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Journal articles on the topic 'Irrigation Practice'
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Adamtie, Temesgen F., Demeke T. Mitku, and Abeba Hassen. "Validations of CROPWAT Based Irrigation Practice for Tomato Productivity in Lowland Hot Humid Area of Ethiopia." American Journal of Life Science and Innovation 1, no. 1 (July 28, 2022): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v1i1.426.
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The efficient management of applied water volume and wise water application is accomplished by irrigation scheduling. Microclimate is the most important factor affecting the irrigation schedule, which determines when and how much irrigation water will be used. The objective of this experiment was to validate the experimental effects of CROPWAT irrigation practice compared to farmer’s practice on crop and water productivity of tomato. The CROPWAT Penman–Monteith method was used to calculate crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of tomato as compared to farmers irrigation practice. The total water applied were 1087.5mm and 1275.5mm for 2020 and 895.3mm and 1242.6mm for 2021 respectively for CROPWAT and farmers’ practice. The obtained validated result revealed that farmers' irrigation practices for marketable tomato fruit were 25.8% lower when based on CROPWAT irrigation practice, while those for unmarketable tomato fruit were 46.18% lower. In contrast to farmers' irrigation practices, the CROPWAT irrigation system can reduce loss by 46.1 percent for the production of tomato fruit. Similarly for tomato water productivity, CROPWAT-based irrigation systems received an incremental 37.5 percent advantage over farmers' practices. As a result, this study came to the conclusion that CROPWAT-based irrigation practices are crucial for field crop irrigation scheduling and crop water requirements. The study will contribute to bettering tomato fruit productivity and water resource management. This study might serve as a guide for making choices regarding upcoming planning.
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Bryla, David R., Elizabeth Dickson, Robert Shenk, R. Scott Johnson, Carlos H. Crisosto, and Thomas J. Trout. "Influence of Irrigation Method and Scheduling on Patterns of Soil and Tree Water Status and Its Relation to Yield and Fruit Quality in Peach." HortScience 40, no. 7 (December 2005): 2118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.7.2118.
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A 3-year study was done to determine the effects of furrow, microspray, surface drip, and subsurface drip irrigation on production and fruit quality in mature `Crimson Lady' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees. Furrow and microspray irrigations were scheduled weekly or biweekly, which is common practice in central California, while surface and subsurface drip irrigations were scheduled daily. Trees were maintained at similar water potentials following irrigation by adjusting water applications as needed. Tree size and fruit number were normalized among treatments by pruning and thinning each season. Surface and subsurface drip produced the largest fruit on average and the highest marketable yields among treatments. Drip benefits appeared most related to the ability to apply frequent irrigations. Whether water was applied above or below ground, daily irrigations by drip maintained higher soil water content within the root zone and prevented cycles of water stress found between less-frequent furrow and microspray irrigations. With furrow and microsprays, midday tree water potentials reached as low as –1.4 MPa between weekly irrigations and –1.8 MPa between biweekly irrigations, which likely accounted for smaller fruit and lower yields in these treatments. To reduce water stress, more frequent irrigation is probably impractical with furrow systems but is recommended when irrigating during peak water demands by microspray.
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Kruse, E. G. "Irrigation theory and practice." Agricultural Water Management 19, no. 3 (April 1991): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(91)90048-n.
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KUMAR, JITENDER, AMARJEET NIBHORIA, PARMOD KUMAR YADAV, SATYAJEET, MUKESH JAT, and SUNDEEP KUMAR ANTIL. "Relative performance of drip irrigation in comparison to conventional methods of irrigation in Indian mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i>) in south-west Haryana." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 93, no. 12 (December 19, 2023): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v93i12.123417.
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Application of water directly to the root zone through micro-irrigation system can reduce the water, fertilizer and labour requirements by improving their availability and use-efficiency. An experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at the research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Haryana to study the relative performance of drip irrigation in comparison to conventional methods of irrigation in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. The experiment consisted 7 treatments, viz. two irrigations through flooding (as per state recommendation) at flowering and siliqua formation stage; two irrigations through sprinkler at flowering and siliqua formation stage; three irrigations through sprinkler at flowering, siliqua formation and seed development stage; and 6, 8, 10 and 12 split irrigations were applied from 30 days after sowing (DAS) through drip at 12, 9, 7 and 6 days interval, respectively. Volume of irrigation water under each treatment was same as under recommended practice of two flood irrigations (120 mm). Irrigation applied through drip at 6 days interval in 12 splits and at 7 days interval in 10 splits produced statistically similar seed yield to each other (22.51 and 21.94 q/ha, respectively) and significantly higher than recommended irrigation practice (18.92 q/ha) and sprinkler method of irrigation (18.62 and 19.32 q/ha) during 2019–20. The irrigation through drip in 12 splits (10 mm each) at an interval of 6 days between 30 to100 days after sowing also recorded the highest irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) (188 and 181 kg/ha-cm in 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively). Based on these findings, it can be suggested to apply irrigation in Indian mustard through drip in 12 splits (10 mm depth each) at an interval of 6 days between 30 to100 DAS to get higher yield and water use efficiency.
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Islam, MS, MK Alam, N. Salahin, MJ Alam, MAM Hussen, and ATMAI Mondol. "Effects of tillage, mulch and irrigation on maize (Zea mays l.) yield in drought prone area." Bangladesh Journal of Agriculture 47, no. 1 (August 8, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjagri.v47i1.60591.
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The experiment was conducted to study the effect of tillage, mulch and irrigation on soil moisture, yield and yield attributes of hybrid maize (var. BARI Hybrid Maize-6). Two tillage practices (minimum tillage and conventional tillage), two levels of mulches (no mulch and rice straw mulch @ 3 t ha-1) and three irrigation frequencies (one irrigation at 32 days after sowing (DAS), two irrigations at 32 and 55 DAS and three irrigations at 32, 55 and 85 DAS were used as treatment variables. Twelve treatment combinations were assigned in a split-split plot design with three replications. Minimum tillage and mulch conserved more moisture than conventional tillage with no mulch in both years. Minimum tillage and mulch (rice straw) as well as irrigation at 32, 55 and 85 DAS gave higher grain yield than conventional tillage with no mulch and any level of irrigation. Results revealed that application of straw mulch along with three irrigations and any kind of tillage practice might be a suitable combination for obtaining higher yield of maize in drought prone area. Bangladesh J. Agri. 2022, 47(1): 27-38
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Machnoor, Aditya V., D. S. Gurjar, K. G. Rosin, K. Shekhawat, and A. K. Tiwari. "Impact of wastewater irrigation on physical health of soil and yield of marigold (Tagetes patula L. cv. Pusa deep)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 19, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/19.2/535-540.
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A field experiment was conducted to find out the impact of wastewater irrigation on physical and microbiological soil health in marigold (Tagetes patula L. cv. Pusa deep) based on FDR sensor at Water Technology Centre farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during period of 2020-2021. Eight treatments T-1: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 25% MAD (v =27%); T-2: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v =22.5%) T-3: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 75% MAD (v= 18%); T4: Groundwater irrigation scheduled as per farmers practice/recommended POP; T-5: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 25% MAD (v= 27%); T-6: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v= 22.5%); T-7: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v= 18%); T-8: Wastewater irrigation scheduled as per farmers practice/recommended POP were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Results indicated that soil physical properties such as bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity at both the sol depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm in marigold were significantly not changed due to application of wastewater irrigations scheduled at various range of MAD and with the use of FDR sensor. Significantly higher population density of faecal coliform bacteria was observed in treatment plot T-7 where wastewater irrigations were applied at MAD 50% as compared to groundwater irrigations. Moreover, the yield of marigold came to be high in wastewater irrigated plots compared to groundwater. Thus, short-term application of wastewater has less impact and the different ranges of MAD can be used for further studies.
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TAYLOR, P. "Colostomy irrigation - a safe practice?" Journal of Clinical Nursing 4, no. 3 (November 21, 2007): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.1995.tb00206.x.
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Bomford, Peter. "Surface Irrigation. Systems and Practice." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 1 (March 1987): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600110.
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Fleming, P. M. "Surface irrigation theory and practice." Agricultural Water Management 15, no. 2 (December 1988): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(88)90113-8.
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Sarker, KK, PK Sarkar, AZ Sarker, AMFT Islam, and Wang Xiaoyan. "Optimum Water Use in Conservation Tillage for Wheat Cultivation." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 1 (July 11, 2012): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11172.
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Conservation tillage system offers numerous benefits over intensive tillage system. This experiment was conducted on conservation tillage using zero tilldrill, power tiller operated seeder (PTOS) and bed planter along with farmers practice of tillage by rotary tiller under different irrigation levels at Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Nashipur, Dinajpur. Irrigation water was applied by 5 irrigation levels at different growth stages of the crop. The irrigation levels were I0 (No irrigation), I1 (17-21 DAS), I2 (17-21 DAS + 50-55 DAS). I3 (17-21 DAS+ 50-55 DAS + 75-80 DAS), and I4 (17-21 DAS + 35-40 DAS + 50-55 DAS + 75 80 DAS). It was observed that the sowing cost was reasonably reduced than that of the farmer's practice. Seasonal water use was less in PTOS than other tillage methods. Grain yield was significantly affected by tillage methods. The higher grain yield was found from PTOS, bed planting, and zero tillage than that of farmer's practice. There was no significant difference within the interaction effect of tillage methods and irrigations. The effect of irrigation level was found highly significant on grain yield. Water use efficiency increased with decrease of irrigation water use and decreased with increase of irrigation. Average yields in all tillage methods under I1, I2, I3, and I4 irrigation levels were found to increase by 33, 43, 52, and 51 percent, respectively, compared to that of I0. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11172 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(1): 27-37, March 2012
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Tiruye, Alebachew Enyew, Sisay Asres Belay, Petra Schmitter, Desalegn Tegegne, Fasikaw A. Zimale, and Seifu Adimasu Tilahun. "Yield, water productivity and nutrient balances under different water management technologies of irrigated wheat in Ethiopia." PLOS Water 1, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): e0000060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000060.
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Development of irrigation technologies and agricultural water management systems holds significant potential to improve productivity and reduce vulnerability to climate change. Our study dealt with the behavior of irrigation water productivity, partial nutrient balance and grain yield of wheat under the application of different irrigation water management technologies in the Koga irrigation scheme in Ethiopia. For our analysis, we considered three nutrient fluxes entering and leaving farmers’ fields. Our experimental design had three irrigation blocks with three different irrigation water management practices (wetting front detector, Chameleon soil moisture sensor and farmers’ practice as control) on three farm plots replicated in each block. To calculate irrigation water productivity and grain yield of wheat, the amount of irrigation water applied and the agronomic attributes of wheat yield were recorded during the irrigation period. Further, three input and output variables were considered to determine the partial nutrient balances of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The results showed that the amount of irrigation water used was 33% and 22% less with a wetting front detector and Chameleon sensors, respectively, compared to the farmers’ practice. The wetting front detector (WFD) and Chameleon sensor (CHS) treatments gave a 20% and 15.8% grain yield increment, respectively, compared to the farmers’ practice plot. The partial nutrient balances of N and K were negative for the wetting front detector and chameleon sensor practices while it was positive for P in the control (farmers’ practice) treatment. We conclude that irrigation water management with appropriate technologies can improve yield, water productivity and the nutrient utilization. However, further research needs to be conducted on the suitability of irrigation management technologies to achieve full nutrient balance.
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Tolossa, Tasisa Temesgen. "Assessment of the Role of Small-Scale Irrigation Practice on House Hold Food Security in Haramaya District, Eastern Haraghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i4.990-995.3258.
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However, irrigation practice is poor in Ethiopia, increases agricultural production and productivity. The study was conducted in Haramaya district, Eastern Ethiopia. The object of this study is to see contribution of small scale irrigation towards increasing agricultural production, and identify the factors that affecting the use of small scale irrigation. From the district, three peasant associations were purposively selected each from different agro ecological classifications. Sampling size of 116 households was interviewed and Secondary data were also collected from the office. Three different types of irrigation were identified; Surface irrigation type using furrow method of irrigation is the most common irrigation type in the study area, which accounts about 66.5%. The study indicated that, water scarcity, lack improved seed, and disease outbreak and drought were among the major constraints of irrigation practices in the study area. Therefore practicing water harvesting and supplying improved technologies provide extended service regularly for farmers should be practiced in the future.
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Miglani, Saurav, Babita Karda, and Palvi Sarangal. "A Survey of Irrigation Practice among Dental Practitioners in Himachal Pradesh." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 02, no. 02 (August 2014): 080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1671990.
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Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine current trends in irrigation practice among the practicing dentists in Himachal Pradesh. Methodology: A self prepared questionnaire comprising of 15 questions was e-mailed to 1970 members of the State Dental Council of Himachal Pradesh. The information gathered was the individual irrigant selection, irrigant concentration, smear layer removal, and use of adjuncts to irrigation. Results: A total of 544 replies were evaluated thus making the response rate of 27.6% for the study. Our data indicated that 38% of respondents primarily use sodium hypochlorite, with 61% of them using it at a concentration >5.0%. Only 21% of respondents aimed to remove the smear layer during endodontic treatment with only 7% using an adjunct to irrigation. Antibacterial activity was rated as the most important reason while selecting an irrigant. Conclusion: In spite of the crucial nature of the irrigation step in the endodontic therapy, the results of the study were not very satisfying especially when it comes to the use of adjuncts or newer irrigating systems. Thus there is need to regularly update and gauge the practices adopted by dental practitioners in the state.
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Machnoor, Aditya V., D. S. Gurjar, K. G. Rosin, K. Shekhawat, and A. K. Tiwari. "Impact of wastewater irrigation on chemical properties of soil and flower quality of marigold (Tagetes patula L. cv. Pusa deep)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 19, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/19.2/520-527.
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A field experiment was conducted to find out the impact of wastewater irrigation on physical and microbiological soil health in marigold (Tagetes patula L. cv.Pusa deep) based on FDR sensor at Water Technology Centre farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during period of 2020-2021. Eight treatments T-1: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 25% MAD (v=27%); T-2: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v =22.5%) T-3: Groundwater irrigation scheduled at 75% MAD (v= 18%);T4: Groundwater irrigation scheduled as per farmers practice/recommended POP; T-5: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 25% MAD (v= 27%); T-6: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v= 22.5%); T-7: Wastewater irrigation scheduled at 50% MAD (v= 18%); T-8: Wastewater irrigation scheduled as per farmers practice/recommended POP were laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Results indicated that soil chemical properties such as pH, organic carbon, EC, NPK and heavy metalat depth of 0-15 cm in marigold. As soil pH (7.80), EC (0.24 to 0.31 dS/m), OC (0.38), NPK and the concentration of heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb) were significantly higher in the treatment T6 where wastewater irrigations were scheduled at 50% MADas compared to groundwater irrigations. Moreover, the quality and grade of marigold came to be high in wastewater irrigated plots compared to groundwater. Thus, short-term application of wastewater has less impact over soil and gives better results in crop growth and quality but, the long-term application of wastewater may affect the chemical properties of the soil which can be analysed with different ranges of MAD (maximum allowable deficit) need to be studied.
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K.C., Ganga. "Practice and Conflict Management in Farmer Managed Irrigation System in Nepal." PRAGYAN A Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pprmj.v3i1.61368.
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The main objective of this research is to investigates the practice of farmer managed irrigation system and existing conflicts management practice of farmer managed irrigation system (FMIS), which concerning the construction, operation, maintenance and conflict management of local irrigation systems. The farmers of the study area managed the irrigation system with the adaptation of indigenous knowledge and practices relating to various irrigation management activities such as water allocation, distribution and conflict management. The study is based on structured interview, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview for the data collection. The major battle in FMIS in Nepal that are discussed here are water allocation and distribution, external development, assistance, resource misuse, operation and maintenance, and water tax collection.
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Wu, Fengquan, Qiuxiang Tang, Lizhen Zhang, Jianping Cui, Liwen Tian, Rensong Guo, Liang Wang, et al. "Reducing Irrigation and Increasing Plant Density Enhance Both Light Interception and Light Use Efficiency in Cotton under Film Drip Irrigation." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (August 27, 2023): 2248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092248.
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High-density planting is an effective technique to optimize yields of mulched cotton. On the other hand, deficit irrigation is an emerging water-saving strategy in cotton cultivation, especially suitable for arid and water-scarce areas. However, the relationships between deficit irrigation, high-density planting, and regulation mechanisms of canopy light radiation and light use efficiency (LUE) in cotton is not yet clear. To clarify the mechanism of light interception (LI) and the LUE of cotton canopies, three irrigation treatments [315 (50% Fc), 405 (75% Fc, farmers’ irrigation practice), and 495 mm (100% Fc), where Fc was the field capacity] with three plant densities [13.5, 18.0 (farmers’ planting practice), and 22.5 plants m2] were applied. The findings of this research revealed that, under deficit irrigation, the above-ground dry matter (ADM) was reduced by 5.05% compared to the farmers’ irrigation practice. Over both years and across all plant densities, LI and LUE under deficit irrigation decreased by 8.36% and 4.79%, respectively, relative to the farmers’ irrigation practices. In contrast, LI and LUE for the highest irrigation level increased by 10.59% and 5.23%, respectively. In the case of the interaction (plant density and irrigation level), the ADM under deficit irrigation and high-density combination increased by 7.69% compared to the control (farmers’ irrigation × sowing practices interaction effects). The LI and LUE also exhibited an increase in 1.63% and 6.34%, respectively. Notably, the LI effect of the middle and upper cotton canopy under film drip irrigation reached 70%. A lower irrigation level resulted in a higher percentage of LI in the lower canopy region. The leaf area index, light interception rate, and extinction coefficient escalated with the increase in plant density. Under deficit irrigation treatment, the LI of the 0–30 cm canopy in high plant density settings increased by 8.6% compared to the control (farmers’ irrigation × sowing practices interaction effects). In conclusion, deficit irrigation and increased plant density improved the interception of LI and LUE of cotton canopy. These findings may help the farmers to optimize their agricultural management strategies in water-deficient areas.
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Koppolu, Madhusudhana, Yelloji Paramesh, Chinni Suneelkumar, and Anumula Lavanya. "Current Trends in Irrigation Practice during Endodontic Treatment among Dental Practitioners in Nellore Urban Area: A Survey." Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics 1, no. 2 (2016): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10047-0011.
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ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this study was to determine the current trends in irrigation practice among the practicing dentists in Nellore urban area of Andhra Pradesh, India. Materials and methods A self-prepared questionnaire comprising 20 questions was given to 150 dentists practicing in Nellore urban area. The information gathered was the individual irrigant selection, irrigant concentration, smear layer removal, and use of adjuncts to irrigation, gauge of needle, tip design of needle, depth of needle penetration, volume of the syringe used, volume of irrigant used, duration of irrigation, choice of irrigant in vital teeth, teeth with radiographic evidence of periapical lesion, and retreatment cases. Results Our data indicated that majority of respondents (55.6%) are using saline as primary irrigant at a concentration of 0.9% whereas 44.4% of respondents primarily use sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), with 51.4% of them using it at a concentration of 2.6 to 4%. Twenty-six gauge needle with single-beveled tip design being most preferred for syringe irrigation. Only 59.7% of respondents aimed to remove the smear layer during endodontic treatment with only 11.9% using an adjunct to irrigation. Conclusion Regardless of the critical nature of the irrigation step in the endodontic therapy, the results from the study were not satisfying, especially when it comes to the use of primary irrigant, adjuncts, or newer irrigating systems. Thus there is a need to regularly update and check the practices adopted by dental practitioners. How to cite this article Koppolu M, Paramesh Y, Suneelkumar C, Lavanya A. Current Trends in Irrigation Practice during Endodontic Treatment among Dental Practitioners in Nellore Urban Area: A Survey. J Oper Dent Endod 2016;1(2):47-55.
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Maletsika, Persefoni, Chris Cavalaris, Vasileios Giouvanis, and George D. Nanos. "Effects of Alternative Fertilization and Irrigation Practices on the Energy Use and Carbon Footprint of Canning Peach Orchards." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2022): 8583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148583.
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Throughout peach orchards in Greece, plant protection, fertilization and irrigation are often conducted empirically, negatively affecting energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions). The aim of this study was to apply alternative fertilization and irrigation practices in canning peach orchards to improve nutrient and irrigation water management and to assess yield, energy input–output and the carbon footprint of the alternative cultivation practices for three important clingstone cultivars of different ripening periods. Energy use analysis revealed that the cultivation practice with the highest energy use was almost always irrigation, followed by fertilization, plant protection, weed control and pruning. Electricity, fuels, fertilizers and machinery presented the highest energy requirements. Alternative fertilization, in combination with deficit irrigation (DI), was more energy efficient compared to farmers’ practices in all cultivars based on energy use efficiency, energy productivity and specific energy. Irrigation was the cultivation practice with the highest impact on GHG emissions due to electricity and, secondly, to fuel consumption. Alternative fertilization and DI decreased the intensity (kg CO2eq kg−1) of the emitted GHG compared to farmers’ practices. In conclusion, alternative fertilization and irrigation practices improved energy use efficiency and decreased the carbon footprint of the canning peach orchards by improving yield and decreasing fertilizer and irrigation water input.
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Niemiera, Alexander X. "MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLY FROM SULFATE SOURCES IN A PINE BARK MEDIUM." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1163b—1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1163b.
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Amending soilless media with micronutrients is a routine nursery practice. The objective of this research was to determine the micronutrient status of pine bark amended with two sulfate micronutrient sources and a control (unmended). Limed pine bark was unamended, amended with Ironite (1 and 2 g/l), or Micromax (1g/l). Bark was irrigated with distilled water in amounts equivalent to 30, 60, 90, and 120 irrigations (.63 cm per irrigation). Following irrigations, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were extracted with a modified saturated media extract method using .001M DPTA as the extractant. Irrigation amount had no effect on Cu and Mn concentrations which were greater in the Micromax treatment than the Ironite or control treatments. A micronutrient source × irrigation interaction existed for Fe and Zn concentrations requiring regression analysis. In general, slope values indicating the decrease in micronutrient values with increasing irrigations were quite low (≤ .001) for each source. Regardless of irrigation amount, Fe and Zn concentrations were similar for amended and unamended bark.
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Crosby, Trevor W., and Yi Wang. "Effects of Different Irrigation Management Practices on Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 12, 2021): 10187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810187.
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Decisions in irrigation management can greatly impact the overall sustainability of potato production. A field study was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the impacts of different irrigation regimes on yield and quality of three russet potato varieties. For Russet Burbank, fry quality at harvest and at 4 and 8 months after harvest was assessed. During early growth stages, the standard practice of irrigating to maintain 60–80% soil moisture was employed. The irrigation treatments were applied during the late tuber bulking and maturation growth stages, and consisted of irrigation at 125%, 100%, 75%, and 50% of daily evapotranspiration (ET). We found that 125%ET provided no increase in total yield and marketable yield compared to other treatments in 2018, and it produced similar marketable yield to 100%ET in 2019. Total yield, but not marketable yield, of 125%ET and 100%ET was significantly higher than the number under 50%ET in 2019. In both years, increasing irrigation rate led to a decrease in irrigation efficiency and water-use efficiency. Irrigation rate had no significant effects on tuber quality at harvest and during storage. This study indicated that over-irrigation at 125%ET was not beneficial to profitable potato production in the Upper Midwest of the US, and deficit irrigation at 75%ET during late tuber bulking and tuber maturation could potentially result in more sustainable water use while not jeopardizing tuber growth. The results support the possibility of adopting late-season deficit irrigation for growing potatoes in the region, though more years of research would allow for a better understanding of the impacts of this practice.
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Montazar, Ali, Oli Bachie, Dennis Corwin, and Daniel Putnam. "Feasibility of Moderate Deficit Irrigation as a Water Conservation Tool in California’s Low Desert Alfalfa." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2020): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111640.
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Irrigation management practices that reduce water use with acceptable impacts on yield are important strategies to cope with diminished water supplies and generate new sources of water to transfer for other agricultural uses, and urban and environmental demands. This study was intended to assess the effects of moderate water deficits, with the goal of maintaining robust alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yields, while conserving on-farm water. Data collection and analysis were conducted at four commercial fields over an 18-month period in the Palo Verde Valley, California, from 2018–2020. A range of deficit irrigation strategies, applying 12.5–33% less irrigation water than farmers’ normal irrigation practices was evaluated, by eliminating one to three irrigation events during selected summer periods. The cumulative actual evapotranspiration measured using the residual of energy balance method across the experimental sites, ranged between 2,031 mm and 2.202 mm, over a 517-day period. An average of 1.7 and 1.0 Mg ha−1 dry matter yield reduction was observed under 33% and 22% less applied water, respectively, when compared to the farmers’ normal irrigation practice in silty loam soils. The mean dry matter yield decline varied from 0.4 to 0.9 Mg ha−1 in a clay soil and from 0.3 to 1.0 Mg ha−1 in a sandy loam soil, when irrigation water supply was reduced to 12.5% and 25% of normal irrigation levels, respectively. A wide range of conserved water (83 to 314 mm) was achieved following the deficit irrigation strategies. Salinity assessment indicated that salt buildup could be managed with subsequent normal irrigation practices, following deficit irrigations. Continuous soil moisture sensing verified that soil moisture was moderately depleted under deficit irrigation regimes, suggesting that farmers might confidently refill the soil profile following normal practices. Stand density was not affected by these moderate water deficits. The proposed deficit irrigation strategies could provide a reliable amount of water and sustain the economic viability of alfalfa production. However, data from multiple seasons are required to fully understand the effectiveness as a water conservation tool and the long-term impacts on the resilience of agricultural systems.
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Sun, Xiulu, Yizan Li, Marius Heinen, Henk Ritzema, Petra Hellegers, and Jos van Dam. "Fertigation Strategies to Improve Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Surface Irrigation System in the North China Plain." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010017.
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Irrigation and fertilisation are often over-applied, which exceeds crop requirements. Surface fertigation, a technique of applying pre-dissolved fertilisers together with irrigation water, seems to be a viable way to improve the on-farm performance in the North China Plain (NCP). Thus, we conducted a field experiment based on farmers’ practices from 2017 to 2019. Moreover, we calibrated and validated SWAP-WOFOST-N, a seasonal integrated agro-hydrology and crop growth model, to assess the effects of different practices on yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency (WUE and NUE) and resource loss. Lastly, we developed various scenarios using the model to determine improved strategies. The results showed that the SWAP-WOFOST and extended Soil-N model offered satisfactory accuracy when compared with field measured data for the tested domain of the hydrological and nitrogen cycle; farmers’ current irrigation and fertilisation practices resulted in low WUE and NUE, but the practice of split top-dressing nitrogen did not show significant improvement in the surface irrigation system; WUE, NUE and nitrogen loss were closely related to irrigation practices. We further concluded that an optimised irrigation practice combined with an optimal fertigation scenario is the feasible strategy to achieve sustainable crop yield, high WUE and NUE and reduced nitrogen loss.
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Million, Jeff B., and T. H. Yeager. "CIRRIG: Weather-based Irrigation Management Program for Container Nurseries." HortTechnology 25, no. 4 (August 2015): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.4.528.
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A goal of irrigation best management practices in container nurseries is to conserve water while maintaining optimal plant growth and quality. A web-based, container irrigation management program (CIRRIG) was developed to automatically provide daily irrigation run times for sprinkler-irrigated crops in container nurseries. The program estimates evapotranspiration rates based on weather uploaded from a weather station located on-site and plant production conditions monitored in each zone and adjusts irrigation run times based on irrigation application rate, the plant’s irrigation-capturing ability (for sprinkler irrigation), desired leaching fraction, and irrigation system uniformity. For this project we interfaced CIRRIG output with a programmable logic controller (PLC) to automatically irrigate a sprinkler-irrigated crop at a container nursery in Florida. Sweet viburnum (Viburnum odoratissimum) in 10-inch-diameter containers were grown by the nursery for 24 weeks in adjacent irrigation zones, one controlled automatically using CIRRIG and the other by the nursery’s traditional practice of manually turning on and off irrigation. Water use was monitored with flowmeters and plant growth by measuring plant size and shoot dry weight periodically throughout the trial. Plant growth was not different (P < 0.05) because of irrigation practice. CIRRIG reduced water use during the study period by 21% (42 vs. 53 inches) compared with the nursery’s irrigation practice. An assessment of the water-saving benefits of making daily adjustments to irrigation run times based on weather including rain indicated savings of 25% and 40% compared with biweekly adjustments with and without automatic rain cutoff, respectively. This trial demonstrated that CIRRIG coupled with an on-site weather station and a computer-controlled irrigation system can be used to manage irrigation while conserving water in a container nursery.
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Du, Can, Shi Wei Zhao, Jian Du, Yao Fang Zhang, Zi Long Wang, and Ying Ni Shang. "Effects of Drought Stress on Cotton Output and Fiber Property of Different Cultivars." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.602.
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Under adverse soil situations and simulated extreme climatic conditions, use the orthogonal design method and study the effect of 3 cultivars (Xinong Kang NO.4, NO.5 and Zhong mian NO.41 on lint output and quality by conducting the coupling water saving farming practice. The results showed that K4 and K5 perform better in output than the control (Zhong mian NO.41) and appeared drought resistant to some extent. No irrigation or with few irrigation (water saving), the outputs of the plots of irrigation regions suffering from water stress are better than control (irrigating two-three times), average output is increased by 8.11%. Compared with control, the plots with optimal combination of water saving farming practices and drought resistance have higher lint outputs and various fibers, increased by 4.62%~13.76% and by 5-10% on average separately. These demonstrated that coupling of water saving farming practices and drought-resistant varieties had significant effects on cotton output and quality, it provides water-saving agriculture engineering theory basis for the arid and semi-arid area.
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KUMAR, AJAY, S. K. SINGH, K. K. KAUSHAL, and PURUSHOTTAM PURUSHOTTAM. "Effect of micro-irrigation on water productivity in system of rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) intensification." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 10 (October 6, 2015): 1342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i10.52300.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2011-2013 to study the performance of different irrigation methods on water productivity in system of rice and wheat intensification (SRI and SWI) at research farm of ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna. Three methods of irrigation, Low Energy Water Application (LEWA), microsprinkler and check basin irrigation methods were combined with three establishment methods SRI/SWI, line transplanting/sowing and farmers' practices of transplanting/sowing respectively, in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops laid out in 32 factorial randomized block design. SRI under micro irrigation system (LEWA and micro-sprinkler) resulted in significantly higher (128 and 123 %) grain yield of rice as compared to farmers’ practice of rice transplanting under check basin irrigation (3.80 tonnes/ha). However, the grain yield variation between LEWA and micro-sprinkler irrigation under different establishment methods was insignificant. Whereas, a combination of SRI and micro-irrigation (LEWA and micro-sprinkler) significantly increased water productivity by 153 and 156 % respectively in comparison to check basin under framers' practices of rice establishment (0.34 kg/m3). There was a mean saving of 27 and 39% water observed in LEWA and micro sprinkler irrigation, respectively as compared to check basin irrigation (340 mm) in rice crop. In case of wheat, SWI in combination with micro-irrigation system (LEWA and micro-sprinkler) recorded significantly higher (132 and 131%) grain yield in comparison to farmers' practice of wheat establishment under check basin irrigation (3.10 tonne/ha). Whereas, a combination of SWI and micro-irrigation (LEWA and micro-sprinkler) significantly increased water productivity by 190 and 233 % respectively in comparison to check basin under framers' practices of wheat establishments (1.07 kg/m3). There was a mean saving of 23 and 36% water observed in LEWA and micro-sprinkler irrigation respectively as compared to check basin irrigation (249 mm) in wheat crop. It has been clearly established that SRI and SWI in combination with micro-irrigation played crucial role in enhancing the grain yield and water productivity of rice and wheat.
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Alghawry, Adnan, Attila Yazar, Mustafa Unlu, Yeşim Bozkurt Çolak, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Celaleddin Barutcular, Enas M. El-Ballat, et al. "Irrigation Rationalization Boosts Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Yield and Reduces Rust Incidence under Arid Conditions." BioMed Research International 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5535399.
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Under changing climate, water scarcity and frequent incidence of diseases like stripe rust pose the biggest threat to sustainable crop production which jeopardizes nutritional security. A study was executed to rationalize crop water requirement and evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bohoth 3) yield losses by stripe rust infection under irrigated conditions. Seven water treatments included three irrigations in three stages/season ( S 3 ), four irrigations ( S 4 ), and five irrigations ( S 5 ) at the different sensitive growth stages, full ( F ), and two deficit irrigation levels including D 1 = 80 % of field capacity (FC) and D 2 = 70 % (FC) along with farmers’ practice of irrigation as control ( C ). Results revealed that F and D 1 boosted grain yield by 31 and 14%. Overall, F irrigation regime resulted in the highest grain production (2.93 ton/ha) as well as biomass yield (13.2 ton/ha). However, D 2 had the highest value of grain protein (15.9%) and achieved the highest application efficiency (AE) at midseason (54.6%) and end season (59.6%), and the lowest AE was under S 3 . Also, halting irrigation at the milky stage ( S 5 ) led to a significant decrease in irrigation water use efficiency as compared to D 1 . However, cutting irrigation at the end of seedling, heading, and milky stages ( S 3 ) caused a significant reduction in E a , crop water use (ETa), and 1000 grain weight in comparison with all other treatments. Regarding yellow rust, S 3 irrigation regime resulted in the lowest incidence of yellow rust infection. The highest irrigation and water use efficiency values were recorded under D 1 (0.79 and 0.59 kg/m3), and the lowest values were obtained for control. Hence, the deficit irrigation treatment D 1 could be recommended as the best appropriate strategy to save more water and to improve the water productivity under Yemeni agroclimatic conditions.
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Faria, R. T. de, M. V. Folegatti, J. A. Frizzone, and A. M. Saad. "Determination of a long-term optimal irrigation strategy for dry beans in Parana State, Brazil." Scientia Agricola 54, spe (June 1997): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161997000300018.
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The economical benefits of different irrigation strategies were assessed by long term simulation (20 years) for dry beans in Paraná, Brazil. The model BEANGRO was used to simulate crop yield and irrigation requirements assuming eight levels of irrigation threshold (20 to 90% of the remaining soil available water in steps of 10%), in addition to a level considering no irrigation. Net return was the objective function to select the optimum irrigation management strategy, assuming fixed and stochastic distributions of historical product price. The results showed that yield was significantly increased by irrigation despite a high variability for all the simulation strategies, due to variations on growth conditions over the years. Although the net return was highly variable, it was positive in 75% of the years for all strategies with threshold values higher than 30%. The strategy of irrigating the crop before the soil reaches 60% AW provided the maximum economical benefits. The high profit using this improved strategy justifies the practice of irrigation for beans in Paraná.
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Joy, JS, MN Islam, MZ Hasan, and MA Islam. "Selection of effective irrigation practice for optimum yield of tobacco." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i1.21408.
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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of tobacco yield under different irrigation practices and tobacco varieties during November 2012 to April 2013 (Rabi season) at Paharpur village of Kushtia district. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Four treatments were T0 (control, no irrigation), T1 (traditional practice; 13 cm irrigation water applied), T2 (10 cm irrigation water applied) and T3 (5 cm irrigation water applied). Three tobacco varieties were used for the experiment viz. V1 (NC 95), V2 (K 326) and V3 (CS 447). All necessary data on yield and yield contributing characters including irrigation were collected from experimental plots. Irrigation treatments showed significant effects on yield and yield contributing characters of tobacco. Results revealed that the highest cured leaf yield (3.83 t ha-1) was obtained in treatment T2 followed by T3 (3.46 t ha-1) and T1 (3.07 t ha-1). The highest and lowest yield were obtained as 5.05 t ha-1 and 2.85 t ha-1 for the interactions T2V2 and T1V1, respectively. Highest water productivity (63.92 kg/ha/cm) was found in treatment T3. Among three tobacco varieties, V2 (K 326) gave highest yield followed by V3 (CS 447) and V1 (NC 95) as 3.17, 2.38 and 2.22 t ha-1, respectively. Therefore, application of 10 cm irrigation water on the variety K 326 can be the promising practice for cultivation of tobacco. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v12i1.21408 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(1): 171-176, June 2014
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EAJAZ AHMAD DAR, AJMER SINGH BRAR, TODARMAL POONIA, and MOHAMMAD AMIN BHAT. "Influence of sowing dates and irrigation schedules on growth and yield of drip irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) under semi-arid conditions of Punjab." Indian Journal of Agronomy 64, no. 2 (October 10, 2001): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v64i2.5257.
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A study was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 201416 at Ludhiana, Punjab, to evaluate the influ- ence of sowing time and drip-irrigation schedules on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experi- ment was conducted in a split-plot design consisting of 4 sowing dates (D , 25 October; D , 10 November, D , 25 1 2 3 November and D , 10 December) in main plots and 5 irrigation treatments in subplots, replicated thrice. Four irri- 4 gation treatments based on soil water deficit from field capacity, were: 15% depletion (FC ); 25% depletion (FC ); 15 25 35% depletion (FC ); and 45% depletion (FC ) from field capacity (FC) and the fifth irrigation treatment was taken 35 45 as conventional practice (CP). The results revealed that plant height, dry-matter accumulation, leaf-area index and number of tillers decreased significantly with delay in sowing from D to D at all stages of plant growth. The grain 1 4 and biological yields were significantly higher in D than the other sowing dates. The pooled grain and biological 1 yields decreased by 9 and 8% from D to D , 18 and 17% from D to D and 29 and 27% from D to D respectively. 1 2 1 3 1 4 Significantly higher values of growth attributes and yield were recorded with application of irrigation at FC than 15 the other irrigation schedules. The pooled grain yield in FC treatment was higher by 9, 25, 42 and 10% than FC , 15 25 FC , FC and CP respectively. Thus, irrigating the crop at FC using drip irrigation saved 50% irrigation water as 35 45 15 compared to the conventional practice of irrigating the crop at 45 week interval with 75 mm of water.
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ShalekBriski, Abby, B. Wade Brorsen, Jon T. Biermacher, Charles T. Rohla, and Will Chaney. "Effect of Irrigation Method on Tree Growth, Foliar Nutrient Levels, and Nut Characteristics of Young Pecan Trees in the Southern Great Plains." HortTechnology 29, no. 2 (April 2019): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04162-18.
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Although irrigation is a common practice in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards, the effects of different methods of irrigation on young tree growth, nut quality, and nutrient uptake have not been estimated. Five irrigation systems and one nonirrigated control system were established. Tree performance was characterized by change in trunk diameter, weight per nut, average kernel percentage, and total trunk diameter growth. Nutrient uptake was determined by foliar levels. The five irrigation systems were a microsprinkler with a 35-ft diameter, a microsprinkler with a 70-ft diameter, two subsurface driplines irrigating for 2 days/week alternating between water for 2 hours and no water for 2 hours, two subsurface driplines irrigating 1 day/week for 20 hours continuously (LI2), and four subsurface driplines irrigating for 10 hours continuously for 1 day/week (LI4). Irrigation systems affected foliar levels of potassium (K), boron (B), and manganese (Mn) levels. Irrigation system did not affect change in trunk diameter or kernel percentage. A spatial Durbin error model was estimated to use trunk diameter estimates from all trees in the orchard. This model found the trunk diameters of nonirrigated and LI4 system trees to be significantly less than those trees that were irrigated by the LI2 system. When observations were pooled over all years, LI4 trees had individual pecan nut weights that were significantly less than all other systems.
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Simonne, Eric, Nadia Ouakrim, and Arnold Caylor. "Evaluation of an Irrigation Scheduling Model for Drip-irrigated Potato in Southeastern United States." HortScience 37, no. 1 (February 2002): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.1.104.
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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is often produced as a nonirrigated crop in the southeastern United States. This practice makes tuber yields dependent on rainfall pattern and amount. An irrigation scheduling method based on a water balance and daily class A pan evaporation (Ep) was evaluated during 1996 and 1998 on a Hartsells fine sandy loam soil for `Red LaSoda' potatoes. Planting dates were 9 and 7 Apr. in 1996 and 1998, respectively, and standard production practices were followed each year. The model tested was (13 DAH + 191) * 0.5 ASW = D DAH-1 + [Ep * (0.12 + 0.023 DAH - 0.00019 DAH2) - RDAH - IDAH], where DAH was days after hilling, ASW was available soil water (0.13 mm/mm), D was soil water deficit (mm), R was rainfall (mm), and I was irrigation (mm). Controlled levels of water application ranging between 0% and 200% of the model rate were created with drip tapes. Four and seven irrigations were scheduled in 1996 and 1998, respectively. For both years, no interaction between irrigation regime and nitrogen rate was observed. Irrigation rate significantly influenced total yield and marketable yield (R2 > 0.88, P < 0.01). Highest total yields occurred at 99% and 86% of the model rate in 1996 and 1998, respectively. These results show that supplementing rainfall with irrigation and controlling the amount of water applied by adjusting irrigation to actual weather conditions increased potato marketable yield. Over the 2-year period of the study, an average additional profit of $563/ha/year was calculated from costs and returns due to irrigation, suggesting that drip-irrigation may be economical for potato production.
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Assefa, Tewodros, Manoj Jha, Manuel Reyes, and Abeyou Worqlul. "Modeling the Impacts of Conservation Agriculture with a Drip Irrigation System on the Hydrology and Water Management in Sub-Saharan Africa." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 4763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124763.
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The agricultural system in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is dominated by traditional farming practices with poor soil and water management, which contributes to soil degradation and low crop productivity. This study integrated field experiments and a field-scale biophysical model (Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender, APEX) to investigate the impacts of conservation agriculture (CA) with a drip irrigation system on the hydrology and water management as compared to the conventional tillage (CT) practice. Field data were collected from four study sites; Dangishita and Robit (Ethiopia), Yemu (Ghana), and Mkindo (Tanzania) to validate APEX for hydrology and crop yield simulation. Each study site consisted of 100 m2 plots divided equally between CA and CT practices and both had a drip irrigation setup. Cropping pattern, management practices, and irrigation scheduling were monitored for each experimental plot. Significant water savings (α = 0.05) were observed under CA practice; evapotranspiration and runoff were reduced by up to 49% and 62%, respectively, whereas percolation increased up to three-fold. Consequently, irrigation water need was reduced in CA plots by about 14–35% for various crops. CA coupled with drip irrigation was found to be an efficient water saving technology and has substantial potential to sustain and intensify crop production in the region.
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Liu, Haijun, Wenwen Ju, Mengxuan Shao, and Lizhu Hou. "Investigation of Salt and Nitrogen Distribution under Belt Plastic Film Mulching in Surface- and Drip-Irrigated Maize Field in Hetao Irrigation District." Water 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2023): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152755.
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Hetao Irrigation District (HID) is one of the main regions for maize and sunflower production in North China. However, water resource shortages and soil salinization greatly limit maize and sunflower production. The surface irrigation method is the main irrigation method in HID; however, now, the plastic mulching and drip irrigation area is increasing to reduce irrigation water and enhance crop yield. In this study, the soil water, salt, and nitrogen contents at the 0–100 cm soil layer under plastic mulching and non-mulching conditions with the surface irrigation—fertilizer broadcast practice and drip fertigation method were investigated at the maize elongation and maturation stages in the 2021 and 2022 seasons. The results show that the mulching practice and irrigation methods greatly influenced the soil salt and ionic nitrogen (NO3− and NH4+) distributions and, ultimately, the maize yield. Mulching reduced the soil salt content in the 0–20 cm soil layer by a mean of 35.7% under surface irrigation and by 18.6% under the drip irrigation condition. The NO3− content in the 0–20 cm soil layer with the drip fertigation system was approximately 8 times higher in mulching soil than that out of mulching. However under the surface irrigation condition, the NO3− content was 8–10 times lower under mulching than that out of mulching. The soil salt and NO3− contents were distributed uniformly at each soil layer deeper than a 40 cm depth, indicating minor effects of mulching. The soil NH4+ content decreased as the soil depth increased and distributed uniformly at each soil layer, indicating the insignificant influence of the mulching practice. As a result, the maize yield under the drip-mulching condition was approximately 11% (10.6~11.4%) higher than that under the surface-mulching condition in the two maize seasons. Given that surface irrigation is currently the primary irrigation method in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), we have proposed three approaches aimed at enhancing maize production through the improvement of nitrogen levels in surface-mulching practices.
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Prema, P., A. Veeramani, J. Kannan, T. Sampath Kumar, B. Sivasankari, P. Jona Innisai Rani, and S. Amutha. "Efficient Smart Water Management Techniques to Enhance Crop Productivity for Maize." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 36, no. 6 (May 2, 2024): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2024/v36i64629.
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Maize is identified as the “Queen of Cereals” owing to its high yield. Water scarcity is a major problem, where agriculture consumes significant freshwater. Smart Irrigation with Internet of Things technology can help farmers to maximize crop production with less water. The field experiment on sensor-based drip Irrigation and farmer practice was conducted in the research field to enhance growth, yield, and water efficiency. The experiment comprised eight treatments such as T1: IoT based Drip Irrigation at 60% depletion level, T2: IoT based Drip Irrigation at 80% depletion level, T3: Drip Irrigation at 60% PE, T4: Drip Irrigation at 80% PE, T5: Drip irrigation as Normal Practice, T6: Surface Irrigation at 60% IW/CPE ratio, T7: Surface Irrigation at 80% IW/ CPE ratio and T8: Flood irrigation as Farmer’s Practice. The proposed systems-based Drip irrigation at a 60% depletion level can be recommended for hybrid maize to augment higher grain and straw yield. The highest water saving was recorded in IoT-based Drip Irrigation at a 60% depletion level(46.88%) followed by IoT-based Drip Irrigation at an 80% depletion level(40.63%).
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Riri Juliantika, Fiona Widya Sari, Rachmat Hidayat, Puspa Zulaika, and Ziske Maritska. "A Study of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nasal Irrigation During Covid-19 Pandemic." Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal 2, no. 1 (September 13, 2021): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/nasetjournal.v2i1.12.
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Covid-19 is a respiratory tract infection caused by the novel coronavirus (nCov). Nasal irrigation is one of the efforts to prevent Covid-19. Nasal irrigation is an act of flushing saline solution into the nasal cavity. This research aims to determine level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the community regarding nasal irrigation during Covid-19 pandemic. This study was a descriptive observational study. The sample of this research was the people of Palembang city who were eligible for the inclusion and exclusion criteria with the concecutive sampling technique as many as 398 respondents. Data were obtained through primary data in the form of questionnaires, processed using the SPSS program, and analyzed using univariate analysis. The most characteristics of respondents in this study were in the age group 18-25 years (65.5%) and the last level of education was high school (58.0%). The level of public knowledge about Nasal irrigation during the Covid-19 pandemic was in the moderate category of 36.2%. The level of public attitudes regarding nasal irrigation during the Covid-19 pandemic was in the good category at 83.4%. The level of nasal irrigation practice was included in the low category of 75.6%. The community of Palembang city had a sufficient level of knowledge, a good level of attitude , and a low level of practice regarding nasal irrigation during Covid-19 pandemic.
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Makannikova, M. V., and L. A. Lapshakova. "Improving the rice irrigation practice in Priamurie." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 315 (August 23, 2019): 042045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/315/4/042045.
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Soopramanien, G. C., B. Berthelot, and C. H. Batchelor. "Irrigation research, development and practice in Mauritius." Agricultural Water Management 17, no. 1-3 (January 1990): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(90)90060-c.
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Simonne, Eric H., Joseph M. Kemble, and Arnold W. Caylor. "Could Irrigation Increase Irish Potato Yields in the Southeast?" HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 529B—529. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.529b.
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Most potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is produced as a non-irrigated crop in the southeastern United States. This practice makes potato yields dependent on rainfall pattern and amount. An irrigation scheduling method based on a water balance and class A pan evaporation data (Ep) was evaluated in Spring 1996 on a fine sandy loam soil with `LaSoda' potatoes. Planting date was 9 Apr. and standard production practices were followed. The model was (12.7 DAH + 191) * 0.5 ASW = D(DAH-1) + [Ep (0.12 + 0.023 DAH - 0.00019 DAH*DAH) - R(DAH) - I(DAH)], where DAH is days after hilling (DAH = 0 on 14 May), ASW is available soil water (0.13 mm/mm), D is soil water deficit (mm), R is rainfall (mm) and I is irrigation (mm). Root depth expanded at a rate of 13 mm/day to a maximum depth of 305 mm. Root depth at hilling was 191 mm. Controlled levels of water application ranging between 0% and 161% of the model rate were created with drip tapes. The model scheduled irrigations on 35, 39, 43 and 49 DAH. On 85 DAH, potatoes were harvested and graded. Irrigation influenced total yield, marketable yield, and combined US #1 grades (P < 0.01; R2 > 0.85). Mean marketable yields were 19, 28, and 21 t/ha for the 0%, 100%, and 160% irrigation rates, respectively. These results suggest that supplementing rainfall with irrigation and controlling the amount of water applied by adjusting irrigation to actual weather conditions could increase potato yields. Excessive water, as well as limiting water, reduced potato yields.
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Nurkhaida, Risqa, Adang Hamdani, Ahmad Suriadi, and Nani Heryani. "Increasing rice productivity and profitability through irrigation water management and bio-fertilizer in West Nusa Tenggara." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130604012.
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Limited water resources in dry land area become a crucial factor in crop production. The research aims were to determine the effect of irrigation network arrangement and application of biofertilizer on rice productivity, and the feasibility of developing irrigation infrastructure to increase farmers’ income. The study was conducted in Mbawa Village, Donggo District, Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. In addition to repairing irrigation network, five different cultivation practices were applied, i.e. (1) farmer’s practice with integrated crop management, (2) farmer’s practices added with biofertilizers, (3) Recommended dosage fertilization, (4) Recommended dosage fertilization added with biofertilizer, and (5) farmer’s practices as control. Farming analysis was carried out by calculating farm cash flow, while the feasibility of developing irrigation infrastructure was carried out by calculating IRR, NPV and Net BCR. The results showed that application of biofertilizer increased the production of straw and rice yields. Farming and financial analysis of irrigation infrastructure showed that irrigation infrastructure investment was feasible to develop with a relatively fast return on capital and can increase farmers’ income. Through improved irrigation infrastructure, the use of biological fertilizers, and proper irrigation water management can increase rice productivity and farmers’ income.
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V.V, KRISHNAMURTHI, MANICKASUNDARAM P, and AYYASAMY M. "IRRIGATION AND NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN BANANA." Madras Agricultural Journal 86, December (1999): 601–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00670.
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The results of the experiment conducted at Agricultural Research Station. Bhavanisagar during 1994 and 1995 on irrigation and nutrient management in banana (variety Rasathali) revealed that irrigating the crop once in 6-7 days upto 7 months and once in 5-6 days from 7-14 months recorded 18.7 per cent increased yield over normal practice. Regarding nitrogen, application of 125% of recommended dose of N was found to be the best.
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Shoukat, Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Shafeeque, Abid Sarwar, Kashif Mehmood, and Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema. "Investigating effects of deficit irrigation levels and fertilizer rates on water use efficiency and productivity based on field observations and modeling approaches." International Journal of Hydrology 5, no. 5 (October 25, 2021): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2021.05.00287.
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Investigating the effects of optimized fertilizer and irrigation levels on water use efficiency and productivity of wheat crop at small farms is of great importance for precise and sustainable agriculture in Pakistan's irrigated areas. However, traditional farmer practices for wheat production are inefficient and unsustainable. This study aimed to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation and nitrophos fertilizer levels on bread wheat grain yield, yield parameters, nutrient use and water use efficiencies in bed planting wheat compared to traditional farmers' practices in the flat sowing method. The two-year field experiment followed a randomized complete block design of three replications, taking three irrigation treatments according to the requirement of crop estimated by CROPWAT model (100% of ETC), deficit irrigation (80% of ETC), and deficit irrigation 60% of ETC and three nitrophos fertilizer treatments (farmer practice 120 kg N ha-1, optimized 96 kg N ha-1, and 84 kg N ha-1) at different growth stages. Crop ETC was calculated using the FAO CROPWAT 8.0 model from the last ten years (2003-2013) average climate data of the experimental station. The traditional farmer practice treatment was included as a control treatment with a flat sowing method compared with other sown-by-bed planter treatments. All treatments were provided with an equivalent amount of fertilizer at the basal dose. Before the first and second irrigation, top-dressing fertilizer was used in traditional farmers' treatment at the third leaf and tillering stages. It was applied in optimized treatments before the first, second, and third irrigation at the third leaf, tillering and shooting stages, respectively, under the bed planting method. The deficit level of irrigation (80% of ETc) and optimized fertilizer (96 kg N ha-1) showed the optimum grain yield, nutrient use, and water use efficiencies, with 20% reduced irrigation water and fertilizer levels than traditional farming practice. The results suggest that bread wheat should be irrigated with 80% of ETC and applied 96 kg N ha-1 nitrophos fertilizer at the third leaf, tillering, and shooting stages to achieve higher grain yield and water and nutrient use efficiencies under bed planting.
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Wabela, Kedrala, Tagese Bekele, and Mohammed Ahmed. "Effects of Irrigation Scheduling on Yield of Potato and Water Productivity Southern, Ethiopia." International Journal on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 1 (April 3, 2023): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v4i1.116.
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Irrigation water is one of the major limiting factors that affect crop production in Ethiopia. Irrigation scheduling is an important technique for quantifying water required by plants at a particular interval to improve irrigation efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the irrigation scheduling effects on potato yield and water productivity. The study was designed in four experimental treatments as: 5, 7, 9 days intervals, and Farmer practice arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The two years combined yield results showed that a maximum yield of 21.99ton/ha was obtained from 9 days irrigation interval treatment and a minimum yield of 15.80ton/ha was obtained from Farmer’s practice. Maximum and minimum water productivity of 3.34 kg/m3 and 2.4 kg/m3 were obtained from 9-day irrigation intervals and farmers’ practice, respectively. From these results, it can be observed that to attain the maximum potato yield and water productivity in the study area, it is better to use 9-days irrigation interval with a determined irrigation water amount.
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BARATASHVILI, A. D., and E. P. KARPOVA. "TOPICAL DECONSTANTS IN PEDITRIC PRACTICE." Medical Council, no. 9 (July 18, 2017): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2017-9-44-47.
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Joshi, Ganesh Raj, and Ramchandra Bhandari. "Climate Adaptation in Rain-fed Agriculture: Analyzing the Determinants of Supplemental Irrigation Practices in Nepal." Research on World Agricultural Economy 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v3i4.761.
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Climate change has severely impacted the rain-fed agricultural production system which is dominant in Nepal. This situation demands implementable strategies like supplemental irrigation for mitigating adverse impacts. In spite of the importance of supplemental irrigation, it is not adopted on a wider scale. Hence, this paper aims to assess perceptions of climate change and identify factors that influence the adoption of supplemental irrigation practices. Climate change impact survey data for Province No. 1 (one of the seven provinces in Nepal) with a sample of 800 households were analyzed by using the probit regression model. The results showed that the majority of the farmers perceived increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation, resulting in climate-induced disasters such as drought. Similarly, only about 27% of the households have adopted supplemental irrigation practices. The significant factors influencing the adoption of supplemental irrigation practices were the household head’s number of years of farming experience and education level, distance to motorable roads, operational size of landholding, membership in community-based organizations, and the perception of changes in summer temperature. Considering the empirical results, it is necessary to undertake research on sustainable practices and develop support measures for scaling up this practice as the adoption of this practice is very low in Province No. 1. The policy and strategy should also emphasize enhancing the capacity of farmers in technical and managerial aspects of supplemental irrigation practices, raising awareness about climate change and its impact, and strengthening community-based organizations for sharing and exchanging knowledge and skills. In addition, creating additional employment opportunities to enhance the income of the farmers for mitigating the capital constraint and increasing investment in infrastructures like roads for improving physical access thereby promoting adoption.
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Miao, Qingfeng, José M. Gonçalves, Ruiping Li, Diana Gonçalves, Tiago Levita, and Haibin Shi. "Assessment of Precise Land Levelling on Surface Irrigation Development. Impacts on Maize Water Productivity and Economics." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 1191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031191.
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The new technologies of surface irrigation require the adoption of effective Laser-controlled precision land levelling (PLL) to reach the high irrigation performance standards, with significant benefits on water saving, salinity control, crop productivity, and farmer’s income. This study aimed to assess the performance and the impacts of PLL on surface irrigation systems, focusing the maize crop on the irrigation districts Hetao (China) and Lower-Mondego (Portugal). The experimental study at field scale assessed the PLL and evaluated the on-farm irrigation under precise levelled fields and well management practices. PLL operators have been inquired to improve the knowledge about hiring services. The design of surface irrigation scenarios allowed to explain the effects of field size and slope on irrigation and land levelling performance. The best practice to manage the PLL maintenance is an important issue to guarantee a high effectiveness of irrigation performance. The optimization of PLL appeals the application of best soil tillage practices and the monitoring of soil surface elevations with newest information technologies. Efficient operational guidelines to support the PLL planning, schedule, and operation, well trained operators and carefully adjusted equipment, are key factors to the improvement.
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Cao, Yuxin, and Huanjie Cai. "Effects of Growth Stage-Based Limited Irrigation Management on Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions, Winter Wheat Yield and Nutritional Quality." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040952.
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Water scarcity and poor irrigation practices limit crop productivity and increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in arid Northwest China. Therefore, we investigated the effects of five growth stage-based deficit irrigation strategies on the yield, quality, and greenhouse gas emissions of winter wheat. Across treatments, CO2 emissions ranged from 3824.93 to 4659.05 kg ha−1 and N2O emissions from 3.96 to 4.79 kg ha−1. Compared with CK (irrigation in all growth stages), GHG emissions decreased significantly in T1, T2, T3, and T4 (p < 0.05). Water stress reduced the wheat yield, compared with CK, but the decrease depended on the stage without irrigation. Across treatments, the wheat yield was between 5610 and 6818 kg ha−1. The grain protein content decreased in the order T4 > T3 > T1 > T2 > CK. On the basis of a catastrophe progression method evaluation, we recommend T1 as the irrigation practice for winter wheat, because it maintained a high grain yield and quality and reduced GHG emissions. Thus, in practice, soil moisture should be sufficient before sowing, and adequate water should be supplied during the heading and filling stages of winter wheat. This study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the irrigation strategies of high-yield, good-quality, and emission reduction of winter wheat.
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Yimam, Abdu Y., Tewodros T. Assefa, Nigus F. Adane, Seifu A. Tilahun, Manoj K. Jha, and Manuel R. Reyes. "Experimental Evaluation for the Impacts of Conservation Agriculture with Drip Irrigation on Crop Coefficient and Soil Properties in the Sub-Humid Ethiopian Highlands." Water 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040947.
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A field experiment consists of conservation agriculture (CA) and conventional tillage (CT) practices were set up in two areas, Robit and Dangishta, in sub-humid Ethiopian highlands. Irrigation water use, soil moisture, and agronomic data were monitored, and laboratory testing was conducted for soil samples, which were collected from 0 to 40 cm depth before planting and after harvest during the study period of 2015–2017. Calculation of crop coefficient (Kc) revealed a significant decrease in Kc values under CA as compared to CT. The result depicted that CA with a drip irrigation system significantly (α = 0.05) reduced Kc values of crops as compared to CT. Specifically, 20% reductions were observed for onion, cabbage, and garlic under CA whereas 10% reductions were observed for pepper throughout the crop base period. Consequently, irrigation water measurement showed that about 18% to 28% of a significant irrigation water savings were observed for the range of vegetables under CA as compared to CT. On the other hand, the results of soil measurement showed the CA practice significantly (α = 0.05) increased soil moisture (4%, 7%, 8%, and 10% increment for onion, cabbage, garlic, pepper) than CT practice even if irrigation input was small in CA practice. In addition, CA was found to improve the soil physico-chemical properties with significant improvement on organic matter (10%), field capacity (4%), and total nitrogen (10%) in the Dangishta experimental site. CA with drip irrigation is evidenced to be an efficient water-saving technology while improving soil properties to support sustainable intensification in the region.
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Million, Jeff B., and Thomas H. Yeager. "Periodic Versus Real-time Adjustment of a Leaching Fraction-based Microirrigation Schedule for Container-grown Plants." HortScience 55, no. 1 (January 2020): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14402-19.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine if a leaching fraction (LF)-guided irrigation practice with fixed irrigation run times between LF tests (LF_FX) could be improved by making additional adjustments to irrigation run times based on real-time weather information, including rain, using an evapotranspiration-based irrigation scheduling program for container production (LF_ET). The effect of the two irrigation practices on plant growth and water use was tested at three target LF values (10%, 20%, and 40%). For both Viburnum odoratissimum (Expt. 1) and Podocarpus macrophyllus (Expt. 2) grown in 36-cm-diameter containers with spray-stake microirrigation, the change in plant size was unaffected by irrigation treatments. LF_ET reduced water use by 10% compared with LF_FX in Expt. 2 but had no effect (P < 0.05) on water use in Expt. 1. Decreasing the target LF from 40% to 20% reduced water use 28% in both experiments and this effect was similar for both irrigation practices. For the irrigation system and irrigation schedule used in these experiments, we concluded that an LF-guided irrigation schedule with a target LF of 10% resulted in plant growth similar to one with a target LF of 40% and that the addition of a real-time weather adjustment to irrigation run times provided little or no improvement in water conservation compared with a periodic adjustment based solely on LF testing.
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Palanjian, Katie, Luis Valenzuela, Denise Neilsen, Gerry Neilsen, and David Eissenstat. "(321) Rapid and Differential Rates of Root Browning in Apple Trees under Different Irrigation Treatments." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1038A—1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1038a.
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As roots change color from white to brown, their absorptivity for water and nutrients typically diminishes. The effects of irrigation on root pigmentation were studied during 2003 and 2004 in Summerland, British Columbia, using an experimental orchard of `Golden Delicious' apple trees on M9 rootstocks. Root pigmentation was monitored weekly over the growing season using a minirhizotron camera inserted into clear plastic tubes in the root zone. Each tree had two emitters, one on either side of the bole and ≈30 cm from the trunk. Four irrigation treatments were tested: full irrigation with replenishing 100% of daily evapotranspiration (ET) on both sides of the tree (100% both), 50% ET irrigation on both sides (50% both), irrigating alternating sides of the tree with 50% ET (50% alternating) and one-sided irrigation at 50% ET (50% one-side). The 50% alternating irrigation treatment simulated the irrigation practice of partial root zone drying where irrigation was alternated about weekly from one side of the tree to the other. Root pigmentation was remarkably fast among these trees, with median days to browning ranging from 4 to 10 days among treatments. For 50% one-side trees, root pigmentation on the dry side of the tree was much faster than roots on the wet side (4 and 7 days, respectively; P< 0.007). Otherwise, no additional significant effects of irrigation on pigmentation were detected.
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D. M. Das, D. R. Mailapalli, A. Dalai, and N. Kumar. "A Comparative Study on Water Productivity of Rice under Different Cultivation Practices." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 55, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2018554.1670.
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Rice production in India needs to be increased to meet the future food demand of the ever- growing population and under the constraints of land, water, climate and other socio-environmental factors. Rice is the staple food in India, and needs maximum water among cereal crops. Improved rice cultivation practices (RCP) such as System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Alternate Wetting Drying (AWD), Bund Plugging (BP) and Raised Bed (RB) could potentially increase the water productivity over conventional (CON) rice cultivation practice. Field studies were conducted to estimate water productivity (WP) of these improved rice cultivation practices at Kharagpur during the kharif season of 2014 and 2015. Highest grain yield was recorded in SRI practice (5.57-5.60 t.ha-1) among all RCPs. Bund plugging practice showed the highest WP and statistically similar yield to SRI. Maximum irrigation water saving could be made with BP (44.8-60.1 %) among other RCPs, as compared to the conventional practice. It was concluded that BP is the best management practice with highest water productivity, irrigation water saving and commendable yield.