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Academic literature on the topic 'Irradiation method'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Irradiation method"

Oktavianto, Putra, Risdiyana Setiawan, Ilhami Ariyanti, and Muhammad Fadhil Jamil. "BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCONUT HUSK USING THE WET GAMMA IRADIATION METHOD." Jurnal Forum Nuklir 14, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jfn.2020.14.2.5908.

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BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCONUT HUSK USING the WET GAMMA IRRADIATION METHOD. The use of coconut husk has only been used as a material for making handicrafts such as ropes, brooms, mats, and others or just burned. The combustion of coconut husk can cause air pollution. In fact, coconut husk can be used as a raw material for bioethanol production so that the beneficial value of coconut husk will also increase. One way of bioethanol production from coconut husk is by irradiating the coconut husk. The coconut husk irradiation technique to be carried out in this study is the wet irradiation technique. Wet irradiation is carried out to accelerate the process of bioethanol production because at the time of irradiation, cellulose has been hydrolyzed and glucose has been formed so that it is more efficient in time and use of the material so that the cellulose hydrolysis process is not necessary. The coconut husk samples were wet because they were mixed with 4% NaOH and were irradiated using a gamma irradiator from STTN-BATAN Yogyakarta with a dose of 30 kGy and 50 kGy and 0 kGy (or without irradiation). Then the sample is fermented with the fungus Saccharomyces Cerevisiae from tape yeast to form ethanol. Ethanol is purified and then analyzed for concentrations using pycnometric and refractometric methods. The result is that the highest ethanol content is without irradiation (0 kGy), this is due to the low dosage used. However, the main point in this wet method research is evidence of hydrolysis of cellulose by the formation of gluoxane after irradiated wet coconut husk, and with Fehling A and B analysis, brown deposits are seen proving that glucose has been formed.

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Chen, Guo, Wei, Xie, and Long. "Effect of Strengthening Methods on the Defect Evolution under Irradiations Investigated with Rate Theory Simulations." Metals 9, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070735.

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Under irradiations, mechanical performance of nuclear alloys would degrade due to irradiation induced defects. Different strengthening methods can play a different role in the evolution of the defects. In this study, the effect of four typical strengthening methods including fine grain strengthening, dislocation strengthening, second phase strengthening and solid solutions strengthening on the defect evolutions in bcc iron-based alloys are investigated with rate theory simulations, a technique capable of simulating a long-term evolution of defects caused by irradiations. Simulations show that at high dose, irradiation induced voids become the dominating factor that affect irradiation hardening. Strengthening methods with the enhancement of sink strength (fine grain strengthening, dislocation strengthening and second phase strengthening) have little effects on the evolution of voids, while strengthening method with impediment of migration of defects (solid solutions strengthening) can effectively inhibit the nucleation and growth of voids. For fine grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening, the irradiation hardening is almost kept unchanged when changing grain size and initial dislocation density. For second phase strengthening, the irradiation hardening can be inhibited to some extent by increasing mainly the number density of precipitates. The solid solutions strengthening is the most proper method to inhibit irradiation hardening of bcc iron-based alloy because it can inhibit the development of voids, especially at high dose.

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Jadwiszczak, Jakub, Pierce Maguire, Conor P. Cullen, Georg S. Duesberg, and Hongzhou Zhang. "Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistors." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (September 4, 2020): 1329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.117.

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Helium ion irradiation is a known method of tuning the electrical conductivity and charge carrier mobility of novel two-dimensional semiconductors. Here, we report a systematic study of the electrical performance of chemically synthesized monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistors irradiated with a focused helium ion beam as a function of increasing areal irradiation coverage. We determine an optimal coverage range of approx. 10%, which allows for the improvement of both the carrier mobility in the transistor channel and the electrical conductance of the MoS2, due to doping with ion beam-created sulfur vacancies. Larger areal irradiations introduce a higher concentration of scattering centers, hampering the electrical performance of the device. In addition, we find that irradiating the electrode–channel interface has a deleterious impact on charge transport when contrasted with irradiations confined only to the transistor channel.

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Popelářová, Eva, Eva Vlková, Roman Švejstil, and Lenka Kouřimská. "The Effect of Microwave Irradiation on the Representation and Growth of Moulds in Nuts and Almonds." Foods 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11020221.

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Microwave (MW) irradiation is a non-destructive method that can be applied as an alternative method to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The present study evaluated the effect of MW irradiation on the occurrence of moulds in nuts and almonds. Samples of unshelled natural almonds, pistachios, and in-shell peanuts were treated with different doses of MW irradiation (2400–4000 W). The effect of MW irradiation on mould counts was evaluated by cultivating immediately after irradiation and after 3 and 6 months of storage. The most represented genera in all analysed samples were Aspergillus (68%), Penicillium (21%), and a small amount of Cladosporium (3%). Mould numbers significantly decreased after MW treatment. The treatments with MW irradiations at 3000 and 4000 W significantly reduced the mould colony counts, and their effect persisted during storage; irradiation at 2400 W was partially effective. The strongest effect of MW irradiation was observed in in-shell peanuts. MW irradiation seems to be a promising method for maintaining the microbiological quality of nuts.

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Mohamed, R. M., and E. S. Aazam. "Synthesis and Characterization of CeO2-SiO2Nanoparticles by Microwave-Assisted Irradiation Method for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue Dye." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928760.

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CeO2-SiO2nanoparticles were synthesized for the first time by a facile microwave-assisted irradiation process. The effect of irradiation time of microwave was studied. The materials were characterized by N2adsorption, XRD, UV-vis/DR, and TEM. All solids showed mesoporous textures with high surface areas, relatively small pore size diameters, and large pore volume. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that the as-synthesized nanoparticles exhibited cubic CeO2without impurities and amorphous silica. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that the particle size of CeO2-SiO2nanoparticles, which were prepared by microwave method for 30 min irradiation times, was around 8 nm. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by the decomposition of methylene blue dye under UV light irradiations. The results showed that the irradiation under the microwave produced CeO2-SiO2nanoparticles, which have the best crystallinity under a shorter irradiation time. This indicates that the introduction of the microwave really can save energy and time with faster kinetics of crystallization. The sample prepared by 30 min microwave irradiation time exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity of CeO2-SiO2nanoparticles, which were prepared by 30 min irradiation times was found to have better performance than commercial reference P25.

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Kang, Qi, Xu Wu, Jing Liu, and Bin Yang. "Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Photoelectric Properties of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Film Deposited by Sol-Gel Method." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 1756–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1756.

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Transparent and conductive ITO thin films were prepared on quartz glasses by the sol-gel dip-coating method and treated by ultraviolet irradiation, with 4W (254nm), 15W (254nm), 15W (365nm) and 500W (365nm) respectively. The experimental results suggest that UV irradiation could enlarge the size of crystalline and improve the conductive property of ITO thin films significantly. The relative reduction in sheet resistance rose, resulting from increase in power and irradiating time, as well as decrease in wavelength of UV irradiation. In addition, for those samples which were treated by UV irradiation and placed at room temperature for 20 days, the internal action could cause the conductivity to rise, and decrease the minimum sheet resistance to 41.378Ω/m2.

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Sun, Lue, Yohei Inaba, Yu Sogo, Kumi Morikawa, Naoki Kunugita, Koichi Chida, and Takashi Moritake. "Analysis of whole-blood antioxidant capacity after chronic and localized irradiation using the i-STrap method." Journal of Radiation Research 63, no. 1 (October 27, 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab099.

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Abstract Ionizing radiation exposure affects the redox state in vivo. Recently, whole-blood antioxidant capacity (WBAC) has been reported to decrease in a dose-dependent manner after acute total body irradiation (TBI). However, changes in WBAC after localized and chronic irradiations have not been reported. This study analyzed changes to WBAC in mice after either localized irradiation (irradiation of the left hind leg only) or chronic TBI using the i-STrap method. Leg-localized irradiation exerted limited effects on WBAC, while WBAC decreased in a dose rate-dependent manner after TBI. Further, the WBAC reached the minimum value in a shorter period at a smaller dose rate. Our results suggest that changes in WBAC do not directly reflect absorbed dose, but may reflect radiation-induced biological damage at the systemic level. This study will contribute to the understanding of radiation-induced injuries and diseases, and will facilitate the establishment of biomarkers for radiation exposure.

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Srithanachai, Itsara, Surada Ueamanapong, Amporn Poyai, and Surasak Niemcharoen. "New Method for Improving the Electrical Characteristics of P-N Junction Diode." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.606.

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This paper investigates the effect of soft X-ray irradiation various energy and times on P-N junction diodes. X-ray energy irradiated on P-N junction diode with 55 and 70 keV with various time in the range 5-50 sec. After irradiations were study on the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics. Leakages current after irradiated by X-ray are not change, while forward current are increase about 3 orders. The change of current-voltage characteristics can analyze by many parameter such as carrier lifetime and series resistance. Capacitance-voltage characteristics after irradiation are not change. The results show that soft X-ray technique can be improving performance of the P-N junction diodes. These techniques are importance to use for improving device performance in industry work.

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Khatib, Tamer, Azah Mohamed, K. Sopian, and M. Mahmoud. "Solar Energy Prediction for Malaysia Using Artificial Neural Networks." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/419504.

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This paper presents a solar energy prediction method using artificial neural networks (ANNs). An ANN predicts a clearness index that is used to calculate global and diffuse solar irradiations. The ANN model is based on the feed forward multilayer perception model with four inputs and one output. The inputs are latitude, longitude, day number, and sunshine ratio; the output is the clearness index. Data from 28 weather stations were used in this research, and 23 stations were used to train the network, while 5 stations were used to test the network. In addition, the measured solar irradiations from the sites were used to derive an equation to calculate the diffused solar irradiation, a function of the global solar irradiation and the clearness index. The proposed equation has reduced the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in estimating the diffused solar irradiation compared with the conventional equation. Based on the results, the average MAPE, mean bias error and root mean square error for the predicted global solar irradiation are 5.92%, 1.46%, and 7.96%. The MAPE in estimating the diffused solar irradiation is 9.8%. A comparison with previous work was done, and the proposed approach was found to be more efficient and accurate than previous methods.

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Funayama, Tomoo, Michiyo Suzuki, Nobumasa Miyawaki, and Hirotsugu Kashiwagi. "A Method to Locally Irradiate Specific Organ in Model Organisms Using a Focused Heavy-Ion Microbeam." Biology 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12121524.

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The functions of organisms are performed by various tissues composed of different cell types. Localized irradiation with heavy-ion microbeams, which inactivate only a portion of the constituent cells without destroying the physical intercellular connections of the tissue, is a practical approach for elucidating tissue functions. However, conventional collimated microbeams are limited in the shape of the area that can be irradiated. Therefore, using a focused heavy-ion microbeam that generates a highly precise beam spot, we developed a technology to uniformly irradiate specific tissues of an organism with a defined dose, which conventional methods cannot achieve. The performance of the developed paint irradiation technology was evaluated. By irradiating the CR-39 ion track detector, we confirmed that the new method, in which each ion hit position is placed uniformly in the irradiated area, makes it possible to uniformly paint the area at a specified dose. The targeted irradiation of the pharynx and gonads of living Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated that the irradiated ions were distributed in the same shape as the targeted tissue observed under a microscope. This technology will elucidate biological mechanisms that are difficult to analyze with conventional collimated microbeam irradiation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Irradiation method"

Cheng, Yulin, Jiacheng Wu, Jinwei Zhang, and Wuyong Chen. "A Novel Collagen Extraction Method Based on Microwave Irradiation - 79." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34275.

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Content: Microwave was used as a thermal source to extract collagen acid from the cattle hide in the present work. The effects of microwave on collagen extraction yields were studied under different microwave temperatures, time and hide-liquid ratio. The optimal extraction process was obtained by an orthogonal experiment, and the composition, structure and properties of the extracted collagen were characterized by amino acid analysis, SDS-PAGE, FTIR, UV-Vis, CD, FL, and VP-DSC. The results showed that the extraction rate of collagen was positively correlated with temperature, time and hide-liquid ratio. Under the condition of 35 °C, 6 h and 1:30 of solid-liquid ratio, the extraction proportion of collagen extracted under microwave was the highest, reaching to 13.40 %. The extracted collagen was identified as type I collagen by Amino acid analysis, and the graphic pattern of SDS-PAGE, FTIR and UV-Vis showed that the extracted collagen was similar to the standard type I collagen. Also, the results suggest that the triple helical structure exists still in the extracted collagen. The transition from triple helix to random coil of the extracted collagen was 41 ℃. These results provide a scientific basis for microwave technology for the extraction of collagen. Take-Away: The results showed that the extraction rate of collagen was positively correlated with temperature, time and hide-liquid ratio. Under the condition of 35 °C, 6 h and 1:30 of solid-liquid ratio, the extraction proportion of collagen extracted under microwave was the highest, reaching to 13.40 %. The extracted collagen was identified as type I collagen by Amino acid analysis, and the graphic pattern of SDS-PAGE, FTIR and UV-Vis showed that the extracted collagen was similar to the standard type I collagen. Also, the results suggest that the triple helical structure exists still in the extracted collagen. The transition from triple helix to random coil of the extracted collagen was 41 ℃. These results provide a scientific basis for microwave technology for the extraction of collagen.

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Robertson, Stephanie. "Microstructural manipulation by laser irradiation of prepared samples : The ’Snapshot Method’." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Produkt- och produktionsutveckling, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76150.

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Various metallurgical microstructures and their formation are studied in this thesis by using a laser beam to melt a variety of materials with different chemical compositions over a range of thermal cycles. The laser beam was used conventionally in a narrow gap multi-layer weld, used for welding large depths with filler wire additions, as well as a non-traditional simulated welding approach labelled here as the Snapshot method. In laser beam welding, materials go through rapid heating and cooling cycles that are difficult to mimic by other techniques. In welding, any microstructural development depends on complex combinations of chemistry and thermal cycles but is also influenced by melt flow behavior. In turn, microstructural morphologies influence the mechanical behavior which can suffer due to inappropriate microstructural constituents. The Snapshot method, through control of thermal cycling and material composition, can achieve the same rates while guiding microstructural development to form tailored properties. The tunable laser beam properties can be exploited to develop an experimental welding simulation (Snapshot method), which enables the complex interlinked chemical and thermal events which take place during welding to be studied in a controlled manner. Exploring the microstructural relationships to their thermal history provides a greater knowledge into tailoring microstructural compositions to obtain various required mechanical properties for laser welding, additive manufacturing and also non-laser welding techniques. The feasibility of the Snapshot method is investigated in the three appended journal publications. High speed imaging and thermal recording have proved to be essential tools in this work, with analysis from optical microscopy and EDX/EDS to provide additional support. The Snapshot method is introduced as a concept in Papers I and II, demonstrating successfully guided thermal histories after obtaining molten material. Application of a second and third heating cycle, reheating the structure without melting, yielding altered microstructures. Reaching the austenitisation temperature range allowed for the simulation of complex multi-layer welding thermal histories. Geometrically non-uniform material additions are utilized in Paper III, which investigated the formation of microstructures through the chemical composition route. New chemical compositions were obtained by different degrees of dilution of the weld filler wire by the base material.

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Parmar, Nishaal Jitendra. "Food irradiation as a method of limiting crop loss in developing nations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44830.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaf 31-34).
Introduction: Introduction: The world today contains an estimated 6.7 billion humans, and our population is growing at an unprecedented rate, consuming an ever-increasing amount of global resources. According to United Nations projections, the majority of this growth will occur in the third-world nations of Africa, and, to a lesser extent, Asia, among those peoples least able to afford the increasing burden on their resources. Clearly, what is needed in these African nations in the near future are more efficient, low-cost methods of using those resources they already have. Foremost among the problems faced by African developing nations is a lack of a reliable, sufficient, and nutritious food supply. Much of the African population survives on malnourished diets irregularly supplied by subsistence agriculture. In addition, crop loss due to both pests and post-harvest spoilage is much higher than in first world nations, with cold-storage technologies and modem pesticides. Equally important are the lives lost each year to food-borne disease. In the United States alone, food-borne infections cause an estimated 76 million cases of illness and 323,000 hospitalizations annually, for an estimated annual treatment cost of $6.7 billion and a death toll of thousands. In developing nations, of course, these casualty figures are much higher. It is precisely this crop loss and food-borne disease which this thesis proposes to address, by both proposing and evaluating a method, namely, food irradiation, to diminish crop loss in African villages and small-towns. As stated by Fritz Kaferstein in the Journal of Public Health Policy, "In developing countries with warm climates, with non-grain staples, vegetables and fruits, the pos-tharvest loss is believed to exceed 50%. With commodities such as dried fish, insect infestation is reported to result in a loss of 25% of the product with an additional 10% lost due to spoilage. While not all of these losses can be prevented by food irradiation, the technology does offer unique potential to destroy insect infestation and reduce spoilage."
by Nishaal Jitendra Parmar.
S.B.

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Jang, Si Young. "Advanced neutron irradiation system using Texas A&M University Nuclear Science Center Reactor." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2788.

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A heavily filtered fast neutron irradiation system (FNIS) was developed for a variety of applications, including the study of long-term health effects of fast neutrons by evaluating the biological mechanisms of damage in cultured cells and living animals such as rats or mice. This irradiation system includes an exposure cave made with a lead-bismuth alloy, a cave positioning system, a gamma and neutron monitoring system, a sample transfer system, and interchangeable filters. This system was installed in the irradiation cell of the Texas A&M University Nuclear Science Center Reactor (NSCR). By increasing the thickness of the lead-bismuth alloy, the neutron spectra were shifted into lower energies by the scattering interactions of fast neutrons with the alloy. It is possible, therefore, by changing the alloy thickness, to produce distinctly different dose weighted neutron spectra inside the exposure cave of the FNIS. The calculated neutron spectra showed close agreement with the results of activation foil measurements, unfolded by SAND-II close to the cell window. However, there was a considerable less agreement for locations far away from the cell window. Even though the magnitude of values such as neutron flux and tissue kerma rates in air differed, the weighted average neutron energies showed close agreement between the MCNP and SAND-II since the normalized neutron spectra were in a good agreement each other. A paired ion chamber system was constructed, one with a tissue equivalent plastic (A-150) and propane gas for total dose monitoring, and another with graphite and argon for photon dose monitoring. Using the pair of detectors, the neutron to gamma ratio can be inferred. With the 20 cm-thick FNIS, the absorbed dose rates of neutrons measured with the paired ion chamber method and calculated with the SAND-II results were 13.7 ?? 0.02 Gy/min and 15.5 Gy/min, respectively. The absorbed dose rate of photons and the gamma contribution to total dose were 6.7??10-1 ?? 1.3??10-1 Gy/min and 4.7%, respectively. However, the estimated gamma contribution to total dose varied between 3.6 % to 6.6 % as the assumed neutron sensitivity to the graphite detector was changed from 0.01 to 0.03.

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Jackman, Mary Megan. "Microwave-Promoted Iminyl Radical Fragmentations: A Practical and Efficient Method of Functionalization." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6946.

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We report a novel fragmentation and functionalization method using a cyclic iminyl radical. Formation of this radical occurs by microwave heating under mild conditions and short reaction times. The reaction avoids the use of explosive or toxic radical initiators and propagating agents. This reaction is versatile, with the ability to install two functional groups that are ultimately derived from a ketone in the substrate precursor. A variety of radical traps capable of forming both carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-heteroatom bonds have been tested, and the products are obtained in good yields. We demonstrate the power of this reaction by functionalizing complex natural products.

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Amit, Kumar. "Food irradiation and development of an alternative method for the detection of 2-alkylcyclobutanone." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/544.

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Kumar, Amit. "Food irradiation and development of an alternative method for the detection of 2-Alkylcylcyclobutanone." Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/592.

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Farzana, Esmat. "Defects and Schottky Contacts in β-Ga2O3:Properties, Influence of Growth Method and Irradiation." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555495732936101.

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Amit, Kumar. "Food irradiation and development of an alternative method for the detection of 2-Alkylcylcyclobutanone." Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/592.

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Master of Science
Food Science Institute
J. Scott Smith
Food irradiation is one of the most important food processing methods utilized to reduce microbial load and extend shelf life. In 1995 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared irradiated foods to be safe from a nutritional and toxicological point of view. Various methods have been applied to detect irradiated foods. Detection of 2-alkylcyclobutanones has been found to be a useful method in identifying irradiated foods. The solvent extraction method utilizes a Soxhlet apparatus for lipid extraction followed by clean up with Florisil. However, this method is very time consuming. The other methods available to detect 2-alkylcyclobutanone include supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and accelerated solvent extraction method using a Dionex ASE 200 instrument. The SFE is a fast method to detected 2-alkylcyclobutanone. All the above mentioned methods involve costly equipment. The aim of this study was to eliminate the requirement of costly extraction equipment for lipid extraction before clean up or direct isolation of 2-alkylcyclobutanone as in case of SFE instrument using Florisil cartridges. In this study, the manual solvent extraction method was applied to isolate alkylcylcobutanone followed by clean up with 2 g silica cartridge. The clean up extract was injected to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for detection of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to confirm that the compound detected was 2-dodecylcyclobutanone. The ions m/z 98 and 112 were selected for 2-DCB for monitoring in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode of GC-MS. The results showed that this method was able to detect 2-DCB from irradiated ground beef. The manual method does not require costly equipment such as supercritical fluid extractor, Dionex, or Soxlet apparatus for extraction process.

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Dev, Kumar Govindaraj. "Effect of Ozone and Ultraviolet Irradiation Treatments on Listeria monocytogenes Populations in Chill Brines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35954.

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The efficacy of ozone and ultraviolet light, used in combination, to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes in fresh (9% NaCl, 91.86% transmittance at 254 nm) and spent chill brines (20.5% NaCl, 0.01% transmittance at 254 nm) was determined. Preliminary studies were conducted to optimize parameters for the ozonation of â freshâ and â spentâ brines. These include diffuser design, comparison of kit to standard methods to measure residual ozone, studying the effect of ozone on uridine absorbance and determining presence of residual listericidal activity post ozonation. An ozone diffuser was designed using 3/16 inch PVC tubing for the ozonation of brines. The sparger was designed to facilitate better diffusion and its efficiency was tested. The modified sparger diffused 1.44 ppm of ozone after 30 minutes of ozonation and the solution had an excess of 1 ppm in 10 minutes of ozonating fresh brine solution (200ml). Population levels of L. monocytogenes were determined at various time intervals post-ozonation (0, 10, 20, 60 min) to determine the presence of residual listericidal activity. The population post ozonation (0 minutes) was 5.31 Log CFU/ml and was 5.08 Log CFU/ml after a 60 minute interval. Therefore, residual antimicrobial effect was weak. Accuracy of the Vacu-vial Ozone analysis kit was evaluated by comparing the performance of the kit to the standard indigo colorimetric method for measuring residual ozone. The kit was inaccurate in determining residual ozone levels of spent brines and 1% peptone water. Uridine was evaluated as a UV actinometric tool for brine solutions that were ozonated before UV treatment. The absorbance of uridine (A262) decreased after ozonation from 0.1329 to 0.0512 for standard 10 minutes UV exposure duration. Absorbance of uridine was influenced by ozone indicating that the presence of ozone may hamper UV fluence determination accuracy in ozone-treated solutions. Upon completion of diffuser design and ozone/UV analysis studies, the effect of ozone-UV combination on L. monocytogenes in fresh and spent brines was evaluated. Ozonation, when applied for 5 minutes, caused a 5.29 mean Log reduction while 5 minutes of UV exposure resulted in a 1.09 mean Log reduction of L. monocytogenes cells in fresh brines. Ten minutes of ozonation led to a 7.44 mean Log reduction and 10 minutes of UV radiation caused a 1.95 mean Log reduction of Listeria in fresh brine. Spent brines required 60 minutes of ozonation for a 4.97 mean Log reduction in L. monocytogenes counts, while 45 minutes resulted in a 4.04 mean Log reduction. Ten minutes of UV exposure of the spent brines resulted in 0.30 mean Log reduction in Listeria cells. A combination of 60 minutes ozonation and 10 minute UV exposure resulted in an excess of 5 log reduction in cell counts. Ozonation did not cause a sufficient increase in the transmittance of the spent brine to aid UV penetration but resulted in apparent color change as indicated by change in L*a*b* values. Ozonation for sufficient time had considerable listericidal activity in fresh brines and spent brines and when combined with UV treatment, is effective reducing L. monocytogenes to undetectable levels in fresh brines.
Master of Science in Life Sciences

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Books on the topic "Irradiation method"

Leat, Rachel. Food irradiation as an alternative method of food preservation: And considerations of consumer safety. [Guildford]: [University of Surrey], 1989.

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Paisan, Loaharanu, Thomas Paul, and FAO/IAEA/WHO International Conference on Ensuring the Safety and Quality of Food through Radiation Processing (2000 : Antalya, Turkey), eds. Irradiation for food safety and quality. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Pub., 2001.

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Organization, World Health, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., eds. Food irradiation: A technique for preserving and improving the safety of food. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988.

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Kowalski, Wladyslaw Jan. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation handbook: UVGI for air and surface disinfection. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2009.

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Radiation sterilization for health care products: X-ray, gamma, and electron beam. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002.

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Jerome, Seidenfeld, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association. Technology Evaluation Center., and United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., eds. Management of small cell lung cancer. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Public Health Service, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2006.

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FAO/IAEA/WHO International Conference on Ensuring the Safety and Quality of Food through Radiation Processing (1999 Antalya, Turkey). Irradiation for food safety and quality: Proceedings of FAO/IAEA/WHO International Conference on Ensuring the Safety and Quality of Food through Radiation Processing. Lancaster, Pa: Technomic, 2001.

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(Korea), Kŏn'guk Taehakkyo. Ch'asedae chŏngbo chŏjang sojayong mulchil ŭi pangsasŏn ŭl iyong han kyŏrham cheŏ kisul kaebal =: Development of irradiation-assisted defect-control methods for next-generation information storage media. [Seoul]: Kyoyuk Kwahak Kisulbu, 2009.

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Dalvi, 1st Navnath Ramkrishna. Application of Microwave Irradiation Method for Organic Syntheses. INSC International Publisher (IIP), 2022.

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Atta-ur-Rahman, ed. Advances in Organic Synthesis: Volume 17. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/97898150405241221701.

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Advances in Organic Synthesis is a book series devoted to the latest advances in synthetic approaches towards challenging structures. The series presents comprehensive reviews written by eminent authorities on different synthetic approaches to selected target molecules and new methods developed to achieve specific synthetic transformations or optimal product yields. Advances in Organic Synthesis is essential for all organic chemists in academia and the industry who wish to keep abreast of rapid and important developments in the field. Contents of this volume include these 6 reviews: - Multicomponent synthesis of heterocycles by microwave irradiation - Stereoselective procedures for the synthesis of olefines - Advanced microwave assisted organic synthesis method in organic chemistry - Five and six-membered n-heterocycle rings from diaminomaleonitrile - Peptidomimetics: current and future perspectives on hiv protease inhibitors - A review on synthesis, chemistry, and medicinal properties of benzothiazines and their related scaffolds

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Book chapters on the topic "Irradiation method"

Abe, Tomoko, Hiroyuki Ichida, Yoriko Hayashi, Ryouhei Morita, Yuki Shirakawa, Kotaro Ishii, Tadashi Sato, Hiroki Saito, and Yutaka Okumoto. "Ion beam mutagenesis - an innovative and effective method for plant breeding and gene discovery." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 411–23. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0042.

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Abstract We have developed a unique technology for mutation induction of plants using energetic ion beams at the RI Beam Factory (RIBF) of Rikagaku Kenkyūjo (RIKEN) (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research). Ion beams effectively induce mutations at relatively low doses without severely inhibiting growth. The irradiation treatment can be given to various plant materials and mutation can be induced in a short time, between seconds and a few minutes. The linear energy transfer (LET) of ions depends on the nuclide and velocity. Since LET value affects the mutation frequency, it is an important parameter to determine the most effective irradiation condition in mutagenesis. We determined the most effective dose in each LET for mutation induction in imbibed rice seeds. Subsequently, we analysed the mutated DNA responsible for the phenotype in morphological mutants. Most of the mutations were small deletions of less than 100 bp. Irradiations of C-ions and Ne-ions are effective for plant breeding because of the very high mutation rate and sufficient energy to disrupt a single gene. On the other hand, all mutations induced by Ar-ion (290 keV/μm) irradiation were large deletions ranging from 176 bp to approximately 620 kb. The average number of mutations in the target exon regions was 7.3, 8.5 and 4.3 per M₃ mutant plant in C-ions, Ne-ions and Ar-ions, respectively. The number of mutations induced by heavy-ion irradiation was relatively small. We could identify six responsible genes for eight mutants induced by C-ion and Ne-ion irradiations and two responsible genes for four mutants induced by Ar-ion irradiation. Three of these were genes not previously described.

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Zhou, Li-bin, Yan Du, Zhuo Feng, Tao Cui, Xia Chen, Shan-wei Luo, Yu-ze Chen, et al. "Comparative study of mutations induced by carbon-ion beams and gamma-ray irradiations in Arabidopsis thaliana at the genome-wide scale." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 451–58. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0046.

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Abstract Mutation breeding induced by irradiation with highly energetic photons and ion beams is one of the important methods to improve plant varieties, but the mutagenic effects and molecular mechanisms are often not entirely clear. Traditional research is focused on phenotype screening, chromosome aberration tests and genetic variation analysis of specific genes. The whole genome sequencing technique provides a new method to understand and undertake the comprehensive identification of mutations caused by irradiations with different linear energy transfer (LET). In this study, ten Arabidopsis thaliana M₃ lines induced by carbon-ion beams (CIB) and ten M₃ lines induced by gamma-rays were re-sequenced by using the Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform, and the single base substitutions (SBSs) and small insertions or deletions (indels) were analysed comparatively. It was found that the ratio of SBSs to small indels for M3 lines induced by CIB was 2.57:1, whereas the ratio was 1.78:1 for gamma-rays. The ratios of deletions to insertions for carbon ions and gamma-rays were 4.8:1 and 2.8:1, respectively. The single-base indels were more prevalent than those equal to or greater than 2 bp in both CIB and gamma-ray induced M₃ lines. Among the detected SBSs, the ratio of transitions to transversions induced by carbon-ion irradiation was 1.01 and 1.42 for gamma-rays; these values differ greatly from the 2.41 reported for spontaneous substitutions. This study provides novel data on molecular characteristics of CIB and gamma-ray induced mutations at the genome-wide scale. It can also provide valuable clues for explaining the potential mechanism of plant mutation breeding by irradiations with different LETs.

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Yi, Song, and Young Soo Kang. "Preparation of Hydrophilic Polymer Film by Using γ-Irradiation Method." In Solid State Phenomena, 1301–4. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-30-2.1301.

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Wang, Mengyuan, Xiaoyuan Xu, Zheng Yan, Jianyu Lu, and Guodong Qi. "Fault Diagnosis Method for Photovoltaic Arrays Considering Low Irradiation Samples." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 335–43. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1351-6_36.

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Golubev, V. S., A. S. Kaminsky, A. N. Khmylev, V. S. Kuznetsov, V. A. Pavshook, and Ye S. Subbotin. "Method of hidden explosives detection using reflected low power gamma irradiation." In Detection of Bulk Explosives Advanced Techniques against Terrorism, 53–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0962-1_6.

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Liu, Rui, and Xuede Chen. "Elastic-Plastic Analysis and Evaluation Method for the Research Reactor Irradiation Device." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 689–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0873-4_70.

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Jankowicz-Cieslak, Joanna, Florian Goessnitzer, Bradley J. Till, and Ivan L. Ingelbrecht. "Induced Mutagenesis and In Vitro Mutant Population Development in Musa spp." In Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with TR4 Resistance in Banana, 3–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64915-2_1.

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AbstractMutagenesis of in vitro propagated bananas is an efficient method to introduce novel alleles and broaden genetic diversity. Mutations can be induced by treatment of plant cells with chemical mutagens or ionizing radiation. The FAO/IAEA Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory established efficient methods for mutation induction of in vitro shoot tips in banana using physical and chemical mutagens as well as methods for the efficient discovery of EMS-induced single nucleotide mutations in targeted genes or amplicons and identification of large genomic changes, including deletions and insertions. Mutagenesis of in vitro propagated tissues requires large populations serving as starting material, and a long process to dissolve genetic mosaics (chimeras) resulting from the mutagenesis of multicellular tissues. However, treating shoot apical meristems of tissue cultured bananas with a mutagen is a commonly used practice for banana mutation breeding programmes, and still the most effective. In our previous studies, we showed that chimeras, unique mutations accumulated in different cells of the plant propagule, could be rapidly removed via isolation of shoot apical meristems and subsequent longitudinal bisection. Further, induced mutations were maintained in mutant plants for several generations. We established such systems for inducing and maintaining both point mutations caused via EMS mutagenesis as well as insertions and deletions caused by gamma irradiation and describe hereafter methods for dose selection, gamma irradiation and chimera dissolution.

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Wang, Xiaoping, Shusai Zheng, Daomin Min, Shengtao Li, Xinbin Hou, and Li Wang. "Study of Deep Dielectric Charging Characteristics and Suppression Method Under Space Irradiation Environment." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1067–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31676-1_100.

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Xu, X. L., M. R. Coleman, U. Myler, and P. J. Simpson. "Postsynthesis Method for Development of Membranes Using Ion Beam Irradiation of Polyimide Thin Films." In ACS Symposium Series, 205–27. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0744.ch014.

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Jagadeesh, K., and Ch Chengaiah. "Power enhancement in solar PV configurations under partial irradiation scenarios using Futo-Sumdoku method." In Recent Advances in Material, Manufacturing, and Machine Learning, 944–58. London: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003450252-111.

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Conference papers on the topic "Irradiation method"

Yokota, H., E. Sugai, Y. Kashima, and Y. Sasaki. "Optical Irradiation Method for Fiber Coupler Fabrications." In Optical Fiber Sensors. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofs.1996.th319.

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Shadrin, Vasily Yu, Mikhail F. Semenov, Gavril I. Ivanov, and Oksana I. Matveeva. "Irradiation coefficient and the unit sphere method." In “TOPICAL ISSUES OF THERMOPHYSICS, ENERGETICS AND HYDROGASDYNAMICS IN THE ARCTIC CONDITIONS”: Dedicated to the 85th Birthday Anniversary of Professor E. A. Bondarev. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0106308.

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Bliznyuk, Ulyana, Polina Borchegovskaya, Felix Studenikin, Alexander Chernyaev, and Vadim Khankin. "Verification method to increase uniformity of foodstuff irradiation." In RAD Conference. RAD Centre, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/rad.abstr.book.2021.28.14.

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Joni, I. Made, Mila Sri Hardiati, Ferry Faizal, and Camellia Panatarani. "Synthesis of rGO-Ni by microwave irradiation method." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC-2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0003077.

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Ding, Su, Yanhong Tian, Zhi Jiang, and Chenxi Wang. "Joining of silver nanoparticles by femtosecond laser irradiation method." In 2015 IEEE 65th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectc.2015.7159750.

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Seflini, N., P. R. Triananda, F. Kurniadewi, Zulhipri, and H. Dianhar. "Synthesis of vanillin-derived chalcone using microwave irradiation method." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “DIGITALIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS”. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0182837.

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Utz, Sergei R., Yurii P. Sinichkin, Valery V. Tuchin, Ilya V. Yaroslavsky, Irina A. Utz, and Alexander Y. Barabanov. "Method and apparatus for percutaneous laser irradiation of blood and tissues." In Radiofrequency and Optical Methods of Biomedical Diagnostics and Therapy, edited by Valery V. Tuchin. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.146472.

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Biruchinsky, Sergey B., and Eugeny S. Sergeev. "Method of irradiation of surface and underlying layers of skin." In Saratov Fall Meeting '98: Light Scattering Technologies for Mechanics, Biomedicine, and Material Science, edited by Valery V. Tuchin, Vladimir P. Ryabukho, and Dmitry A. Zimnyakov. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.341411.

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Kurniawan, Irfan Tito, and Widyawardana Adiprawita. "A Method of Ultraviolet-C Surface Irradiation Simulation and Evaluation." In 2021 International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isesd53023.2021.9501868.

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Porntrairat, A., and C. Pattamaprom. "Preparation of vinyl acetate grafted natural rubber by irradiation method." In PROCEEDINGS OF PPS-31: The 31st International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society – Conference Papers. AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4942333.

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Reports on the topic "Irradiation method"

Reid, B. D., D. C. Gerlach, E. F. Love, J. P. McNeece, J. V. Livingston, L. R. Greenwood, S. L. Petersen, and W. C. Morgan. Graphite Isotope Ratio Method Development Report: Irradiation Test Demonstration of Uranium as a Low Fluence Indicator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13875.

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Mcneece, James P., Bruce D. Reid, William C. Morgan, Edward F. Love, David C. Gerlach, Steven L. Petersen, James V. Livingston, and Lawrence R. Greenwood. Graphite Isotope Ratio Method Development Report: Irradiation Test Demonstration of Uranium as a Low Fluence Indicator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1052958.

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Wilding, Malwina. Status of the Optical Dilatometer Method of Evaluating the Peak Irradiation Temperatures of SiC Passive Monitors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1894499.

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Li, Dongsheng, Hussein M. Zbib, Hamid Garmestani, Xin Sun, and Mohammad A. Khaleel. A Hierarchical Upscaling Method for Predicting Strength of Materials under Thermal, Radiation and Mechanical loading - Irradiation Strengthening Mechanisms in Stainless Steels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1023737.

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Skelly, Andrea C., Eric Chang, Jessica Bordley, Erika D. Brodt, Shelley Selph, Rongwei Fu, Rebecca Holmes, et al. Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Bone Disease: Effectiveness and Harms. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer265.

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Objectives. To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and harms of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for palliative treatment of metastatic bone disease (MBD). Data sources. Four electronic databases from 1985 to January 30, 2023; a targeted search for re-irradiation through January 30, 2023; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) comparing dose-fractionation schemes and EBRT delivery techniques (for initial radiation and re-irradiation, i.e., retreatment for recurrent or persistent pain) and EBRT alone versus in combination with other palliative treatments. Study risk of bias was assessed using predefined criteria. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for the primary outcomes of pain, function, spinal cord compression relief, quality of life, and harms. Results. We included 53 RCTs and 31 NRSIs; most were fair quality. In patients receiving initial radiation for MBD there was a small increase in the likelihood of overall pain response (improved pain measures with stable or decreased analgesic use) for multiple fraction (MF) EBRT versus single fraction (SF) EBRT up to 4 weeks post-radiation therapy (SOE: moderate) and for higher dose (6 or 8 Gy) SF EBRT versus lower dose (4 Gy) SF EBRT up to 52 weeks post-radiation therapy (SOE: low). SF and MF EBRT did not differ at later followup (SOE: moderate) nor did comparisons of MF EBRT dose/fractions (SOE: moderate ≤12 weeks; low >12 weeks). Re-irradiation was more common with SF versus MF EBRT. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) (SF or MF) was associated with a slightly higher (up to 20 weeks, SOE: low) and moderately higher (30 weeks; SOE: moderate) likelihood of overall pain response versus MF EBRT. For re-irradiation, SF and MF SBRT had a similar likelihood of overall pain response, as did SF versus MF EBRT (SOE: low for all). Harms may be similar across dose/fraction schemes and techniques; serious harms were rare. Comparative effectiveness evidence for EBRT was sparse. Conclusions. In patients with uncomplicated MBD receiving initial palliative radiotherapy, the likelihood of overall pain response for SF and MF EBRT is probably similar, particularly after 4 weeks; re-irradiation was more common with SF-EBRT. SF and MF SBRT may provide slightly greater likelihood of overall pain response versus MF EBRT; evidence is limited. SF and MF EBRT may have similar likelihoods of overall pain response in patients receiving re-irradiation. High-quality evidence comparing SBRT with EBRT is needed in populations with complicated and uncomplicated MBD, as is research on effectiveness of EBRT versus other treatments. Update: An addendum is located at the end of the main report, before the appendixes.

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Shumway, Dean A., Kimberly S. Corbin, Magdoleen H. Farah, Kelly E. Viola, Tarek Nayfeh, Samer Saadi, Vishal Shah, et al. Partial Breast Irradiation for Breast Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer259.

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Objectives. To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and harms of partial breast irradiation (PBI) compared with whole breast irradiation (WBI) for early-stage breast cancer, and how differences in effectiveness and harms may be influenced by patient, tumor, and treatment factors, including treatment modality, target volume, dose, and fractionation. We also evaluated the relative financial toxicity of PBI versus WBI. Data sources. MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Central Registrar of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and various grey literature sources from database inception to June 30, 2022. Review methods. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies that enrolled adult women with early-stage breast cancer who received one of six PBI modalities: multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy, single-entry catheter brachytherapy (also known as intracavitary brachytherapy), 3-dimensional conformal external beam radiation therapy (3DCRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), proton radiation therapy, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). Pairs of independent reviewers screened and appraised studies. Results. Twenty-three original studies with 17,510 patients evaluated the comparative effectiveness of PBI, including 14 RCTs, 6 comparative observational studies, and 3 single-arm observational studies. PBI was not significantly different from WBI in terms of ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR), overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 and 10 years (high strength of evidence [SOE]). Evidence for cosmetic outcomes was insufficient. Results were generally consistent when PBI modalities were compared with WBI, whether compared individually or combined. These PBI approaches included 3DCRT, IMRT, and multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy. Compared with WBI, 3DCRT showed no difference in IBR, overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 and 10 years (moderate to high SOE); IMRT showed no difference in IBR or overall survival at 5 and 10 years (low SOE); multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy showed no difference in IBR, overall survival, or cancer-free survival at 5 years (low SOE). Compared with WBI, IORT was associated with a higher IBR rate at 5, 10, and over 10 years (high SOE), with no difference in overall survival, cancer-free survival, or mastectomy-free survival (low to high SOE). There were significantly fewer acute adverse events (AEs) with PBI compared with WBI, with no apparent difference in late AEs (moderate SOE). Data about quality of life were limited. Head-to-head comparisons between the different PBI modalities showed insufficient evidence to estimate an effect on main outcomes. There were no significant differences in IBR or other outcomes according to patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics; however, data for subgroups were insufficient to draw conclusions. Eight studies addressed concepts closely related to financial toxicity. Compared with conventionally fractionated WBI, accelerated PBI was associated with lower transportation costs and days away from work. PBI was also associated with less subjective financial difficulty at various time points after radiotherapy. Conclusions. Clinical trials that compared PBI with WBI demonstrate no significant difference in the risk of IBR. PBI is associated with fewer acute AEs and may be associated with less financial toxicity. The current evidence supports the use of PBI in appropriately selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the outcomes of PBI in patients with various clinical and tumor characteristics, and to define optimal radiation treatment dose and technique for PBI.

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