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M, Girisha K., Jahnavi N, Kavyashree Y. K, and Asfa Fathima N. "Smart Irrigation System Using Arduino." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 4621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54502.
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Abstract: Agriculture is a source of livelihood of majority Indians and has great impact on the economy of the country. In dry areas or in case of inadequate rainfall, irrigation becomes difficult. So, it needs to be automated for proper yield and handled remotely for farmer safety. Increasing energy costs and decreasing water supplies point out the need for better water management. Irrigation management is a complex decision making process to determine when and how much water to apply to a growing crop to meet specific management objectives. If the farmer is far From the agricultural land he will not be noticed of current conditions. So, efficient water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping systems. A low cost alternative solution for efficient water management currently in use is drip irrigation systems that consist of an automated controller to turn on & off the control values, which in turn helps the farmers by managing the water supply to the crop fields and further maintains the moisture levels of soil that helps in better crop production. This project probes into the design of the automated irrigation system based on Arduino. This Embedded project is to design and develop a low cost feature which is based on embedded platform for water irrigation system. This project uses temperature and soil moisture sensors to detect the water quantity present in agriculture. The project uses Arduino micro controller which is controller to process the information. The aim of the implementation was to demonstrate that the automatic irrigation can be used to reduce water use
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Kumari, Akanksha, and Prabhat Kumar Sahu. "Internet of Things-Based Smart Drip Irrigation Using Arduino." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9286.
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Agriculture is one of the primary sectors in the Indian economy. Over the past several years, agricultural scientific techniques and agricultural implements have developed in the region, replacing the traditional method of farming. By which the economic condition of the farmers has improved. In addition, there are still some small farmers in India who use the old traditional methods of farming of agriculture because they do not have the resources to use modern methods. Besides, it is the only region that has contributed not only to the development of itself but also to other areas of the country. Agriculture has a major contribution to the country’s GDP and national income. In addition, it requires a huge manpower and labour which constitutes about 80% of the total workforce. Employees work not only directly but indirectly in the agricultural sector. Irrigation is the use of controlled amounts of water at the required intervals to the plants. Effective irrigation will affect seed development, germination, root growth, utilization of nutrients, plant growth and revival, yield and quality of the entire development process. The farmer knows how much water he has to give to the crop and when crop is to be planted, but the best system of irrigation it is necessary to have the information about use of equipment, plant species, soil structure, soil preparation and It is also important to be aware of all these that at what stage to watering the plant. The aim of this research paper is to describe how the Internet of Things (IoT) framework plays an important role in the field of agriculture. Here to show the importance of IoT in agriculture, we choose “Smart Drip Irrigation System.”
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Krishna,, M., A. Vinitha, S. Ravinder, and G. Akhilesh. "SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING RASPBERRY PI." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 11, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 2686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.61841/turcomat.v11i3.14485.
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In India most of people is doing work related agriculture directly or indirectly. An economy of India is mostly affected by agriculture related activities. To check water level of well, farmer have to go to farm and start water pump. Sometimes he has to go in night. If fire is spread in farm how farmer can know? If he know about it, he cannot do anything about it because many plants burned .In this project, we will make one smart irrigation system which will notify farmer on his registered mobile device and email address, if the soil is dry and it need watering, using soil moisture sensor and also notify by glowing bulb and start motor which is attached with main controller. System is also measuring the water level of well and notify the farmer two times a day. For fire detection we used flame detection sensor and if fire is there in farm system will notify the farmer and also buzzer will blow. The aim of this project is to develop a smart irrigation monitoring system using raspberry pi. Focus area will be parameters such as temperature and soil moisture. This system will be a substitute to traditional farming method. We will develop such a system that will help a farmer to know his field status in his home or he may be residing in any part of the world. It proposes an automatic irrigation system for the agricultural lands. Currently the automation is one of the important role in the human life. It not only provide comfort but also reduce energy, efficiency and time saving. Now the industries use automation and control machine which is high in cost and not suitable for using in a farm field. So here it also to design a smart irrigation technology in low cost which is usable by Indian farmers.Raspberry pi is the main heart of the whole system. An automated irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. Automation allows us to control appliances automatically. The objectives of this project were to control the water motor automatically, monitor the plant growth using webcam and we can also watch live streaming of farm on android mobiles by using wifi.
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Mirra, Laura, Simone Russo, and Massimiliano Borrello. "Exploring Factors Shaping Farmer Behavior in Wastewater Utilization for Agricultural Practices: A Rapid Review." Sustainability 16, no. 7 (March 29, 2024): 2870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16072870.
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In recent years, circular economy strategies have gained attention in agriculture, particularly regarding the utilization of wastewater as an alternative water source. This study employs a rapid review methodology to examine farmers’ attitudes toward wastewater use in agriculture. By analyzing studies in literature published from 2000 to 2023, this review identifies the key factors influencing farmers’ adoption of wastewater irrigation. These findings are valuable for policymakers seeking to develop targeted policies that support and encourage the adoption of wastewater irrigation, thereby contributing to sustainable water resource management.
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Ahiwale, Mahendra Krishna. "Farmers Health and Economy." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 21, 2022): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2022/100.
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BACKGROUND Farmers’ health is an issue now a days. India is an agriculture-based country. 50 % of population is dependent on agriculture. Formers have their day-to-day maintenance (food, travel, cloths and shelter) on agricultural income. If the farmers are in trouble due to any reason it will have its effect on the source of food to general population. Which puts them onto a subject of scientific research. METHODS This study involved farmers living in villages of general population. In July 2018, data was collected from a sample of 45 (forty-five) farmers after random selection. This data was collected by using a specially designed interview schedule and observation technique through a house-to-house survey. Verbal consent was obtained. This information was analysed, tabulated and finally presented in the form of numbers and percentages. RESULTS Our present study shows that out of the total 45 respondents, 33.3 % belonged to 30 to 35 years of age group, 47 % from 36 to 50 years of age group and remaining 19.7 % were 51 years and above. All of them were males and married. They liked peaceful and calm life3 of village and agriculture. But they were always worried about rain and irrigation. Their educational standard was poor. None of them were graduates and lacked the awareness of technology in agriculture. They failed to grow more crop from the land they owned. CONCLUSIONS It could be concluded from our present study that the general feeling of the common population that farmers are happy land lords and they do not have to worry of poverty is wrong. Because of illiteracy they do not know the proper techniques of farming. Guidance to them is required from agricultural institutes. KEY WORDS Farmers, Agriculture Crops, Rains, Soil, Technique.
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Devanand Kumar, G., B. Vidheya Raju, and Durgesh Nandan. "A Review on the Smart Irrigation System." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 9 (July 1, 2020): 4239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9053.
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Agriculture is one of the broadest economic sectors in our country, many farmers and labor depend upon agriculture to develop and to increase the economy of our country. We use many wireless communication modules to communicate the status of the field. We use the smart irrigator system and the smart sensing system and many other sensors to use smart irrigation techniques efficient. The placement of different sensors in different positions of the fields to know the real status of the field. By this, we can automatically water the crop and operate different motors without any physical work. The basic components of this idea are to use the sensors and to get an efficient output in the agricultural sector.
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Ajmera, Avi, Mudit Bhandari, Harshit Kumar Jain, and Supriya Agarwal. "Crop, Fertilizer, & Irrigation Recommendation using Machine Learning Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47793.
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Abstract: Agriculture is the majority source of income for many people not just in the Indian subcontinent but around the world and hence forms the backbone of the economy. Present-day difficulties like unpredictability in weather conditions, water scarcity, and volatility due to demand- supply fluctuations create the need for the farmer to be equipped with modern day techniques. More specifically, topics like less yield of crops due to unpredictable climate, faulty irrigation resources, and soil fertility level depletions needto be communicated. Hence there is a requirement to modify the abundant agriculture data into modern day technologies and make them conveniently accessible to farmers. A technique that can be implemented in crop yield predictionis Machine learning. Numerous machine learning techniqueslike regression, clustering, classification and prediction can be employed in crop yield forecasting. Algorithms like Naïve Bayes, support vector machines, decision trees, linear and logistic regression, and artificial neural networks can be employed in the prediction. The wide array of available algorithms poses a selection dilemma with reference to the selected crop. The purpose of this study is to investigate how different machine learning algorithms may be used to forecast agricultural production and present an approach in the context of big data computing for crop yield prediction and fertilizer recommendation using machine learning techniques
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Chendrayudu, N. "EMERGING MICRO-IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE FARMING SYSTEMS IN THE DROUGHT PRONE AREAS: A CASE STUDY OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA." Geographical Analysis 9, no. 2 (December 5, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ga.v9i2.1.
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Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh has varied Physical and Climatic conditions and the district population is mainly depending on agriculture and its related activities. But, the district is far behind in irrigation sources which is the back bone of agriculture. The district soils and weather phenomenon are very much favorable for agricultural operations. But the district is located in low rain fall receiving and drought prone area and it is vulnerable for discontinues, un reliable, onset failure of monsoons. Once, the district is known for some agriculture surface wells and yearlong water flowing streams. Surface wells are totally replaced by tube wells and water flowing streams became dry and encroached. In later stage majority tube wells of the district became dry even 1400 – 1500 feet wells. In want of irrigation water, several farmers constructed more than one tube well. Some farmers failed in obtaining water even from five to six tube wells constructed which has been leading for ‘Farmer Suicides’ noticed in several parts of low rainfall receiving areas of Andhra Pradesh state. In this circumstances Andhra Pradesh Micro Irrigation Project (APMIP) was launched in united Andhra Pradesh in the month of November 2003 with an objective of enhancing the crop productivity by improving the water use efficiency through micro irrigation techniques, improving the economic conditions of the farmers by conserving water, bringing additional area into cultivation with the available water resources, enhancing the crop productivity and production, quality, facilitating judicious usage of underground water, saving in power consumption and cost of cultivation. APMIP is being implemented with the assistance from Government of India, State Government and farmer contribution. The APMIP did a sea change in agriculture by bringing major fallow land under cultivation and creating the awareness about various benefits of micro-irrigation techniques in the farming community to achieve the slogan ‘more crops per drop’. In this circumstance emergence of micro-irrigation system has very much needed in drought prone area like Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh with an aim of enhancing the crop productivity by improving the water use efficiency through micro irrigation systems for sustainable agriculture. The present study is based on both empirical observations and secondary information sources to analyze the achievement of micro irrigation in drought prone Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh.
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Aryan, Raj, Ankur Mishra, Sachin Kumar, and Ms Sonia Kumari. "A Smart Farming and “Crop Monitoring Technology” in Agriculture Using IOT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 1072–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42409.
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Abstract: A Smart Farming and “Crop Monitoring Technology” Using IOT in Agriculture. Agriculture is basic source of livelihood People in India. It plays major role in economy of country. But now a days due to migration of people from rural to urban there is hindrance in agriculture. Monitoring the environmental factor is not the complete solution to increase the yield of crops. There are no of factors that decrease the productivity to a great extent. Hence Automation must be implemented in agriculture to overcome these problems. An automatic irrigation system thereby saving time, money and power of farmer. The Traditional Farm land irrigation techniques require manual intervention. With the automated technology of irrigation the human intervention can be minimized. Continuous sensing an monitoring of crops by convergence of sensors with Internet of things (IOT) and making farmers to aware about crops growth, harvest time periodically and in turn making high productivity of crops and also ensuring correct delivery of products to end, consumers at right place and right time. So to overcome this problem we go for smart agriculture technique using IOT. This Project includes sensors such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture and rain detector for collection the field data and processed. These sensors are combined with well established web technology in the form of wireless sensor network to remotely control and monitor data from the sensors. Keywords: Arduino Uno, ESP8266 (Wi-Fi module), Automation of Irrigation System, Sensors, Batteries, Motor, etc
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Chendrayudu, N., and G. S. Srinivasa Gopinath. "Agricultural Land Distribution and Irrigation Potentiality: A Case Study of Guntur District, A.P." Geographical Analysis 8, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ga.v8i2.1.
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Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian Economy. Indian agriculture sector accounts for 18 per cent of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to 50% of the countries workforce. India is the world’s largest producer of Pulses, Paddy, Wheat, Spices and spice products. Andhra Pradesh is with agriculture as a major source of income for about 60% of its population. In the last 70 years, the annual growth rate of agriculture has been 2.88%, which is far below the target growth of 4% per annum. Even today maximum percentage of land and water resource potentiality is under the hands of few farmers (Forward caste) followed by Backward caste farmers, where as Schedule caste and Schedule Tribes farmers are the marginalized agricultural social groups. This situation has caused the disparities among farmers agricultural land and irrigation water potentiality. The present paper examined intraregional disparities in agriculture land holdings and irrigation potentiality in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh. Keywords: Agriculture; Irrigation; Land distribution; Gross Domestic Product (GDP); Schedule Caste; Schedule Tribes
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KURUKULASURIYA, PRADEEP, NAMRATA KALA, and ROBERT MENDELSOHN. "ADAPTATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS: A STRUCTURAL RICARDIAN MODEL OF IRRIGATION AND FARM INCOME IN AFRICA." Climate Change Economics 02, no. 02 (May 2011): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007811000255.
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Although there is now an extensive literature on the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture, no study has yet addressed the endogeneity of irrigation. This paper examines how climate affects the choice to irrigate and the conditional income earned by each farmer. The paper develops a selection model of irrigation choice and conditional income. Using data from farmers across eleven African countries, the paper demonstrates that the choice of irrigation is sensitive to both temperature and precipitation. Rainfed and irrigated farm income also both respond to climate but have different climate sensitivity. Impact models that fail to account for endogenous irrigation are biased.
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Bridhikitti, Arika, Jutamas Kaewsuk, Netiya Karaket, Richard Friend, Brett Sallach, James P. J. Chong, and Kelly R. Redeker. "Balancing Agriculture and Industry through Waste Utilization for Sugarcane Sustainability." Sustainability 15, no. 20 (October 10, 2023): 14711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014711.
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The Bio-Circular-Green Economy initiative adopted in Thailand encourages using sugar mill by-products for food production, benefiting both farmers and the environment. This study assesses the feasibility of applying by-products from the sugar mills and distilleries into sugar plantations for irrigation, fertilization, and soil conditioning. It addresses challenges in sustainable waste utilization and offers recommendations. This study reviews literature, conducts preliminary surveys, and analyzes samples from sugarcane fields in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. The findings reveal that while vinasse and filter cake demonstrate promise as soil conditioners, their application requires careful consideration of soil type and pre-treatment processes. Vinasse, rich in essential nutrients, can benefit sandy soils by improving microbial activity and nutrient availability. Filter cake exhibits positive effects on soil texture, water permeability, and mineral content. Treated wastewater can be used for ferti-irrigation. However, about one-third of farmers lack confidence in its use due to concerns about limited nutrient availability, high transportation costs, and potential negative impacts on health, agriculture, and the ecosystem. To enhance farmer adaptability and ensure the successful utilization of waste, several challenges must be addressed, including: (1) assessing financial and technical feasibility of waste transportation and value-added products, (2) overcoming regulatory barriers related to transportation and utilization of industrial wastes, (3) disseminating knowledge to farmers regarding proper fertilization and waste utilization practices, and (4) implementing long-term monitoring on ecosystem health and conducting sustainability assessments of the waste utilization to affirm sustainability attainment.
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Hamdi, Mohammed, Asif Rehman, Abdullah Alghamdi, Muhammad Ali Nizamani, Malik Muhammad Saad Missen, and Muhamamd Ali Memon. "Internet of Things (IoT) Based Water Irrigation System." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 17, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v17i05.22081.
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Agriculture plays a vital role in the economy of Pakistan. Issues concerning irrigation have been always encumbering the development of the country. Water scarcity is becoming a big issue because of climate change, insufficient services and rising population. Farmers are not receiving the supply of equitable water efficiently due to current methods of irrigation, such as inequitable water distribution, manual reporting of mogha discharge by OFWM, change of water turn at late night and no need of water at his allocated time, tail-end user problems like either too much of water supply or no availability of water as per need of farmers. One solution to this problem is a smart irrigation system in which the system uses internet of things (IoT) based sensors to monitor water levels and communicates the water situation to the user. In this research, we elaborate on the applicability of the Internet of Things (IOT) in the irrigation system and propose an architecture of IoT based water irrigation system using a wireless sensor network to solve the problems of farmers. The IoT based smart irrigation system is based on the raspberry pi to improve the productivity of water and keep costs down. Farmer is informed about fields while there is any deviance from the expected water situation by a text message.
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Jiba, P., A. Obi, L. Mdoda, and C. Mzuyanda. "The Impact of Smallholder Irrigation Scheme on Household Welfare in Farm-Managed Irrigation Scheme Communities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 52, no. 1 (April 27, 2024): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2024/v52n1a13953.
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The smallholder irrigation scheme development is seen as an important strategy to transform resource-poor communities by enhancing food security and alleviating rural poverty, which has led the South African government to prioritise and invest significantly in irrigation establishment, rehabilitation, and revitalisation. However, little information is available on the effectiveness and impact of smallholder irrigation schemes in improving rural livelihoods. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the impact of smallholder irrigation schemes on household welfare, specifically on household income in farmer-managed irrigation scheme communities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Primary data in the form of structured questionnaires was used to collect data from 160 farmers using multi-stage sampling. Descriptive statistics and propensity score matching were used for analysis. The study results reveal that smallholder irrigation schemes can significantly transform smallholder farmers' lives by increasing productivity and providing reliable income from farming. The study found a positive impact and relationship between smallholder irrigation schemes and household welfare in the study. Farm characteristics and socioeconomic and institutional factors influence smallholder participation in smallholder irrigation farming. Based on the results, the study recommends that the government continue investing in irrigation schemes to increase the rural economy, improve rural livelihoods, and attract young people to farming. Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform must encourage farmer participation in irrigation schemes and build their capacity through training using agricultural extension agents and subsidising farmers with agronomic practices to improve participation in smallholder irrigation schemes.
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Osinowo, Olatokunbo Hammed, Esther Toluwatope Tolorunju, and Iyabosola Mary Osinowo. "Drivers of agricultural productivity: Evidence from transforming economies." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2021-0002.
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Abstract This study empirically investigates the drivers of agricultural productivity in transforming economy. The study used a 35-year period (1980–2014) panel data sourced from World Development Indicators, Penn World Table, United States Department of Agriculture and Statistics on Public Expenditure for Economic Development. Data used for the study include Agricultural Productivity (AP), Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Government Agricultural Expenditure (EXP), Agricultural Trade Barrier (ATB), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Farm Machinery (MACH), Fertiliser (FERT), Human Capital (HCAP) and Irrigation (IRRG). Data were analysed using Impulse Response Function, Levin-Lin-Chu unit root test, Johansen-Fisher Panel Cointegration test and Panel Least Squares regression technique. Impulse Response Function revealed that ln (GDP)reacted negatively to a shock from ln (Agricultural Productivity). Levin-Lin-Chu unit root test revealed that the variables were stationary either at level or at first difference. The result of the Johansen-Fisher panel cointegration test showed that for every case at 5 percent level of significance, we reject null hypothesis of no cointegration. Panel Least Squares revealed that Agricultural Trade Barrier (α = 0.0531, p < 0.05), Human Capital (α = 1.2409, p < 0.01) and Irrigation (α = 0.0771, p < 0.01) increased Agricultural Productivity. However, Fertilizer (α = −0.0730, p < 0.01) decreased Agricultural Productivity. This study therefore concluded that Agricultural Productivity will grow in transforming economy with trade restriction on imported agricultural tradable commodities, increased investment in human capital and expansion in irrigation application. The study therefore recommends measures that will protect domestic agriculture, capacity building of the farmers and improved irrigation infrastructure that will enhance small scale farmers for all-season cropping.
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Anand, Kishore, Sreerambabu, Mohammed Riyaz, and Kalidasan. "IoT-Enabled Water Level Monitoring for Smart Farming." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 8 (August 31, 2023): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55023.
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Abstract: The rate of population growth in the world is alarming. It is quite difficult to meet the needs of such a large population. Good nutrition is the most fundamental requirement for each human being. The old and conventional farming techniques, however, are proving insufficient for supplying food in large amounts due to the growing population. Fortunately, by utilizing cutting-edge agricultural techniques and smart electronics technology, we can raise efficiency and productivity to higher levels. Additionally, this will guarantee us access to food. An IOT-based smart agriculture monitoring system project using Arduino is presented to improve the effectiveness and productivity of agricultural crops. One of the most crucial aspects of our society is agriculture. Every day, farmers generate food. Water is a key aspect of successful agriculture. Technology has played a crucial role in developing agriculture. The world's largest water user is the agriculture industry. Since water is used so extensively in agriculture, which makes up the majority of the Indian economy, it is disappearing day by day. One answer to this issue is irrigation, as plants are fed with water by drip irrigation. Water is well conserved by irrigation. The agricultural land must be consistently watered while being continuously monitored. In many parts of the world, manual irrigation is still used to deliver water for agriculture.
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Sedana, Gede, Ni Nengah Yastini, and Ni Made Intan Maulina. "Roles of local farmers’ organization in supporting food security: case of Subak in Bali, indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 911, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012083.
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Abstract In Indonesia, agricultural development plays a significant role in economic development. The management of rice farming in Bali is closely related to the social, cultural and religious aspects of the community, especially in the management of irrigation. These traditional values with local wisdom are applied by subak as a farmer organization that has a role in realizing agricultural development goals, such as food security. This study aims to determine the role of subak in achieving and sustaining food security, particularly rice. This research was conducted in two subaks in Gianyar Regency, Bali. Respondents who were interviewed were all subak administrators (chairman, deputy chairman, secretary, treasurer, general assistant, and head of sub-subak, called tempek. A total of 40 farmers were sampled (20 farmers within each subak) who were selected using non-proportional random sampling technique. Data were collected using interview guidelines and questionnaires through interviews/surveys, observations and documentation. Data were fully analyzed using descriptive methods. The results showed that subak had several roles in increasing farmers’ productivity and income. These include (i) managing the distribution and allocation of irrigation water; (ii) regulating cropping patterns and annual cropping schedules; (iii) mobilizing resources for irrigation, agriculture, social and culture, and ritual ceremony; (iv) managing subak finances/cash; (v) carrying out economic activities; and (vi) implementing government programs related to agricultural development.
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Afzal, Muhammad. "Managing Water Resources for Environmentally Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.977-988.
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Pakistan’s agriculture is almost wholly dependent on irrigation and irrigated land supplies more than 90 percent of agricultural production. Irrigation is central to Pakistan’s economy. Massive investments in irrigation contributed to the development of one of the largest Indus Basin Irrigation System. Despite heavy budgetary inputs in irrigation system, it is facing shortage of resources and suffering from operational problems. The sustainability of irrigated agriculture is threatened due to problems of waterlogging and salinity, inadequate operation and maintenance, insufficient recovery of O&M expenditure, inequitable distribution, environmental degradation, institutional issues etc. The growing scarcity of water sets the future stage for intensive competition over water between agriculture and non-agricultural users. The growing need for food and fibre requirements of increasing population further limits the per capita availability of water. Due to the limited prospects for expanding irrigation facilities, the projected increase in irrigated agriculture will have to come from significant improvement in the performance of existing systems. Policy-makers and planners are of the view that Pakistan’s irrigated agriculture requires new strategies to enhance input efficiency and maintain and improve the quality of the resource base and to get the irrigation system out of crises. There is a global movement for searching a new type of relationship between the managers of irrigated agriculture and farmers. Such options are being considered by government at various levels to put the system on sustainable development path. In addressing the environmentally sustainable water resource management in Pakistan, the paper makes an attempt to provide an over-view of water resource issues and options.
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Hongyun, Han, and Zhao Liange. "Chinese agricultural water resource utilization: problems and challenges." Water Policy 9, S1 (March 1, 2007): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.064.
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With rapid industrialization and urbanization, scarce water resources are more and more being transferred from low-value agricultural use to high-value industrial and domestic uses in China. Along with water shortages, inefficiencies are apparent in Chinese agricultural water utilization. The causes of these inefficiencies include attenuated property rights, artificially low water prices, lack of farmer participation in irrigation districts management and fragmented government management. It is concluded, against the background of a transitional economy, that the lack of economic incentives in the allocation of water is the principal reason why shortage and waste coexists in Chinese irrigated agriculture. The challenge now facing decision makers is how to resolve the conflict between increasing food demand and decreasing water supply without undermining the growth of cities and the industrial sector. Owing to failures in both markets and government in water allocation, it is argued that it is necessary to establish a quasi-market for water.
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Tripathi, Naman. "Smart Solar Irrigation System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 10, 2021): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34740.
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This paper deals with the one of the various innovative ways to irrigate a field or water the plants using solar power. Irrigation is needed in the fields or farms where is less availability of water , since agriculture plays one of the most vital role in increasing or decreasing our country’s economy . An improvising system is needed in order to ensure not even healthy growth of the plant’s but also reduction of the amount of water wasted during such activities. So, this project signifies a Smart solar irrigation system using Arduino, this project helps in opening and closing the water supply according to the moisture level in the soil and the moisture level in soil is calculated by the help of soil moisture sensor which is one of the most important component in this project. The smart solar irrigation system will have zero electricity cost as whole project runs on solar energy beside that it is a farmer-friendly project helps in reduction of cost of the men required in the field to irrigate and most importantly reduces the amount of water wasted in irrigation of the fields.
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Das, Shantanu K., Aditya Thool, and Praveen Nagesh. "Automation of Water Pump using Sensors." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 15, no. 01 (January 14, 2023): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v15i01.07.
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Agriculture employs the majority of Indians and significantly impacts the country’s economy. Agriculture becomes difficult in dry locations or when rainfall is scarce. As a result, it must be automated for proper plant watering and managed remotely by the farmer. The objective of this paper is to do automation using a soil moisture sensor (LM393IC) and a temperature sensor (LM35) for farm irrigation and soil moisture control with the help of Arduino. In this paper, the designing and manufacturing of printed circuit board is described with details of the working principle along with the software details. Once the electricity is turned on, this automatic irrigation system senses the soil moisture level and activates the pump. The percepts of the soil moisture and temperature sensors offer feedback to manage the soil’s water content. This automated water pump is validated by comparing the values of the sensor with actual measuring instrument results and it is applied on rose flowers to check its workability
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Nagendra, Dr K. Venkata, Dr B. Prasad, K. T. P. S. Kumar, K. S. Raghuram, and Dr K. Somasundaram. "Grain Yield Estimation in Cultivated Land Using Machine Learning Techniques." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i2/ajas21116.
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Agriculture contributes approximately 28 percent of India's GDP, and agriculture employs approximately 65 percent of the country's labor force. India is the world's second-largest agricultural crop producer. Agriculture is not only an important part of the expanding economy, but it is also necessary for our survival. The technological contribution could assist the farmer in increasing his yield. The selection of each crop is critical in the planning of agricultural production. The selection of crops will be influenced by a variety of factors, including market price, production rate, and the policies of the various government departments. Numerous changes are required in the agricultural field in order to improve the overall performance of our Indian economy. By using machine learning techniques that are easily applied to the farming sector we can improve agriculture. Along with all of the advancements in farming machinery and technology, the availability of useful and accurate information about a variety of topics plays an important role in the success of the industry. It is a difficult task to predict agricultural output since it depends on a number of variables, such as irrigation, ultraviolet (UV), insect killers, stimulants & the quantity of land enclosed in that specific area. It is proposed in this article that two distinct Machine Learning (ML) methods be used to evaluate the yields of the crops. The two algorithms, SVR and Linear Regression, have been well suited to validate the variable parameters of the continuous variable estimate with 185 acquired data points.
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Mishra, Prabuddh Kumar, Aman Rai, Kamal Abdelrahman, Suresh Chand Rai, and Anuj Tiwari. "Analysing Challenges and Strategies in Land Productivity in Sikkim Himalaya, India." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 11112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911112.
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Agriculture is the major source of livelihood in rural areas and is considered the backbone of the Indian economy. In Sikkim, agriculture is being practiced by 80% of the rural population, and having no other major livelihood options has created immense pressure on the farmers and agricultural land. Agriculture sector is under great stress as the farmers are being confronted by various challenges in Sikkim Himalaya in recent years, such as land degradation, climate change and socio-economic problems. Despite the number of indigenous agriculture management methods being practised in Sikkim Himalaya, the agricultural production system is weakening. In this context, this paper presents an analysis of challenges faced by indigenous communities, local farmers and potential sustainable strategies for their management in Rani Khola watershed of Sikkim Himalaya. Data and information were collected by field observation, questionnaire surveys of 300 households, key informant interviews and focus group discussions conducted during 2017–18. Data processing and analysis were carried out with a combination of techniques, such as the application of remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS)-based data processing and descriptive statistics. Major challenges identified in the watershed are water scarcity (80%), climate change (88%), soil erosion and runoff (72%), higher investment cost (100%), lack of irrigation facilities (77%), fragmentation and size of landholdings (100), human–wildlife conflict (59%) and pests and disease (60%). Some possibilities and innovations that could address these problems are the use and retaining of various indigenous soil and water conservation (SWC) measures, diversified farming systems, community involvement in the government development process, better irrigation facilities, strengthening the local economy, coordinated planning between stakeholders and development of market feedback mechanism within the system.
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Shahrokhnia, Mohammad Ali, and Ebrahim Zare. "Technical and economic study of irrigation scheduling devices on corn water productivity in a semi-arid region." Italian Journal of Agrometeorology, no. 1 (July 19, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijam-1513.
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It is essential to consider water allocation control and on-farm irrigation scheduling to increase water productivity in agriculture. There are several devices used for irrigation scheduling, however the best device with the most priority is not identified yet. In the present study, the effect of using several irrigation scheduling devices on increasing water productivity in a corn field was investigated. The devices were classified technically and economically using analytic hierarchy process. The experimental farm was located in a semi-arid region in Iran, which was managed by a farmer and irrigated with drip irrigation system. Six techniques for irrigation scheduling were studied including Penman-Monteith model (T2), infrared thermometer (T3), soil moisture meter (T4), tensiometer (T5), and gypsum block (T6). The irrigation scheduling treatments were compared with the conventional treatment adopted by the farmer (T1). Economic analysis was performed. The ease of use of the devices was also evaluated. Results showed for the irrigation scheduling treatments of T3 to T6, applied irrigation water was reduced by 11 to 26% compared to T1. The corn yield in irrigation scheduling treatments was not reduced significantly compared to T1. As a result, water productivity increased by 35% from 2.0 to 2.7 kg/m3. The best irrigation scheduling device in terms of water productivity was gypsum block. In regard to affordability and ease of use by farmers, the Penman-Monteith model had more priority. Considering all assessment criteria, tensiometer (T5) was given the first priority. The infrared thermometer (T3) and Penman-Monteith model (T2) were identified as the next priorities.
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Petway, Joy R., Yu-Pin Lin, and Rainer F. Wunderlich. "Analyzing Opinions on Sustainable Agriculture: Toward Increasing Farmer Knowledge of Organic Practices in Taiwan-Yuanli Township." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 14, 2019): 3843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143843.
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Local farmer knowledge is key to sustainable agriculture when organic farming promotes biodiversity conservation. Yet, farmers may not recognize ecosystem service (ES) benefits within their agricultural landscape. Surveys were administered to 113 farmers, and the opinions of 58 respondents toward organic farming were analyzed to identify influential variables when deciding to farm organically. We classified responses by geographic category within a socio-economic production landscape (SEPL), and by social influence categories. With principal component analysis (PCA), a two-scale, four-phased analysis was conducted. Coastal farmers (n = 22) were the most positive towards organic farming trends due to consumer demand. Plains farmers (n = 18) were highly interested in future opportunities for achieving consumer health and food safety objectives. Mountain farmers (n = 18) perceived the most organic transitioning barriers overall, namely irrigation. In all three geographic categories, farming decisions were not primarily related to biodiversity conservation or ES management, but rather to farming community patterns, consumer feedback, and a lack of barriers. Further, farmer opinions toward organic practices were more influenced by their life experiences than by school-taught concepts. Since no previous studies have assessed the knowledge, values, and opinions on organic farming of Taiwan’s west coast farmers from an ES perspective, the proposed approach both identifies farmers’ knowledge and opinions, and verifies a satoyama landscape with PCA results for informed decision making.
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Adane, Messay Abera, Gashaw Beza, and Aemro Wale. "Determination of Irrigation water requirement and Scheduling of onion at Low land area of Wag-himra, Northern Ethiopia." International Journal on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.46676/ij-fanres.v4i4.250.
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Irrigation that saves water is important for satisfying the economic and environmental sustainability of commercial agriculture and improving the living standard of the people. Precision irrigation scheduling is critical to improving irrigation efficiency. A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years at Abergelle irrigation schemes. The aim of the study was to determine crop water requirement and irrigation schedule of onion (when and how much to irrigate) for most market-oriented crops. The treatments were arranged with a factorial arrangement randomized complete block design with three replications. Three Levels of CROPWAT, fixed application depth (125%, 100%, and 75%ETc) and, three irrigation intervals (3, 4, and 5 days) and 1-farmer practice were used as control. The study result showed that 75% CROPWAT fixed depth at 3-day intervals achieved high water productivity, and saved 2873m3ha-1 of irrigation water compared with farmers’ method of irrigation. It provides additional irrigated land of 0.84 ha with a yield gain of 10.44 t ha-1. Therefore, a 3-day irrigation interval with 75% CROPWAT irrigation depth was recommended for the optimum yield and water productivity of the crop.
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Darmono, Arfin Yogatama, Khakam Ma’ruf, Bagus Putra Setiyawa, and Yanuar Agung Fadlullah. "Optimization of Agricultural Technology with Irrigation Control in Rice Plants Based on Internet of Things." Indonesian Journal of Advanced Research 2, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijar.v2i5.4149.
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Agriculture in Indonesia is the cog of the country's economy. Currently Indonesia continues to strive to increase productivity in the agricultural sector, one of the efforts to increase the productivity of agricultural products is to optimize agriculture based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology using sensor devices and databases. The application of technology has advantages in terms of control systems for the irrigation process and plant nutrition. Furthermore, this research uses Research and Development (R&D) research methods or research and development methods , namely research conducted to solve problems through the development of applied technology. It is hoped that through the implementation of this innovation the process of controlling and supervising agriculture can be easily carried out so that agricultural productivity can increase and the welfare of farmers.
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Rajendran, K., and R. Karthikeyan. "SMART IRRIGATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF FARMERS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 11 (March 1, 2022): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v06i11.003.
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Agriculture is the backbone for the economic growth of any country. But even in the developing countries like our India, traditional forming methods are adopted by our rural farmers. These methods require high man power, more time, regular monitoring and control throughout the entire agricultural process. Because of globalization and the developments happened in digitalization and communication, more and more research works are carried out to make these agricultural process SMART. In this article, it is proposed to implement a smart irrigation system for corps using digital components. The moisture sensors kept at different locations of the farm yard senses and gives signals to Arduino controller continuously. Based upon the predefined moisture level set in the controller, the controller actuates the water supply system to effectively distribute the water at the required locations. This system reduces the excess water supplied to the corps during the irrigation process and increases the life of corps by maintaining the safety water level. A set of solar Photovoltaic cells are used for power generation. A message about the ON/OFF status of the water pump will be sent to the farmer through the registered mobile number using GSM module. This is an automatic irrigation system that uses water more economically and also increases productivity of the corps.
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Gunawan, Fransiskus Xaverius Candra, Asinkritus Ngongo Lalu Manu Mesa, Robby Firman Syah, Bonataon Maruli Timothy Vincent Simandjorang, and Suci Emilia Fitri. "Farmers and Poverty: Farmer Complaints and Problems in Mutunggeding Village." Jurnal Bina Praja 14, no. 3 (December 2022): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21787/jbp.14.2022.529-541.
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Poverty reduction strategies should refer to who and why poverty occurs to make sustainable development programs effective for the welfare of society. The research aims to describe the problem conditions of the farmer households in Mutunggeding Village, Umalulu District, East Sumba Regency, with an overview of natural assets and human and physical resources. The research method used descriptive qualitative based on secondary and primary data from observations, documentation, and in-depth interviews with 102 randomly selected farmers to answer 41 key questions. The study results found that most farmers were young farmers with paddy fields and gardens, had low education and had supporting skills and good health. However, these land assets have yet to function optimally to meet household economic needs due to a scarcity of subsidized fertilizers, minimal hand tractors, and uneven distribution of irrigation water. This condition will be even more severe if the farmer must bear the burden of customs and culture, so you must go into debt and pawn your paddy fields. On the other hand, the strength of the community's social assets is a strong capital to survive against poverty. Therefore, the Government needs to strengthen the synergy of farmer groups, agricultural BP3K, and BUMDesa in overcoming the fundamental problems experienced by farmers and also needs to strengthen the institutional capacity of BUMDesa as a foundation for improving the people's economy.
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Bizimana, Jean-Claude, Belainew B. Yalew, Tewodros T. Assefa, Sisay A. Belay, Yonas M. Degu, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Manuel R. Reyes, P. V. Vara Prasad, and Seifu A. Tilahun. "Simulating Potential Impacts of Solar MajiPump on the Economy and Nutrition of Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Humid Ethiopia." Water 15, no. 22 (November 17, 2023): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15224003.
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Irrigation is widely considered a potential means to improve agricultural productivity, nutrition, and income, as farmers can carry out farming and production year-round. However, the feasibility of irrigation technologies is highly dependent on the long-term economic return farmers achieve. Solar-based irrigation could address the challenges of underinvestment in irrigation within Africa. Evidence on the economic viability of the adopted solar pumps such as MajiPump is very scant and focused on ex post evaluation. This study evaluated the income and nutritional feasibility of solar-powered irrigation using the MajiPump in sub-humid Ethiopian highlands using the farm simulation (FARMSIM) model and compared it with the manual pulley system. Results from the FARMSIM model show that farmers’ adoption of Maji solar pump technology to grow vegetables is economically feasible with financial support such as credit or loan for initial and capital investment to acquire the pump. The average profit under the solar MajiPump, drip irrigation, and conservation agriculture was 3.6 times higher than that of the baseline scenario. While the pulley technology provides the same amount of irrigation water to grow vegetables, its feasibility is limited due to high labor costs and time, estimated to be more than seven times the baseline. The simulation results show that the alternative scenarios’ nutrition level has improved relative to other scenarios and met the minimum daily average nutrition requirement level for proteins, iron, and vitamin A but fell short in fat, calcium, and calories. The results suggest that farmers who adopt improved small-scale irrigation technologies (solar MajiPump and drip system) have a higher potential to increase production and income from irrigated crops and improve their nutrition if part of the income generated is used to purchase supplemental food for their nutrition.
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Thakur, Shree Bhagavan. "Climate change related policy environment in agriculture and food security in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 18 (May 12, 2018): 120–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v18i0.19897.
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Agriculture is the main stay of Nepal's economy. This provides about one-third of national GDP and two-third of national employment. Agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change due to more marginal farmers with small landholding, limited irrigation, low income level, limited institutional capacity, and greater dependency on climate-sensitive natural resources. The adverse effect of climate change on agriculture impacts on farm revenue, employment, income and GDP. Policy formulation in agriculture and food security sector concerning to climate change has become an imperative for poverty reduction, livelihood improvement and economic development. Compliance with global and national agreement, review of existing policy will provide an essential foundation to policy makers, planners and development workers to reform process. This paper intended to find the strength and weaknesses of existing plans, policies, strategies, acts which will support stakeholders in agricultural development.
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S. Sakthi Saranya and W. Rose Varuna. "A Survey on Machine Learning Applications in Agriculture." December 2023 5, no. 4 (December 2023): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2023.4.004.
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Agriculture, which is regarded as the fundamental basis of the economy, has a major impact on a nation’s economic growth and its GDP (gross domestic product). Agriculture is most commonly associated with the production of essential crops. The farmers undergo several challenges in each stage of crop production, including soil preparation, seed selection, spotting of disease, irrigation problems, predicting yields, weed control, etc. This study presents an in-depth study of the recent advancements in the agricultural sector using machine learning (ML) techniques. Machine learning is nowadays used in almost every stage of the agricultural process. The study presents a detailed review of the different machine learning methods employed in agriculture, including the advantages of using the techniques and the challenges incurred in their adoption. The study further provides a comparison and contrast of different machine learning techniques to make it more informative for future researchers.
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Crase, Lin. "Editorial—Using Applied Economics to Study Participatory Irrigation Institutions and their Impact in South Asia." Water 12, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12072056.
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For many decades, participatory approaches, with their emphasis on farmer-centred management, have been presented as panaceas for overcoming weaknesses in irrigation systems. Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) has assumed such a high status that it is regularly mandated by donors sponsoring irrigation upgrades in poor countries. However, the success of PIM is mixed, and economic analysis can help explain why PIM might work in some settings and not in others. This Special Issue focusses on PIM and aims to scrutinise its usefulness, particularly in South Asia. The focus on South Asian irrigation is driven by the reality that smallholder agriculture is destined to be the mainstay for this most populous region, at least in the medium term, and finding solutions to raise agricultural productivity is a high priority. The Special Issue comprises nine papers employing several strands of economics, including New Institutional Economics, Game Theory, and Behavioural Economics. A synopsis of each paper is provided in this editorial.
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Phiri, Joseph, Karel Malec, Socrates Kraido Majune, Seth Nana Kwame Appiah-Kubi, Zdeňka Gebeltová, Mansoor Maitah, Kamil Maitah, and Kamal Tasiu Abdullahi. "Agriculture as a Determinant of Zambian Economic Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 4559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114559.
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For several years, the Zambian economy relied on the mining sector, which has been affected by fluctuations in commodity prices. The new century enhanced the calls for economic diversification, with the agricultural, manufacturing, and services sectors amongst those pronounced. This article focused on the role of agriculture in supporting the economy, particularly, the effect of agriculture on economic growth. The data analyzed was reviewed for the period 1983–2017. The ARDL Bounds Test was applied in order to meet the said objectives. The ECM results suggest that agriculture, manufacturing, services, and mining converge to an equilibrium and affect economic growth at the speed of adjustment of 90.6%, with the effect from agriculture, mining, and services being significant. The impact of agriculture on economic growth was significant in both the short-run and long-run, with coefficient unit effects of 0.428 and 0.342, respectively. The effects are strong because more than two-thirds of the rural population rely on farming, and agriculture has stood as a catalyst for food security. For the effect of agriculture to be much more profound, farmers must be supported with adequate infrastructure, accessibility to markets, farming inputs, better irrigation techniques, which would address the problem of reliance on rain, all of which were inconsistent in the last decade. Additionally, governments must ensure the institutionalization of food processing industries which add more value to the national income.
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White, Chantel E., Meredith S. Chesson, and R. Thomas Schaub. "A recipe for disaster: emerging urbanism and unsustainable plant economies at Early Bronze Age Ras an-Numayra, Jordan." Antiquity 88, no. 340 (June 1, 2014): 363–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0010105x.
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The intensification of agriculture as farming communities grew in size did not always produce a successful and sustainable economic base. At Ras an-Numayra on the Dead Sea Plain, a small farming community of the late fourth millennium BC developed a specialised plant economy dependent on cereals, grapes and flax. Irrigation in this arid environment led to increased soil salinity while recurrent cultivation of flax may have introduced the fungal pathogen responsible for flax wilt. Faced with declining yields, the farmers may have further intensified their irrigation and cultivation schedules, only to exacerbate the underlying problems. Thus specialised crop production increased both agricultural risk and vulnerability to catastrophe, and Ras an-Numayra, unlike other sites in the region, was abandoned after a relatively short occupation.
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Abdulla, Marwa, and Ali Marhoon. "Deep learning and IoT for Monitoring Tomato Plant." Iraqi Journal for Electrical and Electronic Engineering 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37917/ijeee.19.1.9.
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Agriculture is the primary food source for humans and livestock in the world and the primary source for the economy of many countries. The majority of the country’s population and the world depend on agriculture. Still, at present, farmers are facing difficulty in dealing with the requirements of agriculture. Due to many reasons, including different and extreme weather conditions, the abundance of water quality, etc. This paper applied the Internet of Things and deep learning system to establish a smart farming system to monitor the environmental conditions that affect tomato plants using a mobile phone. Through deep learning networks, trained the dataset taken from PlantVillage and collected from google images to classify tomato diseases, and obtained a test accuracy of 97%, which led to the publication of the model to the mobile application for classification for its high accuracy. Using the IoT, a monitoring system and automatic irrigation were built that were controlled through the mobile remote to monitor the environmental conditions surrounding the plant, such as air temperature and humidity, soil moisture, water quality, and carbon dioxide gas percentage. The designed system has proven its efficiency when tested in terms of disease classification, remote irrigation, and monitoring of the environmental conditions surrounding the plant. And giving alerts when the values of the sensors exceed the minimum or higher values causing damage to the plant. The farmer can take the appropriate action at the right time to prevent any damage to the plant and thus obtain a high-quality product.
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Santosa, I. Gusti Ngurah. "Strengthening the Supporting Factors of Jatiluwih Subak for its Sustainability as World Cultural Heritage Bali, Indonesia." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, no. 03 (2022): 08–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i03.002.
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Jatiluwih Subak is located in Tabanan Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia and it is belong to the Subak Landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru. This Subak has naturally beautiful landscape, a unique culture and in agriculture operational based on Tri Hita Karana Philosophy. Jatiluwih Subak has been designated as World Cultural Heritage. To keep and maintain this prestige, subak has heavy responsibility. Subak must be able to keep the supporting factors which always can stand and protect the survive of the subak continuously. The purpose of this study is to determine the supporting factors, the faced problems and its solution. This study was conducted through observation, survey, directly observation to the subak area, group discussion with subak leader, subak staff, farmer and literature study. The result of the study show that the ideal supporting factors of the subak are the existence of land, enough water discharge and good quality, good irrigation facilities, easy to market product and prosperous farmer. Recently these factors are as the challenges of the subak. Subak is concerned about land use change, water shortage in dry season, decrease of water quality, cost for operation and maintenance irrigation facilities, difficult to sell agricultural product, poor farmer, and younger generation don’t interest to be farmer. These problems can be overcome through integrated management system among farmer, subak and government. It needs to maintain the sustainability of the subak from upstream to downstream which include social and economic aspect, culture and ecology.
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Rastogi, Mausmi, Shruti Mallikarjun Kolur, Anand Burud, Tejaswini Sadineni, M. Sekhar, Raj Kumar, and Aashu Rajput. "Advancing Water Conservation Techniques in Agriculture for Sustainable Resource Management: A review." Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 28, no. 3 (March 4, 2024): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2024/v28i3755.
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The evolution and impact of water conservation techniques in Indian agriculture, underlining their vital role in fostering sustainable resource management amidst increasing global water scarcity. It begins by exploring traditional water management practices, illuminating their historical relevance and the constraints they face in meeting contemporary agricultural demands. The focus then shifts to modern water conservation methods, including technological advancements in irrigation, such as drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, and subsurface irrigation, alongside agronomic practices like crop rotation, soil moisture management, and mulching, which collectively enhance water efficiency. It explores into the crucial influence of technology and innovation in Indian agriculture, spotlighting precision agriculture with a particular emphasis on sensors and IoT for water management, remote sensing, satellite imagery, and data-driven methodologies incorporating AI, machine learning, and decision support systems. Additionally, it investigates cutting-edge solutions like hydrogel technology for soil water retention and solar-powered irrigation systems. The review also addresses the significance of supportive policy frameworks, community-oriented water management strategies, and the role of education and awareness, highlighting government initiatives, international collaborations, NGO involvement, and farmer training programs. Regional case studies are presented to analyze the effects of these water conservation practices on sustainability and productivity, offering insights into lessons learned and the potential for replication. Lastly, the review identifies and discusses the challenges and barriers to implementation, encompassing economic and financial limitations, technological and infrastructural gaps, social and cultural obstacles, and environmental considerations. Ultimately, this review emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that synergistically integrates technology, policy, community engagement, and education, crucial for advancing water conservation in Indian agriculture and ensuring its sustainability and resilience amidst diverse environmental and socio-economic challenges.
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Pathania, Ankit, Rashmi Chaudhary, and Krishan Kumar. "Analysis of Agriculture Input Consumption by Indian Farmers." International Journal of Economic Plants 7, no. 2 (May 28, 2020): 086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2020.0369.
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Agriculture has always been a lifeline of the Indian economy as it provides livelihood and employment to more than 54% of the population. It also contributes around 13.9% to the gross domestic product of the country. The backbone of any agricultural revolution is the access of farmers to modern agricultural inputs. These agricultural inputs range from improved seeds, fertilizers and crop protection chemicals to machinery, irrigation and knowledge etc. Keeping this in the background, the present study was carried out to make an analysis of agricultural inputs usages by the Indian farmers. The data for the present study were mainly sourced from various government published reports like agriculture statistical at a glance, 2018 and agricultural research data book, 2018. The analysis of the information was performed using annual growth rate, percentage and compound annual growth rate from 2001-02 to 2017-18. The study resulted in that input-consumption in the agriculture sector has expanded to a large extent during the study period and showing an increasing trend in the consumption-status of most of the agricultural inputs like certified/quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, farm machinery and electricity. Furthermore, it can be suggested that agricultural inputs have a huge potential to scale-up and maximizing agricultural productivity in the country.
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Alexander, J. John, S. Sarath Kumar, N. Kishore Kumar, J. Vishwa, and B. Sai Ashwin. "Sustainability of Irrigation through Shallow Wells: A Case Study in Tamilnadu, India." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21083.
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The importance of role of irrigation in developing countries is widely recognized for economic development and food security. It impacts growth of a nation and contribute to the wellbeing of the people. In India, since independence agriculture has been the primary source of income and a major sector employing vast majority of people till date. Shallow wells play a very important role in irrigating vast majority of area as it is affordable to even marginal farmers. Ground water levels have been greatly affected by increase in population, urbanization, growth of industries, consuming level of food and energy demands. It can directly impact the agricultural sector and hence impact economy. This paper analyses the sustainability of such wells through a case study demonstrating the use of statistical methods to derive useful information. The results indicate statistical methods can provide useful insights into the sustainability of shallow wells. Proper management strategies that can lead to sustainability have been suggested.
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Fernandez-Guajardo, Patricia, Edward P. Weber, and Lisa Seales. "Solving the Food-Water-Energy Nexus One Step at a Time: Modernizing Irrigated Agriculture in Hood River, Oregon." Journal of Sustainable Development 16, no. 2 (March 14, 2023): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v16n2p95.
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Food, water, and energy resources are critical to human survival. They are also interdependent. In the world of traditional irrigated agriculture in the US West, especially in arid or semi-arid areas, the Food-Water-Energy Nexus is undergoing severe challenges, including population growth, significant water scarcity, growing demands for environmental and species protection, downward pressure on commodity pricing from globalization, increasing demand and higher costs for energy, and the challenge of climate change. This wicked problem of food, water, water rights, energy, farmers, fish/ecology, and climate change is threatening not only the ability to restore and preserve the stream flows necessary to meet ecological needs, but also the legally mandated flows to senior water users and the economic viability of working rural agricultural landscapes. A case study of the Farmer’s Irrigation District in Oregon illustrates how a growing number of Western US irrigation district are modernizing their irrigation systems, labeled here as the Integrated Hydro-Irrigation-Restoration Model, by tapping the power of rivers to fuel new low carbon “small” hydropower facilities and pressurize water deliveries, while simultaneously taking measures to save water, promote less fertilizer usage, increase instream flows, and improve environmental outcomes. The new model is necessarily more responsive to the policy demands emanating from policymakers and environmentalists seeking redress for all parts of the Food-Water-Energy wicked problem, from carbon emissions to more environmentally and economically sustainable farming systems/communities.
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Naik, Rabindra Kumar, Sagarika Dash, and Manoj Kumar Das. "Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies of Rice Cultivators in Odisha, India." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 42, no. 4 (March 12, 2024): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2024/v42i42403.
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In the present era, climate change is the biggest challenge for the world. The vulnerability of climate change to India’s agriculture sector is quite evident. Due to its geographical existence, climate change is creating a vulnerable situation in the eastern part of India. Odisha's economy is one of the most affected in this regard. The agriculture sector, being the common practice of livelihood, is always sensitive to climate change. The unpredictable rainfall patterns, floods, droughts, and frequent cyclones have caused severe damage to crops and livestock, leading to a lack of employment and a vulnerable situation for farmer households. Therefore, this study employed the LVI approach to evaluate farmers' climate change vulnerability and used the probit model to identify the factors influencing farmers' adaptation options. To accomplish the stated objective, both primary and secondary data have been used. Primary data have been collected from four blocks (Athagarh, Cuttack Sadar, Barang, and Banki) of Cuttack districts, Odisha, where most of the farmers are marginal farmers. The LVI combined nine major components and 33 subcomponents under it, which establishes a specific functional relationship with vulnerability. The vulnerability assessment indicates that Cuttack district is moderately vulnerable to climate change, with a 0.41 vulnerability score. Social network and livelihood strategies are the major scoring indices in this regard, with 0.90 and 0.65 LVI values, respectively. The probit model found that farming experience and non-farm income are detrimental factors for adopting any strategies to combat climate change. The policy options are precautionary measures that are required to withstand the negative effects of climate change. Therefore, effective government steps required in creating an awareness program, extending training facilities to the farmers, and proper provisioning of irrigation and credit facilities are highly essential for increasing crop productivity and reducing the vulnerability of the farmer household.
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MacEwan, Duncan, Richard Howitt, and Josué Medellín-Azuara. "Combining Physical and Behavioral Response to Salinity." Water Economics and Policy 02, no. 01 (March 2016): 1650010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500107.
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Soil salinity accumulation in California’s Central Valley and other irrigated areas around the world affects agricultural productivity, regional economies, urban areas, and the environment. The direct costs of salinity to agriculture in the California’s Central Valley have been estimated to be equal to US$ 500 million per year. Reduced crop yields from salinity in the root zone account for the largest direct cost of salinity but these losses can be partially offset by regional and field-level management including blending with higher quality water, improving field drainage, or leaching. Effective salinity management must consider the behavioral adjustments by irrigation districts and growers, and importantly, must be based on data available at the regional scale required for policy analysis. In this paper, we estimate crop-specific yield-salinity functions using geo-referenced crop data and shallow groundwater salinity. We model farmers as risk-averse crop portfolio managers and estimate farmer-behavior based yield-salinity functions for six crop groups in Kern County, California. The resulting farmer-behavior based yield-salinity functions account for field-level management of salinity and use the regionally available shallow groundwater salinity to proxy for the true salinity at root zone. We calibrate a regional economic model of Kern County agriculture to evaluate the cost of salinity using the estimated functions, and compare these estimates to the standard field-experiment based yield-salinity functions.
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Devne, Manojkumar Popatrao, Ganesh Madhukar Dhawale, Jyotiram More, and Mundhe Nathuram Nitin. "Evaluation of Blended Irrigation Schemes: A Micro-Level Decadal Study of Shrigonda Tahsil in Drought Prone Western Maharashtra, India." Indonesian Journal of Geography 52, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.49759.
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The qualitative parameters of development of a quantitatively increasing population for a resource stressed country like India, is dependent on the sustainability of food availability. Agriculture remains to be a backbone of the economy and food supply. Agriculture, however, in many parts of India, even today, remains to be rain-fed. Recent efforts at the government level, Centre and State, have helped to bring a significant amount of land, initially under rain-fed agriculture, to under irrigation of various types. These varied types of irrigation change regionally; on various agro-factors. Source of water resources to be used for irrigation in the respective climatic sub-regions and the subsequent crop cultivated in the respective region are just a few primary factors controlling the effectivity of the type of irrigation method used. Irrigation requires technological inputs, which, in turn, requires financial expenses that need to be under the significant agro-factors mentioned above. Governments at the Centre and State levels; have been continuously making efforts to support irrigation practices through direct and indirect supportive schemes. These schemes have their positive, and at times, negative impact on the local agriculture at a micro-level. Agriculture is a state subject in India. The Centre does provide finance for various agricultural projects as well. Micro-irrigation has been and will play an essential role in the future in India. Ever since 1992, the government has been taking initiatives in micro-irrigation. These have eventually transpired into schemes, i.e., Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) in 2006, later upgraded to the National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI) implemented since 2013-14 and subsequently National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture. The present study is an attempt to evaluate such 'State' (Central and State Governments)sponsored irrigation programs on agricultural practices at a micro level, over a decade (2005-2016). The study area identified for the same is a tahsil in the Ahmednagar district of Western Maharashtra. What is significant is that, the said tahsil Shrigonda; lies in the drought-prone region and that there have been cyclic variations in the rainfall, and the various agriculture crops cultivated through the last decade. State Government-sponsored schemes are seen to have been blended with Central Government schemes by the local farmers to achieve sustainability of crops. The effects of the same, on the cycle of products, is worth an observation.Human factors also play an equally important role while using the developing Technology of micro-irrigation. Farmers try-and-test various crops with the respective Micro-irrigation technique, in the respective agro-climatic regions, particularly when the source of water is not assured in the drought-prone area. Subsequent allied government schemes (farm ponds), the market value of the product, and perishability or shelf-life of the products also play a significant role in the choice of crop. The success of the micro-irrigation schemes will, however, be dependent on the effective delivery mechanism through close coordination among all the tiers of government and capacity building of beneficiaries.
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Usaeva, Aigerim. "Enhancing Irrigated Land Use Efficiency in Southern Kazakhstan's Agricultural Sectors." Eurasian Science Review An International peer-reviewed multidisciplinary journal 2, no. 5 (May 3, 2024): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.63034/esr-89.
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This study aims to improve the efficiency of irrigated land use in the agricultural sectors of southern Kazakhstan. This region is known for its significant contribution to the nation's agricultural output. Recognizing the challenges posed by suboptimal water management practices and the increasing effects of climate change, this research takes a multidisciplinary approach to propose sustainable agricultural practices. We conducted an empirical analysis over a three-year period, comparing current irrigation techniques with the implementation of innovative water-saving technologies. The study also evaluates the socio-economic impacts of improved irrigation practices on local farming communities. Preliminary results indicate that the use of precision irrigation systems can greatly reduce water wastage and increase crop yields. Additionally, the research highlights the crucial role of farmer education and cooperative management structures in achieving sustainable water use. By combining technological advancements with community-based management, this study provides a scalable model for optimizing irrigated land use that could be replicated throughout Central Asia. The findings aim to contribute to policy discussions on sustainable agriculture in arid regions, emphasizing the importance of tailored solutions that address both environmental and socio-economic factors.
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Yuan, Yuan, Feng Lin, Carmelo Maucieri, and Yaojun Zhang. "Efficient Irrigation Methods and Optimal Nitrogen Dose to Enhance Wheat Yield, Inputs Efficiency and Economic Benefits in the North China Plain." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020273.
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Nitrogen (N) and water irrigation are two vital factors influencing the agriculture sustainability in various regions across the world, such as the North China Plain (NCP). Exploring optimal N application and water-efficient irrigation methods are needed for achieving greater crop productivity benefits and increasing the efficiency of inputs (N and water) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the NCP. For this reason, we conducted a two-year field experiment with four N application rates interacting with three irrigation methods to examine the effects of N fertilization and water-efficient irrigation on grain yield, biomass production, economic benefits, and N- and water-use efficiencies of winter wheat in the NCP. The optimal N fertilization rate was ≈200 kg N ha−1, achieving a high grain yield of winter wheat (≈6000 kg ha−1). At this N dose, the highest net economic benefit was also achieved by the local farmer due to the increased grain yield, which was accompanied by more water-efficient irrigation. N recovery efficiency, agronomy efficiency, and the partial factor productivity of wheat decreased sharply with the N application rate. Water-use efficiency was significantly increased through drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. Considering the wheat productivity, input (N and water) efficiencies, and economic performance, water-efficient irrigation accompanied with an N application rate of 200 kg N ha−1 is optimal for achieving high economic returns for local farmers in the NCP.
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Chowhan, Vikas, D. M. Chandargi, S. B. Goudappa, S. K. Kammar, B. G. Koppalakar, and G. B. Lokesh. "Assessing Farmer Vulnerability to Climate Change in Karnataka: A Focus on Index Development." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (October 5, 2023): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113152.
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Agriculture represents a core part of the Indian economy and provides food and livelihood to much of the Indian population. Climate change can affect crop yields both positively and negatively, by impacting agricultural inputs such as water for irrigation, amounts of solar radiation that affect crop growth, as well as the prevalence of pests and diseases. It is widely accepted that developing countries are generally more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than the more developed countries. Among the developing countries, India may be most vulnerable to climate change due to its high reliance on natural resources mainly agriculture, inability to adapt financially and institutionally, low per capita GDP, extreme poverty and huge population. Temperature and rainfall are the most important crucial factors which affect plant development, growth and yield. So, any changes in the climate will adversely affect the productivity of the major crops through changes in the phenological process of the crop. So, Vulnerability assessment is a practical tool to identify the systems that are susceptible to be harmed, Knowing the systems' level of vulnerability is helpful to identify and develop reduction actions like increasing the adaptive capacity and decreasing the sensitivity and understand the dynamics between the different sectors and dimensions. In this study, a vulnerability index of the farmers to climate change was developed using the standardized procedures with three dimensions: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Consisting a total of 56 items. The validity of vulnerability index was validated using face and content validity. Consequently, reliability of the vulnerability index was also verified using Cronbach's Alpha. Thus, the study found that the vulnerability index reliability was 0.846(\(\alpha\)).
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Irvan, I. Putu, and Ni Nyoman Yuliarmi. "Analysis of impact factors on farmers income." International research journal of management, IT and social sciences 6, no. 5 (September 4, 2019): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v6n5.731.
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The role of the Agriculture Sector is very important in the economy of most developing countries. Increasing agricultural productivity is a priority for achieving sustainable yield improvements and improving agricultural technology and management, improving groundwater and post-harvest management. Bali Province is a province that has potential in the agricultural sector. Various policies have been made by the government in increasing agricultural production such as irrigation development, production input subsidies, farm credit, and institutional development. The large role of agriculture in the GRDP should indicate the level of welfare of farmers. The research objectives are 1) analyzing the effect of labor, land area, production costs, and cultivation techniques on production, 2) analyzing the effect of labor, land area, production costs, cultivation techniques, and the amount of production on income, 3) analyzing technology as a variable moderating between labor towards production, 4) analyzing technology moderating between labor variables on income. The study was conducted in Jatiluwih Village, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency with a sample of 135 people from 400 rice farmers in Jatiluwih Village.
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., Gowthamani, R. Arun Babu, Rishikesh V., and Sankar R. "Smart Irrigation and Pesticides System for Enhancing Harvesting in Agriculture Using IoT." International Research Journal of Computer Science 11, no. 04 (April 5, 2024): 343–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/irjcs.2024.v1104.38.
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Agriculture plays a vital role in the economy of many countries, serving as a primary source of food. However, traditional farming practices often face challenges such as inefficient water usage, over-reliance on pesticides, and inconsistent monitoring of crop conditions. In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a promising technology to address these challenges by providing real-time monitoring and control of agricultural processes. This leads in excessive water use, which has an impact on agricultural output. This integrated system means that farmers only need to perform little manual monitoring. The opening and closing of the reservoir and field gates, as well as the verification of the plant's age and the matching optimal water level necessary for that time of plant age, are all automated. Farmers may use their mobile phones to check the water level in the field since they are continually receiving updates on the field work. The most labour-intensive and time consuming activity in agriculture is water management. In our project, the water level in the agriculture harvest sting is measured, and if it is lower than the required level, the paddy field is automatically irrigated for the water source or tank using a water pump. It can comprehensively monitor air temperature and humidity, light intensity, ultraviolet light and other environmental elements. In specific use, the agricultural production environment monitoring system starts from the actual needs of the plantation zone and is assembled according to the environmental elements it needs to monitor.
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Lin, Chian-Yu, Yu-Ting Tseng, Nai-Chieh Wei, Hsiang-Chen Hsu, and Wen-Te Huang. "Discussion of the economic benefits of biogas slurry irrigation by analytic hierarchy process (AHP)." Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences 44, no. 7 (2023): 1429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jios-1367.
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In this study, the benefits of Biogas slurry irrigation on farmland were evaluated in the background of circular economy. Biogas slurry irrigation is a worldwide option to promote sustainable agriculture and the policy of biogas slurry irrigation has been implemented nationally for more than five years in Taiwan. As the result, the number of irrigating households has been increasing year by year. In this study, we implemented a questionnaire to apply a two-by-two comparison question to the same group of respondents and used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate the factors including cost of fertilizer, environmental benefits, food safety benefits and operational costs in order to analyze the benefits of irrigation. Accordingly, the evaluation results show that 31% in fertilizer cost, 26% in environmental benefits, 23% in food safety benefits and 20% in operating costs conform to pairwise comparison matrix consistency results after validation that the fertilizer cost which has the highest percentage is the most important issue for farmers. Facing the global climate change and rising raw material prices, farmers will have to pay higher costs for fertilizers in the coming future. Therefore, Biogas slurry substitution is proven to not only solve the problems of chemical fertilizers in environmental damages but also creating a sustainable business model to achieve the circular economy policy encouraged by the government in accordance with the global trend of environmental protection.