impacting fragment of variable size and energy, and a flat plate placed in the trajectory of the projectile. The penetration or buckling of the target determines the non-suitability of a particular material of a given thickness, for the design and production of safety guards. However these tests, have the following limitations: they are valid only for: a limited type of thickness and materials, a perpendicular impact with flat plates of about 500 mm × 500 mm and when the standardized penetrator is a cylinder with a prismatic head. Moreover another limitation arises for the design of real safety guards: difficulties in taking into account curved design of guards such as the ones typically used in the spindles of machine tools. Moreover it is very difficult to take into account innovative materials different from the ones provided by the standards and also it is impossible to consider projected objects whose geometry is not regular, for example fragmented parts of tools, broken as a result of a wrong manoeuvre of the machine user. The main focus of this paper is to test the applicability of numerical methods for the simulation of impacts on steel sheets of standardized penetrators for the numerical design and validation of industrial safety guards. Correlation between experimental penetration tests found in international papers and optimized numerical tests will be presented.
8
Ho¨hn, B. R., P. Oster, and T. Tobie. "Systematic Investigations on the Influence of Case Depth on the Pitting and Bending Strength of Case Carburized Gears." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/ptg-48015.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of case depth on the pitting and bending strength of case carburized gears was investigated. For this purpose an extensive test program on gears of different sizes, different gear geometry and with systematically varied case depth has been carried out. Residual stresses and further characteristics of the case hardened layer — that are influenced by the value of case depth as well — are examined. Based on the test results, rating formulas are derived to calculate the optimum case depth for maximum load capacity. Influence factors are defined, by which the influence of case depth on the load capacity regarding pitting and bending strength can be taken into consideration if rating a gear according to the standardized calculation method of DIN 3990/ISO 6336.
9
Croccolo, D., M. De Agostinis, and G. Olmi. "Fatigue Life Characterisation of Interference Fitted Joints." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63515.
Full textAbstract:
Reversed bending fatigue tests to be performed on full scale assemblies, joined by interference fitting, are very complicated to set up, as well as very expensive to carry out, due to material costs and to low achievable testing frequencies. Moreover, along with the interference level and the shape of the hub edge, the method by which interference is created is deemed to influence the fatigue behaviour of the assembly. A quicker and cheaper way to obtain information about the fatigue behaviour of such assemblies could be performing fatigue tests on down scaled specimens, similar to those suggested by standard ISO 1143. Since no standardized specimen exists for characterising the fatigue behaviour of interference fitted shaft hub joints, the authors designed an ad-hoc specimen (“notched” specimen) and set up a convenient assembly procedure for performing rotating bending fatigue tests. The present investigation focuses on an interference fitted joint, made of EN 10083-2 C40 low carbon steel, whose hub bore edge is rounded. The rationale of the experimentation is retrieving the fatigue stress concentration factor by comparing the endurance limit results of the “notched” specimen to those of a plain specimen manufactured according to ISO 1143. Results were analysed according to standard ISO 12107. Furthermore, a three dimensional numerical model was developed, suitable for evaluating the local stress state of an axisymmetric interference fitted joint. The numerical model accounts for the effect of an external bending moment applied to the shaft. Experimental results are then compared to those given by finite elements analyses, in order to find out the relationship between the fatigue life and the local stress state of interference fitted components.
10
Siewerin, Benedikt J., Andreas Dobler, Thomas Tobie, and Karsten Stahl. "Applicability of an Oil Based Calculation Approach for Wear Risk and Wear Lifetime to Grease Lubricated Gear Pairings." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97439.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gear pairings often run under very high loads. That can result in different kinds of failure modes limiting their lifetime. Many of the known gear failure modes are tribologically influenced. Especially for gear pairs running with lower circumferential speeds or with different surface hardness, (continuous or slow speed) wear is often the lifetime limiting factor. Slow speed wear appears continuously over a longer period of runtime. In many cases, such applications are lubricated with greases. Since the standardized calculation methods (e.g. ISO 6336) do not cover any determination of wear, one common way to predict the wear lifetime is the calculation method according to Plewe. In the associated Plewe diagram the worn off amount of material is correlated to the minimal lubricant film thickness in the tooth contact. The wear intensity decreases for higher film thicknesses. However, this method has certain limits for greases, because the film thickness of a grease, its bleed oil and the base oil is not necessarily the same. Additionally, the consistency and the flow properties have to be considered, because they influence the lubrication supply mechanism (circulating or channeling). Under certain circumstances channeling could be predominant. Although in theory a grease should build a thicker lubricating film than its base oil, experimental investigations have shown higher wear rates in comparison to oil lubrication.
Reports on the topic "ISO standardised methods"
1
Gradín, Carlos. WIID Companion (March 2021): integrated and standardized series. UNU-WIDER, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/wtn/2021-5.
Full textAbstract:
This document is part of a series of technical notes describing the compilation of a new companion database that complements the World Income Inequality Database. It aims at facilitating the analysis of inequality as well as progress in achieving the global goal of reducing inequality within and across countries. This new dataset also includes an annual series reporting the income distribution at the percentile level for all citizens in the world, regardless of where they live, since 1950 to present. A previous note described the selection of income distribution series. Since these series may differ across welfare concepts and other methods used, this technical note describes the second stage, constructing integrated and standardized country series. It discusses all the necessary adjustments conducted to construct the final series for each country, with consistent estimates of the distribution of net income per capita over the entire period for which information is available. This is mainly divided into two stages. First, integrating country series by interlinking series that overlap over time, then using a more general regression-based approach.
2
Lager, Daniel, Lia Kouchachvili, and Xavier Daguenet. TCM measuring procedures and testing under application conditions. IEA SHC Task 58, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task58-2021-0004.
Full textAbstract:
This Subtask aims to have reliable thermal analysis methods/protocols and procedures for the characterization of aterial and reaction properties for sorption and chemical reactions of thermal energy storage (TES) applications. One goal is an inventory of already standardized measurement procedures for TCM as well as of needed characterization procedures.
3
Rycroft, Taylor, Kerry Hamilton, Charles Haas, and Igor Linkov. A quantitative risk assessment method for synthetic biology products in the environment. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41331.
Full textAbstract:
The need to prevent possible adverse environmental health impacts resulting from synthetic biology (SynBio) products is widely acknowledged in both the SynBio risk literature and the global regulatory community. However, discussions of potential risks of SynBio products have been largely speculative, and the attempts to characterize the risks of SynBio products have been non-uniform and entirely qualitative. As the discipline continues to accelerate, a standardized risk assessment framework will become critical for ensuring that the environmental risks of these products are characterized in a consistent, reliable, and objective manner that incorporates all SynBio-unique risk factors. Current established risk assessment frameworks fall short of the features required of this standard framework. To address this, we propose the Quantitative Risk Assessment Method for Synthetic Biology Products (QRASynBio) – an incremental build on established risk assessment methodologies that supplements traditional paradigms with the SynBio risk factors that are currently absent and necessitates quantitative analysis for more transparent and objective risk characterizations. The proposed framework facilitates defensible quantification of the environmental risks of SynBio products in both foreseeable and hypothetical use scenarios. Additionally, we show how the proposed method can promote increased experimental investigation into the likelihood of hazard and exposure parameters and highlight the parameters where uncertainty should be reduced, leading to more targeted risk research and more precise characterizations of risk.
4
Madu, Laura, Jacqueline Sharp, and Bobby Bellflower. Efficacy of Integrating CBT for Mental Health Care into Substance Abuse Treatment in Patients with Comorbid Disorders of Substance Abuse and Mental Illness. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract: Multiple studies have found that psychiatric disorders, like mood disorders and substance use disorders, are highly comorbid among adults with either disorder. Integrated treatment refers to the treatment of two or more conditions and the use of multiple therapies such as the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Integrated therapy for comorbidity per numerous studies has consistently been superior to the treatment of individual disorders separately. The purpose of this QI project was to identify the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) instead of current treatment as usual for treating Substance Use Disorder (SUD) or mental health diagnosis independently. It is a retrospective chart review. The review examines CBT's efficacy for engaging individuals with co-occurring mood and substance u se disorders in treatment by enhancing adherence and preventing disengagement and relapse. Methods: Forty adults aged 26-55 with a DSM-IV diagnosis of a mood disorder of Major Depressive Disorder and/or anxiety and concurrent substance use disorder (at least weekly use in the past month). Participants received 12 sessions of individual integrated CBT treatment delivered with case management over a 12-week period. Results: The intervention was associated with significant improvements in mood disorder, substance use, and coping skills at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-treatment. Conclusions: These results provide some evidence for the effectiveness of the integrated CBT intervention in individuals with co-occurring disorders. Of note, all psychotherapies are efficacious; however, it would be more advantageous to develop a standardized CBT that identifies variables that facilitate treatment outcomes specifically to comorbid disorders of substance use and mood disorders. It is concluded that there is potentially more to be gained from further studies using randomized controlled designs to determine its efficacy.
5
Dy, Sydney M., Arjun Gupta, Julie M. Waldfogel, Ritu Sharma, Allen Zhang, Josephine L. Feliciano, Ramy Sedhom, et al. Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer232.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. To assess benefits and harms of nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions for breathlessness in adults with advanced cancer. Data sources. We searched PubMed®, Embase®, CINAHL®, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials through early May 2020. Review methods. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies with a comparison group evaluating benefits and/or harms, and cohort studies reporting harms. Two reviewers independently screened search results, serially abstracted data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) for key outcomes: breathlessness, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and exercise capacity. We performed meta-analyses when possible and calculated standardized mean differences (SMDs). Results. We included 48 RCTs and 2 retrospective cohort studies (4,029 patients). The most commonly reported cancer types were lung cancer and mesothelioma. The baseline level of breathlessness varied in severity. Several nonpharmacological interventions were effective for breathlessness, including fans (SMD -2.09 [95% confidence interval (CI) -3.81 to -0.37]) (SOE: moderate), bilevel ventilation (estimated slope difference -0.58 [95% CI -0.92 to -0.23]), acupressure/reflexology, and multicomponent nonpharmacological interventions (behavioral/psychoeducational combined with activity/rehabilitation and integrative medicine). For pharmacological interventions, opioids were not more effective than placebo (SOE: moderate) for improving breathlessness (SMD -0.14 [95% CI -0.47 to 0.18]) or exercise capacity (SOE: moderate); most studies were of exertional breathlessness. Different doses or routes of administration of opioids did not differ in effectiveness for breathlessness (SOE: low). Anxiolytics were not more effective than placebo for breathlessness (SOE: low). Evidence for other pharmacological interventions was limited. Opioids, bilevel ventilation, and activity/rehabilitation interventions had some harms compared to usual care. Conclusions. Some nonpharmacological interventions, including fans, acupressure/reflexology, multicomponent interventions, and bilevel ventilation, were effective for breathlessness in advanced cancer. Evidence did not support opioids or other pharmacological interventions within the limits of the identified studies. More research is needed on when the benefits of opioids may exceed harms for broader, longer term outcomes related to breathlessness in this population.