Journal articles: 'Irrigation of the Koch Bihar District'

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Karmakar, Dilip, and Bappa Sarkar. "WHAT WE DRINK IS IT SAFE? AN ASSESSMENT OF DRINKING WATER IN KOCH BIHAR DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 08 (August 31, 2022): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15148.

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The groundwater quality of Koch Bihar District (West Bengal, India) has been assessed to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking. Eight parameters have been taken into account for calculating the water quality index (WQI): pH, total hardness (TH), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), carbonate (CO32-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-), chloride (Cl), iron (Fe) and sulfate (SO42-). Secondary data on water quality were collected from Central Ground Water Commission (2018), and the samples of water have been collected from the various locations and analyzed accordingly. The physico-chemical data were evaluated following the standards of BIS and WHO guidelines. The calculated WQI ranges from 23.62 to 95.12. In terms of groundwater quality for drinking purposes, Tufanganj-1 and Koch Bihar-1 seem to be the worst blocks. The magnesium (Mg) concentration exceeds the acceptable limit of 30 mg/l in Mathabhanga I, Mathabhanga II, Koch Bihar II, Dinhata II, and Sitai Block and Koch Bihar II exceeds its permissible limit (100mg/ l). The Iron (Fe) value exceeds the acceptable limit of 0.5 mg/l in Koch Bihar II. The Total Hardness (TH) value exceeds the acceptable limit (200 mg/l) in Mekhliganj, Mathabhanga-I, Koch Bihar-I, Koch Bihar-II, Tufanganj II, Dinhata II, Sitai. However, no sample crosses the maximum acceptable limit for pH, carbonate, chloride, and sulfate. It is suggested that water drawn from such sources be disinfected adequately before being used for drinking or other domestic purposes.

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Bandyopadhyay, Subhajit. "Diversity of the Family Leguminosae in Koch Bihar District, West Bengal." International Journal of Current Research and Review 10, no. 20 (2018): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2018.10207.

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Barman, Bhupen, and Ranjan Roy. "Regional Disparities of Health Care Infrastructure in Koch Bihar District, West Bengal." Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 9, no. 4 (2018): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2321-5828.2018.00160.2.

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Barman, Bhupen, and Ranjan Roy. "Regional disparities of health care infrastructure in Koch Bihar District, West Bengal India." Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 11, no. 8 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2021.00026.5.

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Karmakar, Sangita, Bhupen Barman, and Ranjan Roy. "Block-Wise Disparities in Socio-Economic Condition of Koch Bihar District, West Bengal." Journal of Global Resources 06, no. 01 (December 31, 2019): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46587/jgr.2019.v06i01.019.

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Sagar, Sandip. "Changing Pattern of Agricultural Mechanization in Nalanda District of Bihar." Journal of Advanced Research in English and Education 05, no. 02 (February 19, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2456.4370.202004.

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In agricultural production, farm mechanisation is a very necessary input. The number of tractors has increased rapidly, and in recent years, the population of draught animals has decreased in Bihar. A study was conducted in Nalanda District of Bihar, to classify the trend of tractor use and their economics. Mechanization is one of the most striking and pervasive phenomena of our times. Unfortunately, its study has been neglected by the social sciences, which have not sufficiently recognized that while technology itself belongs to the field of the natural sciences, its far-reaching effects on social life make it a vital subject for study by the social sciences. Insufficient and high variable precipitation and low fertility are major constraints to agricultural productivity. This brings the role of irrigation facilities and use of fertilizers. India is witnessing growth in irrigation facilities. Wells, canals and dams are constructed to cater needs of farmers. However, there is a lot to be achived in this regard. Applaying fertlizes are increasing day by day. It increases production as well as productivity of the field. At the same time, there is rampat mechanization of agriculture. Thus, it reduces human efforts and increases production of the field.

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Warshini, Amrit. "Adoption of Banana Production Technology Among Banana Growers in Vaishali District of Bihar." Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 22, no. 5 (December 1, 2022): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54986/irjee/2022/dec_spl/137-141.

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India’s banana ranks fi rst in production and third in area and Bihar ranks 7th in the country. Dwarf canvendish, Alpan, Chinia, Chinichampa, Malbhog, Muthia and Kothia are Bihar cultivars. The Vaishali district area around the ganga basin is known for its banana production. The study comprised 135 respondents from seven villages in Bidupur and Hajipur blocks of Vaishali District of Bihar. Correlation between knowledge and adoption of banana production technologies and profi le of banana growers were obtained. The fi ndings revealed that majority (66%) of the farmers had medium level of overall knowledge regarding recommended banana production technologies. In context of practice-wise knowledge it was found that most of the farmers had low knowledge level and majority (70%) of respondents had medium adoption of recommended technologies. High level of adoption was reported for practices like propagation method (82.67%), cutting-pruning and stacking (64.67%), irrigation management (59.33%) and selection of varieties (57.33%). Extension personnel and agriculture scientist might have enhanced production of banana through regular visit, training and guidance to farmers.\

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Das, Jayanta, and Sudip Kumar Bhattacharya. "Trend analysis of long-term climatic parameters in Dinhata of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal." Spatial Information Research 26, no. 3 (February 8, 2018): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41324-018-0173-3.

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Das, Satyajit, and Surjapada Paul. "An Assessment of Soil Quality and Agricultural Production Status in the Alluvial Soil Region: A Case Study in Koch Bihar District, West Bengal, India." Current World Environment 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.1.24.

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Soil refers to the upper layer of the Earth’s surface, which is made up of a mixture of organic residues, clay, and rock particles, and that's where plants grow. The soil quality is the environmental aspect that is most significant in agricultural activities, as well as for the concern of the safety of agricultural produces. At present-day, soil quality assessment becomes the most important issue because of the raising food security awareness. This study was assessed in Koch Bihar district, West Bengal, India, to quantify soil quality using the weighted Soil Quality Index (SQI) approach. For this assessment, the soil-related data were collected from the Soil Health Card (SHC) of the Agricultural Development Offices in all blocks of Koch Bihar and then analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) and expert opinion (EO) method. The weights of the selected soil quality indicators were determined using the integrated Fuzzy-AHP model. According to this method, 12 indicators, i.e., soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon content, nitrogen content, potassium content, phosphors content, soil texture, the groundwater level in the winter season, cropping intensity, and drainage frequency were considered based on literature review. The SQI assessment was done accordingly for each spatial unit (Block), and the spatial variability of the soil quality map was produced by GIS spatial analysis module. The findings may aid in promoting non-harmful produce production, the provision of scientific data for agricultural structure adjustment, and the maintenance of agricultural sustainability.

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Sayantan, D., and S. Shardendu. "Comparative Study of Various Metals in the Sewage Samples of Three Major Drains of the City-Patna, Bihar, India." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 16, no. 4 (October 16, 2017): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.43.3.

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Untreated sewage is a major water pollutant and widely used for irrigation in the agricultural fields of district Patna, Bihar, India. When sewage, containing heavy metals, irrigated into the agricultural fields, it enters into the human food chain by the process of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. In view of the above fact, the present study was conducted to determine the level of metals in the sewage samples of three major drains namely Mandiri, Rajapur and Pahari situated in the city Patna, Bihar, India, during March 2010 to February 2011. In comparison with other two drains, the metals were found in higher amount in the sewage of Pahari drain throughout the year.

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Chandra, Ravish, Shilpi Kumari, S. K. Jain, and A. K. Singh. "Assessment of Ground Water Resources for Irrigation in Aurngabad District of South Bihar." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 04 (April 10, 2018): 1606–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.181.

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Saha, Anwesha, and Dr Indira Lepcha Nee Lama. "Problems faced by farm women in the field of agriculture in Koch Bihar district, West Bengal." International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26180723.2024.v7.i4e.568.

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Chandra, Ravish, S. K. Jain, and A. K. Singh. "Assessment of Ground Water Resources for Irrigation in Nalanda District of South Bihar, India." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 2 (February 10, 2018): 1223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.702.150.

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14

Kumari, Suman, and Mukesh Maurya. "Optimization of Resources using Sen’s Multi Objective Programming (MOP) Model for Potato Growers of Nalanda District, Bihar." Environment and Ecology 41, no. 3C (September 2023): 1937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.60151/envec/swcp7346.

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An appropriate resource use planning is required for the development of farming sector. Increasing income, employment with lesser use of irrigation, fertilizer may be the major objectives to be achieved. There are several mathematical models for achieving multiple objectives. Sen’s Multi Objective Programming (MOP) model is most popular for achieving several objectives simultaneously. In the present study, an optimal cropping plan was proposed for potato growers of Nalanda district of Bihar for increasing income, employment with lesser use of fertilizer.

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Mandal, Vinay Prasad, Raihan Ahmad, Sufia Rehman, Md Masroor, and Haroon Sajjad. "Exploring Optimal Cereal Crop Sequence Using Cultivated Land Utilization Index and Yield in Katihar District, India: A Sub Division Level Analysis." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 9, no. 1 (May 3, 2019): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1005/2019.9.1/1005.1.62.81.

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The present study attempts to identify the suitable crop sequences in an agriculturally productive district of Bihar, India. Rice-rice-vegetables, rice-maize-rice, rice-maize-maize, rice-maize-jute, rice-pulse-rice, rice-pulse-jute, rice-pulse-potato, and maize-maize-rice were found to be the suitable crop sequences in the area under study. Findings revealed that most of the blocks were found suitable for suggested crop sequences, while only two blocks (namely Balrampur and Barsoi) showed low potential in the rice-maize-rice sequence. Use of farm machinery, application of efficient farm inputs, and irrigation is required to maximize the yield and achieve long-term agricultural sustainability in this district.

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Bhattacharjee, Piyasi. "Some medicinal plants with anti -fertility potential used by the tribal people of the District Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 24 (2021): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2021.v24.004.

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The increase in population is becoming a comprehensive dilemma, causing much pressure alternative medicine for anti-fertility action. Ayurveda and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in various human ailments. India has about more than 45000 plant species and among them several thousand are claimed to possess medicinal properties. Researchers conducted in the last few decades on the plants mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally for anti-fertility action. This review reveals that some plants and their part used having anti-fertility action, which are helpful for researcher to develop new herbal anti-fertility formulations. In the recent years, interest in drugs of plant origin has been progressively increased. The Koch Rajbangshi people use various wild and cultivated plants as medicine for curing different diseases. They completely or partially depend upon these plants for curing various diseases. The plants are mostly used as first aid treatment in most of the diseases. In almost every village there is a medical man who generally knows the traditional uses of the plants. There are some ritual believes also associated with these medicinal plants or ethnomedicines. A good number of these plants are also included in their daily diet. Above all, the plants have also some market value, thus playing an important socio-economic role among the people of the various tribal people. With the use of modern day medical techniques the traditional health care system is now at the verge of extinction. In the present work, the Researcher tried to document the plants used for the medicinal purposes in the, District Cooch Behar or Koch Bihar of the North Bengal region. To create a database of traditional knowledge and use pattern of some plants with infertility potential by Koch or Rajbangshi people in the region all the plants with its uses are documented in this study.

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P.R. Bhatnagar, A.K. Sikka, U.S. Gautam, S.S. Singh, Ujjwal Kumar, and K. Rajan. "Microtube Irrigation For Banana Cultivation in South Bihar: Participatory Assessement and Refinement." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 44, no. 2 (June 30, 2007): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2007442.1267.

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To evaluate the efficacy of drip irrigation to improve production and quality of horticultural crops in humid region of eastern India, a participatory study was carried out at four locations in Patna district (Bihar, India) with banana as target crop. Initially, the system was laid out as per conventional design having TABE (take apart button emitter) with 12mm lateral which gave 7.2 I/h discharge with coefficient of variation of 54%. The system was refined to improve its performance and reduce the cost as per need and perception of the farmers. Farmers expressed one TABE per plant insufficient and hence, TABE were replaced with newly designed star microtube emitters, which delivered water at four points in a circle of 25 cm diameter around a plant. A decreasing trend in the discharge along lateral was observed which was rectified by replacing the lateral with 16mm lateral. The system had better performance with less discharge variations and cheap as compared to conventional system. The system was tested with two varieties of banana: Alpan and dwarf Cavendish. Farmers were satisfied with the refinements and realized advantages of drip irrigation in early shooting and bunch emergence, better finger size and bunch size, and better returns. Considering annualised cost of the drip system and benefits due to improved production only, the B-C ratio was 1.0 I to 1.87 for var. Alpan and 1.61 to 1.75 for var. dwarf Cavendish.

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Singh, Arvind Kumar, Jitendra Rajput, Ashish Rai, Anshu Gangwar, Brajesh Shahi, Ram Babu Sharma, Neelam Kumari, Satish Kumar Singh, SriKant, and Vikas Kumar Rai. "Socio-economic upliftment of farmers through model irrigated village approach in East Champaran (Bihar), India: A case study." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (November 29, 2020): 556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2332.

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In India, the precious freshwater resources are becoming scarcer due to the climate change effect coupled with their inappropriate planning and management at the field level. Development of water resources and sensitization of farming community/irrigators towards effective utilization of these resources is need of the hour and it is one of the most important factors in conservation and preservation water resources for future requirements. This case study has highlighted the direct and indirect benefits derived by implementation of National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) scheme in Nawada, a village of the district East Champaran in Bihar state initiated by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Piprakothi, East Champaran under Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar. Two groups of farmers of the village was chosen to evaluate the benefits derived from this scheme. Under this scheme, tube-wells were developed to facilitate assured irrigation. This study revealed that the total savings of approximate Rs.10,000 ($140) per hectare to irrigate wheat crop three times in Rabi season was achieved over conventional irrigation system. This scheme has also resulted in other intangible benefits which included a reduction in pollution, an increase in the number of crops- rabi , kharif and zaid seasons and adequate time to carryout out other farm operations.

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Das, Jayanta, Amiya Gayen, Sunil Saha, and Sudip Kr Bhattacharya. "Modelling of alternative crops suitability to tobacco based on Analytical hierarchy process in Dinhata subdivision of Koch Bihar district, West Bengal." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 3, no. 4 (November 9, 2017): 1571–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40808-017-0392-y.

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CHANDRA, RAVISH, and SHABANAM KUMARI. "Estimation of crop water requirement for rice- wheat and rice- maize cropping system using CROPWAT model for Pusa, Samastipur district, Bihar." Journal of AgriSearch 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21921/jas.v8i2.7299.

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This study is about estimation of crop water requirement for rice-wheat and rice-rabi maize cropping system for Pusa Region of Samastipur district of Bihar using CROPWAT model for year 2017-18.The effective rainfall was calculated using USDA S.C. Method. Reference crop evaporation was calculated using meteorological data viz temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and Sunshine using Penman Monteith equation. The meteorological data were collected from university observatory of R.P.C.A.U Pusa. Crop coefficient (Kc) value was taken according to crop growth stages. Effective rainfall and crop water requirement was used for determining net irrigation requirement. The annual crop water requirement of Rice- Wheat cropping system was found to be 904.1 mm whereas the crop-water requirement of Rice- Rabi Maize cropping system was 991.7 mm.

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Priya, Ruchi, Chandan Kumar Panda, Anil Paswan, Suborna Roy Choudhary, Sunil Kumar, and Fozia Homa. "Assessment of Farmer Knowledge Level about Recommended Production Technology in Maize (Zea mays) Crop." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (October 25, 2023): 1551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113308.

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The present research work was conducted in the Darbhanga and Bhagalpur district of Bihar to assess the knowledge level of farmers about recommended maize production technology. The ex-post facto research design was used. Three villages are purposefully chosen for each district and a total of 210 respondents were selected randomly. Results shown that the majority of respondents (40.5%) fall into the 40–54-year age group followed by most the respondents have educational background up to the level of senior secondary. It was observed that most the respondents have farming experience range of 9 -14 years followed by BAO (Block Agriculture Officer) is the most preferred extension exposure by the respondents, most of the respondents had the membership of panchayat. The average knowledge level of respondents is determined by knowledge test which contains question regarding different cultivation practices of maize further data from result revealed that the average knowledge level in planting time, soil and land preparation, method of sowing, seed rate and spacing, irrigation management, insect- pest management is higher in Bhagalpur respondents compare to Darbhanga district respondents. Average knowledge level in insect -pest management is low in both districts compare to other cultivation practices.

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SINGH, K. M., R. K. P. SINGH, ANJANI KUMAR, ABHAY KUMAR, M. S. MEENA, and V. P. CHAHAL. "Implications of labour migration for rice production and household economy: Evidences from eastern India." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 6 (June 5, 2015): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i6.49191.

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The study evaluates the extent, impact and determinants of labour migration in Bihar. Data were collected in 2011 from four hundred households (200 migrants and 200 non-migrants) four villages, each of rainfed ecosystem (Madhubani district) and partially irrigated ecosystem (East Champaran district). Non-linear model (Cobb-Douglas) was used to find out impact of migration on input efficiencies in rice production. Regression coefficients (Î²) were computed for major factors of production. Probit model employed to measure the determinants of migration. Study reveals that youngsters are more prone to migration to urban centers for non-farm activities. Migration helped in rational use of two critical inputs, i.e. labour and irrigation in rice production. Judicious use of human labour wasalso observed at native place due to migration of surplus labour. However, potential of land and capital (seeds, fertilizers and agricultural chemicals) are still to be exploited on both categories of households. Migrants remittance utilized for meeting consumption need, better education to children, improved housing and better health care facilities. Remittances helped in improving livelihoods of migrant households. Migration also inculcated saving habits amongst migrants. It emerged as risk-coping strategy for weaker sections of society. Allocation of remittances on agricultural inputs could have increased if proper infrastructure facilities were made available in rural areas for faster dissemination of modern agricultural technologies. Male member of lower caste having large land size and dependents is more prone to migration. Caste barrier in migration has weakened in Bihar but still persist, however, size of farm is no more taboo.

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ABDUS SATTAR and S.A. KHAN. "AE/PE versus crop planning in North-West Alluvial Plain Zone of Bihar." Journal of Agrometeorology 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v18i2.949.

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The climatic risk for fitting of rainfed crops during kharif and rabi seasons has been worked out by employing the probabilistic values of AE/PE, i.e. index of moisture adequacy (Ima), estimated at 50 and 75 per cent probability levels on weekly basis for three district (Muzaffarpur, West Champanan and Begusarai of Bihar. Maize followed by toria appeared to be the better cropping system than other cropping systems tested in coarse-textured soil. In medium- and fine-textured soils, maize/short duration rice during kharif season followed by toria in rabi season was found to be the most efficient cropping system for potential productivity under rainfed condition. Kharif maize could successfully replace kharif rice under rainfed condition in areas where moisture stress occurs at different growth phases induced by erratic monsoon. Fair yields of short-duration rice could be expected under rainfed condition in mediumand fine-textured soils. Toria could be more successfully grown as rabi crop than lentil in the three selected locations. The study identifies the phenological phases subjected to water stress and hence, it is effective in scheduling irrigation. Alternate crops have also been suggested.

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Kumar, Sumant, Manish Kumar, Veerendra Kumar Chandola, Vinod Kumar, Ravi K. Saini, Neeraj Pant, Nikul Kumari, et al. "Groundwater Quality Issues and Challenges for Drinking and Irrigation Uses in Central Ganga Basin Dominated with Rice-Wheat Cropping System." Water 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172344.

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Increased population and increasing demands for food in the Indo-Gangetic plain are likely to exert pressure on fresh water due to rise in demand for drinking and irrigation water. The study focuses on Bhojpur district, Bihar located in the central Ganga basin, to assess the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purpose and discuss the issues and challenges. Groundwater is mostly utilized in the study area for drinking and irrigation purposes (major crops sown in the area are rice and wheat). There were around 45 groundwater samples collected across the study region in the pre-monsoon season (year 2019). The chemical analytical results show that Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3− ions are present in abundance in groundwater and governing the groundwater chemistry. Further analysis shows that 66%, 69% and 84% of the samples exceeded the acceptable limit of arsenic (As), Fe and Mn respectively and other trace metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) are within the permissible limit of drinking water as prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water. Generally, high As concentration has been found in the aquifer (depth ranges from 20 to 40 m below ground surface) located in proximity of river Ganga. For assessing the irrigation water quality, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Na%, permeability index (PI) and calcium alteration index (CAI) were calculated and found that almost all the samples are found to be in good to excellent category for irrigation purposes. The groundwater facie has been classified into Ca-Mg-HCO3 type.

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Kumar, Ajeet, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Sunita Kumari Meena, S. K. Sinha, and Lalita Rana. "Groundwater Contamination with Nitrate and Human Health Risk Assessment of North East Alluvial Plains of Bihar, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 3 (February 29, 2024): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i34016.

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Groundwater is natural resources which supplies almost half of all drinking water in the world and plays a key role in food production. Consuming water containing high nitrate concentration have immediate effect on infant and could cause the risk of diseases Methemoglobinemia in which blood lacks the ability to carry sufficient oxygen to the individual body cells. As difference in nitrate concentration in water, made it important to study the undesirable effect of it. In rural areas, groundwater contamination is a problem related to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers by local farmers. Shallow groundwater plays a vital role in water use and the yield of Maize. Nitrogen application significantly affects crop uptake and utilization of water from irrigation, but little is known about groundwater use. Farmers are applying nitrogen on an average 278 kg/ha in Kharif maize, which is about 131.72% more than the RDN of Kharif maize i.e. 120 KgN/ha. The mean value of N application by farmers ranges from 251-323 kg/ha. The Maximum rate of N application was observed in Khagaria (323 kg N/ha) followed by Madhepura (275.08 kg N/ha) and minimum in case of Saharsa district (251.16 kg N/ha). The application rate of nitrogenous fertilizer, varying from 109.25% to 169.16% over the RDN, resulting in NO3- leaching. The groundwater and surfacewater from 12 villages was collected and various quality parameters were analysed. The nitrate in ground water varied (1.87- 6.19 mg/L) and surface water (1.87 – 3.84 mg/L) being maximum concentration of nitrate in Madhepura district. The present study on nitrate leaching in soil, its level of contamination in ground water and human health risk assessment by chronic daily intake of nitrate and Hazard Quotient (H.Q) values in the study area of Khagaria, Saharsa, Madhepura and Supaul has been carried out in the eastern alluvial region of Bihar.

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KUMAR, UJJWAL, RAMESH CHANDRA BHARATI, RAVI KANT CHAUBEY, K. RAO, VED PRAKASH, and ABHAY KUMAR. "Gender perspective of conservation agriculture." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 8 (August 21, 2018): 1202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i8.82535.

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Conservation agriculture (CA) technologies are the future of sustainable agriculture. Many research, and developmental organizations including farmers group are engaged in promoting CA technology for more than a decade. Gender has an important role in adoption and dissemination of CA technologies that include use of zero tillage, paddy transplanter, crop diversification and other interventions. Present study has been conducted in Madhubani district of Bihar state to analyse gender segregated key benefits, advantages, disadvantages, issues and the key decision processes and criteria for CA technology adoption. Data were collected through focus group discussions involving male and female farmers. Important advantages of CA technologies expressed by the farmers group were reduction of labour, time saving, better yield, cost saving, low tillage cost and reduction in drudgery. The key problems and issues affecting the performance of CA technologies included the weed control, poor germination, and limited skillsof machine operators. Labour saving, cost saving, enhanced productivity, time-saving, less irrigation requirement,and higher yield were among the most important factors that led to adoption of zero tillage in rice-wheat system.Preparation of mat nursery and trained operators for paddy transplanter were major criteria for adoption of mechanical paddy transplanter. Farmers were sceptical about the risk associated with CA technologies that included poor seed germination and weed infestation.

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Debnath, Manoj, Nazrul Islam, Piyal Basu Roy, Sheuli Ray, Bappa Sarkar, and Ranjan Roy. "Role of Migration in Urbanisation in the Himalayan Foothill Region of West Bengal, India: A Geospatial Analysis." Urbanisation, September 18, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24557471231182783.

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The present study analyses rural to urban migration and the growth of urban centres in the Himalayan foothill region (Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and Koch Bihar) of West Bengal and investigates the role of migration in urban growth and processes in this region. The study is based on data from the Census of India (migration table and general population table) from 1951 to 2011. Geospatial techniques have been used to show the evaluation, spatial distribution and growth of urban centres in the recent past. The study found that from 1951 to 2011, the total population increased by 4 times, while the total urban population increased by 10 times, and the number of urban centres increased by 7 times, which is higher than the national level. The proportion of the urban population and the concentration of urban centres show that urbanisation in the Himalayan foothill region is mainly concentrated in the district headquarters. The study also illustrates that migration towards urban centres is a dominant factor contributing to the progress and growth of urban centres in this region. Moreover, the growth of new urban centres, the direction of urban growth and the contribution of migration to urban growth predict that Koch Bihar and Alipurduar urban agglomerations will join together and emerge as twin cities in the Himalayan foothill region.

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Rahaman, S. M. "Rice- Fallows: A Destiny or Opportunity to Farmers from Bhagalpur District of Bihar." Economic Affairs 66, no. 3 (September 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.3.2021.21.

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The study attempted to critically review the status and scope of rice fallows in India, specifically to the Bhagalpur district of Bihar. Technological progress and capital-intensive cultivation through conversion of marginal lands into mitigated the ever-increasing demand of food production for burgeoning population to some extent but a continuous expansion of fallow lands brought serious concern on policy dynamics. The changes in temporal and spatial distribution of fallow lands are mostly documented due to increasing variability in the precipitation and irrigation water, and low level of mechanization. However, this is not true in case of flood and drought prone areas, and state like Bihar, where farmers are financially weak and technological expansion is very limited. The results revealed that, the most important constraint for rice fallows was rainfed ecology, low soil moisture content after the harvest of paddy and lack of irrigation facilities. The farmers also identified lack of short duration and high yielding varieties, poor plant stand, no use of fertilizers and chemicals and severe weed infestation in the field as the other major constraints. The size of land holding was found positively significant with rice fallows area indicating that the income penalty of keeping land fallow could not be tolerated by marginal small farmers

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Kumar, Subodh, Anand Kumar, Prashant V. N. Jha, Sunil Kumar Sahoo, and Rajesh Ranjan. "Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigational purpose in Bhojpur district: middle Gangetic plain of Bihar, India." Water Supply, September 2, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2022.317.

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Abstract A total of 138, samples have been collected in both pre and post monsoon season to understand the seasonal variability in groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and domestic water supply. The samples were analysed for physical parameters, major ions along with fluoride and uranium. The results were integrated with GIS to represent both seasonal and spatial variations of groundwater quality parameters, drinking groundwater quality index (DGQI) and irrigation groundwater quality index (IGQI). Results show that groundwater is alkaline in nature and largely controlled by the silicate weathering, ion exchange and reverse ion exchange processes. However high nitrate concentration exceeding the WHO guideline suggests the influence of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality. The average values of the major ions concentrations was found higher in pre monsoon season due to change in the recharge. The DGQI values of 6 samples in pre monsoon and 2 samples in post monsoon season falls under poor water quality. However, individual irrigation indices along with the combine IGQI indicate groundwater is suitable for irrigation in both the seasons. These results along with the seasonal and spatial variability map may help the decision makers in planning for better domestic and irrigation water supply.

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Prasad, Surendra, Sunil Kumar Mandal, and R. K. Jha. "Evaluation of IPM Modules against Major Pests of Okra, (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Saran District, Bihar, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, December 31, 2022, 1819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i121630.

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Experiments were carried out at ten locations of Saran district, Bihar during kharif season 2017 with okra crop cv ‘Supper green’. The assessment reveled that module (M4) proved the most effective treatment against okra pest and diseases i.e. shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella F., yellow vein mosaic virus, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and red spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch in which lowest incidence was recorded as compared to other IPM modules, farmer practices and control plot during 2017. IPM Module III (shoot and fruit borer 7.02% on shoot, 9.87% on fruits, yellow vein mosaic virus 16.25% and red spider mites 3.35% infestation) was next effective against the major pest of okra crop in compression to IPM modules I (shoot and fruit borer 12.24% on shoot, 18.12% on fruits, yellow vein mosaic virus 24.42% and red spider mites 9.05% infestation), respectively. Significantly, maximum fruit yield was observed in module IV 210.10 q/ha. This was significantly superior over all other module. The impact of various IPM modules showed that net return was also higher in module IV which was Rs.76430.00/ha.

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Verma, Dharmendr Kumar. "To Study the Suitability of Water for Irrigation Purposes in different Blocks of Kishanganj District, Bihar." International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Biotechnology 16, no. 4 (December 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.04.2023.3.

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Kumar, Abhishek, and Nityanand Singh Maurya. "Groundwater quality assessment using the WQI and GIS mapping: suitability for drinking and irrigation usage in the Sirdala block of Nawada district." Water Supply, January 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2023.001.

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Abstract In the present study, the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purpose were analyzed. Total 65 groundwater samples from the Sirdala block of Nawada district, Bihar (India) were collected and analyzed for relevant water quality parameters. To estimate the WQI for the drinking purpose, various parameters such as pH, TDS, TH, As, and major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, C, F−, NO3-, SO42-) were considered. The WQI for irrigation, various irrigation indices, namely soluble sodium percent (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSCB), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazards ratio (MHR), Kelly's ratio (KR), potential salinity (PS), Cl−:HCO3-, Mg2+:Ca2+ and Na+:Ca2+, were employed and discussed in combination with Wilcox and USSL diagram. Plots, namely Gibb's ratio and the Piper diagram were used to understand the chemical characteristics of groundwater. The WQI for drinking purposes was observed between 56.76 and 929.90 out of which the majority of samples (70.76%) were found unsuitable for drinking purpose. However, the WQI for irrigation purposes varied from 87.88 to 443.67 in which only 50% of samples were found suitable. Gibb's plots determined in this study reveal that evaporation–precipitation was a dominant factor that influences hydrochemistry. Piper plots suggest that the Na–HCO3- water type was major hydrochemical facies in groundwater.

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Sarkar, Bappa, Prasanta Das, Nazrul Islam, Amiya Basak, Manoj Debnath, and Ranjan Roy. "Land suitability analysis for paddy crop using GIS-based Fuzzy-AHP (F-AHP) method in Koch Bihar district, West Bengal." Geocarto International, November 30, 2021, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2021.2007299.

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Islam, Karimul, and Tarun Das. "Growth and spatio-temporal variation of various demographic characteristics of the Scheduled Tribe population in Koch Bihar district, West Bengal, India." SN Social Sciences 3, no. 7 (June 17, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43545-023-00695-7.

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Singh, I., A. K. Mishra, and S. Suryavanshi. "Comparison of Different Methods in Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration at Gaya District of Bihar, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, December 29, 2022, 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i121553.

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Evapotranspiration (ET), a complex mechanism in the hydrological cycle, influences runoff, which in turn influences how much water is required for irrigation. There are many techniques available to calculate of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Unfortunately, most efficient reference evapotranspiration approaches are parameter-rich models, making them unsuitable for use in data-scarce locations. On the other hand, accuracy and reliability of simple ETo models vary widely according to regional climate conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of two temperature-based and three radiation-based simple ET methods in estimating ET algorithms used to forecast the wheat crop for the years 2017–2018 in Gaya District, Bihar. The performance was measured by comparing the temperature and radiation-based method with the parameter intensive Penman-Monteith method. Comparative evaluation of two method (radiation and temperature) was performed through statistical tests, and it was found that the (R2 = 1 and R2 = 0.98) and RMSE = 0.84. The study found that ETo values calculated from the six methods were highly correlated (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.84 to 0.99). Through data analysis for model comparison, it was found that the Radiation method performed satisfactorily when compared to the standard Penman-Monteith model estimate (R2 = 0.94). However, multivariate statistical testing revealed that the ETo readings obtained using various techniques differed significantly from one another. In comparison to radiation-based ETo approaches, temperature-based ETo techniques showed greater disparities. The Priestley-Taylor, Turc, and Jensen-Haise methods all outperformed the other ETo methods in general. When estimating ETo in this study region, it was discovered that radiation-based approaches performed better than temperature-based methods.

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Ray, Ramnath K. "Marketing System Analysis of Aromatic (Katarni) Rice in Bihar." Economic Affairs 68, Special Issue (November 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.5.2023.7.

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"Bihar is an important rice growing state of the country. Rice is grown on 3.15 million ha in the state, with a production of 6.15 million tonnes in 2020-21 (Economic Survey, Bihar, 2020-21). The state is also a traditional fine aromatic rice grower. Aromatic rice has potential for income generation and foreign exchange earnings due to its unique taste, flavor and better cooking quality. “Katarni Rice” is the most prevalent, ceremonial and finest quality scented rice of Bihar. It is famous for its aroma, palatability and chura (beaten rice) making qualities. The geographical production area of katarni rice lies in South Bihar Alluvial Gangetic Plane covering parts of South Bhagalpur, Banka, Munger and Jamui Districts. Due to its pleasant aroma and other favourable characteristics, it has a great demand in the state and throughout the country. Except for the grading in terms of size of grain, it has a comparable export potential to the Indian Basmati and can fetch a better price in the foreign market. Bhagalpur is a major katarni rice growing district. The katarni rice variety has been awarded G.I. tag was given by the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai vide registration no. 553 on March 28, 2018 due to specific quality, aroma and taste. In view of urbanization, fragmentation of land, declining irrigation sources, non-availability of quality seed and other factor, its productivity is declining. In view of this, the study was undertaken in Bhagalpur district of Bihar (Crop Year 2018-19) to estimate the marketable surplus, marketing channels, marketing margins and price spread in marketing of katarni rice. The study is based on primary data collected from a sample of 90 katarni rice and 05 of each trader viz. village trader, wholesaler, processor/miller and retailer selected from six villages of Jagadishpur block of Bhagalpur district using Multi-Stage Random Sampling Technique. The average marketable surplus was estimated as 22.05 q (93.80% of production), which ranged from 37.17 q (95.50%) to 7.43 q (90.30%) among three categories of farms. The most prominent marketing channel was found to be Channel I (Producer - Village Traders/Miller - Retailer - Consumer) through which 56.67% of sample farmers sold their produce. The maximum producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was estimated as 68.33 % under Channel-I while under Channel II and Channel III it was 71.79 %. The major problem of katarni rice growers was availability of quality seed and selling the produce to Village Traders at lower price due to less quantity of marketable surplus as well as lack of transportation facilities available with them. The study suggested that alternate marketing system may be formulation of Farmer/Producer Company of katarni rice growers as well as availability of quality seed to enhance its profitability and productivity."

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Kumari, Pushpa. "Socio-economic Correlation of Technology Know-how of Farm Entrepreneurs of Samastipur District of Bihar, India." Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, Of (July 19, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/bkap590.

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Background: In the process of agricultural development, the prime mover is considered to be the new farming technology. Technology plays a pivotal role in every aspect of the agricultural phenomenon. It enhances productivity and transparency at every step of agricultural movements. Quality and quantity are managed through this facility which improves farmers’ socioeconomic status and mental health. From this perspective, technological involvement must be necessary with the human values. Methods: The study was conducted during 2019-21 to identify the role of different socio-economic variables and their correlation to the technology know-how of farm entrepreneurs of the Samastipur district of Bihar, India. Knowledge of the improved farm technology possessed by the farmers was considered a dependent variable and 17 socioeconomic and psychological variables were considered independent variables. Result: It was concluded from the study that variables like material possession of higher assets and more investment in irrigation were found to dominate in respect of the acquisition of knowledge about farm technology. Lack of formal education on the part of the farmers did not impede their acquisition of knowledge of the farm technology through available sources of communication. The human resources variables were found to influence the acquisition of knowledge by the respondents.

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Kumar, Ritesh, Sarnam Singh, Rakesh Kumar, and Prabhakar Sharma. "Groundwater Quality Characterization for Safe Drinking Water Supply in Sheikhpura District of Bihar, India: A Geospatial Approach." Frontiers in Water 4 (March 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.848018.

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Groundwater quality due to geogenic factors, aggravated by anthropogenic activities, is a significant threat to human wellbeing and agricultural practices. This study aimed at mapping the spatial distribution of low and high groundwater-contaminated regions in the Sheikhpura district of Bihar for safe drinking and irrigation water availability. To account for spatial distribution, groundwater quality parameters, such as fluoride, iron, total dissolved solids, turbidity, and pH, were analyzed using integrated interpolation, geographical information systems, and regression analysis. A total of 206 dug wells and bore wells were analyzed for in-situ observations in the Sheikhpura district of Bihar, India. The analysis indicated that the periphery south of Chewara and Ariari blocks, i.e., about 9.16% of district area, is affected by fluoride content (1.55–2.32 mg/l) which is highly unsuitable for consumption, as recommended by the WHO and BIS standards. However, the remaining area (90.84%) is within the permissible limit of fluoride content (0.37–1.54 mg/l). In most areas, iron content is beyond WHO permissible limits (>0.1 mg/l), except 3.1% area in the eastern region with 0.06–0.12 mg/l iron, although iron concentrations in groundwater are under the acceptable limit (<0.3 mg/l) as per BIS standard across the district. However, pH and total dissolved solids were within permissible limits. Each of the modeled geospatial maps was validated using a set of 17 in-situ observations. The best-fit model between observed and predicted variables such as fluoride, iron, total dissolved solids, and pH produced a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.96, 0.905, 0.91, and 0.906, respectively. The findings of this study provide insights and understanding on groundwater pollution regimes and minimize uncertain causes because of the high spatial distribution of geogenic fluoride and iron occurrence, and will also be helpful to policymakers for better planning, investments, and management to supply potable water in the area.

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Roy, Sonam, R. K. Sohane, Subodh Kumar, and Anil Paswan. "Assessing the Knowledge Gap of Women Vegetable Growers in Bihar." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, January 4, 2020, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2019/v38i630440.

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Women take part in almost all the activities related to vegetable production as well as marketing such as purchasing of seeds, sowing of seeds, transplanting, weeding, harvesting and post-harvest operations but due to lack of knowledge, they are straggling behind than the existing international standards of vegetable production. Therefore, the present study was undertaken in Bhagalpur district of Bihar (India) to assess the knowledge gap of 120 women vegetable growers through structured schedule. Findings of the study revealed that knowledge gap was very low in case of recommended practices such as land preparation (58.67%), disease management (58.34%), sowing time of the crops (60.00%), harvesting of vegetable crops (60.00%), weed management (61.67%), seed rate (68.34%) and very high in case of agronomical practices (83.33%), irrigation management (75.00%), fertilizer management (71.67%) and insect pest management (71.66%). It was also noted that seven variables were found statistically correlated with the knowledge gap of vegetable production technology. out of seven correlated variables, four variables such as farming experience, contact with extension personnel in public and private sector and social participation were found to be highly significant at 0.001 level of probability and three variables such as education, overall annual income and annual income from vegetable farming were found to be highly significant at 0.005 level of probability. The variables age and land holding had positive but both variables were found to be non-significant. Therefore, it was concluded that there is a high need of increasing their knowledge level as well as skills about the production of vegetables.

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Omar, Padam Jee, Shishir Gaur, and P. K. S. Dikshit. "Conceptualization and development of multi-layered groundwater model in transient condition." Applied Water Science 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01485-3.

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AbstractEffective management of water resource is essential in arid and semi-arid areas of India. In Bihar, for drinking purpose humans, livestock is dependent on the groundwater as well as in agricultural areas groundwater plays an important role in irrigation directly or indirectly. There is rise in the groundwater demand due to rapid population increase and fast industrialization. To meet this groundwater demand, excessive withdrawal of groundwater is a point of concern due to limited storage of it. Assessment of the groundwater was done by preparing a numerical model of the groundwater flow. This model is capable of solving large groundwater problems and associated complexity with it. In this study, a transient multi-layered groundwater flow model was conceptualized and developed for the Koshi River basin. In north Bihar plains, the Koshi River is one of the biggest tributaries of the Ganga River system. Koshi originates from the lower part of Tibet and joins the Ganga River in Katihar district, Bihar, India. After model development, calibration of the model was also done, by considering three model parameters, to represent the actual field conditions. For validation of the model, fifteen observation wells have been selected in the area. With the help of observation well data, computed and observed heads were compared. Comparison results have been found to be encouraging and the computed groundwater head matched with the observed water head to a realistic level of accuracy. Developed groundwater model is used to predict the groundwater head and flow budget in the concerned area. The study revealed that groundwater modeling is an important method for knowing the behavior of aquifer systems and to detect groundwater head under different varying hydrological stresses. This type of study will be beneficial for the hydrologist and water resource engineers to predict the groundwater flow behavior, before implementing any project or to implement a correction scheme.

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Kumar, Suman. "Economic Evaluation of Cost and Returns of Potato Crop towards Livelihood Security of Farmers in the Nalanda District of Bihar." Economic Affairs 68, no. 4 (December 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.4.2023.4.

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"India is the world’s second – larger producer of veggies, after China. The primary vegetable grown in Nalanda is the potato. The goal of the current analysis was to analysis potato farming costs and returns using various cost models. The study was carried out in Bihar sarif and Noor Sharai block, which were chosen due to their high potato production and area. Number of farmers in each category based on probability proportional to size (PPS). Cost of cultivation of potato on the sample farms in Nalanda district of Bihar. Production is generally considered to be a function of area and yield. The selection of crop enterprise to be chosen in the farm and the location and distribution of resources within it depend to a great extent on the yield of the crop, its price and the cost of the inputs used for its production. These measurements for potatoes were developed as a result of taking into account the cost of cultivation and returns on various production aspects when choosing a crop. Per hectare, on an average ` 92552.03 was spent on potato. In the medium farm category, ` 100166 was spent on farming the highest. Followed by small farms ` 92867 and marginal farms ` 84623.09. The cost of various components of cultivation such as tubers (seeds) is the highest (22.95%) in the variable cost, followed by (19.46 per cent) Human labour. The remaining significant factor included the fertilizer (8.82 per cent), irrigation charge 7.77 per cent, machine charge 6.49 per cent, plant protection 3.79 per cent, manure 3.06 per cent, depreciation rate 1.62 per cent and land revenue 0.24 per cent and the percentage of rental value of own land includes cost of fixed cost (21.61 per cent), interest on fixed capital 2.95 per cent and interest on working capital 1.23 per cent."

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-, Bubun Mahata, Sarmistha Singh -, Siba Sankar Sahu -, and Mukul Maity -. "Spatial Pattern and Level of Standard of Living of Rural Household in West Bengal: A Geographical Analysis." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 2 (April 4, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.16603.

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The availability and accessibility of essential services and facilities are key in promoting living conditions. In India, regional differences and development inequities are major obstacles to sustainable development. The main objectives of this study are to analyse the level and pattern of the standard of living and explore inequality in the case of accessibility to basic services and amenities in Rural West Bengal. All data was collected from the Primary Census Abstract (PCA) and Housing and Household Basic Amenities Table from Census 2011. A composite index has been developed to measure the standard of living of rural households. This study also used the Location quotient and Pearson correlation method to measure the concentration level of different household facility and their relationship. This study reveals that there is a very high level of disparity of the level of development in terms of rural household living standards. The rural living standard is very high in norther region (Darjeeling and Koch Bihar) and middle part (Haora district) due to economic opportunity. Most of the districts have low coverage of various parameters of housing conditions, availability of basic amenities, and availability of assets. This study will guide policymakers in the future in making better policies

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Saha, P., and S. K. Gayen. "An integrated multi-criteria decision analysis and geographic information system-based assessment of groundwater potentiality and stress zones for sustainable agricultural practices: a case study of agriculture-dominating Koch Bihar District, West Bengal." International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, May 2, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42108-024-00286-z.

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Kumar, Vikram, Barkha Chaplot, Padam Jee Omar, Shaktibala S., and H. Md. Azamathulla. "Experimental study on infiltration pattern: opportunities for sustainable management in the Northern region of India." Water Science and Technology, May 4, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.171.

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Abstract The infiltration process plays a key role in designing groundwater recharge, irrigation, and drainage systems, and contamination evaluation is controlled by numerous factors, among which soil physical properties and land use & land cover (LULC) are the prime factors. A comprehensive understanding of the spatial water infiltration characteristics over the soil which is site-specific and more complex due to non-uniformity could enhance the agriculture water use efficiency and mitigate water-related issues. The present study deals with the measurement of field infiltration characteristics using a mini disc infiltrometer in all 24 blocks of Gaya districts, Bihar, which covers a wide spectrum of soil types. Results showed that the average cumulative infiltration rate (IR) for the study area varies between 0.38 and 2.20 cm/min with an average rate of 1.16 cm/min. The initial IR among all blocks was found to be high but decreased gradually with each successive reading. Moreover, the land use under forest cumulative IR was more than the cumulative IR for urban and grassland. Eight blocks (33.3%) have an IR more than the average infiltration of the area which is good for storing the water in the aquifer and suggested constructing a recharge structure. Further investigation revealed a small IR in the inundated area, because of the maximum soil water table. The ready-to-use map showing the IR for the district is prepared which could be used by any decision-taking during the high or low rainfall, understanding the hydrological process, development of any reference guide for farmers for increasing the agriculture productivity and soil-water management.

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., Sneha, Raj Kishore Kumar, Jajati Mandal, M. K. Singh, and Ramjeet Yadav. "Mitigation of Arsenic Concentration in Green Leafy Vegetables viz. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) through Different Biochemical Washing Techniques." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, April 28, 2020, 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i730576.

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The present investigation was carried out for “Mitigation of Arsenic concentration in green leafy vegetables viz. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) through different biochemical washing techniques”. The agrarian farmers of Nathnagar block in Bhagalpur district of Bihar mostly cultivate vegetables such as cabbage, spinach, cauliflower etc. The farmers irrigate their farm by the polluted water of Champa-nala (main source of irrigation) which contain huge amount of highly health hazardous waste. The farmers are unaware of the harmful effect of the polluted water that they are using for irrigating vegetables, they feel happy to get the water free of cost for irrigating their crops. The morphology of crop which is irrigated with polluted water seems likely to the crop irrigated with clean water. At maturity, farmers harvest their crops and sell them in their local market which becomes the constituent of our food chain. The results revealed that in cabbage leaf, the maximum concentration of arsenic observed in unwashed samples (T1) was 427.69 ppb, the distance of 50 m away from the contaminated site. The maximum reduction percentage was 27.30% with a mean value of 13.76% observed after employing the treatments T6 (washed with 8% ginger solution). In spinach the maximum concentration of arsenic observed in unwashed samples (T1) was 351.00 ppb, the distance of 50 m away from the contaminated site. The maximum reduction percentage of 30.20% with a mean value of 16.93% of arsenic was observed after employing the treatments T6 (washed with 8% ginger solution) whereas in cauliflower the maximum concentration of arsenic observed in unwashed samples (T1) was 469.06 ppb, the distance of 50 m away from the contaminated site. The maximum reduction of 29.93% with a mean value of 15.37% was observed after employing the treatment T6 (washed with 8% ginger solution). However, the concentrations of Arsenic was higher in unwashed leaves of the vegetables grown in the industrial areas which indicates that industrial discharge causes heavy contamination of soil and eventually their accumulation in plants.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Irrigation of the Koch Bihar District'

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