Journal articles: 'Island South-East Asia'

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Trainor, Colin R., and Alan N. Andersen. "The ant fauna of Timor and neighbouring islands: potential bridges between the disjunct faunas of South East Asia and Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 58, no. 3 (2010): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09113.

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This study examines the biogeography of the ant fauna of Timor and of stepping stone Nusa Tenggara islands to the north (Wetar, Atauro, Alor, Pantar and Lembata) that are geographically closer to continental South East Asia. Timor is of outstanding biogeographical significance because it is the second largest island within the Wallacean transitional zone between the closely approximated but geologically distinct Indo-Australasian and South East Asian continental plates. It represents a potential overlap zone between the otherwise disjunct ant faunas of Australia and South East Asia. A total of 154 ant species from 32 genera and six subfamilies were collected through a combination of systematic sampling in evergreen forest, dry forest, savanna and grassland at 23 locations in the Lautem district of Timor-Leste, and opportunistic collections at 29 sites elsewhere on Timor and on the neighbouring islands. The most species-rich genera were Camponotus and Polyrhachis (both 28 species), Tetramorium (14 species), Diacamma and Paratrechina (both 8 species). On Timor, 111 ant species were recorded, including 64 species in the Lautem district. The Timor ant fauna is dominated by taxa of South East Asian origin (76% of native species), and has only weak Australian affinities (18%). The latter figure is even smaller (14%) for the neighbouring islands, reflecting their closer proximity to South East Asia. In contrast to Australia, there was no clear disjunction between the ant faunas of contrasting tropical forest and savanna habitats sampled in Lautem district. This can be explained by the Timor ant fauna being dominated by South East Asian tropical forest taxa, with Australian savanna woodland taxa being poorly represented.

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Park, Mijung. "A Brief Review of Mental Health Issues among Asian and Pacific Islander Communities in the U.S." Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal 5, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 248–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31372/20200504.1124.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief summary of mental health issues among Asian and Pacific Islander (API) communities in the U.S. APIs include individuals from Far East Asia (e.g., Korea, China), Central Asia (e.g., Afghanistan, Uzbekistan), South Asia (e.g., India, Pakistan), South East Asia (e.g., Thailand, Philippines), Western Asia (e.g., Iran, Saudi Arabia), and Pacific islands (e.g., Hawaii, Samoa, Mariana island, Fiji, Palau, French Polynesia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, New Zealand, Tokelau islands, Niue, and Cook Islands). Collectively they speak more than one hundred languages and dialects. Such a diversity across the API community presents unique challenges and opportunities for research, education, and practice. The existing body of literature on mental health issues in API communities is marred by the lack of high-quality data and insufficient degrees of disaggregation. Such a knowledge gap hindered our ability to develop culturally and linguistically tailored interventions, and in turn, API communities have experienced mental health disparities and mental health services’ disparities. To move the field forward, future research effort with APIs should focus on articulating variations across different API subgroups, identifying what explains such variations, and examining the implications of such variations to research, practice, education, and policy.

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Bakalin, Vadim A., Ksenia G. Klimova, Daniil A. Bakalin, and Seung Se Choi. "The Taxonomically Richest Liverwort Hemiboreal Flora in Eurasia Is in the South Kurils." Plants 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172200.

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The long coexistence of various floral elements, landscape diversity, and island isolation led to the formation of the richest Eurasian hemiboreal liverwort flora in the southern Kurils. This land that covers less than 5000 square kilometres and houses 242 species and two varieties of liverworts and hornworts. The flora ‘core’ is represented by hemiboreal East Asian and boreal circumpolar taxa. Other elements that have noticeable input in the flora formation are cool-temperate East Asian hypoarctomontane circumpolar and arctomontane. The distribution of some species is restricted to the thermal pools near active or dormant volcanoes or volcanic ash deposits; such species generally provide specificity to the flora. Despite the territorial proximity, the climate of each considered island is characterized by features that, in the vast majority of cases, distinguish it from the climate of the neighbouring island. The last circumstance may inspire the difference in the liverwort taxonomic composition of each of the islands. The comparison of the taxonomic composition of district floras in the Amphi-Pacific hemiarctic, boreal, and cool-temperate Asia revealed four main focal centres: East Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Island, the southern Sikhote-Alin and the East Manchurian Mountains, the mountains of the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, and the South Kurils plus northern Hokkaido. The remaining floras involved in the comparison occupy an intermediate position between these four centres.

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Xie, Baoxia, Xianlong Zhu, and Adam Grydehøj. "Perceiving the Silk Road Archipelago: Archipelagic relations within the ancient and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road." Island Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.118.

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This paper analyses the ancient Maritime Silk Road through a relational island studies approach. Island ports and island cities represented key sites of water-facilitated transport and exchange in the ancient Indian Ocean and South China Sea. Building our analysis upon a historical overview of the ancient Maritime Silk Road from the perspective of China’s Guangdong Province and the city of Guangzhou, we envision a millennia-long ‘Silk Road Archipelago’ encompassing island cities and island territories stretching across East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia, and East Africa. Bearing in mind the complex movements of peoples, places, and processes involved, we conceptualise the ancient Maritime Silk Road as an uncentred network of archipelagic relation. This conceptualisation of the ancient Maritime Silk Road as a vast archipelago can have relevance for our understanding of China’s present-day promotion of a 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road as part of the Belt and Road Initiative. We ultimately argue against forcing the Maritime Silk Road concept within a binary perspective of essentialised East-West conflict or hierarchical relations and instead argue for the value of a nuanced understanding of relationality.

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Endo, Kanako, Keisuke Iida, Mitsuo Nunome, Yoo-Kyung Kim, Sang-Hyun Han, Joon-Hyuk Sohn, Yasushige Ohmori, Hong-Shik Oh, Junpei Kimura, and Eiichi Hondo. "Phylogeography of Miniopterus fuliginosus (Chiroptera) with special reference to Jeju Island, South Korea." Mammalia 83, no. 6 (November 26, 2019): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0115.

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Abstract To better understand the genetic relatedness of the eastern bent-wing bat Miniopterus fuliginosus across East Asia, mitochondrial D-loop sequences were analyzed from 39 M. fuliginosus individuals living on Jeju Island, South Korea. Seven different haplotypes were identified. Neighbor-joining analysis was performed and divergence time was calculated in combination with available online data on D-loop and ND2 sequences of M. fuliginosus in East Asia, respectively. Results suggest that M. fuliginosus populations living on Jeju Island and in Japan originated from China in the past 20,000 years.

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Liu, Сhen, Olga Vasilievna Ivlieva, Jia Ma, and Sayora Uralovna Tadjieva. "ADVANTAGES AND DISAD GES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE HO GES OF THE HOTEL INDUSTR TEL INDUSTRY IN HAINAN ISLAND (CHINA)." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/3/12.

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Introduction. A country located in Central and East Asia. It is one of the most populous and largest countries in the world. To the east, the Pacific Ocean is bordered by the Yellow, Shanghai China and South China Seas. The area is 9.6 million. km². Population 1 billion. 394 mln. person The capital city - Beijing is administratively divided into 23 provinces (including Chinese Taipei), 5 autonomous regions and 4 cities subordinate to the center (Beijing, Shanghai, Tenzin, Chunxin). Hainan is the smallest and southern province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. The Hainan Island, the largest and most populous island under the PRC administration, makes up the majority (97 %) of the province.

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Nesterkina, A. L., A. A. Portnova, A. A. Fedorova, and L. Yondri. "The Megalithic Tradition of East and Southeast Asia." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 50, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2022.50.3.039-048.

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We review the scholarship relating to the megalithic tradition of East and Southeast Asia and the results of its archaeological study. The major center of this tradition in East Asia is Korea, where it reveals considerable heterogeneity. In the Bronze Age, it is represented by dolmens and menhirs, and in the later periods by stone tombs, chambers, and pyramidal mounds. The latest megaliths are anthropomorphic statues of the Dolhareubang type, on Jeju Island off the southern tip of the Korean peninsula. Southeast Asian megaliths, which are described in detail, originate from similar structures in East and South Asia while being less known and less accurately dated, and revealing specific features of construction. Owing to the ethnographic sources on local peoples, Southeast Asian megaliths provide valuable data on their layout, function, and associated mythology. We demonstrate common features in megalithic traditions of East and Southeast Asia and their specificity in each region. Principal sources are described, and major trends in the study of megaliths in those territories are outlined. In sum, megaliths of East and Southeast Asia are an independent archaeological phenomenon requiring future studies.

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Haryono, Timbul. "IN SEARCH OF POLYNESIAN ORIGINS: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LAPITA CULTURE." Berkala Arkeologi 7, no. 2 (September 26, 1986): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v7i2.460.

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The islands of Polynesia make up the largest group among the islands in the Pacific ocean. This group, in fact, consist of many islands forming a triangle. The main groups in the west are the Tongan, and Samoan and Ellice groups. The Cook, Society and Tuamotus lie in the east, with Easter Island as a far-off isolate, while the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand are separated to the north and south respectively of the main west-east belt. The location of these islands between Asia in the west, Australia in the south and South America continent in the east is of considerable significance to the peopling and cultural development of the region. Many scholars have therefore been led to postulate the route of human movement into these scattered islands. Archaeological and anthropological researches have been carried out within the area to determine where the Polynesians originally come from. Various hypotheses have been proposed thereafter.

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Meijaard, Emily Mae, Rona Anne Dennis, and Erik Meijaard. "Tall Tales of a Tropical Squirrel." TAPROBANICA 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2014): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v6i1.124.

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The Tufted Ground Squirrel, Rheithrosciurus macrotis is an endemic of the South East Asian island of Borneo. This species is remarkable in several aspects. Phylogenetic research indicates that its nearest living relatives are a group of South American squirrel species. It is unclear how the evolutionary lineage leading to Rheithrosciurus ended up on Borneo without leaving behind any known relatives on either the Asian or North American land masses. The lineage of ancestors of Rheithrosciurus occupying Eurasia is either extinct without known fossil remains or the genus supposedly colonized Borneo in an independent long-distance colonization event. More recent studies indicate that the Rheithrosciurus lineage diverged from a group of Palaearctic species of the genus Sciurus as early as 36 million years ago, and colonized Borneo overland from South East Asia

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O’Connor, Sue, and Peter Veth. "Early Holocene shell fish hooks from Lene Hara Cave, East Timor establish complex fishing technology was in use in Island South East Asia five thousand years before Austronesian settlement." Antiquity 79, no. 304 (June 2005): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0011405x.

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Discovery of a well-stratified fish hook from a cave sequence on East Timor shows a fishing technology developed at least 5000 years before the Austronesian expansion through Island South East Asia and into the Pacific. The fish hook is fashioned from shell and has been radiocarbon dated to 9741 ± 60 b.p.

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Hagelberg, E., M. Kayser, M. Nagy, L. Roewer, H. Zimdahl, M. Krawczak, P. Lió, and W. Schiefenhöve. "Molecular genetic evidence for the human settlement of the Pacific: analysis of mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HLA markers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1379 (January 29, 1999): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0367.

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Present–day Pacific islanders are thought to be the descendants of Neolithic agriculturalists who expanded from island South–east Asia several thousand years ago. They speak languages belonging to the Austronesian language family, spoken today in an area spanning half the circumference of the world, from Madagascar to Easter Island, and from Taiwan to New Zealand. To investigate the genetic affinities of the Austronesian–speaking peoples, we analysed mitochondrial DNA, HLA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in individuals from eight geographical locations in Asia and the Pacific (China, Taiwan, Java, New Guinea highlands, New Guinea coast, Trobriand Islands, New Britain and Western Samoa). Our results show that the demographic expansion of the Austronesians has left a genetic footprint. However, there is no simple correlation between languages and genes in the Pacific.

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KWAK, Hyoungduck. "An Analysis of the Post-war Conditions of Okinawa and the Effects of the Cold War on the Island." Border Crossings: The Journal of Japanese-Language Literature Studies 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22628/bcjjl.2021.13.1.178.

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Son Jiyon’s “Contemplating Post-War Okinawan Literature：Gender, Ethnicity, and National Identity” criticizes the East Asian framework for understanding, and delves deeply into the intersection of postwar conditions and the Cold War in relation to Okinawa, through an analysis of various texts. As the author suggests, the situation of Okinawa is a microcosm of wider problems that are prevalent in the consciousness of East Asia as a whole, and which therefore can be understood at a fundamental level by Koreans, because they overlap with the contradictions thrown up by war and division in South Korea.

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Rohaizat Hassan, Mohd, Noor Atika Azit, Suhaiza Mohd Fadzil, Siti Rasidah Abd Ghani, Norfazilah Ahmad, and Azmawati Mohammed Nawi. "Insecticide resistance of Dengue vectors in South East Asia: a systematic review." African Health Sciences 21, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 1124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i3.21.

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Background: The insecticides used widely has led to resistance in the vector and impose a challenge to vector control op- eration. Objectives: This review aims to analyse the distribution of insecticide resistance of dengue vectors in South East Asia and to describe the mechanism of insecticide resistance. Methods: Literature search for articles published on 2015 to 2019 from PubMed, Scopus and ProQuest was performed. Total of 37 studies included in the final review from the initial 420 studies. Results: Pyrethroid resistance was concentrated on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Northern Thailand and scat- tered at Java Island, Indonesia while organophosphate resistance was seen across the Java Island (Indonesia), West Sumatera and North Peninsular Malaysia. Organochlorine resistance was seen in Sabah, Malaysia and scattered distribution in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. V1016G, S989P, F1269C gene mutation in Aedes Aegypti were associated with Pyrethroid resistance in Singapore and Indonesia. In Malaysia, over-expressed with monooxygenase P450 genes (CYP9J27, CYP6CB1, CYP9J26 and CYP9M4) Glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases commonly associated with pyrethroids resistance in Aedes Aegypti and CYP612 overexpressed in Aedes Albopictus. The genetic mutation in A302S in Aedes Albopictus was associated with organochlorine resistance in Malaysia. Conclusions: Rotation of insecticide, integration with synergist and routine assessment of resistance profile are recom- mended strategies in insecticide resistance management. Keywords: Insecticide resistance; vector management; Aedes; pyrethroid; mortality.

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Chi, Zhang, and Hsiao-chun Hung. "The emergence of agriculture in southern China." Antiquity 84, no. 323 (March 1, 2010): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099737.

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The authors give us a newly documented account of the dissemination of agriculture, and rice cultivation in particular, into southern China and beyond. From the central and eastern Yangtze it spread in two prongs – east to Guangdong, Taiwan and island Southeast Asia and south to Guangxi and Vietnam.

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LIU, YI-JIAO, and ZHU-QING HE. "Two new species of the genus Rhicnogryllus Chopard, 1925 from Hainan, China (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae: Trigonidiinae)." Zootaxa 5048, no. 4 (October 8, 2021): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.8.

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Rhicnogryllus Chopard, 1925 currently comprises 13 extant species from Asia, Africa, South America and the Pacific. We describe two new species, R. xuandan He sp. nov. and R. fallax He sp. nov., from Hainan Island, China. The type specimens are deposited in Museum of Biology, East China Normal University (ECNU).

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Ptak, Roderich. "From Quanzhou to the Sulu Zone and Beyond: Questions Related to the Early Fourteenth Century." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (September 1998): 269–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340000744x.

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Ships sailing from Fujian to Southeast Asia could choose between two different sea routes. The first route followed the China coast to central Guangdong; it then led to Hainan, the Champa coast and Pulau Condore, an island near the southern tip of Vietnam. From there it continued in three directions: to Siam, to northwestern Borneo and to the Malayan east coast. Going south to the Malayan east coast was the most direct way to Trengganu, Pahang, Pulau Tioman, Johore and modern Singapore whence it was possible to sail into the Indian Ocean or to cross over to Sumatra, Bangka Island and Java.

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Noesselt, Nele. "The European Union and Chinas Multidimensional Diplomacy: Strategic Triangulation?" European Foreign Affairs Review 21, Special Issue (October 1, 2016): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2016031.

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Security constellations in East Asia are often reduced to bilateral competition and territorial or maritime disputes. In this vein, the focus generally lies on the perceived military rise of China and the assumed unavoidable assertive turn in its foreign strategy. This article argues that neorealist interpretations of security issues in East Asia and the role of China that start from the level of bilateral relations tend to overlook the complexity of contemporary multi-player interactions. The European Union (EU) is often excluded from the cartographic mapping of the island disputes in the East and the South China Sea. This, and the modification of China’s security strategy under the fifth generation of Chinese leaders, might allow Europe to position itself as a ‘new’ mediator. A European diplomatic intervention would be the only way for the EU to avoid being trapped in the security spirals evolving in East Asia as a passive ‘follower’.

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Currie, Thomas E., Simon J. Greenhill, Russell D. Gray, Toshikazu Hasegawa, and Ruth Mace. "Rise and fall of political complexity in island South-East Asia and the Pacific." Nature 467, no. 7317 (October 2010): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09461.

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Larena, Maximilian, Federico Sanchez-Quinto, Per Sjödin, James McKenna, Carlo Ebeo, Rebecca Reyes, Ophelia Casel, et al. "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 22, 2021): e2026132118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026132118.

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Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region’s complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups), followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 y ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These observations contradict an exclusive “out-of-Taiwan” model of farming–language–people dispersal within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting ∼1,000 y ago. Lastly, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. Altogether, our findings reveal a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.

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Loo, Tze M. "Islands for an Anxious Empire: Japan’s Pacific Island Mandate." American Historical Review 124, no. 5 (December 1, 2019): 1699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz1013.

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Abstract A century after the victorious Allied powers distributed their spoils of victory in 1919, the world still lives with the geopolitical consequences of the mandates system established by the League of Nations. The Covenant article authorizing the new imperial dispensation came cloaked in the old civilizationist discourse, entrusting sovereignty over “peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world” to the “advanced nations” of Belgium, England, France, Japan, and South Africa. In this series of AHR “reflections” on the mandates, ten scholars of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the international order consider the consequences of the new geopolitical order birthed by World War I. How did the reshuffling of imperial power in the immediate postwar period configure long-term struggles over minority rights, decolonization, and the shape of nation-states when the colonial era finally came to a close? How did the alleged beneficiaries—more often the victims—of this “sacred trust” grasp their own fates in a world that simultaneously promised and denied them the possibility of self-determination? From Palestine, to Namibia, to Kurdistan, and beyond, the legacies of the mandatory moment remain pressing questions today.

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Nazarkin, M. V., and A. F. Bannikov. "Fossil mackerel (Actinopterygii: Scombridae: Scomber) from the Neogene of South-Western Sakhalin, Russia." Zoosystematica Rossica 23, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2014.23.1.158.

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The caudal part of a skeleton of mackerel Scomber sp. in the deposits of the Kurasi Formation of Middle-Upper Miocene of south-western Sakhalin Island is reported. It is the first finding of a fossil representative of the suborder Scombroidei in the Far East of Russia. The genus Scomber comprises 4 recent and about 10 fossil species from Oligocene to Pliocene of Europe, North America (California) and East Asia (Japan). Preservation of the material studied was not good enough to allow a detailed comparison of the Sakhalin mackerel with known both recent and extinct species of the genus.

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Melnitsky, S. I., and V. D. Ivanov. "New species of the family Philopotamidae (Insecta: Trichoptera) from Malaysia and Indonesia." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 314, no. 3 (September 25, 2010): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2010.314.3.323.

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Three new species and one new subspecies of caddis-flies from the family Philopotamidae are described from the South-East Asia: Gunungiella aguha sp. nov., G. gundergonia sp. nov., G. fimfafiazga styniviella subsp. nov. and Wormaldia simplicissima sp. nov. The insects were collected by the authors during the collecting trips to the Western Malaysia (Malacca Peninsula) and Indonesia, Lombok island (G. aguha). The new species from Indonesia lives at inhabits the south-easternmost part border of the distribution area of the genus dispersal range.

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Naga, Mridula S. "Mental healthcare services in Mauritius." International Psychiatry 4, no. 3 (July 2007): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600001934.

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The Republic of Mauritius is a group of islands in the south-west of the Indian Ocean, consisting of the main island of Mauritius, Rodrigues and several outer islands, situated 900 km to the east of Madagascar. It has a total land area of 2040 km2 and a population of around 1.2 million. Mauritius has a multiracial population whose origins can be traced mainly to Asia, Africa and Europe. English is the official language but French remains the most widely spoken, along with the local dialect, Creole, which is derived from French. Mauritius is classified as an upper middle income country in sub-Saharan Africa by the World Bank. It has a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of US$13 200.

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Nashriq, Izneil, and Indraneil Das. "Underestimated diversity of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria: Gekkonidae) on karst landscapes in Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 18792–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7195.13.7.18792-18799.

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The paraphyletic group of Old World rock gecko genus Cnemaspis, currently comprises ~180 described species from Africa and Asia. The south-east Asian clade with 63 described species, is most diverse on the Thai-Malay Peninsula, with just five species known from Borneo, an island biodiversity hotspot. Karst regions are known as centres for species endemism, and vast areas of caves and karst exist across northern Borneo. Fieldwork from 2017 to 2020 recovered additional undescribed species of Cnemaspis from areas of karst forests in western and northern Sarawak. These discoveries emphasize the importance of preserving areas of limestone karst within rainforest areas for maintaining species diversity, as well as accelerating research on documenting the biota.

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YONG, DING LI, KIM SENG LIM, KIM CHUAH LIM, TRIXIE TAN, SIYANG TEO, and HUA CHEW HO. "Significance of the globally threatened Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus populations in Singapore: a last straw for the species?" Bird Conservation International 28, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000028.

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SummaryThe globally threatened Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus is one of South-East Asia’s most imperilled songbirds due to the surging demand for the species in the regional bird trade. Recently uplisted from Vulnerable to Endangered, populations of the Straw-headed Bulbul have been extirpated from Java, Thailand and possibly Sumatra while those in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia are in decline. Intriguingly, a significant yet rarely documented population of this species persists in Singapore. A major stronghold in Singapore is Ubin Island where a population is known since the 1920s. Using a long-term citizen science dataset rarely available for South-East Asian bird species, we determined the status and population trends of the Straw-headed Bulbul in Singapore over a 10–15 year period using Poisson regression models and standardised population indices. We found that the Straw-headed Bulbul population has increased at a rate of 3.69 ± 1.21% per annum on Ubin Island, while the population on Singapore Island remained stable (0.56% per annum) from 2000 to 2016. The population trends in Singapore contrast starkly with the declines reported elsewhere in South-East Asia. We estimated the population in Singapore to be a minimum of 202 individuals, distributed over multiple forest patches. The largest subpopulation of about 110 adult individuals persists on Ubin and which alone forms between 6.5–18.3% of the estimated global population in 2016. Given this unique situation, we recommend a number of conservation measures for the Straw-headed Bulbul to better protect the species, including: (1) an expansion of the protected area network in Singapore to include Ubin as a reserve, (2) the development of an endangered species management plan and, (3) the establishment of ex-situ conservation programmes in zoological institutions and wildlife centres in the region.

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Valentin, Frédérique, Florent Détroit, Matthew J. T. Spriggs, and Stuart Bedford. "Early Lapita skeletons from Vanuatu show Polynesian craniofacial shape: Implications for Remote Oceanic settlement and Lapita origins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516186113.

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With a cultural and linguistic origin in Island Southeast Asia the Lapita expansion is thought to have led ultimately to the Polynesian settlement of the east Polynesian region after a time of mixing/integration in north Melanesia and a nearly 2,000-y pause in West Polynesia. One of the major achievements of recent Lapita research in Vanuatu has been the discovery of the oldest cemetery found so far in the Pacific at Teouma on the south coast of Efate Island, opening up new prospects for the biological definition of the early settlers of the archipelago and of Remote Oceania in general. Using craniometric evidence from the skeletons in conjunction with archaeological data, we discuss here four debated issues: the Lapita–Asian connection, the degree of admixture, the Lapita–Polynesian connection, and the question of secondary population movement into Remote Oceania.

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Qi, Li, and Yuqing Wang. "The Effect of Mesoscale Mountain over the East Indochina Peninsula on Downstream Summer Rainfall over East Asia." Journal of Climate 25, no. 13 (July 1, 2012): 4495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00574.1.

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Abstract The mesoscale mountain over the east Indochina Peninsula, named Annam Cordillera, plays a key role in shaping the South China Sea (SCS) summer climate in both the atmosphere and the ocean. However, its effect is not limited to the SCS. Ensemble simulations using a high-resolution regional atmospheric model with or without the mountain reveals that the Annam Cordillera has a significant impact on regional climate as far as 3000 km over south and east China, and western Northwest Pacific (WNP). By blocking/lifting the warm and moist air from the Bay of Bengal, the Annam Cordillera forces upward motion and precipitation on the windward side and subsidence on the leeward side, and a low-level southwesterly jet to the southeast tip of the Indochina Peninsula over the SCS. The latter gives rise to coastal upwelling and cold sea surface temperature (SST) filaments in the western SCS, reducing surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and thus suppressing convection over the SCS. Heating associated with the orographic rainfall forces a low-level anomalous easterly over the SCS and an anomalous cyclone and anticyclone in the midlower troposphere to the south and north, respectively. The anomalous circulation modifies the low-level moisture transport, reducing rainfall over the SCS and to the east of Taiwan Island over the WNP, while increasing rainfall as much as 15%–30% in a southwest–northeast-oriented belt extending from south China to the East China Sea. The cold SST filaments in the western SCS enhance the orographically induced circulation; however, its effect accounts for less than 50% of the direct effect of the orographic lifting/blocking.

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KOCHAIPHAT, PHONGSAKORN, PAWEENA TRAIPERM, and TIMOTHY M. A. UTTERIDGE. "Three new species of Erycibe (Convolvulaceae) from Malesia." Phytotaxa 494, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.494.1.6.

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As part of a comprehensive review of the genus Erycibe (Convolvulaceae) in South-East Asia, three new species are described and illustrated: E. sangiheensis Kochaiph. & Utteridge sp. nov. from Sangihe Island, North Sulawesi Province in Indonesia and two from Borneo (E. trichocarpa Kochaiph. & Utteridge sp. nov. and E. brunneopilosa Kochaiph. & Utteridge sp. nov.). A distribution map, line drawings and preliminary IUCN conservation assessments are provided for all three species.

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Donnelly, Melissa, Thomas E. Martin, Olivia Cropper, Ellena Yusti, Arthur Arfian, Rachael Smethurst, Catherine Fox, et al. "New species records from Buton Island, South East Sulawesi, including regional range extensions." Barbastella 14, no. 1 (2021): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14709/barbj.14.1.2021.03.

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Peninsular Malaysia is currently thought to host the highest biodiversity of Old World bats of any region, with 110 species recorded. However, the availability of literature to facilitate a similarly thorough species ‘checklist’ is not as readily available for other parts of Southeast Asia, including Sulawesi, Indonesia. Here we highlight 13 new species records from the long-term bat monitoring programme on Buton Island, South East Sulawesi, expanding on Patterson et al.’s (2017) previous inventory for this study area. One species (Hipposideros galeritus) is a new record for Sulawesi, and seven species (Cynopterus c.f. minutus, Rousettus celebensis, Megaderma spasma, Hipposideros c.f. ater, Myotis c.f. horsfieldii, Myotis c.f. moluccarum, and Myotis c.f.muricola) are new records for Buton Island. The remaining five species (Thoopterus nigrescens, Dobsonia exoleta, Acerodon celebensis,Mosia nigrescens, and Mops sarasinorum) have been previously reported from Buton but were missing from the prior site inventory. We also correct a probable mistaken species identification in the previous inventory (Cynopterus cf. titthaecheilus, now identified as Thoopterus nigrescens). This brings the total of confirmed species detected on Buton to 35, equating to 46.7% of all Sulawesi’s known bat diversity in c. 3% of its land area. We highlight Buton as a key area for conserving the region’s bat species.

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Lavoué, Sébastien, Siti Zafirah Ghazali, Jamsari Amirul Firdaus Jamaluddin, Siti Azizah Mohd Nor, and Khaironizam Md Zain. "Genetic evidence for the recognition of two allopatric species of Asian bronze featherback Notopterus (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha, Notopteridae)." Zoosystematics and Evolution 96, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.51350.

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The fish genus Notopterus Lacepède, 1800 (Notopteridae) currently includes only one species, the Asian bronze featherback Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769). This common freshwater species is widely distributed in the Oriental region, from the Indus basin in the west, the Mekong basin in the east and Java Island in the south. To examine the phylogeographic structure of N. notopterus across its range, we analysed 74 publicly available cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences, 72 of them determined from known-origin specimens, along with four newly-determined sequences from Peninsular Malaysian specimens. We found that N. notopterus is a complex of two allopatric species that diverge from each other by 7.5% mean p-distance. The first species is endemic to South Asia (from Indus basin to Ganga-Brahmaputra system), whereas the distribution of the second species is restricted to Southeast Asia. The exact limit between the distributions of these two species is not known, but it should fall somewhere between the Ganga-Brahmaputra and Salween basins, a region already identified as a major faunal boundary in the Oriental region. The name N. notopterus is retained for the Southeast Asian species, while the name Notopterus synurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) should be applied to the South Asian species. A comparative morphological study is needed to reveal the degree of morphological differentiation between the two species.

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Trainor, Colin R. "Changes in bird species composition on a remote and well-forested Wallacean Island, South-East Asia." Biological Conservation 140, no. 3-4 (December 2007): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.08.022.

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Kanaya, Yugo, Xiaole Pan, Takuma Miyakawa, Yuichi Komazaki, Fumikazu Taketani, Itsushi Uno, and Yutaka Kondo. "Long-term observations of black carbon mass concentrations at Fukue Island, western Japan, during 2009–2015: constraining wet removal rates and emission strengths from East Asia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 16 (August 30, 2016): 10689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-10689-2016.

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Abstract. Long-term (2009–2015) observations of atmospheric black carbon (BC) mass concentrations were performed using a continuous soot-monitoring system (COSMOS) at Fukue Island, western Japan, to provide information on wet removal rate constraints and the emission strengths of important source regions in East Asia (China and others). The annual average mass concentration was 0.36 µg m−3, with distinct seasonality; high concentrations were recorded during autumn, winter, and spring and were caused by Asian continental outflows, which reached Fukue Island in 6–46 h. The observed data were categorized into two classes, i.e., with and without a wet removal effect, using the accumulated precipitation along a backward trajectory (APT) for the last 3 days as an index. Statistical analysis of the observed ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratios was performed to obtain information on the emission ratios (from data with zero APT only) and wet removal rates (including data with nonzero APTs). The estimated emission ratios (5.2–6.9 ng m−3 ppb−1) varied over the six air mass origin areas; the higher ratios for south-central East China (30–35° N) than for north-central East China (35–40° N) indicated the relative importance of domestic emissions and/or biomass burning sectors. The significantly higher BC ∕ CO emission ratios adopted in the bottom-up Regional Emission inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2 (8.3–23 ng m−3 ppb−1) over central East China and Korea needed to be reduced at least by factors of 1.3 and 2.8 for central East China and Korea, respectively, but the ratio for Japan was reasonable. The wintertime enhancement of the BC emission from China, predicted by REAS2, was verified for air masses from south-central East China but not for those from north-central East China. Wet removal of BC was clearly identified as a decrease in the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratio against APT. The transport efficiency (TE), defined as the ratio of the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratio with precipitation to that without precipitation, was fitted reasonably well by a stretched exponential decay curve against APT; a single set of fitting parameters was sufficient to represent the results for air masses originating from different areas. An accumulated precipitation of 25.5 ± 6.1 mm reduced the TE to 1∕e. BC-containing particles traveling to Fukue must have already been converted from hydrophobic to hydrophilic particles, because the behavior of TE against APT was similar to that of PM2.5, the major components of which are hydrophilic. Wet loss of BC greatly influenced interannual variations in the ΔBC ∕ ΔCO ratios and BC mass concentrations. This long-term data set will provide a benchmark for testing chemical transport/climate model simulations covering East Asia.

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H, Mulyadi. "TUNJUK AJAR MELAYU; Warisan Nilai Pada Bait-Bait Syair Gurindam Dua Belas Raja Ali Haji." Madania: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 8, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jiik.v8i2.6139.

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Mystical literature is not only a part of the long tradition in Malay literature in archipelagos but also it is directly a integral part of policical, cultural and social practice that was conditioned, and if conditioned the discursive formation in society of Malay particularly in Pengengat Island-Kepulauan Riau province, and widely in South East Asia area. Gurindam Dua Belas Raja Ali Haji is the Islamic literary work that is characterized typically by Sufism, writing by Raja Ali Haji, an intellectual, cultural observer, Moeslem leader in 19th centuries in Pengengat Island. This Gurindam Dua Belas Raja Ali Haji is included al-irsyadi’s literary work containing the didactic-educational message for ethical and moral reconstruction of life.

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Barker, Graeme, Huw Barton, Paul Beavitt, Michael Bird, Patrick Daly, Chris Doherty, David Gilbertson, et al. "Prehistoric Foragers and Farmers in South-east Asia: Renewed Investigations at Niah Cave, Sarawak." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 68 (2002): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001481.

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The paper describes the initial results from renewed investigations at Niah Cave in Sarawak on the island of Borneo, famous for the discovery in 1958 of the c. 40,000–year old ‘Deep Skull’. The archaeological sequences from the West Mouth and the other entrances of the cave complex investigated by Tom and Barbara Harrisson and other researchers have potential implications for three major debates regarding the prehistory of south-east Asia: the timing of initial settlement by anatomically modern humans; the means by which they subsisted in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene; and the timing, nature, and causation of the transition from foraging to farming. The new project is informing on all three debates. The critical importance of the Niah stratigraphies was commonly identified – including by Tom Harrisson himself – as because the site provided a continuous sequence of occupation over the past 40,000 years. The present project indicates that Niah was first used at least 45,000 years ago, and probably earlier; that the subsequent Pleistocene and Holocene occupations were highly variable in intensity and character; and that in some periods, perhaps of significant duration, the caves may have been more or less abandoned. The cultural sequence that is emerging from the new investigations may be more typical of cave use in tropical rainforests in south-east Asia than the Harrisson model.

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Mustafa, Hasrina, Bahiyah Omar, and Sharifah Nadiah Syed Mukhiar. "Measuring destination competitiveness: an importance-performance analysis (IPA) of six top island destinations in South East Asia." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 25, no. 3 (November 12, 2019): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1687534.

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Khasmaral, Togtokh, Bars Amarjargal, Laicheng Miao, Baatar Munkhtsengel, and Anaad Chimedtseren. "Geochemical comparison of late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic volcanic rocks in South Mongolia." Mongolian Geoscientist, no. 49 (October 13, 2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i49.1223.

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The Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks are widely distributed in the interior of the East Asia and document the tectonic transition of East Asia. We present new geochronology and geochemistry data of late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic basalts in Bayantsagaan and Han-Uul volcanic provinces in South Mongolia, in order to explore their petrogenesis and geodynamic settings. The volcanic rocks in the Bayantsagaan and Han-Uul field yielded K-Ar ages of 90.55±1.93 Ma and 55.49±1.49 Ma, respectively. The volcanic rocks in South Mongolia can be subdivided into to alkaline basalts and tholeiitic series, and are characterized by ocean island basalts (OIB) trace elements features, such as enrichment of light REE relative to heavy REE and enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) with positive K anomaly. Compared with the late Cretaceous, the early Cenozoic basalts show a decrease in the contents of HREE and an increase of Nb and Ta. Crustal contamination and fractional crystallization are insignificant in the genesis of late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic basalts South Mongolia. The available Sr-Nd isotope results indicate that a mixing depleted (DM) and enriched mantle (EM) signature characterize in late Cretaceous volcanic rocks, which derived from magmas from the asthenosphere with some contributions of metasomatized subcontinent lithospheric mantle, whereas the early Cenozoic basalts are ascribed to contributions from the asthenospheric mantle. We propose that the generation of the late Cretaceous-early Cenozoic volcanism (90-40 Ma) in Mongolia is probably related to the shallow mantle upwelling (asthenosphere) induced by the edge convection along the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), triggered by a far-field effect of Indo-Asian collision.

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Li, Chunhui, Tim Li, Jianyin Liang, Dejun Gu, Ailan Lin, and Bin Zheng. "Interdecadal Variations of Meridional Winds in the South China Sea and Their Relationship with Summer Climate in China*." Journal of Climate 23, no. 4 (February 15, 2010): 825–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli2762.1.

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Abstract Analysis of the NCEP and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data and the Xisha Island station observation indicates that the low-level meridional wind (LLMW) over the South China Sea (SCS) experienced an interdecadal variation since the late 1970s. The LLMW change is associated with the reduction of tropospheric temperature in midlatitude East Asia. A mechanism is put forward to explain the triggering and maintenance of the tropospheric cooling. The enhanced convective heating over the southern South China Sea results in a meridional vertical overturning circulation, with anomalous descending motion appearing over continental East Asia. The anomalous descending motion reduces the local humidity through both anomalous low-level divergence and dry vertical advection. The decrease of the local tropospheric humidity leads to the enhanced outgoing longwave radiation into space and thus cold temperature anomalies. The decrease of the temperature and thickness leads to anomalous low (high) pressure and convergent (divergent) flows at upper (lower) levels. This further enhances the descending motion and leads to a positive feedback loop. The fall in tropospheric temperature over continental East Asia reduces the land–sea thermal contrast and leads to the weakening of cross-equatorial flows and the LLMW over SCS. A further diagnosis indicates that the LLMW is closely linked to the summer precipitation and temperature variations in China on interdecadal time scales. A weakening of the LLMW after 1976 is associated with a “−, +, −” meridional rainfall pattern, with less rain in Guangdong Province and north China but more rain in the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins and northeast China, and a “+, −, +” temperature pattern, with increased (decreased) surface temperature in the south and north (central) China.

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Brown, Gillian K., Daniel J. Murphy, James Kidman, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Phylogenetic connections of phyllodinous species of Acacia outside Australia are explained by geological history and human-mediated dispersal." Australian Systematic Botany 25, no. 6 (2012): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb12027.

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Acacia sensu stricto is found predominantly in Australia; however, there are 18 phyllodinous taxa that occur naturally outside Australia, north from New Guinea to Indonesia, Taiwan, the Philippines, south-western Pacific (New Caledonia to Samoa), northern Pacific (Hawaii) and Indian Ocean (Mascarene Islands). Our aim was to determine the phylogenetic position of these species within Acacia, to infer their biogeographic history. To an existing molecular dataset of 109 taxa of Acacia, we added 51 new accessions sequenced for the ITS and ETS regions of nuclear rDNA, including samples from 15 extra-Australian taxa. Data were analysed using both maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods. The phylogenetic positions of the extra-Australian taxa sampled revealed four geographic connections. Connection A, i.e. northern Australia?South-east Asia?south-western Pacific, is shown by an early diverging clade in section Plurinerves, which relates A. confusa from Taiwan and the Philippines (possibly Fiji) to A. simplex from Fiji and Samoa. That clade is related to A. simsii from southern New Guinea and northern Australia and other northern Australian species. Two related clades in section Juliflorae show a repeated connection (B), i.e. northern Australia?southern New Guinea?south-western Pacific. One of these is the ?A. auriculiformis clade', which includes A. spirorbis subsp. spirorbis from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands as sister to the Queensland species A. auriculiformis; related taxa include A. mangium, A. leptocarpa and A. spirorbis subsp. solandri. The ?A. aulacocarpa clade' includes A. aulacocarpa, A. peregrinalis endemic to New Guinea, A. crassicarpa from New Guinea and Australia, and other Australian species. Acacia spirorbis (syn. A. solandri subsp. kajewskii) from Vanuatu (Melanesia) is related to these two clades but its exact position is equivocal. The third biogeographic connection (C) is Australia?Timor?Flores, represented independently by the widespread taxon A. oraria (section Plurinerves) found on Flores and Timor and in north-eastern Queensland, and the Wetar island endemic A. wetarensis (Juliflorae). The fourth biogeographic connection (D), i.e. Hawaii?Mascarene?eastern Australia, reveals an extreme disjunct distribution, consisting of the Hawaiian koa (A. koa, A. koaia and A. kaoaiensis), sister to the Mascarene (R�union Island) species A. heterophylla; this clade is sister to the eastern Australian A. melanoxylon and A. implexa (all section Plurinerves), and sequence divergence between taxa is very low. Historical range expansion of acacias is inferred to have occurred several times from an Australian?southern New Guinean source. Dispersal would have been possible as the Australian land mass approached South-east Asia, and during times when sea levels were low, from the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene. The close genetic relationship of species separated by vast distances, from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific, is best explained by dispersal by Austronesians, early Homo sapiens migrants from Asia.

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Kundu, S., K. Kawamura, M. Kobayashi, E. Tachibana, M. Lee, P. Q. Fu, and J. Jung. "A sub-decadal trend of diacids in atmospheric aerosols in East Asia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2015): 22183–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-22183-2015.

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Abstract. The change of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) has been predicted to be highly uncertain in the future atmosphere in Asia. To better quantify the SOA change, we study a sub-decadal (2001–2008) trend of major surrogate compounds (C2-C10 diacids) of SOA in atmospheric aerosols from Gosan site in Jeju Island, South Korea. Gosan site is influenced by the pollution-outflows from East Asia. The molecular distribution of diacids was characterized by the predominance of oxalic (C2) acid followed by malonic (C3) and succinic (C4) acids in each year. The seasonal variations of diacids in each year were characterized by the highest concentrations of saturated diacids in spring and unsaturated diacids in winter. The consistent molecular distribution and seasonal variations are indicative of similar pollution sources for diacids in East Asia over a sub-decadal scale. However, the intensity of the pollution sources has increased as evidenced by the increases of major diacids at the rate of 3.9–47.4 % year−1 particularly in April. The temporal variations of atmospheric tracer compounds (CO, levoglucosan, 2-methyltetrols, pinic acid, glyoxylic acid, glyoxal and methylglyoxal) suggest that the increases of diacids are due to an enhanced precursor emissions associated with more anthropogenic than biogenic activities followed by their chemical processing in the atmosphere. The trends of diacids are opposite to the reported decreases of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in the recent years in East Asia. This study demonstrates that recent pollution control strategies in East Asia could not decrease organic acidic species in the atmosphere. If the current rates of increases continue, the organic acid- and water-soluble fractions of SOA could increase significantly in the future atmosphere in East Asia.

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Oliver, Paul M., Mozes P. K. Blom, Harold G. Cogger, Robert N. Fisher, Jonathan Q. Richmond, and John C. Z. Woinarski. "Insular biogeographic origins and high phylogenetic distinctiveness for a recently depleted lizard fauna from Christmas Island, Australia." Biology Letters 14, no. 6 (June 2018): 20170696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0696.

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Striking faunal turnover across Asia and Australasia, most famously along the eastern edge of the Sunda Shelf or ‘Wallace's Line’, has been a focus of biogeographic research for over 150 years. Here, we investigate the origins of a highly threatened endemic lizard fauna (four species) on Christmas Island. Despite occurring less 350 km south of the Sunda Shelf, this fauna mostly comprises species from clades centred on the more distant regions of Wallacea, the Pacific and Australia (more than 1000 km east). The three most divergent lineages show Miocene (approx. 23–5 Ma) divergences from sampled relatives; and have recently become extinct or extinct in the wild, likely owing to the recent introduction of a southeast Asian snake ( Lycodon capucinus ). Insular distributions, deep phylogenetic divergence and recent decline suggest that rather than dispersal ability or recent origins, environmental and biotic barriers have impeded these lineages from diversifying on the continental Sunda Shelf, and thereby, reinforced faunal differentiation across Wallace's Line. Our new phylogenetically informed perspective further highlights the rapid loss of ancient lineages that has occurred on Christmas Island, and underlines how the evolutionary divergence and vulnerability of many island-associated lineages may continue to be underestimated.

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LEE, CHI-FENG, and JAN BEZDĔK. "Revision of the genus Theopea Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) of East Asia: species lacking modified clypeus in males and the T. sauteri species group." Zootaxa 4508, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4508.3.2.

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Theopea Baly, 1864 species lacking a modified clypeus of East Asia are revised. Theopea aureoviridis Chûjô, 1935, T. collaris Kimoto, 1989, and T. sauteri Chûjô, 1935 are redescribed. Theopea coerulea Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963 is removed from synonymy with T. sauteri Chûjô, 1935. Hoplosaenidea irregularis (Takizawa 1978) and H. kanmiyai Kimoto, 1984 are transferred to Theopea and redescribed. A lectotype is designated for T. aureoviridis Chûjô, 1935. Five new species are described, T. cheni sp. nov. from Taiwan, T. geiseri sp. nov. from Northeast India, T. hainanensis sp. nov. from South China (Hainan Island), T. laosensis sp. nov. from West China, North Laos and Vietnam, and T. sekerkai sp. nov. from Central and South Laos.

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TZE-KEN, DANNY WONG. "The Destruction of the English East India Company Factory on Condore Island, 1702–1705." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 5 (August 30, 2011): 1097–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000424.

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AbstractThe English East India Company established a factory on the island of Condore, off the coast of southern Vietnam, in 1702 as part of its plan to maintain a settlement to direct shipping activities between trading ports in China and Southeast Asia and India. For three years, the settlement thrived and was an important part of the China trade network, especially as a stopping point for ships plying the China route. The island settlement also carried out trading activities with neighbouring ports along the Indochina coast and the Malay Archipelago. The setting up of the factory, however, coincided with the emergence of the new entity of southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn family who were expanding their power-base to the south. In the process, the Nguyễn had already subdued the Chams and were coming face-to-face with the Khmers when the English factory was established. This paper will trace the English venture on Condore Island and the reaction of the Nguyễn ruler towards this venture which culminated with the destruction of the factory in 1705. This paper will attempt to explore the following questions: the shifting importance of the islands in the Nguyễn's security and foreign relationsvis-à-visthe English factory, and will also investigate the circumstances that brought about the massacre and destruction of the English factory on Pulo Condore—a historical event that has not been properly explained thus far.

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Lai, Joelle C. Y., Hsi-Te Shih, and Peter K. L. Ng. "The systematics of land crabs of the genus Gecarcoidea and recognition of a pseudocryptic species, G. humei, from the eastern Indian Ocean (Crustacea : Decapoda : Gecarcinidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 31, no. 4 (2017): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is16052.

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The gecarcinid genus Gecarcoidea H. Milne Edwards, 1837 is currently represented by two species from the Indo-West Pacific – the widely distributed purple land crab, G. lalandii H. Milne Edwards, 1837, and the red crab endemic to Christmas Island, G. natalis (Pocock, 1889). One species, G. humei (Wood-Mason, 1874), described from the Nicobar Islands, has had a confused taxonomic history, but was treated as a junior synonym of G. lalandii by Türkay (1974) in his revision of the family. In this study, using molecular as well as morphological characters, we show that G. humei is a valid species. Gecarcoidea lalandii and G. humei have distinct non-overlapping distributions throughout much of their range, with G. lalandii occurring in most of South-east Asia and the West Pacific, while G. humei is known only from the eastern Indian Ocean. On Christmas Island, in the eastern Indian Ocean, however, all three species are present. As a result, Christmas Island is the only locality where all extant species of Gecarcoidea are found. The three species can also be separated by differences in live colours and patterns, as well as proportions of the carapace, male abdomen, ambulatory legs and third maxillipeds, and details of the orbits and male first gonopods.

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Metea, Ileana-Gentilia. "Cyprus, an Unresolved Issue of the European Union." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0021.

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Abstract The Republic of Cyprus is an island from the extreme north of the Mediterranean Sea, is situated at the intersection of Europe, Asia and Africa, 75 km south of Turkey, 105 km west of Syria, 300 km north of Egypt and 800 km east of Greece. As a state form, it is a presidential republic, and is part of the European Union (since May 2004) the Euro Zone (2008), the World Trade Organization - WTO (1995), the International Monetary Fund (1962) 1962), the Council of Europe (1961), the Commonwealth (1961). Cyprus has an unresolved internal situation for a long time

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Sanmartín, Isabel, Cajsa Lisa Anderson, Marisa Alarcon, Fredrik Ronquist, and Juan José Aldasoro. "Bayesian island biogeography in a continental setting: the Rand Flora case." Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (March 24, 2010): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0095.

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We here explore the use of a Bayesian approach to island biogeography for disentangling the evolutionary origins of a continental-scale floristic pattern, the enigmatic ‘Rand Flora’. The existence of disjunct distributions across many plant lineages between Macaronesia–northwest Africa, Horn of Africa–southern Arabia and east–south Africa has long intrigued botanists, but only now can we start analysing it within a statistical framework. Phylogenetic and distributional data from 13 plant lineages exhibiting this disjunct distribution were analysed to estimate area carrying capacities and historical rates of biotic exchange between areas. The results indicate that there has been little exchange between southern Africa and the northern African region, and that this exchange occurred via east Africa. Northwest Africa–Macaronesia shows the smallest carrying capacity but highest dispersal rate with other regions, suggesting that its flora was built up by immigration of lineages, probably from the Mediterranean region and western Asia. In contrast, southern Africa shows the highest carrying capacity and lowest dispersal rate, suggesting a flora formed by in situ diversification. We discuss further improvements of the method for addressing more complex hypotheses, such as asymmetric dispersal between regions or repeated cyclical events.

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Bazhenov, Mikhail L., Alexander E. Zharov, Natalia M. Levashova, Kazuto Kodama, Nikita Y. Bragin, Peter I. Fedorov, Lyubov' G. Bragina, and Sergey M. Lyapunov. "Paleomagnetism of a Late Cretaceous island arc complex from South Sakhalin, East Asia: Convergent boundaries far away from the Asian continental margin?" Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106, B9 (September 10, 2001): 19193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900458.

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47

Zahirovic, S., M. Seton, and R. D. Müller. "The Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia." Solid Earth Discussions 5, no. 2 (August 21, 2013): 1335–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-5-1335-2013.

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Abstract. Tectonic reconstructions of Southeast Asia have given rise to numerous controversies which include the accretionary history of Sundaland and the enigmatic tectonic origin of the Proto South China Sea. We assimilate a diversity of geological and geophysical observations into a new regional plate model, coupled to a global model, to address these debates. Our approach takes into account terrane suturing and accretion histories, the location of subducted slabs imaged in mantle tomography in order to constrain the opening and closure history of paleo-ocean basins, as well as plausible absolute and relative plate velocities and tectonic driving mechanisms. We propose a scenario of rifting from northern Gondwana in the Late Jurassic, driven by northward slab pull, to detach East Java, Mangkalihat, southeast Borneo and West Sulawesi blocks that collided with a Tethyan intra-oceanic subduction zone in the mid Cretaceous and subsequently accreted to the Sunda margin (i.e. southwest Borneo core) in the Late Cretaceous. In accounting for the evolution of plate boundaries, we propose that the Philippine Sea Plate originated on the periphery of Tethyan crust forming this northward conveyor. We implement a revised model for the Tethyan intra-oceanic subduction zones to reconcile convergence rates, changes in volcanism and the obduction of ophiolites. In our model the northward margin of Greater India collides with the Kohistan-Ladakh intra-oceanic arc at ∼53 Ma, followed by continent-continent collision closing the Shyok and Indus-Tsangpo suture zones between ∼42 and 34 Ma. We also account for the back-arc opening of the Proto South China Sea from ∼65 Ma, consistent with extension along east Asia and the emplacement of supra-subduction zone ophiolites presently found on the island of Mindoro. The related rifting likely detached the Semitau continental fragment from east China, which accreted to northern Borneo in the mid Eocene, to account for the Sarawak Orogeny. Rifting then re-initiated along southeast China by 37 Ma to open the South China Sea, resulting in the complete consumption of Proto South China Sea by ∼17 Ma when the collision of the Dangerous Grounds and northern Palawan blocks with northern Borneo choked the subduction zone to result in the Sabah Orogeny and the obduction of ophiolites in Palawan and Mindoro. We conclude that the counterclockwise rotation of Borneo was accommodated by oroclinal bending consistent with paleomagnetic constraints, the curved lithospheric lineaments observed in gravity anomalies of the Java Sea and the curvature of the Cretaceous Natuna paleo-subduction zone. We complete our model by constructing a time-dependent network of continuously closing plate boundaries and gridded paleo-ages of oceanic basins, allowing us to test our plate model evolution against seismic tomography. In particular, slabs observed at depths shallower than ∼1000 km beneath northern Borneo and the South China Sea are likely to be remnants of the Proto South China Sea basin.

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Maata, M., T. Pickering, S. Ali, and C. Bird. "Partial identification and nutritional analysis of Kiribati algae." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 22, no. 1 (2004): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp04002.

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A chemical analysis of the edible algae from the island of Beru in Kiribati revealed it contained relatively high concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions. A fair amount of protein and other minerals such as Na+, K+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Fe2+ ions are also present in it. The scientific identification revealed that the algae are made of a mixture of different species, which are not an entirely new species just discovered. In fact, the two major types of algae that were identified (Lyngbya perelegans and Chroococcus minutus) are known to exist in Hawaii, some areas in Europe and parts of South East Asia.

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Zhang, Xinchang, Yuejun Wang, Ron Harris, Yi Yan, and Yi Zheng. "Discovery of Middle–Late Devonian and Early Permian magmatic events in East Asia and their implication for the Indosinian orogeny in South China: Insights from the sedimentary record." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 9-10 (February 28, 2019): 1519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35032.1.

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Abstract Whether the driver of the Indosinian orogeny in the South China block was related to the evolution of the Paleotethyan Ocean or the Paleo-Pacific Ocean has been a point of much debate. We applied detrital zircon U-Pb dating to Permian–Triassic sedimentary rocks from South China to trace sediment provenance and to further test these models. Our results, combined with other published data from the Pingxiang, Youjiang, Yong’an, and Yongding Basins, show that 400–350 Ma and 300–260 Ma zircon grains are ubiquitous throughout the entirety of southern South China. This indicates regional magmatic events as potential sources. The discovery of Middle–Late Devonian and Early Permian igneous rocks, tuffs, and volcaniclastic rocks in Southeast Asia and Hainan Island implies the presence of two magmatic events (400–350 Ma and 300–260 Ma) within or beyond the southern margin of South China. This information, together with the mostly negative εHf(t) values of 400–350 Ma and 300–260 Ma zircon grains, arc-like geochemical signatures of the possible source rocks, and the regional geology of East Asia, suggests that they originated from sources related to Paleotethyan and even Proto-Tethyan subduction. Thus, Permian–Triassic sedimentation and the Indosinian orogeny in South China were largely controlled by the evolution of the Tethyan Ocean.

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Tan, BC. "Biogeography of palawan mosses." Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960193.

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The moss flora of Palawan was updated and consists of 192 species in 88 genera. Because of the dry, semi-deciduous forest, Palawan has a relatively depauperate moss flora compared with the flora of moist forest on other islands of similar area. The number of species is higher in riverine forest than in inland forest, and highest at mid-mountain elevation. Its flora is mainly an extension of the Philippine moss flora, showing little influence from Borneo. Likewise, its floristic affinity is with the moss floras of the Philippine archipelago, Java, and Lesser Sundas, but not with the Bornean moss flora. Additionally, the role of Palawan Island as a refugium for the survival of a past, xeric moss flora in South-East Asia is discussed on the basis of evidence from moss distribution. Clastobryum asperrimum (Dix.) Tan was proposed as a new combination and Leucoloma mittenii Heisch. was considered to be a new synonym of L. walkeri Broth.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Island South-East Asia'

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