Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ischemia miocardica'
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Silveira, Filho Lindemberg da Mota 1972. "Associação do trimetazidine a diferentes metodos de proteção miocardica : estudo experimental em porcos." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311701.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T23:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilveiraFilho_LindembergdaMota_M.pdf: 22765856 bytes, checksum: 1ca4bc9b50a4a81b4aff9a1c376e5d98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Introdução: A administração de diferentes agentes associados à cardioplegia tem sido realizada desde o surgimento da proteção miocárdica em Cirurgia Cardíaca. Qualquer medicamento que promova uma melhora na capacidade do coração operado resistir à isquemia, que se traduza em melhora hemodinâmica e de sobrevida, pode ter sua associação à cardioplegia justificada. O agente de manejo metabólico trimetazidine (TMZ), utilizado na prática clínica como agente anti-isquêmico, tem sido usado em pacientes cirúrgicos esporadicamente, não havendo comprovação de sua eficácia quando apenas associado à solução cardioplégica. Objetivo: Verificar em modelo experimental de coração isolado de suínos se a associação do trimetazidine à solução cardioplégica promove melhora no desempenho do coração Material e métodos: O modelo experimental utilizou suínos Large-White, com coração isolado perfundido por suporte de outro animal em modo de execução de trabalho ("working heart state"). Foram divididos em três grupos (n = 6), submetidos a isquemia regional seguido de isquemia global, que recebiam um dos três tratamentos: Solução St Thomas (ST), solução St Thomas acrescida de trimetazidine (TMZ) e grupo controle (Co). Durante período de reperfusão aos 30, 60 e 90 minutos foram medidos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de contratilidade e metabólicos, obtendo-se assim a elastância máxima (Emáx), o índice de trabalho sistólico pré-recrutável (PRSW), "dureza" do ventrículo (EDPRV), fluxo coronariano, consumo de oxigênio e dosagens de lactato e glicose. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente Resultados: Em relação aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos de contratilidade não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os três grupos. Houve produção crescente de lactato nos três grupos quanto maior o tempo de reperfusão de forma uniforme. O fluxo coronariano, o consumo de oxigênio e o consumo de glicose tiveram grande variação entre os diferentes tempos medidos mas sem diferença entre os três tratamentos. O peso final do ventrículo esquerdo foi significativamente menor no grupo trimetazidine (TMZ) que nos demais. Conclusão: A administração aguda do trimetazidine, associada simplesmente como adjuvante à solução cardioplégica não demonstrou benefício hemodinâmico ou metabólico em modelo experimental de coração isolado em porcos. Palavras-chave: Trimetazidine, coração isolado, solução cardioplégica
Abstract: Introduction: Many drugs have usually been associated to cardioplegia since beggining of myocardial protection in Cardiac Surgery in order to improve surgical outcome. Any medicine able to induce resistance to ischemia and better hemodinamic effects and survival may have its utilization justified. Trimetazidine is an agent currently available as anti-ischemic medicine for anginal symptoms acting by protective metabolic effects Its role to be used in heart surgical patients as an adjuvant to cardioplegia is yet not fully comprehended. Objective: Verify in an isolated working heart state animal model if the association of trimetazidine to cardioplegia improves heart performance. Materials and method: Swines were used in this working heart model. They were divided in three grups (n = 6) that underwent regional and global ischemia. Each group was selected to a different treatment. St Thomas Cardioplegia (ST), St Thomas associated to trimetazidine (TMZ) and control group (Co). Data was collected during reperfusion period at 30, 60 and 90 minutes and were measured: Hemodinamic parameters such as elastance contractility index (Emáx), preload recruitable stroke work relationship (PRSW) and heart "stiffness" (EDPRV). Other data included coronary flow, oxygen and glucose consumption and lactate. Results were statistically analysed. Results: All contractility data were not significantly different among three groups. Lactate became constantly higher according to time uniformly in all three groups Coronary flow, glucose consumption and oxygen consumption presented large variations during time periods but according to treatments showed no statistical differences in all three groups. Left ventricle final weight was significantly lower in trimetazidine group compared to both other groups. Conclusion: Acute administration of trimetazidine associated to cardioplegia as an adjuvant showed no hemodinamic or metabolic improvement in an isolated working heart experimental model in swines. Key-words: Trimetazidine; isolated working heart model; cardioplegia
Mestrado
Cirurgia
Mestre em Cirurgia
GRILLO, ANDREA. "Non-invasive evaluation of myocardial supply-demand balance from the analysis of pulse waveform: from validation to clinical application." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241149.
Full textThe evaluation of the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the myocardium is useful for predicting and diagnosing myocardial ischemia and type-2 myocardial infarction, conditions that represent a growing part of the health burden of cardiovascular disease, and whose incidence is rapidly increasing due to an ageing population. In its original assessment by invasive registrations, this balance is calculated as the ratio between the oxygen supply, defined as the area between the aortic and left ventricular pressures during diastole (diastolic pressure-time index), and the oxygen consumption, defined as the area under the pressure curve during systole (systolic pressure-time index). This ratio is called SEVR (Subendocardial Viability Ratio) and may also be calculated from the analysis of the non-invasively determined central pressure wave obtained by carotid arterial tonometry, by dividing areas between the diastolic and systolic pressure curves. The conventional non-invasive assessment of SEVR by arterial tonometry is affected by some methodological limitations, that are the exclusion from the calculation of isovolumetric systolic time in the systolic pressure-time index and the exclusion of left ventricular diastolic pressure from diastolic pressure-time index. Moreover, the calibration of central pressure wave derived from carotid tonometry can be affected by the way of calculating mean arterial pressure from brachial cuff blood pressure, which is necessary for scaling the central waveform. This thesis presents a series of studies conducted to overcome the limitations mentioned above, in order to elaborate a corrected form of the SEVR and to validate it against its invasive counterpart and as a clinical predictor. A methodology to reliably calculate the systolic-time intervals (isovolumetric ejection time and pre-ejection period) from ECG-gated arterial tonometry performed at the carotid and femoral levels, is presented and applied in subjects with or without cardiovascular disease. The issue of calculation of mean arterial pressure from brachial cuff blood pressure was then addressed, as a considerable interindividual and intraindividual variability in brachial pressure form-factor was evidenced in general population of different ages and in hypertensive patients. The best approach for calibration of non-invasive central blood pressure waveform resides in the integration of pressure waveforms, or, when not applicable, in the use of an appropriate algorithm for calculation of brachial form factor. A good correlation of the invasively determined SEVR, in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, was then demonstrated with the new non-invasive SEVR calculated by arterial tonometry and corrected by considering systolic time intervals and the left ventricular diastolic pressure. An equation for the estimation of left ventricular diastolic pressure was derived from non-invasive parameters of arterial tonometry and the invasive data. The new SEVR was finally applied in the PARTAGE cohort, a large population study of individuals 80 years of age and older living in nursing homes. SEVR was found to be an independent predictor of total mortality in the elderly subjects. A threshold value for SEVR of 100 may be considered in this population. In summary, a new formulation of an index (SEVR) for the evaluation of myocardial supply-demand balance from non-invasive arterial tonometry was created and clinically validated.
Vitali, Francesca <1979>. "Valutazione del danno miocardico nel neonato con encefalopatia ipossico-ischemica." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7518/1/vitali_francesca_tesi.pdf.
Full textBackground. Perinatal asphyxia is commonly associated with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and cardiovascular dysfunction. Therapeutic hypothermia has become standard treatment for moderate and severe neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy to reduce cerebral morbidity and mortality. The effect on the heart is incompletely explored. Aim. To assess myocardial performance of infants with perinatal asphyxia using traditional and DTI echocardiographycs technique; evaluation of early and long-term myocardial outcome. Study design. Fifteen infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy were enrolled in the study: seven infants with moderate-severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy cooled for 72 hours (group1); eight normothermic infants with mild hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (group2). Biomarkers serum concentrations (CPK,TroponinT, PRO-BNP) were measured at 6, 12 , 24 h of life and on the seven day of life. ECG and echocardiographies (traditional and TDI mesaurements) were done in the first 6 h of life, at 36h, on day 7, at 12 month. In the cooled infants were done also on day 4, at 1, 6 and 18 month. Results. All sieric biomarkers were always higher in the group1 than group2. All functional myocardial indices (ventricular output, TAPSE, systolic velocity (Sm), early diastolic velocity (Em), late diastolic velocity (Am)) were lower for both ventricles in the first hours after hypoxic insult in the group1. Moreover we have also found that mitral E/Em ratio and Em/Am ratio were lower in the group 1 on day 7. Conclusion. The DTI technique appears more sensitive than traditional echocardiography to the subtle changes in cardiac performance that occur after perinatal asphyxia. In particular these value were lower for more time that conventional parameters. Moreover, in cooled infants with moderate-severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, it may be important examinated myocardial function at least for a few days after rewarming.
Vitali, Francesca <1979>. "Valutazione del danno miocardico nel neonato con encefalopatia ipossico-ischemica." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7518/.
Full textBackground. Perinatal asphyxia is commonly associated with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and cardiovascular dysfunction. Therapeutic hypothermia has become standard treatment for moderate and severe neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy to reduce cerebral morbidity and mortality. The effect on the heart is incompletely explored. Aim. To assess myocardial performance of infants with perinatal asphyxia using traditional and DTI echocardiographycs technique; evaluation of early and long-term myocardial outcome. Study design. Fifteen infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy were enrolled in the study: seven infants with moderate-severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy cooled for 72 hours (group1); eight normothermic infants with mild hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (group2). Biomarkers serum concentrations (CPK,TroponinT, PRO-BNP) were measured at 6, 12 , 24 h of life and on the seven day of life. ECG and echocardiographies (traditional and TDI mesaurements) were done in the first 6 h of life, at 36h, on day 7, at 12 month. In the cooled infants were done also on day 4, at 1, 6 and 18 month. Results. All sieric biomarkers were always higher in the group1 than group2. All functional myocardial indices (ventricular output, TAPSE, systolic velocity (Sm), early diastolic velocity (Em), late diastolic velocity (Am)) were lower for both ventricles in the first hours after hypoxic insult in the group1. Moreover we have also found that mitral E/Em ratio and Em/Am ratio were lower in the group 1 on day 7. Conclusion. The DTI technique appears more sensitive than traditional echocardiography to the subtle changes in cardiac performance that occur after perinatal asphyxia. In particular these value were lower for more time that conventional parameters. Moreover, in cooled infants with moderate-severe hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, it may be important examinated myocardial function at least for a few days after rewarming.
Favaretto, Enrico. "Effect and Role of Post-conditioning During Coronary Angioplasty in Patients Affected by ST-Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422482.
Full textRazionale dello studio La terapia riperfusiva è la via principale per il trattamento di pazienti che si presentino con infarto miocardico con sopraslivellamento del tratto ST (ST-elevation myocardial infarction, STEMI). Tuttavia, la riperfusione di per sé può esacerbare il danno miocardico, un processo denominato “danno da riperfusione”. Il post-conditioning (PostC) é un processo che sembra possa ridurre il danno miocardico da riperfusione durante angioplastica primaria (primary percutaneous coronary intervention, PPCI), ciò nonostante l’esperienza clinical è limitata. Scopo dello studio Presentare e discutere tutte le strategie note in grado di limitare il danno riperfusivo; inoltre, valutare gli effetti cardioprotettivi del postconditioning ischemico meccanico mediante un trial clinico controllato randomizzato arruolante pazienti con STEMI e inviati a PPCI, con endpoint primario le dimensioni dell’infarto (infarct size, IS) finale alla risonanza magnetica cardiaca (cardiac magnetic resonance, CMR). Metodi Un totale di 78 pazienti con primo STEMI (età 59±12 anni) inviati per PPCI, sono stati stratificati per sede dello STEMI e successivamente randomizzati a PPCI convenzionale o PPCI con PostC. Tutti i pazienti, con arteria responsabile dell’infarto occlusa e assenza di circolo collaterale, hanno ricevuto abciximab endovena prima della PPCI. Successivamente alla riperfusione, avvenuta con tecnica direct stenting, i soggetti di controllo non sono stati sottoposti ad ulteriori interventi, mentre i soggetti nel gruppo PostC hanno rivevuto, entro un minuto dalla riperfusione, 4 cicli di 1 minuto di rigonfiaggio e 1 minuto di sgonfiaggio del pallone usato per l’angioplastica. L’endpoint primario oggetto dello studio, la riduzione dell’IS finale, veniva espresso come percentuale della massa ventricolare sinistra affetta, come possibile riconoscere ad una CMR con mezzo di contrasto eseguita a 30±10 giorni di distanza dalla procedura di PPCI indice. Risultati Tutte le caratteristiche di base, ad eccezione del diabete (p=0.06), risultavano ben bilanciate tra i gruppi di trattamento. I pazienti nel gruppo postconditioning tendevano ad avere un IS maggiore quando paragonati a quelli sottoposti a PPCI convenzionale (20±12% vs 14±10%, p=0.054). Dopo esclusione dei pazienti diabetici, il gruppo di pazienti PostC sembrava ancora associato ad IS finali di maggiori dimensioni (p=0.116). Gli eventi avversi cardiovascolari maggiori sono risultati essere più frequenti nel gruppo PostC, indipendentemente dal loro status diabetico (p=0.053 e p=0.080, rispettivamente). Conclusioni Questo trial clinico randomizzato prospettico suggerisce che il PostC non ha l’effetto cardioprotettivo atteso e, invece, potrebbe pure nuocere a pazienti affetti da STEMI e sottoposti a PPCI ed infuzione di abciximab. (Numero identificativo unico di registrazione del trial al sito clinicaltrial.gov: NCT01004289).
Warren, Rodríguez Mark. "Electrical impedance of normal and ischemic myocardium. Role on the genesis of ST segment changes and ventricular arrhythmias." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3357.
Full textThe passive electrical properties of cardiac tissue play a major role in determining the propagation of the electrical impulse across the myocardium in both normal and pathologic conditions. Measurement of whole tissue electrical impedance is used to asses the role of the changes in cardiac passive electrical properties in arrhythmogenesis and ST segment changes during myocardial ischemia. Acute ischemia increases both resistivity and phase angle after approximately 30 minutes of coronary occlusion, and both reach plateau values after 1 hour of ischemia. Healed infarcted myocardium is characterized by an approximately 50% lower than normal resistivity and close to zero phase angle value. Furthermore, both variables depict a lack of frequency response in the 1 kHz to 1 MHz range. The peak incidence of phase Ib ventricular arrhythmias temporally coincides with the sharp increase of tissue resistivity and phase angle. Furthermore, myocardial preconditioning delays the maximum slope of the increase of both magnitudes as well as the peak of phase Ib arrhythmias in a parallel manner. In contrast, a rise in tissue resistivity is not accompanied by a decrease in epicardial ST segment elevation. However, the low resistivity of the infarcted tissue is responsible for the enhanced transmission of current pulses applied across the necrotic myocardium, which supports the hypothesis that during periinfarction ischemia the ST segment elevation measured in epicardial electrodes overlying infarcted tissue devoid of viable cells, is by passive electrical transmission of injury currents that are generated in the border of the ischemic and normal tissue. Finally, measurement of myocardial impedance with a contact intracavitary percutaneous catheter permits differentiation of areas of transmural infarction from normal tissue by their particular impedance spectrum.
Govoni, Marco <1977>. "Riparazione del danno ischemico ostruttivo del miocardio mediante cellule staminali mesenchimali sottoposte a stimolazione elettromeccanica in bioreattore." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1698/1/Govoni_Marco_tesi.pdf.
Full textGovoni, Marco <1977>. "Riparazione del danno ischemico ostruttivo del miocardio mediante cellule staminali mesenchimali sottoposte a stimolazione elettromeccanica in bioreattore." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1698/.
Full textAlburquerque, Béjar Juan José. "Terapia combinada con condicionamiento isquémico remoto y tratamiento metabólico para la prevención del daño por reperfusión. Mecanismos implicados." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/395206.
Full textNowadays, the treatment of choice to reduce acute myocardial ischemic injury is timely reperfusion, mainly by primary percutaneous coronary interventions. However, flow restoration induces an additional myocardial damage, known as reperfusion injury. A wide number of experimental studies have demonstrated that several cardioprotective strategies are able to reduce reperfusion injury, but translation of adjunctive therapies to the clinical arena has been largely disappointing. Nevertheless, some recently published clinical trials have shown encouraging results, especially those related to therapies able to modulate myocardial metabolism or those that promote endogenous cardioprotection, as remote ischemic conditioning (RIC). In order to increase the effectiveness of adjunctive therapies, cardioprotective maneuvers can be combined. Treatment combinations can provide synergistic beneficial effects against myocardial infarction, but also avoid the interference of comorbidities with protection, that can potentially reduce the effects of individual treatments. This PhD thesis investigates whether a combination therapy consisting of drugs modulating myocardial metabolism and RIC have additive effects against reperfusion injury, resulting in reduced infarct size as compared with individual treatments. First, we investigated the effects of RIC, GIK and exenatide (a GLP-1 agonist), alone or in combination, on infarct size and arrhythmia incidence in an in situ pig model of transient coronary occlusion at the left anterior descending coronary artery. Our results demonstrate that combined therapy was more effective limiting reperfusion injury than individual treatments. Subsequently, the mechanisms involved in the cardioprotective actions observed were analyzed in every individual and combined therapy. Our data showed that RIC, GIK and exenatide have different impacts on key cardioprotective pathways. Thereby, RIC markedly reduced oxidative stress, as determined by nitrotyrosination of tissue proteins, whereas GIK shared with exenatide its effects modulating myocardial glucose metabolism, and, in addition, activated the Akt-eNOS axis (RISK pathway). Finally, the last part of this thesis was focussed on studying the possible humoral mechanisms of the RIC maneuver. Thus, blood factors involved in cardioprotection were examined in plasma obtained from pigs submitted to RIC (four short periods of occlusion and reperfusion at the femoral artery). Blood samples were obtained before and after the RIC maneuver, and plasma was extracted and dialysated. Then, plasma dialysates were administered to isolated mice hearts submitted to global ischemia and reperfusion. Infarct size was statistically reduced when post-RIC plasma was given before the global ischemia, but not when it was given at the onset of reperfusion. Moreover, when plasma dialysate was analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, we could observe that glycine concentrations were markedly increased in post-RIC dialysates compared to baseline levels. Additional experiments in isolated hearts were performed by adding strychninne, an inhibitor of glycine receptor, to plasma dialysates. Strychninne was able to abolish the infarct reduction achieved by glycine, when dialysates were administered before global ischemia, suggesting a role for this aminoacid in the cardioprotection elicited by RIC. In summary, results obtained in this work evidence that combined therapy with RIC and GIK or exenatide can be advantageous, as compared with individual treatments, limiting infarct size in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Since these procedures are accessible, inexpensive and have shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials, investigation of this treatment combination in this patients appears warranted. Furthermore, this thesis shows that glycine can be responsible, at least in part, for the cardioprotective effects associated with RIC.
Tejedor, Gascón Sandra. "Development of new advanced therapies to mitigate ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury during acute myocardial infarction." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/171487.
Full text[CA] Les intervencions actuals utilitzades en l'àmbit clínic durant l'infart agut de miocardi (IAM) se centren en la revascularització de la zona isquèmica. Entre aquestes estratègies, l'angioplàstia coronària, procediment pel qual s'utilitza un catèter per a desobstruir l'artèria oclosa, és el procés més utilitzat. No obstant això, s'ha descrit que aquest procés (conegut com a reperfusió) desencadena un mal addicional en el miocardi. En conseqüència, la combinació d'aquesta intervenció amb molècules cardioprotectores resulta de gran interés per a tractar de reduir la grandària de l'infart. El present treball proposa dues noves molècules amb potencial cardioprotector en el context del IAM. Com a primera estratègia terapèutica, s'ha proposat l'aportació d'un àcid gras (diDHA) a la zona isquèmica del miocardio abans de la reperfusió per a tractar de reduir l'estrés dels cardiomiocitos i el nombre de cèl·lules mortes abans de la reperfusió. A més, s'han sintetitzat nanoconjugats basats en la unió covalent de diDHA a un esquelet polimèric (àcid poli-L-glutàmic, PGA) amb la finalitat d'incrementar l'estabilitat del diDHA i aconseguir un alliberament controlat de la molècula. Els resultats obtinguts van mostrar que la formulació PGA-diDHA6.4 va ser la més efectiva, mostrant un millor efecte en el precondicionament dels cardiomiocitos abans de la reperfusió en termes de reducció d'apoptosi, generació d'espècies reactives d'oxigen i manteniment de la funció mitocondrial in vitro. A més, el nanoconjugat PGA-diDHA6.4 també va mostrar un modest efecte terapèutic quan es va administrar en models in vivo d'isquèmia-reperfusió en rates i porcs, reduint la grandària final d'infart respecte als grups control. La segona estratègia proposada s'ha centrat en potenciar l'efect terapèutic de vesícules extracelul·lars de xicoteta grandària (SEV o exosomes) que son secretades per cèl·lules mare estromales. Nombrosos estudis han descrit el paper terapèutic de factors paracrinos secretats per les MSC, on s'inclouen tant factors solubles com vesícules extracelul·lars (EV) i, especialment, les SEV. Diverses estratègies, com la modificació genètica o el precondicionament de les MSC, s'han estudiat per augmentar el potencial terapèutic d'aquestes cèl·lules. En aquest treball, es va pensar en la modificació genètica de les MSC amb l'objectiu d'enriquir les SEV en proteïnes d'interés que pogueren potenciar l'efecte terapèutic de les SEV natives. Sobre la base d'estudis previs, on s'ha vist que la oncostatina-M (OSM) podria jugar un paper anti-fibròtic en el context del IAM, es va decidir incorporar aquesta proteïna en la superfície de les SEV derivades de MSC mitjançant la seua fusió amb proteïnes presents de manera natural en la superfície de les SEV, amb l'objectiu de desencadenar una resposta en les cèl·lules diana. La modificació de la seqüència de la OSM i la seua fusió amb la tetraspanina CD81 van permetre carregar de manera efectiva la OSM en la superfície de les SEV, i els resultats preliminars en fibroblastos ventriculars cardíacs van mostrar un efecte funcional respecte als SEV control i els enriquits en CD81, reduint la taxa de proliferació de les cèl·lules en condicions de dejuni, i modificant l'expressió i la secreció de la proteïna telo-Col1α1 en les cèl·lules després de ser estimulades amb TGFβ-1, α-dextran i àcid ascòrbic-L-sulfat, simulant una activació dels fibroblastos in vitro. En resum, dues noves estratègies terapèutiques avançades lliures de cèl·lules han sigut proposades en el present treball, on s'han mostrat resultats preliminars prometedors per a reduir el mal en el miocardi després del IAM en termes de reducció d'apoptosi de cardiomiocitos i d'activació de fibroblastos cardíacs.
[EN] Current therapeutic approaches against acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are focused on myocardial ischemic zone revascularization. The most common strategy is called primary angioplasty, in which a catheter is introduced to unblock the affected artery and restore blood flux, in a process called reperfusion. Nevertheless, an additional injury on cardiac tissue is caused after reperfusion, and the combination of primary angioplasty with the use of cardioprotective molecules has emerged as a potential strategy to reduce cardiac tissue injury. Two new cell-free therapeutic strategies to preconditionate myocardial ischemic area before reperfusion have been proposed to reduce cardiac injury after AMI. The first therapeutic strategy proposed consisted on the input of a free fatty acid (di-docosahexaenoic acid, diDHA) covalently bound to a polymeric backbone (poly-L-glutamic acid, PGA) in order to increase diDHA solubility and stability and modulate its effect on target cells. Results showed that PGA-diDHA6.4 conjugate administration during ischemia protected cardiomyocytes from reperfusion-induced injury, as apoptotic number of cells and oxidative stress was reduced, and mitochondrial function was less affected when compared to untreated cells. In addition to this, PGA-diDHA6.4 also showed therapeutic effects when locally administered in an ischemia-reperfusion in vivo model in rats and pigs, where a modest reduction of area at risk was observed compared to control groups. The second cell-free strategy proposed in this work was focused on enhancing the therapeutic potential of small extracellular vesicles (SEV or exosomes) isolated form mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) conditioned media. Previous studies have described the therapeutic potential of paracrine factors released by MSC, where both soluble factors and vesicular components are included. In particular, SEV have gained special attention. Several stretegies, such as genetic modification or cell preconditioning, have been tested to enhance the MSC therapeutic potential. In this work, it was proposed MSC genetic modification in order to load proteins of interest on SEV and potentiate its native therapeutic potential. Based on previous findings, where it has been described a potential anti-fibrotic role of oncostatin-M (OSM) in AMI context, we decided to incorporate OSM on SEV surface by its fusion to CD81 tetraspanin, a protein naturally loaded on SEV surface, in order to trigger functional effects on target cells. OSM sequence modification was necessary in order to load the protein on SEV surface efficiently, and preliminary data showed that modified OSM-CD81 loaded on SEV had a functional effect on human ventricular cardiac fibroblasts. Concretely, decrease of proliferation rate after starvation and telo-Collagen1α1 location pattern modification was observed after stimulation with a pro-fibrotic cocktail (containing TGFβ-1, α-dextran and ascorbic-L-acid sulphate) in vitro when cells were treated with modified OSM-CD81- SEV compared to ctrl and CD81-loaded SEV treatments. Overall, two new advanced cell-free therapies with preliminary promising results have been proposed in order to reduce myocardial injury after AMI in terms of cardiomyocytes apoptosis reduction and fibrosis mitigation.
Tejedor Gascón, S. (2021). Development of new advanced therapies to mitigate ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury during acute myocardial infarction [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171487
TESIS
Andrés, Villarreal Mireia. "Paper de l’edema miocardíac en el dany per isquèmia – reperfusió. Estudi de la distribució de l’edema mitjançant ressonància magnètica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405336.
Full textINTRODUCTION: Myocardial edema is related to different clinical situations with heart damage, as ischemia reperfusion injury, myocarditis or graft rejection. There are data in the literature suggesting deleterious effects of myocardial edema, favoring cardiomyocyte death or dysfunction. These detrimental effects of myocardial edema may vary depending on the distribution of myocardial edema (into the intra and extracellular spaces). Nevertheless there is no solid evidence that reducing myocardial edema in a clinical setting is possible or leads to clinical benefit. HYPOTHESIS: Myocardial edema contributes to cell death in the setting of ischemia reperfusion injury as well as limitation of myocardial edema in this setting leads to a reduction of necrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to test this hypothesis a new method to determine water distribution on the intracellular and extracellular spaces has been set on in an animal model and the meaning of the data obtained from different cardiac magnetic resonance imaging sequences in order to establish myocardial water distribution has been tested. In addition, we analyzed the protective effect of reducing myocardial edema due to ischemia reperfusion injury as well as the repercussion of reducing necrosis with blebbistatin on myocardial edema, also in the setting of ischemia reperfusion. Clinical translation of basic findings on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging has been evaluated. Basic research has been conducted on saline perfused isolated rat heart (studies on intact heart only to establish control reference) treated with various perfusion protocols characterized by different osmolarity in order to induce myocardial edema with different patterns of water distribution. Total water content has been measured by freeze-dry method. Extracellular water content has been measured using gadolinium chelates as markers of extracellular space. Intracellular water is not direct measured but comes from subtraction of extracellular water to total water content. Magnetic resonance imaging has been acquired on explanted hearts in a vertical Bruker Advanced 9T magnet (Siemens). Image acquisition included: T2 weighted, diffusion weighted and proton density (with very long echo time) dedicated sequences. Correlation between water distribution provided by gadolinium chelates and image data has been tested. Pilot studies on patients have been carried on patients with acute myocardial infarction and apical ballooning syndrome (protocol approved by local clinical ethics committee): this experimental protocol added a diffusion dedicated sequence to the routine cardiac magnetic imaging study (which included a T2 weighted set). Only in one patient a proton density dedicate sequence was intended. RESULTS: Data from basic research experiments showed validity of gadolinium chelate method to quantify extracellular water. Imaging analysis showed that both T2 and diffusion signal increase are related to extracellular water while proton density signal is related to total water content. Ischemia reperfusion experiments on the saline perfused isolated rat model showed protective effect (as less necrosis) of edema reduction using hypertonic perfusion as well as myocardial edema reduction when necrosis prevention was achieved using blebbistatin at early reperfusion. Clinical pilot study is consistent with those data, as far as both acute myocardial infarction and apical ballooning syndrome patients showed diffusion increased signal on those segments with increased T2 weighted signal. CONCLUSION: Ischemia reperfusion injury leads to myocardial edema which in turn contributes to myocardial cell death during reperfusion.
MARIANO, ENRICA GIULIANA. "Contributo della riserva coronarica indagata con metodica non invasiva alla determinazione del rischio di mortalità nella cardiopatia ischemica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1139.
Full textBackground. Heterogeneous data have been reported in the literature, concerning the impact of coronary flow reserve (CFR) on clinical outcome. We sought to determine the prognostic value of non-invasive CFR measurements in a large patient cohort undergoing long-term follow-up. Methods. We enrolled 826 patients undergoing non-invasive assessment of CFR in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and sometimes in posterior descending coronary artery (PD) in the period between 26/10/99 and 26/01/07 and followed for 24±15 months. CFR was defined as the ratio between adenosine-induced hyperaemia and baseline coronary blood flow velocity and measured in the middle-distal segment of the LAD and in some cases also in posterior descending coronary artery (PD) by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography and intravenous injection of adenosine (140 mcg/kg/min over 90sec). Death (cardiac, non cardiac), myocardial infarction (MI) and target vessel revascularization (TVR) were considered as hard clinical end-points. Patients were stratified according to a CFR < 2 (predictor of events) and a CFR >2.0 (not predictor of events). Results. A complete follow-up was available in 780 patients. A total of 46 patients (5,6%) were considered lost to follow-up. We excluded 227 patients (27.5%) who underwent revascularization before CFR assessment. Therefore we considered a population of 553 patients in the final statistical analysis. 190 patients underwent revascularization after CFR assessment while 328 patients showed no events at follow-up. On the other hand, a total of 35 events occurred as follows: 9 cardiac deaths, 2 non cardiac deaths, 1 myocardial infarction, 10 angina, 7 arrythmias and 6 heart failure. Anova analysis performed in the study group of 553 patients showed a CFR LAD 2.48 +/-1.1. We divided this population in three subgroups: event-free, cardiac events and patients undergoing revascularization after CFR evaluation. Statistical analysis performed with logistic and neural models showed that CFR is a strong predictor of hard events in our cohort of patients (ROC curve 0.92) Conclusions. These preliminary follow-up data show that CFR is a potential and accurate indicator of the likelihood of cardiac events and a predictor of clinical outcome.
Redondo, Noya Ana Belén 1977. "Relación de la práctica de actividad física y la posición socioeconòmoica con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el riesgo de infarto agudo de miocardio." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/97095.
Full textSocioeconomic status and physical activity practice (PA) (as lifestyle) are two major factors in individual and population health. In this thesis, we analyzed the relationship and the trend in the period 1995-2005 of both two determinants with cardiovascular risk factors and myocardial infarction risk. We used data from three independent population-based cross-sectional studies performed in Girona across 1995-2005 period with 9,546 individuals and data from population based age- and sex-matched case-control study with 1,000 cases and 1,000 controls. This thesis shows that the lower social classes have higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, however, differences in awareness, treatment and control of classical cardiovascular risk factors between groups have disappeared and the disparities in healthy lifestyles between groups are widening. The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle has decreased in the period. Age, female gender and lower educational level were associated with a higher prevalence of physical inactivity. Light intensity PA reduced myocardial infarction risk in subjects older than 64 years and moderate-high intensity PA were associated with a better cardiovascular risk factors profile with a maximum benefit around 600-700 MET・min/week and also with a lower myocardial infarction risk with a maximum benefit around 1500-2000 MET・min/week.
Bastos, Maria do Socorro Castelo Branco de Oliveira. "Validação do questionário de angina da OMS na sua versão curta utilizando como padrão ouro o teste de esforço e o ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5169/tde-03092010-142019/.
Full textOBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of the short version of the WHO/Rose angina questionnaire in Portuguese, applied to adults aged 40-74 years, living at Butantã, reference area of the Hospital Universitário - Universidade de São Paulo, in Brazil using exercise treadmill test and pharmacological stress echocardiography as gold standard. To analyze if the association of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) dyspnea questionnaire to the WHO/Rose angina questionnaire modifies de sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, positive (PLR) and negative (NLR) likelihood ratios. METHODS: The short version of the angina questionnaire adapted and translated into Portuguese has three first questions to characterize exertional chest pain. It was applied to 116 individuals classified into low- and high-risks groups according to the Framingham score, using the exercise treadmill test as the gold standard. Pharmacological stress echocardiography was used as the gold standard in a group of 74 participants. Sensibility, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR were calculated. The PRIME-MD was used to diagnose anxiety and depression. The translated version of the dyspnea questionnaire of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) was also employed. RESULTS: The frequency of angina was 8.7%, similar to that found in other studies, and of 4.8% for ischemia, which is similar to the general population of the city of Sao Paulo. Among 126 participants, 116 individuals had a conclusive exercise treadmill test; 44 subjects in the high-risk group had a mean Framingham score of 9.3 (2.5) and mean age of 53.6 (7.0) years these figures are higher as compared to 72 individuals of the low-risk group, with a score of 3.3 (3.0) (p=0.000) and mean age of 49.2 (7.3) years (p=0.002). Most cases of ischemia were in the low-risk group. Out of 126 participants, 88 were submitted to the stress echocardiography and it was conclusive in 74, 29 subjects in the high-risk group had a mean Framingham score of 9.4 (2.7) and 45 of the low-risk group had a score of 3.4 (3.4) (p=0.000). The angina questionnaire was compared to the exercise treadmill test and presented sensibility of 25.0%, specificity of 92.0%, accuracy of 89.7%, PPV of 10.0%, NPV of 97.2%, PLR of 3.1 and NLR of 0.82. There was no case of ischemia on stress echocardiography associated to a positive angina questionnaire. The frequency of anxiety was 18.3% and of depression was 13.5%, there was association among presence of the depression and anxiety as questionnaire defined with angina presence the assessed by the OMS/Rose angina questionnaire (p=0.076). No participant with dyspnea presented signs of ischemia on exams. CONCLUSION: The short version of the angina questionnaire translated into Portuguese has quality parameters of test that are similar to those of other studies with larger samples, that is, low sensibility and high specificity and its utilization depends on the study objectives. The mental disorders assessed were associated with positive angina questionnaire. Dyspnea was not a myocardial ischemia equivalent symptom in studied sample
Peréz, Núñez Ignacio Adrián. "Participación del poro de transición de permeabilidad mitocondrial en la respuesta a la isquemia y reperfusión miocárdica de ratas hipertensas espontáneas (SHR)." Tesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/44333.
Full textInformation regarding to the response to ischemia-reperfusion in isolated hearts from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as well as the effect of the protective mechanisms described in normotensive rats (ischemic and pharmacological pre and postconditioning, IP and IPC), is scarce. Therefore, the participation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in the mechanisms responsible for cardiomyocyte death or survival are not properly clarified. The objective of this investigation was to study in isolated hearts from SHR the effects of global ischemia (GI, 45 min) and reperfusion (R, 60 min), and the actions of IP, IPC, treatments with LiCl and IMI (GSK-3β inhibitors) on infarct size, oxidative damage, mPTP Ca2+ sensitivity, cytochrome c release to the cytosol and mitochondrial ultrastructure. The protocol of GI-R produced an infarct size of approximately 50%, increased oxidative damage as evidenced by an increase of lipid peroxidation (TBARS), a decrease of GSH content and an increase of Total SOD and MnSOD activity. The content of P-GSK-3β and P-Akt and the mPTP Ca2+ sensitivity decreased while the expression of cytochrome c in the cytosol increased. Electron microscopy showed that most of the mitochondria were damaged, presenting edema and destruction of the cristae. IP, IPC and pharmacologic treatments with both GSK-3β inhibitors protected the hearts against reperfusion injury. Therefore, in the hearts treated we observed a smaller infarct size and reduced oxidative damage (decreased lipid peroxidation (TBARS), partial preservation of GSH and decreased Total SOD and MnSOD activity) compared to non-treated ischemic hearts. The P-GSK-3β and P-Akt expression and mPTP Ca2+ sensitivity increased while the cytosolic cytochrome c content decreased. By electron microscopy it was possible to find some mitochondria with normal ultrastructure. The beneficial effects of IP and IPC were canceled when the PI3K/Akt was inhibited with wortmannin. All the parameters examined returned to the values observed in non-treated ischemic hearts. Analyzing the relationships: Infarct size vs. TBARS and GSH, and mPTP Ca2+ sensitivity vs. Infarct size and TBARS, it arises that: the Infarct size increased when lipid peroxidation increased and GSH content decreased. Under these conditions the mPTP Ca2+ sensitivity decreased. The opposite situation occurs in the presence of the cardioprotective interventions. Therefore, the infarct size decreased when lipid peroxidation decreased and GSH content increased. Under these conditions the mPTP Ca2+ sensitivity tended to recover. Based on the data obtained, we suggest that the alterations of formation and/or opening of the mPTP participate and determine cell death or survival in the hypertrophic heart of SHR subjected to ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, the reduction in infarct size obtained with the ischemic interventions and /or treatments derived from the decreased oxidative damage intimately linked to a partial recovery of mitochondrial integrity- less mPTP opening- via P-Akt/P-GSK-3β. Another interesting finding was that the protection by the treatment with LiCl (drug widely used in psychiatry) was similar to that obtained with ischemic interventions (IP and IPC). Therefore, this drug emerges as a potential therapeutic tool in reducing the post-ischemic changes.