Journal articles on the topic 'Irrigation salinity'
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1
Zhang, Yu, Yongjun Zhu, and Baolin Yao. "A study on interannual change features of soil salinity of cotton field with drip irrigation under mulch in Southern Xinjiang." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): e0244404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244404.
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The drip irrigation under mulch has become one of significant supporting technologies for cotton industry development in Xinjiang, and has shown the good economic and ecological benefits. With the rapid development of society and economy in Southern Xinjiang, the conventional mode of large-quota winter and spring irrigation, salt leaching and alkali decreasing is difficult to support sustainable development of land and water resources in Southern Xinjiang. This study tries to adjust soil moisture and salt content regulation mode of massive water salt leaching and drip irrigation under mulch in the non-growing period of cotton field in Southern Xinjiang, explores interannual soil salinity change features of drip irrigation cotton field without winter and spring irrigation, and provides experimental basis for drip irrigation technology under mulch which can reduce and exempt cotton irrigation in winter and spring. According to ET0, the dual-factor complete combination experiment involving 3 irrigating water quotas (I1, I2, I3) and 2 irrigation times (T12, T16) was designed, and 6 treatments were involved in total(I1T12,I2T12,I3T12,I1T16,I2T16 and I3T16). The investigation results of four-year (2012–2015) field positioning experiment showed that, under the condition of “germination under drip irrigation” without winter and spring irrigation, increasing irrigation quota and irrigation times could lower 0-100cm soil salinity accumulation, but the soil salinity accumulation degree was 40-100cm, and less than 0-30cm. In the seedling stage, bud stage, blossom and boll-forming stage, and boll opening stage, the average salinity of 0-100cm soil increased by 39.81%, 31.91%, 26.85% and 29.47%, respectively. Increasing irrigation quota and irrigation times could ease interannual soil salinity accumulation degree of cotton field with drip irrigation under mulch, without winter and spring irrigation. 0-100cm soil salinity before sowing was related to the irrigation quota of cotton in the growing stage of the last year. The larger the irrigation quota was, the smaller the soil salinity before sowing would be. The accumulation amount of soil salinity at the end of growing stage under different treatments was lower than that before sowing. The drip irrigation of cotton under mulch in the growing stage could effectively regulate soil salinity distribution and space-time migration process in the growing stage of cotton. Compared with the beginning of 2012, 0-100cm average soil salinity under 3 irrigation quotas (I1, I2, I3) was 33.66%, 5.60% and 1.24%, respectively. Salt accumulating rates under 12 irrigations and 16 irrigations were 20.66% and 6.33%, respectively. The soil had the risk of salinization when the “germination under drip irrigation” without winter and spring irrigation was used. Such results can provide the reference for prevention and treatment of soil moisture and salt content of cotton field with drip irrigation under mulch in the arid region.
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Mojid, MA, and ABM Zahid Hossain. "Conjunctive Use of Saline and Fresh Water for Irrigating Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Different Growth Stages." Agriculturists 11, no. 1 (June 10, 2013): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i1.15237.
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An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during 2008 2009 and 20092010 to investigate the impacts of irrigation by saline water (7 dS m-1) at different growth stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Irrigations at crown root initiation (CRI) (T1) or booting (T2) or flowering (T3) or grain filling (T4) stage by saline water but at other growth stages by fresh water, and irrigation at all growth stages by fresh water (T5, control) were applied. Wheat was cultivated in two consecutive years (2008 2010) under four irrigations and with recommended fertilizer doses. Irrigation water having salinity of 7 dS m-1 did not significantly influence plant height, spike density, spikelets per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index. The observed diminutive variations among the treatments reflected only non harmful impacts of salinity. Irrigation water salinity, however, significantly reduced spike length and grains per spike in most cases in the first year only. Treatment T4 producing, on an average over two years, the lowest grain yield (30% less compared to T5), grains per spike, spike length and spikelets per spike revealed that the grain filling stage of wheat was the most sensitive to irrigation water salinity. Although application of one of four irrigations by water of salinity 7 dS m-1 did not impart significant effect on wheat production, it was beneficial to avoid such irrigation at the grain filling stage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v11i1.15237 The Agriculturists 2013; 11(1) 15-23
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Yazar, Attila, Çigdem Incekaya, S. Metin Sezen, and Sven-Erik Jacobsen. "Saline water irrigation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under Mediterranean conditions." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 10 (2015): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14243.
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Field experiments were set up in order to evaluate the yield response of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. cv. Titicaca) to irrigation with saline and fresh water under Mediterranean climate from 2010 to 2012 in Adana, Turkey. Irrigation treatments in 2010 and 2011 comprised full irrigation with fresh water, full irrigation with saline water of different salt concentrations (40, 30, 20, 10 dS m–1), deficit irrigations with fresh water (50%, 75% of full irrigation), partial root-zone drying, and deficit irrigation with saline water of 40 dS m–1 (50%). In 2012, in addition to the full irrigation treatments, two deficit irrigation levels of 67% and 33% of full irrigation with fresh or saline (30, 20, 10 dS m–1) water were considered. The results indicated that grain yields were slightly reduced by irrigation water salinity up to 30 dS m–1 compared with fresh water irrigation. Salinity and drought stress together interfered considerably with crop grain and biomass yields. However, salinity stress alone did not interfere with grain and biomass yield significantly; therefore, quinoa may be defined as a crop tolerant to salinity. Yield parameters such as aboveground biomass, seed yield and harvest index suggested a good adaptation of quinoa cv. Titicaca to Mediterranean environments.
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Barbosa, Felipe de Sousa, Claudivan Feitosa de Lacerda, Hans Raj Gheyi, Gabriel Castro Farias, Ricardo José da Costa Silva Júnior, Yara Araújo Lage, and Fernando Felipe Ferreyra Hernandez. "Yield and ion content in maize irrigated with saline water in a continuous or alternating system." Ciência Rural 42, no. 10 (October 2012): 1731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782012001000003.
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Irrigation with water containing salt in excess can affect crop development. However, management strategies can be used in order to reduce the impacts of salinity, providing increased efficiency in the use of good quality water. The objective of this research was to study the effects of use of high salinity water for irrigation, in continuous or cyclic manner, on vegetative growth, yield, and accumulation of ions in maize plants. Two experiments were conducted during the months from October to January of the years 2008/2009 and 2009/2010, in the same area, adopting a completely randomized block design with four replications. Irrigation was performed with three types of water with electrical conductivities (ECw) of 0.8 (A1), 2.25 (A2) and 4.5 (A3) dS m-1, combined in seven treatments including the control with low salinity water (A1) throughout the crop cycle (T1). Saline waters (A2 and A3) were applied continuously (T2 and T5) or in a cyclic way, the latter being formed by six irrigations with A1 water followed by six irrigations by eitherA2 or A3 water, starting with A1 at sowing (T3 and T6) or 6 irrigations with A2 or A3 water followed by 6 irrigations with A1 water (T4 and T7) . The use of low and high salinity water resulted in lower accumulation of potentially toxic ions (Na and Cl) and improvement in the Na/K balance in the shoots of maize plants. Application of saline water in a cyclic way also allows the substitution of about 50% of water of low salinity in irrigation, without negative impacts on maize yield.
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Bethune, M. G., and T. J. Batey. "Impact on soil hydraulic properties resulting from irrigating salinesodic soils with low salinity water." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00142.
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Irrigation-induced salinity is a serious problem facing irrigated areas in the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia. Groundwater pumping with farm re-use for irrigation is a key strategy for controlling salinity in these irrigation areas. However, the re-use of highly saline–sodic groundwater for irrigation leads to accumulation of sodium in the soil profile and can result in sodic soils. Leaching of saline–sodic soils by winter rainfall and low salinity irrigation waters are 2 management scenarios likely to exacerbate sodicity problems. Characteristic to sodic soils is poor soil structure and potentially reduced soil permeability. Two indicators of soil permeability are infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity. A replicated plot experiment was conducted to examine the long-term impact of irrigation with saline–sodic water on soil permeability. High levels of soil sodicity (ESP up to 45%) resulted from 10 years of saline irrigation. Over this period, leaching by winter rainfall did not result in long-term impacts on soil hydraulic properties. Measured soil hydraulic properties increased linearly with the salinity of the applied irrigation water. Leaching by irrigating with low salinity water for 13 months decreased soil salinity and sodicity in the topsoil. The resulting reduction in steady-state infiltration indicates soil structural decline of the topsoil. This trial shows that groundwater re-use on pasture will result in high sodium levels in the soil. Sodicity-related soil structural problems are unlikely to develop where there is consistent groundwater irrigation of pasture. However, structural decline of these soils is likely following the cessation of groundwater re-use.
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Phogat, V., J. W. Cox, J. Šimůnek, and P. Hayman. "Modeling water and salinity risks to viticulture under prolonged sustained deficit and saline water irrigation." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 3 (May 21, 2018): 901–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.186.
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Abstract A numerical model (HYDRUS-1D) was used to evaluate the impacts of the long-term (2004–2015) use of sustained deficit irrigation (10% (D10%) and 20% (D20%) less than full), irrigations with increased water salinity (ECiw of 0.5 and 0.8 dS/m), 50% deficit irrigation during a drought period (DD50%), and DD50% coupled with an increased salinity of water (ECiw of 0.5 and 0.8 dS/m) on the water balance and salinity dynamics under grapevine in two soils at two locations with different climatic conditions. The results showed that D20% and DD50% significantly reduced water uptake and seasonal drainage (Dr) by the vines as compared to full irrigation. Vineyards established in light-textured soils showed two to five times larger drainage losses as compared to heavy-textured soils. The results revealed that the slight increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECiw = 0.5 and 0.8 dS/m) increased the risks in terms of the amount of salts deposited in the soil and transport of large quantities of irrigation-induced salts beyond the root zone. Hence, it is imperative to monitor all of the important water, soil, and salinity drivers of agro-hydro-geological systems to understand the hydro-salinity dynamics and to ensure the long-term sustainability of irrigated viticulture.
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Feng, Jinping, Hongguang Liu, Gang Wang, Rumeng Tian, Minghai Cao, Zhentao Bai, and Tianming He. "Effect of Periodic Winter Irrigation on Salt Distribution Characteristics and Cotton Yield in Drip Irrigation under Plastic Film in Xinjiang." Water 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 2545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182545.
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Winter irrigation is an effective means of salt leaching, but the long-term effect on salinity is unclear. In 2008–2019, three different soil types of farmlands were selected as the study area by drip irrigation under film mulch combined with periodic winter irrigation in the non-growth period. The salinity of 0–150 cm as well as the survival rate and yield of cotton in the non-growth and growth periods were monitored, respectively. The mass fraction of soil salt decreased rapidly under winter irrigation, and then, the salt content in each observation layer increased with years of cultivation. After 10 years of application, the soil salt content basically stabilized at a low level. In 2008, the salinity of the 0–150 cm observation layer of loamy clay, loam, and sandy loam varied within 6–60, 10–65, and 4–22 g·kg−1; after four winter irrigations in 2019, corresponding values dropped below 5.74, 3, and 4.76 g·kg−1, respectively. The salinity returns rate of the different observation layers all exceeded 40%. The desalination rate of the different soils after four winter irrigations all exceeded 63.52%. Cotton survival rate and yield in different soils were directly proportional to each other. After the second winter irrigation, the survival rates on the different soils all exceeded 60%. The results of this study can provide technical support for the sustainable development of different types of soil, farmers’ income increase, and salinization land improvement.
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Wang, Zhen Hua, Xu Rong Zheng, Cheng Xia Lei, and Zhao Yang Li. "The Research on the Field Soil Salinity Environment Change with Different Drip Irrigation Years." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.792.
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With the increasion of the application years under-mulch drip irrigation, the field soil salinity environment change and its influence on the crops cause the concern. To choose the field close and continuously apply under-mulch drip irrigation about 2-14 and the cotton field 8 pieces in order to monitor soil salinity variation.The results initially show that :the soil of inner mulch with 0-20cm soil desalts,from40cm to 80cm accumulates salt; between the mulch bare land the soil salinity on the surface assembles,above the 60cm the soil salinity accumulates,below the 100cm the soil salinity is close to the inner mulch.The soil salinity content within four drip irrigation years is relatively high, is comparatively low over 6 drip irrigation years,the field salinity environment is relatively good.From 0 to 40cm the soil salinity content decreases with the drip irrigation years increases at the end of the growth process; from 60 to 100cm the accumulated salinity with the drip irrigation four years is highest.Suggest enlarging the salinity regulation dynamics within 6 drip irrigation years.
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Zhai, Yaming, Mingyi Huang, Chengli Zhu, Hui Xu, and Zhanyu Zhang. "Evaluation and Application of the AquaCrop Model in Simulating Soil Salinity and Winter Wheat Yield under Saline Water Irrigation." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102313.
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Saline water irrigation has been considered a useful practice to overcome the freshwater shortage in arid and semi-arid regions. Assessing and scheduling the appropriate irrigation water amount, salinity, and timing is essential to maintaining crop yield and soil sustainability when using saline water in agriculture. A field experiment that included two irrigation levels (traditional and deficit irrigation) and three water salinities (0, 5, and 10 dS/m) was carried out in the North China Plain during the 2017/18 and 2018/19 winter wheat growing seasons. AquaCrop was used to simulate and optimize the saline water irrigation for winter wheat. The model displayed satisfactory performance when simulating the volumetric soil water content (R2 ≥ 0.85, RMSE ≤ 2.59%, and NRMSE ≤ 12.95%), soil salt content (R2 ≥ 0.71, RMSE ≤ 0.62 dS/m, and NRMSE ≤ 26.82%), in-season biomass (R2 ≥ 0.89, RMSE ≤ 1.03 t/ha, and NRMSE ≤ 18.92%), and grain yield (R2 ≥ 0.92, RMSE ≤ 0.35 t/ha, and NRMSE ≤ 7.11%). The proper saline water irrigation strategies were three irrigations of 60 mm with a salinity up to 4 dS/m each at the jointing, flowering, and grain-filling stage for the dry year; two irrigations of 60 mm with a salinity up to 6 dS/m each at the jointing and flowering stage for the normal year; and one irrigation of 60 mm with a salinity up to 8 dS/m at the jointing stage for the wet year, which could achieve over 80% of the potential yield while mitigating soil secondary salinization. Nonetheless, the model tended to overestimate the soil moisture and wheat production but underestimate the soil salinity, particularly under water and salt stress. Further improvements in soil solute movement and crop salt stress are desired to facilitate model performance. Future validation studies using long-term field data are also recommended to obtain a more reliable use of AquaCrop and to better identify the influence of long-term saline water irrigation. Finally, AquaCrop maintained a good balance between simplicity, preciseness, and user-friendliness, and could be a feasible tool to guide saline water irrigation for winter wheat.
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Wei, Chenchen, Fahu Li, Peiling Yang, Shumei Ren, Shuaijie Wang, Yu Wang, Ziang Xu, Yao Xu, Rong Wei, and Yanxia Zhang. "Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Soil Properties, N2O Emission and Yield of Spring Maize under Mulched Drip Irrigation." Water 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081548.
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Brackish water has been widely used to irrigate crops to compensate for insufficient freshwater water supply for agricultural use. The goal of this research was to determine an efficient brackish water use method to increase irrigation efficiency and reduce N2O emission. To this end, we conducted a field experiment with four salinity levels of irrigation water (1.1, 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 g·L−1 with drip irrigation) at Hetao Irrigation District (Inner Mongolia, China) in 2017 and 2018. The results show that irrigation with 3.5–5.0 g·L−1 water salinity increased the soil salinity compared with irrigation using 1.1–2.0 g·L−1 water salinity. The soil water content with 5.0 g·L−1 brackish water irrigation was significantly higher than with 1.1–3.5 g·L−1 water salinity due to the effect of salinity on crop water uptake. The overall soil pH increased with the increase in irrigation water salinity. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity decreased with the increase in irrigation water salinity. These results indicate that brackish water irrigation aggravates the degree of soil salinization and alkalization. The soil N2O cumulative flux resulting from irrigation with 5.0 g·L−1 water salinity was 51.18–82.86% higher than that resulting from 1.1–3.5 g L−1 water salinity in 2017, and was 32.38–44.79% higher than that resulting from 1.1–2.0 g·L−1 in 2018. Irrigation with brackish water reduced maize yield, and the reduction in yield in 2018 was greater than that in 2017, but irrigation with 2.0 g·L−1 brackish water did not significantly reduce maize yield in 2017. These results suggest that reducing the salinity of irrigation water may effectively reduce soil N2O emission, alleviate the degree of soil salinization, and increase crop yield.
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Joardar, JC, SAA Razir, M. Islam, and MH Kobir. "Salinity impacts on experimental fodder sorghum production." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i1.37430.
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Field experiment was conducted at research station of Soil, Water & Environment Discipline, Khulna University, during the dry season to see the growth performance of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Morokoshi) irrigating with saline water. For irrigation, river water (RW) containing EC value of 14.04 dS m-1 was collected from the Rupsha river, Khulna and mixed with tap water [TW] containing EC value of 0.78 dS m-1at three different ratios (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 v/v). After mixing, water containing five different EC values (0.78, 4.19, 7.18, 10.79 and 14.04 dS m-1) were obtained and considered as salinity treatment. Harvesting and sampling was done 83 days after transplanting (DAT) by cutting four sorghum plants randomly selected from each plot. Different morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter and plant biomass were measured and recorded. Soil samples were also collected from each plot. Under water salinity stress, all the agronomic attributes and plant biomass showed a decreasing tendency with increasing salt concentration in irrigation water but the growth was not harmfully affected at lower levels of salinity. Plant height and biomass was significantly decreased irrigating with water containing salinity 10.79 dS m-1.After harvest it was found that irrigation with saline water up to 10.79 dS m-1 did not show any increase of soil salinity. It was probably due to rainfall during the monsoon which was occurred at the later stage of the growing period. So, the fodder sorghum plant might be cultivated in the coastal regions of Bangladesh where fresh water irrigation is limited due to salinity problem as well as might be grown irrigating with saline water up to 10.79 dS m-1.SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 145-155 (2018)
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Berndt, William L. "Salinity Affects Quality Parameters of ‘SeaDwarf’ Seashore Paspalum." HortScience 42, no. 2 (April 2007): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.2.417.
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Irrigating salt-tolerant grasses with nonpotable water, like salt water, conserves fresh water resources. Advertising suggests that ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum O. Swartz) is salt-tolerant and that it resists the effects of salinity on growth typically observed when irrigating other turf types with salty water. As a result, it is now being used on golf courses and home lawns in an effort to help conserve fresh water. Commensurate with the use of nonpotable irrigation, however, would be an expectation of high turf quality. This study was done to determine if the quality of ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum was affected by irrigating it with nonpotable water having high levels of salinity. Seven irrigation water sources created by blending tap water and ocean water and ranging in salinity from 0.52 to 49.40 dS·m−1 were used to flood-irrigate containerized ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum once daily for 50 consecutive days. Turf quality gradually decreased as salinity increased but improved with time except at the highest level of salinity. Effect of water source on turf quality was attributed to salinity-induced changes in quality parameters, including leaf texture, color, stolon growth, and shoot yield. The observed effect of salinity on quality parameters likely resulted from osmotic stress associated with high levels of salinity. The salt tolerance of ‘SeaDwarf’ seashore paspalum in this study was moderately good, but irrigating it with water having lower levels of salinity resulted in better quality turf.
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Blanco, Flávio F., and Marcos V. Folegatti. "Salt accumulation and distribution in a greenhouse soil as affected by salinity of irrigation water and leaching management." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 6, no. 3 (December 2002): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662002000300006.
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The effects of irrigation water salinity, leaching fraction and its frequency of application on soil salinization were studied. Three water salinities (S1=1.54, S2=3.10 and S3=5.20 dS m-1) and two irrigation water depths associated with their application frequencies (W1=1.00 ETc; W2F1=1.25 ETc in all irrigations and W2F2=1.25 ETc when the irrigation water depth of W1 reached 100 mm where ETc is the crop evapotranspiration), were applied during the growing period of a grafted-cucumber crop in a greenhouse. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks of 3 x 3 factorial scheme with 3 replications. Soil salinity at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 m depths increased linearly with salinity levels of water and the leaching fraction did not have any effect regardless of its management. Salt concentration was higher near the soil surface and between the adjacent drippers.
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Soomro, Kamran Baksh, Sina Alaghmand, Muhammad Mujtaba Shaikh, Sanyogita Andriyas, and Amin Talei. "Response of Salts in Saline Soil Using Different Irrigation Scheduling in Semi-Arid Zone of Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 64, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.64.2.2021.110.118.
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The salinity of soil is a crucial challenge for growers irrigating in semi-arid zones. To accomplish salinity, growers require information about salt's basis and processes of the salt mobility through the root zone. Soil salinity can be managed by exceptional irrigating farming practices including irrigation scheduling to leach down salts through the root zone. This study aimed at examining the salts movement in saline soil in a semi-arid region in Sindh, Pakistan. This field experiment was conducted during the summer of 2017 on a salt-affected land by using three irrigation treatments of canal water including T1 (7 day irrigation interval), T2 (14 day irrigation interval) and T3 (21 days irrigation interval) under 10, 9 and 8 cm depths of irrigation water, respectively. The texture of soil was silty clay loam having an electrical conductivity (EC) ranging from 7.73 to 20.69 dS/m. However, the pH of the soil ranged from 7.89 to 8.04. The findings of a two-way analysis of variance were consistent with the statistical examination of EC and pH data day- wise (7, 14 and 21 days) and depths-wise (10, 9 and 8 cm). Average reductions in the EC and pH of the soil were observed at 7 days interval and 10cm depth at P<0.05. Overall, the findings exhibited that, compared to the 14 and 21 day intervals, a 7 day irrigation interval was more effective in terms of salt leaching from the soil profile.
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Abedi-Koupai, Jahangir, Mojtaba Khoshravesh, and Mohammad Ebrahim Zanganeh. "Distribution of moisture and salinity under deficit irrigation and irrigation water salinity in an alternative trickle irrigation system of tape." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.004.
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This study was performed to investigate the horizontal and vertical distribution of soil moisture and salinity using an alternative trickle irrigation system of drip tape. Four main treatments consisting of 100, 80, 70, and 60% of the plants’ water requirements and three sub-treatments of 2.1, 4.6, and 10.2 dS/m, were conducted. Following irrigation, the soil moisture and salinity distribution around the emitters were measured every 24 h. The results showed that the accumulation of salts in the soil reduced the evaporation from the soil surface in treatments with high salinity. Therefore, in treatments with a low plant water requirement and high salinity levels, the volume of water in the soil is greater than in treatments with a high plant water requirement and low salinity levels. Although the crop yield is reduced with deficit irrigation, the saved water can be used to increase the area under cultivation, leading to increases in the overall crop yield.
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Sarker, Khokan Kumer, SK Shamshul Alam Kamar, Md Anower Hossain, Mohammed Mainuddin, Richard Bell, Ed Graham Barrett-Lennard, Donald Gaydon, et al. "Effects of Fresh and Saline Water Irrigation for Maize in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 4, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036144.
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Farmers are being encouraged to represent the conjunctive use of fresh water (FW) and saline water (SW) irrigation for the future agriculture in the coastal saline prone areas of Bangladesh where the scarcity of FW. Therefore, the effects of fresh and saline water irrigation for maize was performed on the crop performances, water use, water productivity (WP), soil salinity and scope for maize cultivation in coastal areas. The experiment was carried out at farmers’ field at two locations with six irrigation treatments and replicated thrice during 2016–2017 and 2017–2018. Results showed that the effect of FW (0.5 ≤ salinity ≤ 1.5 dS/m) at early growth stages and SW (1.5 ≤ salinity ≤ 5 dS/m) at later growth stages had insignificant difference compared to the treatment of FW irrigation. Yield slightly increased with increased number of irrigations but there was no significant differences among the treatment. WP significantly affected by irrigation frequency in both locations, decreasing greatly with increasing amount. The more changes in soil water occurred at upper layer than lower depth of soil profiles. The highest changes soil salinity (ECe) occurred at mid-February of the crop growing season compared to the beginning and later growth stages of maize in 60 cm soil profiles. The technique of fresh and saline water irrigation at different growth stages of maize in coastal regions could be an alternative irrigation scheduled and method for increasing yield and WP through establishment of maize compared to no crops at fallow lands during rabi (dry) season in the salt affected areas of Bangladesh.
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Li, Chen, Jin, Wang, and Du. "Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Maize (Zea may L.) Emergence, Growth, Yield, Quality, and Soil Salt." Water 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2019): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102095.
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Freshwater shortage is becoming one of the major limiting factors for the sustainable development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas of north China. A two-year field experiment about mulched drip irrigation on maize was conducted in Hetao Irrigation District with five irrigation water salinity levels (total dissolved solids; 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 g·L−1). The effects of irrigation water salinity on maize emergence, growth, yield, grain quality, and soil salt were determined. The results indicated that with the soil matric potential of -20 kPa and irrigation quota for each application of 22.5 mm, the irrigation water salinity showed negative influence on maize emergence and maize morphological characteristics (plant height, leaf area index, stem diameter, and dry matter), as irrigation water salt concentrations exceeded 3 g·L−1. The water use efficiency decreased linearly with the irrigation water salinity raised from 1 g·L−1 to 5 g·L−1, while maize grain protein increased and starch content decreased with the increase of irrigation water salt contents. Additionally, both the vertical radius and horizontal radius of salt isoline by mulched drip irrigation reduced with the irrigation water salt concentrations, when the irrigation water salinity was above 3 g·L−1. Summarily, irrigation water salinity of 3 g·L−1 was recommended for maize mulched drip irrigation in this study.
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Aslam, Muhammad. "Irrigation System Salinity Management Modelling." International Journal of Water Resources Development 11, no. 3 (September 1995): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900629550042227.
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Guan, Zilong, Zhifeng Jia, Zhiqiang Zhao, and Qiying You. "Dynamics and Distribution of Soil Salinity under Long-Term Mulched Drip Irrigation in an Arid Area of Northwestern China." Water 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061225.
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Mulched drip irrigation has been widely used in agricultural planting in arid and semi-arid regions. The dynamics and distribution of soil salinity under mulched drip irrigation greatly affect crop growth and yield. However, there are still different views on the distribution and dynamics of soil salinity under long-term mulched drip irrigation due to complex factors (climate, groundwater, irrigation, and soil). Therefore, the soil salinity of newly reclaimed salt wasteland was monitored for 9 years (2008–2016), and the effects of soil water on soil salinity distribution under mulched drip irrigation have also been explored. The results indicated that the soil salinity decreased sharply in 3–4 years of implementation of mulched drip irrigation, and then began to fluctuate to different degrees and showed slight re-accumulation. During the growth period, soil salinity was relatively high at pre-sowing, and after a period of decline soil salinity tends to increase in the late harvest period. The vertical distribution of soil texture had a significant effect on the distribution of soil salinity. Salt accumulated near the soil layer transiting from coarse soil to fine soil. After a single irrigation, the soil water content in the 30–70 cm layer under the cotton plant undergoes a ‘high–low–high’ change pattern, and the soil salt firstly moved to the deep layer (below 70 cm), and then showed upward migration tendency with the weakening of irrigation water infiltration. The results may contribute to the scientific extension of mulched drip irrigation and the farmland management under long-term mulched drip irrigation.
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Bayindir, Fikri, and Yalçın Coşkun. "The effects of irrigation water salinity on the seed germination and seedling growth of rice." Genetika 54, no. 1 (2022): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2201255b.
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To determine the effects of irrigation water salinity on seed germination and seedling development of two rice cultivars, irrigation waters with low SAR (below 3) were prepared in different salinity levels (control [0.5], 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 dS m-1) from different salinity sources (NaCl, MgS04, and CaCl2 salts). The average germination rate was decreased for the cv. Baldo 20.19%, while for cv. Osmanc?k - 97 it was 26.73%. The average of the single seedling dry weight of cv. Baldo was 0.2666 g, while for cv. Osmanc?k-97 it was 0.2569 g. The average single seedling dry weight was 0.2940 g in the control application. In parallel to the increased irrigation water salinity level, the single seedling dry weight decreased. The irrigation water salinity had not affected up to 4 dS m- 1 in terms of the germination rate decrease and the single seedling dry weight of rice, but it started to be affected when increased salinity level to 8 dS m-1 and it was more effective at higher doses. Also, cv. Osmanc?k-97 was more sensitive to irrigation water salinity than cv. Baldo. In conclusion, it turns out that the irrigation water to be used in rice farming should not have salinity since the tolerance of the rice plant against irrigation water salinity is low.
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Mojid, MA, KFI Murad, SS Tabriz, and GCL Wyseure. "An advantageous level of irrigation water salinity for wheat cultivation." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18225.
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Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Shatabdi) to irrigation water of five salinity levels was investigated at the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) farm with a view to search for a possible advantageous salinity level for the crop. The experiment comprised five treatments ? I1: irrigation by fresh water of background salinity 0.385 dS m?1 (control) and I2 ? I5: irrigation by synthetic saline water (prepared by mixing sodium chloride salt with fresh water) of electrical conductivity (EC) 4, 7, 10 and 13 dS m?1 (at 25oC), respectively. Wheat was grown under three irrigations applied at maximum tillering, booting and milking/grain filling stages, and with recommended fertilizer dose. Irrigation water of EC ?10 dS m?1 significantly (p = 0.05) suppressed most growth and yield attributes, and yield of wheat compared to irrigation by fresh water (I1). An attention-grabbing observation was that irrigation by saline water of 4 dS m?1 (I2) contributed positively to the crop attributes. Leaf area index (LAI), spike length, spikelets and grains per spike, 1000-grain weight and above ground dry matter (ADM) of wheat increased by 1.9?3.4, 0.9, 2.6, 7.4, 2.1 and 2.8?6.0%, respectively in I2 compared to the control. The improvement in the LAI and ADM in I2 was significant over I1. Because of the largest spike density, the utmost grain (3.85 t ha?1), straw (5.09 t ha?1) and biomass (8.93 t ha?1) yields of wheat were however obtained under I1. The proposition of the advantageous irrigation water salinity level of 4 dS m?1 thus warrants further investigation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18225 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(1): 141-146, 2013
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A. Jalil, Alejandro, Roger A. Luyun, Jr, Aurelio A. Delos Reyes, Jr, and Victorino A. Bato. "ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION AT MALAMAWI ISLAND, BASILAN, PHILIPPINES." Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai 4, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jppdas.2020.4.2.187-200.
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The assessment of groundwater quality for agricultural purposes was conducted in Malamawi Island, Isabela City, Basilan. Groundwater quality wasevaluated based on the FAO irrigation quality standards (1994)which include salinity and alkalinity, sodium, magnesium, bicarbonate hazards and chloride hazards. Spatial delineation of groundwater quality parameters was carried out using QGIS software. Results revealed that the use of groundwater from two separate sampling wells (SW4 and SW6) in Lukbuton area require slight to moderate restrictionbased on the parameters of electrical conductivity and magnesium hazard. This means that its groundwater can still be safe for irrigation but with little salinity hazard on sensitive crops.Also, the chloride concentration in SW4 indicates that groundwater was slightly poor in quality but generally suitasble for irrigation while in SW6, the calcium concentration was considered unsuitable for irrigation. In the same way, the sampling wells 1 and 3 in Santa Barbara and Lukbuton were considered unsafe and unsuitable for irrigation in terms of magnesium hazard. Also, the calcium content of groundwater in some part of the island was considered unsuitable for irrigating high-value crops. Therefore, this study suggests that some management is needed in the northeastern part of Lukbuton because of its poor ground water quality for irrigation in terms of salinity.
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A. Jalil, Alejandro, Roger A. Luyun, Jr, Aurelio A. Delos Reyes, Jr, and Victorino A. Bato. "ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION AT MALAMAWI ISLAND, BASILAN, PHILIPPINES." Jurnal Penelitian Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai 4, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jppdas.2020.4.2.187-200.
Full textAbstract:
The assessment of groundwater quality for agricultural purposes was conducted in Malamawi Island, Isabela City, Basilan. Groundwater quality wasevaluated based on the FAO irrigation quality standards (1994)which include salinity and alkalinity, sodium, magnesium, bicarbonate hazards and chloride hazards. Spatial delineation of groundwater quality parameters was carried out using QGIS software. Results revealed that the use of groundwater from two separate sampling wells (SW4 and SW6) in Lukbuton area require slight to moderate restrictionbased on the parameters of electrical conductivity and magnesium hazard. This means that its groundwater can still be safe for irrigation but with little salinity hazard on sensitive crops.Also, the chloride concentration in SW4 indicates that groundwater was slightly poor in quality but generally suitasble for irrigation while in SW6, the calcium concentration was considered unsuitable for irrigation. In the same way, the sampling wells 1 and 3 in Santa Barbara and Lukbuton were considered unsafe and unsuitable for irrigation in terms of magnesium hazard. Also, the calcium content of groundwater in some part of the island was considered unsuitable for irrigating high-value crops. Therefore, this study suggests that some management is needed in the northeastern part of Lukbuton because of its poor ground water quality for irrigation in terms of salinity.
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Mojid, MA, MS Mia, AK Saha, and SS Tabriz. "Growth stage sensitivity of wheat to irrigation water salinity." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2014): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18226.
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The effects of irrigation water salinity (12 dS m?1), imposed at maximum tillering (35?40 days after sowing, DAS) or booting (50?60 DAS) or grain filling (75?85 DAS) stage of wheat, on growth and yield of the crop was demonstrated. The experiment comprised four treatments I1: irrigation by fresh water (FW) at all three growth stages (control), I2: irrigation by saline water (SW) at maximum tillering stage and by FW at other stages, I3: irrigation by SW at booting stage and by FW at other stages, and I4: irrigation by SW at grain filling stage and by FW at other stages. The experiment was set in a randomized complete block with three replications. Wheat was grown under three irrigations (each of 3 cm) and recommended fertilizer doses (120 kg N, 32 kg P, 62 kg K, 20 kg S, 3 kg Zn and 1 kg B ha?1). Salinity of irrigation water imposed, separately, at the three growth stages did not impart significant (p = 0.05) negative influence on plant height, spike density, spike length, spikelets and grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. It, however, significantly hindered leaf area index (LAI), above ground dry matter (ADM), grain and straw yields, grain-straw ratio and water productivity of the crop. The least grain (3.622 t ha?1) and straw (5.772 t ha?1) yields, LAI (1.24 and 2.18 at 50 and 70 DAS, respectively), ADM (0.80, 4.78 and 7.66 t ha?1) and water productivity (186.5 and 297.3 kg ha?1 cm?1) obtained under I3 implied that salinity of irrigation water imposed at booting stage exerted the maximum retarding effects on the growth and yield of wheat. Grain yield decreased by 13.4% in I3 over the control, I1. An increase in grain and biomass yields by 14.3 and 11.9%, respectively under I2 over I1 demonstrated a positive contribution of irrigation water salinity imposed at maximum tillering stage of wheat. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18226 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(1): 147-152, 2013
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Slavich, P. G., G. H. Petterson, and D. Griffin. "Effects of irrigation water salinity and sodicity on infiltration and lucerne growth over a shallow watertable." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (2002): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00124.
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Irrigation using saline sodic groundwater is a major strategy to manage salinisation from shallow watertables in the irrigation areas of south-east Australia. There is concern that this strategy will increase soil sodicity and induce a decline in soil physical properties that affect infiltration. Laboratory experiments have shown that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soils may decrease when a saline–sodic soil is leached with low salinity water. This paper evaluates the field significance of these concerns to irrigation water management practices. The effects of changing the irrigation water source from saline–sodic groundwater to low salinity channel water on the infiltration properties of a hardsetting red-brown earth and the yield of lucerne (Medicago sativa) were evaluated over a 3-year period. Four dilution strategies to use high-salinity (EC 6 dS/m) and high-sodicity [SAR 16 (mmol/L)0.5] groundwater were compared. They were: (i) irrigation with groundwater in the spring then channel water for remainder of the summer irrigation season; (ii) irrigation with channel water in spring then groundwater for the rest of season; (iii) irrigation with diluted groundwater EC 3 dS/m for whole season; and (iv) alternative irrigations with groundwater EC 6 dS/m and channel water throughout the season. The control treatment was irrigated with low-salinity (EC 0.15 dS/m) channel water all season. The treatments were applied for 2 summer irrigation seasons then channel water was applied to all plots for another season. The site was underlain by a shallow watertable at 1.0 m. The final steady infiltration rate of each plot was measured each irrigation using capacitance water level loggers. This value was used as an index of soil structural stability to the water quality treatments. The results show all groundwater treatments caused the soil to increase in salinity from ECe(0–0.15 m) 0.6–0.9 dS/m to 3.8–7.3 dS/m and sodicity from SARe(0–0.15 m) 1.7–2.1 to 14.2–16.8 after 2 years of application. The steady infiltration rate was not affected by treatment during this period. In the third year when all plots were irrigated with channel water there was a small decrease in the steady infiltration rate during irrigation in the alternating groundwater treatment. The steady infiltration rates of the experimental soil were relatively low, varying from 4.9 to 7.0 mm/h for different water quality treatments. The most likely explanation of the small treatment effect is that infiltration in this soil is dominated by water entry via surface cracks. Soil analysis indicated that sufficient electrolyte was maintained in the matrix of the surface soil to prevent significant swelling and clay dispersion, even after many irrigations of channel water were applied. Water balance estimates and changes in profile salinity indicated that the lucerne used significant quantities of water directly from the watertable, concentrating salt within the capillary fringe above the watertable to a maximum of 36 dS/m. A larger proportion of the water requirement appeared to be taken up directly from the watertable where saline irrigation water was also applied. This led to rapid profile salinisation and sodification from a combination of upward flux from the watertable and salt applied in the irrigation water.
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SINGH, AJAY, and SUDHINDRA NATH PANDA. "EFFECT OF SALINE IRRIGATION WATER ON MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA) CROP YIELD AND SOIL SALINITY IN A SEMI-ARID AREA OF NORTH INDIA." Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711000780.
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SUMMARYThe groundwater in some parts of north India is generally saline and not suitable for drinking. However, it can be used for growing salt-tolerant crop plants. To explore the potential of using saline groundwater for farm production, a field experiment was conducted at Shahpur village, near Hisar in Haryana State, India, to study the effect of different qualities of irrigation water on mustard (Brassica juncea, cv. RH–30) crop growth, yield, water use efficiency and soil salinity. Treatments consisted of combinations of irrigation with saline groundwater (electrical conductivity (EC) 7.48 dS m−1), and a good quality canal water (EC 0.4 dS m−1) applied either alone, as blends or in alternate applications. In all treatments, canal water was used for pre-sowing irrigation. In mustard cultivation, saline groundwater with an EC of 7.48 dS m−1 can be used safely to supplement all post-sowing irrigations with marginal decline in crop yield. Irrigation with saline groundwater gave a yield as high as 95% of the optimum crop yield obtained with fresh canal water. The temporal variation in salinity showed that mustard yield responds to the average salinity of the soil during the growing season. Thus saline groundwater is a good water source to exploit for supplemental irrigation.
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Chen, L. J., C. S. Li, Q. Feng, Y. P. Wei, Y. Zhao, M. Zhu, and R. C. Deo. "An integrative influence of saline water irrigation and fertilization on the structure of soil bacterial communities." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 9-10 (December 2019): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185962000012x.
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AbstractAlthough numerous studies have investigated the individual effects of salinity, irrigation and fertilization on soil microbial communities, relatively less attention has been paid to their combined influences, especially using molecular techniques. Based on the field of orthogonal designed test and deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing technology, the effects of saline water irrigation amount, salinity level of irrigation water and nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate on soil bacterial community structure were investigated. The results showed that the irrigation amount was the most dominant factor in determining the bacterial richness and diversity, followed by the irrigation water salinity and N fertilizer rate. The values of Chao1 estimator, abundance-based coverage estimator and Shannon indices decreased with an increase in irrigation amount while increased and then decreased with an increase in irrigation water salinity and N fertilizer rate. The highest soil bacterial richness and diversity were obtained under the least irrigation amount (25 mm), medium irrigation water salinity (4.75 dS/m) and medium N fertilizer rate (350 kg/ha). However, different bacterial phyla were found to respond distinctively to these three factors: irrigation amount significantly affected the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi; irrigation water salinity mostly affected the members of Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes and Acidobacteria; and N fertilizer rate mainly influenced the Bacteroidetes' abundance. The results presented here revealed that the assessment of soil microbial processes under combined irrigation and fertilization treatments needed to be more careful as more variable consequences would be established by comparing with the influences based on an individual factor, such as irrigation amount or N fertilizer rate.
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Tabot, Pascal Tabi, Mfombep Priscilla Mebong, Achangoh Josaiah Abeche, Nchufor Christopher Kedju, and Besingi Claudius Nyama. "Ecophysiological responses of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to salinity and irrigation regimes in screen house." International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology 8, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2021.802.002.
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Secondary salinization of arable lands, and declining irrigation water resources are major challenges for crop production. We investigated synergistic effects of salinity and irrigation on Phaseolus vulgaris L. in a 4 × 3 factorial experiment with four salinity levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 ppt) coupled with 3 irrigation regimes that reflected a deficit, normal and excess irrigation for the region. Growth and ecophysiological variables were measured, and data submitted to Analyses of variance, Correlation and Factor analyses in the Minitab Version 17 software. Salinity stress decreased height (35.05 to 31.97 cm) as salinity increased from 0 to 8 ppt. Number of leaves, number of branches, number of flowers and fruits as well as fruit mass and harvest index all decreased as salinity stress increased. Plants in the deficit irrigation regime had higher water use efficiency (1.27g/l) and transpiration use efficiency (29.51 g/l) compared to those under higher irrigation regimes. Salinity and water stress effects on yield and plant water relations would significantly impede production of this crop, with significant yield losses of over 400% in higher salinities. Therefore measures to alleviate soil salinity are necessary for enhanced P. vulgaris production in such saline contaminated areas.
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Niu, Genhua, Minzi Wang, Denise Rodriguez, and Donglin Zhang. "Response of Zinnia Plants to Saline Water Irrigation." HortScience 47, no. 6 (June 2012): 793–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.6.793.
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As high-quality water supply becomes limited in many regions of the world, alternative water sources are being used for irrigating urban landscapes. Therefore, salt-tolerant landscape plants are needed. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to screen the salt tolerance of Zinnia marylandica (‘Zahara Coral Rose’, ‘Zahara Fire’, ‘Zahara Scarlet’, ‘Zahara Starlight’, ‘Zahara White’, and ‘Zahara Yellow’) and Z. maritima ‘Solcito’. In Expt. 1, plants were subirrigated with nutrient or saline solutions at electrical conductivity (EC) at 1.4 (base nutrient solution, control), 3.0, 4.2, 6.0, or 8.2 dS·m−1 for 4 weeks, whereas in Expt. 2, plants were surface-irrigated with the same nutrient or saline solutions for 4 weeks. In Expt. 1, all plants, regardless of cultivar, died by the end of the treatment at EC 6.0 and EC 8.2 as a result of high salinity in the root zone. Plants became shorter and more compact as EC of irrigation water increased. Shoot dry weight of all cultivars in EC 4.2 was reduced by 50% to 56% compared with that of the control. Shoot Na+ and Cl– accumulated excessively as salinity increased in the irrigation water, whereas Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ did not change substantially. In Expt. 2, mortality varied with cultivar and treatment. Similar to Expt. 1, growth reduction resulting from elevated salinity across cultivars was found. Therefore, it is concluded that zinnia cultivars used in this study are sensitive to salinity and should not be planted in areas with high soil salinity or when alternative waters with high salinity may be used for irrigation.
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H.O, Nwankwoala,, and Amachree, T. "GROUNDWATER QUALITY MODELING FOR SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES IN OIL PRODUCING AREAS OF KHANA AND GOKANA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA." Earth Sciences Pakistan 4, no. 2 (May 14, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/esp.02.2020.47.52.
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This study is aimed at modeling groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in oil producing areas of Khana and Gokana Local Government areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. A random sampling approach was adopted in groundwater sampling in Khana and Gokana local government areas of Rivers State. Groundwater samples were collected from a total of twenty-two (22) boreholes in the area. Ten (10) residential boreholes were sampled in Khana while 12 boreholes were sampled in Gokana local government area. Various indices were used to determine the quality of groundwater for irrigation in the study area such as Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Permeability Index (PI), Percent Sodium (%Na), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly’s Ratio (KR) and Potential Soil Salinity (PS). In Khana area, all the water samples have PI values which render the groundwater unsuitable for irrigational purposes. Meanwhile, in Gokana, the groundwater samples show good to excellent quality for irrigation purposes. A high permeability index enhances crops yield, because the soils becomes more aerated and allows flow to occur easily, carrying plant nutrients from one part of the soil to the other. All groundwater samples in the area plotted in the C1-S1 (low sodium hazard and low salinity), C2-S1 (low sodium hazard and moderate salinity) and C3-S1 (low sodium hazard and high salinity) category which represents low sodium hazard and low salinity hazards and are therefore suitable for irrigation.
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Pirasteh-Anosheh, Hadi, and Alireza Hedayati-Firoozabadi. "Sorghum [Soghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] growth, and soil moisture and salt content as affected by irrigation water salinity." International Journal of Applied and Experimental Biology 1, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56612/ijaeb.v1i1.6.
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Information on the impact of salinity of irrigation water on soil moisture and salt content is scant in the literature. Therefore, in the present study, growth of sorghum as well as soil moisture and salt content were investigated as affected by irrigation water salinity. In this experiment, the effect of three salinity levels of irrigation water, i.e., 2, 7 and 14 dS m-1 was monitored on sorghum growth, and changes in soil moisture and salinity of soil saturated extract during the growing season. Irrigation water salinity, depending on the intensity of stress, reduced forage yield, so that 7 and 14 dS m-1 salinity decreased the fresh weight by 11% and 45% and the dry weight by 17% and 62%, respectively, compared to those in non-saline conditions. At two soil depths (0-30 cm and 30-60 cm), the lowest moisture content was observed under non-saline conditions and the highest at 14 dS m-1. The salinity of soil saturated extract was also increased with increasing salinity of irrigation water. By applying salinities of 2 and 14 dS m-1, soil salinity decreased and increased by the end of the growing season, respectively. However, soil salinity in 7 dS m-1 treatment was decreased first and then increased until the end of the growing season. At the end of the growing season, the average soil salinity in 7 and 14 dS m-1 treatments was 1.8 and 1.4 times, respectively, higher than that of the irrigation water salinity. In a nutshell, in saline conditions, more moisture remains in the soil, which may help sustain the of growth of halophytes to some extent.
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Mohammadi, Mohammad Hossein, and Mahnaz Khataar. "A simple numerical model to estimate water availability in saline soils." Soil Research 56, no. 3 (2018): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17081.
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We developed a numerical model to predict soil salinity from knowledge of evapotranspiration rate, crop salt tolerance, irrigation water salinity, and soil hydraulic properties. Using the model, we introduced a new weighting function to express the limitation imposed by salinity on plant available water estimated by the integral water capacity concept. Lower and critical limits of soil water uptake by plants were also defined. We further analysed the sensitivity of model results to underlying parameters using characteristics given for corn, cowpea, and barley in the literature and two clay and sandy loam soils obtained from databases. Results showed that, between two irrigation events, soil salinity increased nonlinearly with decreasing soil water content especially when evapotranspiration and soil drainage rate were high. The salinity weighting function depended greatly on the plant sensitivity to salinity and irrigation water salinity. This research confirmed that both critical and lower limits (in terms of water content) of soil water uptake by plants increased with evapotranspiration rate and irrigation water salinity. Since the presented approach is based on a physical concept and well-known plant parameters, soil hydraulic characteristics, irrigation water salinity, and meteorological conditions, it may be useful in spatio-temporal modelling of soil water quality and quantity and prediction of crop yield.
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Chengfu, Yuan. "Analysis on the groundwater salt dynamic in a monitoring area in Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019802007.
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In order to explore the rule of groundwater salt dynamic in Hetao Irrigation District, a typical monitoring area was selected as the research area in Yongji Irrigation Area of Hetao Irrigation District. The groundwater level and groundwater salinity were analyzed during the year and inter-annual variation in 2008-2013. The groundwater level showed an obvious seasonal change trend during the year variation. The groundwater level was at the peak value after spring irrigation and autumn irrigation. The groundwater level was at the low value before melting and autumn irrigation. The groundwater level had an obvious periodicity during the inter-annual variation. The groundwater level could keep a relatively stable for many years. The groundwater salinity showed an obvious seasonal change trend during the year variation. The groundwater salinity was greatly affected by irrigation and had a decreased trend after irrigation. The groundwater salinity had an obvious periodicity during the inter-annual variation and could keep a relatively stable for many years in cultivated land. The groundwater salinity had an increased trend during the inter-annual variation in wasteland. The wasteland was the drainage area for cultivated land. The wasteland had an obvious role in adjusting salt dynamic balance in Hetao Irrigation District.
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Singh, A. K., Ranjeet Singh, S. R. Yadav, A. S. Godara, S. P. Singh, M. J. Kaledhonkar, and B. L. Meena. "Saline Water Irrigation Through Drip for Groundnut-Wheat Cropping Sequence in Hyper Arid-Region of Rajasthan." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 58, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2021581.1734.
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A field experiment was conducted to assess the suitability of saline water for irrigation, and to know the irrigation water requirement of groundnut-wheat cropping sequence in hyper-arid region of Rajasthan. In this split-plot experiment, the main plots had four levels of irrigation water salinity (ECiw0.25 (Best available water, BAW), 4, 8 and 12dS.m-1); and the sub-plots had combinations of two treatments on drip lateral spacing of 0.60 m and 0.90 m with 0.30 m emitter spacing, and three levels of irrigation water application (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 times of pan evaporation (PE)). The highest biological yield (grain + straw) of groundnut and wheat recorded in BAW was statistically at par with irrigation water salinity level of 4 dS.m-1. Higher irrigation water salinity levels (8 and 12 dS.m-1) and placement of laterals at 0.90 m led to significant reduction in biological yield. In monetary terms, use of BAW resulted in highest B:C ratio of 1.73 for groundnut-wheat cropping sequence, while ECiw 4 dS.m-1 showed B:C ratio of 1.70. Highest crop yields, gross return and B:C ratio were observed under 0.60 m lateral spacing and irrigation application at 1.0 PE. Interaction effect of salinity of irrigation water and lateral spacing on yield and yield attributes was significant for both crops. Study demonstrated that the salinity limit of 4 dS.m-1 can be considered as threshold irrigation water salinity for drip irrigated groundnut and wheat crops in hyper-arid region of Rajasthan
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Mohanavelu, Aadhityaa, Sujay Raghavendra Naganna, and Nadhir Al-Ansari. "Irrigation Induced Salinity and Sodicity Hazards on Soil and Groundwater: An Overview of Its Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies." Agriculture 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11100983.
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Salinity and sodicity have been a major environmental hazard of the past century since more than 25% of the total land and 33% of the irrigated land globally are affected by salinity and sodicity. Adverse effects of soil salinity and sodicity include inhibited crop growth, waterlogging issues, groundwater contamination, loss in soil fertility and other associated secondary impacts on dependent ecosystems. Salinity and sodicity also have an enormous impact on food security since a substantial portion of the world’s irrigated land is affected by them. While the intrinsic nature of the soil could cause soil salinity and sodicity, in developing countries, they are also primarily caused by unsustainable irrigation practices, such as using high volumes of fertilizers, irrigating with saline/sodic water and lack of adequate drainage facilities to drain surplus irrigated water. This has also caused irreversible groundwater contamination in many regions. Although several remediation techniques have been developed, comprehensive land reclamation still remains challenging and is often time and resource inefficient. Mitigating the risk of salinity and sodicity while continuing to irrigate the land, for example, by growing salt-resistant crops such as halophytes together with regular crops or creating artificial drainage appears to be the most practical solution as farmers cannot halt irrigation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the global prevalence of salinity and sodicity in irrigated areas, highlight their spatiotemporal variability and causes, document the effects of irrigation induced salinity and sodicity on physicochemical properties of soil and groundwater, and discuss practical, innovative, and feasible practices and solutions to mitigate the salinity and sodicity hazards on soil and groundwater.
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Boman, Brian J., Mongi Zekri, and Ed Stover. "Managing Salinity in Citrus." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0108.
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Although citrus (Citrus spp.) is sensitive to salinity, acceptable production can be achieved with moderate salinity levels, depending on the climate, scion cultivar, rootstock, and irrigation-fertilizer management. Irrigation scheduling is a key factor in managing salinity in areas with salinity problems. Increasing irrigation frequency and applying water in excess of the crop water requirement are recommended to leach the salts and minimize the salt concentration in the root zone. Overhead sprinkler irrigation should be avoided when using water containing high levels of salts because salt residues can accumulate on the foliage and cause serious injury. Much of the leaf and trunk damage associated with direct foliar uptake of salts can be reduced by using microirrigation systems. Frequent fertilization using low rates is recommended through fertigation or broadcast application of dry fertilizers. Nutrient sources should have a relatively low salt index and not contain chloride (Cl) or sodium (Na). In areas where Na accumulates in soils, application of calcium (Ca) sources (e.g., gypsum) has been found to reduce the deleterious effect of Na and improve plant growth under saline conditions. Adapting plants to saline environments and increasing salt tolerance through breeding and genetic manipulation is another important method for managing salinity.
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Babazadeh, Hossein, Mahdi Sarai Tabrizi, and Hossein Hassanpour Darvishi. "Adopting adequate leaching requirement for practical response models of basil to salinity." International Agrophysics 30, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0002.
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Abstract Several mathematical models are being used for assessing plant response to salinity of the root zone. Objectives of this study included quantifying the yield salinity threshold value of basil plants to irrigation water salinity and investigating the possibilities of using irrigation water salinity instead of saturated extract salinity in the available mathematical models for estimating yield. To achieve the above objectives, an extensive greenhouse experiment was conducted with 13 irrigation water salinity levels, namely 1.175 dS m−1 (control treatment) and 1.8 to 10 dS m−1. The result indicated that, among these models, the modified discount model (one of the most famous root water uptake model which is based on statistics) produced more accurate results in simulating the basil yield reduction function using irrigation water salinities. Overall the statistical model of Steppuhn et al. on the modified discount model and the math-empirical model of van Genuchten and Hoffman provided the best results. In general, all of the statistical models produced very similar results and their results were better than math-empirical models. It was also concluded that if enough leaching was present, there was no significant difference between the soil salinity saturated extract models and the models using irrigation water salinity.
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Jafarli, Jale V. "ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER EFFICIENCY ON IRRIGATION IN THE AREA BETWEEN TURYANCHAY-GIRDIMANCHAY RIVERS." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 4 (212) (December 28, 2021): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2021-4-74-80.
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The article is devoted to determining the possibility of using groundwater with different degrees of mineralization and chemical composition for irrigation, which is spread in the area between the Turyanchay-Girdimanchay rivers. The efficiency of groundwater for irrigation, whose mineralization rate varies from 0.5 to 10 g/l, was assessed according to the methods and criteria adopted in the world countries. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation, which varies from 0.5 to 10 g/l, depends on the methods and criteria adopted in the world, including the degree of mineralization of water, irrigation coefficient, salinity hazard, sodium sorption coefficient, percentage of magnesium, rated for potential salinity and sodium carbonate residue. It has been determined that groundwater with a salinity of up to 3 g/l is fully suitable for irrigation according to all assessment criteria, water with a salinity of up to 5 g/l is suitable for irrigation, water with a salinity of 5-7 g/l is less efficient for irrigation. It is suitable in terms of irrigation coefficient, sodium sorption coefficient, salinity hazard and sodium carbonate residue, and according to three indicators it is not suitable for irrigation. Water with a salinity of 7-10 g/l is not suitable for irrigation according to all assessment criteria. However, these waters have a favorable chemical composition, neutral and balanced salt content, and in years of acute water shortage, groundwater with a salinity of 7-10 g/l can be used for irrigation of crops using special irrigation methods and technologies. At the same time, it was found that the groundwater is not contaminated. The content of pollutants and heavy metals in these waters does not exceed the permissible limits. The content of ni-trite in groundwater was 0.012-0.019 mg/l, nitrates - 1.10-1.72 mg/l, and the amount of ammonium - 0.07-0.08 mg/l. The amount of iron in heavy metals was 0.05-0.06, aluminum - 0.09-0.19, zinc - 0.004-0.005 mg/l. Metals copper and lead, as well as oil products were not found in the water. Biochemical oxygen consumption ranged from 1 to 5 mg/l.
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Wali, Saadu Umar, Murtala Abubakar Gada, Kabiru Jega Umar, Aminu Abba, and Abdullahi Umar. "Understanding the causes, effects, and remediation of salinity in irrigated fields: A review." International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production, no. 11 (September 25, 2021): 9–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/ijaap.11.9.42.
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To boost agricultural production, irrigation will turn out to be more reliant on inadequately described and virtually unmonitored sources of irrigation water supply. Amplified use of irrigation water has resulted in degradation of water and soil quality in numerous areas. The objective of this review is highlighting the causes, effects, and remediation of salinity in irrigated fields. The study analysed some major ions affecting the quality of irrigation water. Precisely, elements including boron, chloride, and nitrogen are harmful to crops. Consequently, it is imperative to detect their origin and consequences. Likewise, there is a need for understanding how they can be removed from irrigation waters. Continuous water quality analysis using chemical indices such as sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percent, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard and permeability index in irrigation water analysis is recommended. The review also highlights the crop tolerance in saline conditions and tolerance limits of individual crops to salinity. Salinity should be monitored for improved irrigation scheme performance. This has necessitated the application of salinity management techniques in irrigation water.
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Helalia, Sarah A., Ray G. Anderson, Todd H. Skaggs, G. Darrel Jenerette, Dong Wang, and Jirka Šimůnek. "Impact of Drought and Changing Water Sources on Water Use and Soil Salinity of Almond and Pistachio Orchards: 1. Observations." Soil Systems 5, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5030050.
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Soil salinity increases when growers are forced to use higher salinity irrigation waters due to water shortages. It is necessary to estimate the impact of irrigation water on soil properties and conditions for crop growth to manage the effects of salinity on perennial crops. Therefore, in this study, we monitored root zone salinity in five almond and pistachio orchards in eastern and western San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California (CA). Volumetric soil water contents and bulk electrical conductivities were measured at four root-zone depths. Evapotranspiration was measured by eddy covariance along with three other types of data. The first is seasonal precipitation and irrigation patterns, including the temporal distribution of rains, irrigation events, and irrigation water salinity. The second is soil chemistry, including the initial sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soil solute electrical conductivity (ECe). The third type is the physical properties, including soil type, hydraulic conductivity, and bulk density. As expected, we found low salinity at the eastern sites and higher salinity at the western sites. The western sites have finer textured soils and lower quality irrigation water; measured actual ET was about 90% of modeled crop ET. Across the three western sites, the annual average apparent leaching fraction ranged from 11 to 28%. At the eastern sites, measured ET almost exactly matched modeled crop ET each year. Apparent leaching fractions in the eastern sites were approximately 20%.
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Rhoades, J. D., S. M. Lesch, R. D. LeMert, and W. J. Alves. "Assessing irrigation/drainage/salinity management using spatially referenced salinity measurements." Agricultural Water Management 35, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(97)00017-6.
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Slater, Yehuda, Ami Reznik, Israel Finkelshtain, and Iddo Kan. "Blending Irrigation Water Sources with Different Salinities and the Economic Damage of Salinity: The Case of Israel." Water 14, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060917.
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Israel’s water and vegetative agriculture sectors are interdependent, as the latter constitutes the solution for wastewater disposal. We employ a dynamic mathematical programming model that captures this interdependence for evaluating the economic damage of irrigation water salinity under two strategies of blending water sources with different salinities: field blending, which enables farmers to assign water with a specific salinity to each crop, and regional blending, under which all crops experience similar water salinity. Relative to field blending, the buildup rate of desalination under regional blending is slightly expedited; nevertheless, reallocations of water sources across sectors and crops increase the average irrigation water salinity, and the overall welfare decreases by USD 0.08 per cubic meter of irrigation water—about 20% of the water’s average value of marginal product. Salinity-sensitive crops will face the largest per hectare production reduction if regional blending replaces field blending; however, the combined variations in the prices of irrigation water and agricultural outputs may motivate farmers to move irrigation water to these crops. Under equilibrium conditions in the two sectors, a 1% increase in the average salinity of the irrigation water supplied to a region reduces the value of the marginal product of that water by 2.4% and 1.6% under field and regional blending, respectively.
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Samui, Indranil, Milan Skalicky, Sukamal Sarkar, Koushik Brahmachari, Sayan Sau, Krishnendu Ray, Akbar Hossain, et al. "Yield Response, Nutritional Quality and Water Productivity of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are Influenced by Drip Irrigation and Straw Mulch in the Coastal Saline Ecosystem of Ganges Delta, India." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 6779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176779.
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In the coastal zone of the Ganges Delta, water shortages due to soil salinity limit the yield of dry season crops. To alleviate water shortage as a consequence of salinity stress in the coastal saline ecosystem, the effect of different water-saving (WS) and water-conserving options was assessed on growth, yield and water use of tomato; two field experiments were carried out at Gosaba, West Bengal, India in consecutive seasons during the winter of 2016–17 and 2017–18. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with five treatments viz., surface irrigation, surface irrigation + straw mulching, drip irrigation at 100% reference evapotranspiration (ET0), drip irrigation at 80% ET0, drip irrigation at 80% ET0 + straw mulching. Application of drip irrigation at 80% ET0 + straw mulching brought about significantly the highest fruit as well as the marketable yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The soil reaction (pH), post-harvest organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P and K) status and soil microbial population along with the biochemical quality parameters of tomato (juice pH, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids and sugar content of fruits) were significantly influenced by combined application of drip irrigation and straw mulching. Surface irrigation significantly increased the salinity level in surface and sub-surface soil layers while the least salinity development was observed in surface mulched plots receiving irrigation water through drip irrigation. The highest water productivity was also improved from drip irrigation at 80% ET0 + straw mulched plots irrespective of the year of experimentation. Such intervention also helped in reducing salinity stress for the tomato crop. Thus, straw mulching along with drip irrigation at 80% ET0 can be recommended as the most suitable irrigation option for tomato crop in the study area as well as coastal saline regions of South Asia. Finally, it can be concluded that the judicious application of irrigation water not only increased growth, yield and quality tomatoes but also minimized the negative impact of soil salinity on tomatoes grown in the coastal saline ecosystem of Ganges Delta.
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JAHANBAZİ, Leila, Ahmad HEİDARİ, Mohammad Hossein MOHAMMADİ, and Maria KUNİUSHKOVA. "Salt accumulation in soils under furrow and drip irrigation using modified waters in Central Iran." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1186388.
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The objectives of this study were i) to characterize the water and soils under different managements, ii) to evaluate the sustainability of using hypersaline soils and water, and iii) to assess possible solutions to prevent more degradation of soil and water resources. Field and laboratory analysis of the samples using eight pedons and 128 surface samples taken from grid in four pre-determined land uses; pistachio orchard abandoned, pistachio orchard with furrow irrigation, wheat and maize cropping with furrow irrigation, pistachio orchard with drip irrigation. The study area, 170 ha, comprised two distinct soil parent materials including marls (max. ECe >100 dS/m) and alluviums (max. ECe >60 dS/m). Abandoning lands caused salinity increasing due to lack of leaching by irrigation water. The maximum increase of soil salinity was in the abandoned land use (EC e =98 dS/m), where trees had been removed and there is no irrigation, followed by pistachio plantation land use (EC=11 to 34 dS/m), and wheat and maize cropping land use (EC=11-19 dS/m). The minimum rise in soil salinity was in the drip irrigation due to mixing freshwater with saline water and therefore better water quality (EC=3 dS/m at surface layer and 17 dS/m in next layer). Land use change to agriculture increased the need for irrigation and because of arid climate it mainly supplied by groundwater from deep wells. Using deep groundwater due to rock-water reaction and increasing salinity, decreased water quality in furrow irrigation and therefore it had more significant effect on soil salinity compare to drip. Comparison of the mean values of soil salinity indicators in 2018 showed that salinity has increased by 3-6 times in the furrow irrigation and at least two-fold in the drip irrigation, compared to 2002. The calculated salinity indicators also proved the soil and water resources had been degraded and present land use types are not sustainable. Possible solutions could be to minimize land use change to agriculture, to use drip irrigation with mixed saline and freshwater, and to remove salt crusts from the soil surface.
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Mindari, Wanti, Maroeto, and Syekhfani. "Corn Tolerance on Irrigation Water Salinity." Jurnal TANAH TROPIKA (Journal of Tropical Soils) 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2011.16.3.211.
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Khan, S. "Rethinking rational solutions for irrigation salinity." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 9, no. 2 (January 2005): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2005.11465270.
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Suarez, Donald. "Perspective on Irrigation Management and Salinity." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 4 (December 1992): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100407.
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Arid and semiarid areas face increasing demands on their limited water supplies. In many regions agriculture utilizes the bulk of the available fresh water, often exceeding the sustainable water yield and relying on utilization of subsurface reserves. Increased water demands by urban users will require greater water use efficiency by the agricultural sector as well as use of urban waste waters and under-utilized brackish waters. To date advances have been made in irrigation management, but genetic research has not altered the basic water requirements of plants.
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Smedema, L. K. "Irrigation performance and waterlogging and salinity." Irrigation and Drainage Systems 4, no. 4 (November 1990): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01103714.
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Coşkun, Yalçın, and İsmail Taş. "Respons of wheat species to irrigation water salinity." Genetika 49, no. 2 (2017): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1702435c.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation water salinity level on chromosomes and shoots of wheat with three different ploidy level (diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid). Greenhouse experiment revealed that irrigation water salinity level had significant effects on shoot dry weight, root dry weight, shoot length and root length (P<0.05). The effects of ploidy level and cultivar shoot dry weight and root dry weight were also found to be significant (P<0.05), but the effects on shoot length and root length were not significant (P>0.05). Negative effects of salinity on shoot and root were started at 8 dS m-1. Also hexaploid wheat was more tolerant then tetraploid and diploid wheat to salinity. It was not determined that possible effects of irrigation water salinity to structure of chromosomes with current equipment and methods. Cell divisions were normal, but decreasing cell division rates were observed with increasing irrigation water salinity levels.
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Paydar, Zahra, Neil Huth, and Val Snow. "Modelling irrigated Eucalyptus for salinity control on shallow watertables." Soil Research 43, no. 5 (2005): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr04152.
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With increasing salinity in irrigation areas, the option of tree planting in areas with shallow groundwater is seen as an ‘environmentally friendly’ alternative for controlling salinity. This study uses simulation modelling to investigate the long-term effects of planting Eucalyptus grandis in irrigated areas with shallow and saline watertables in the Riverine Plains where concerns exist about salinity effects on irrigated agriculture. APSIM, a 1-dimensional model of the soil–water–plant system, was modified to describe the interaction between the watertable within the plantation with the, normally shallower, watertable in the surrounding irrigated pasture. The model was tested against measured data and then used to simulate a range of different environmental conditions (depth and salinity of the groundwater, soil) and management options (irrigation with different amounts and salinity). The results of a total of 702 simulation runs helped to identify conditions in which irrigated plantations may be viable and how the irrigation of these plantations may be managed to decrease the impact of salinity on tree growth. The results indicated that if irrigation is to improve productivity, it must be in large amounts (1000 mm or more) and of good quality to have a significant effect on tree production. Irrigation with low salinity water (EC <2 dS/m) can only be used to reliably increase production in conditions where there are deeper watertables (4 m or deeper) on fast-draining soils. In these cases, flexible irrigation practices (scheduled irrigation) need to be employed in order to manage the salt levels within the tree root-zones. The viability of plantations is likely to decrease with increasing irrigation water salinity as salt accumulation in the profile reduces the ability of the trees to act as natural sinks. Depending on the irrigation and groundwater salinity, trees might be effective only up to a few years (as little as 9 years). Optimum response of trees to irrigation is only predicted with fresh water and scheduled irrigation (up to 1700 mm/year). However, if ample fresh water was available, other higher value cropping options are likely to be sought by land managers. Furthermore, the large amounts of water added to the plantation will have negative effects (water and salt export from the plantation) on the surrounding land, which will need further intervention to be sustainable.