Journal articles: 'Irradiance fields'

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Brand, Matt, and Daniel A. Birch. "Freeform irradiance tailoring for light fields." Optics Express 27, no. 12 (May 1, 2019): A611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.00a611.

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Harvey, Karen L. "Irradiance Models Based on Solar Magnetic Fields." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 143 (1994): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100024714.

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A method to separate the active region and quiet network components of the magnetic fields in the photosphere is described and compared with the corresponding measurements of the He I λ 10830 absorption. The relation between the total He I absorption and total magnetic flux in active regions is roughly linear and differs between cycles 21 and 22. There appears to no relation between these two quantities in areas outside of active regions. The total He I absorption in the quiet Sun (comprised of network, filaments, and coronal holes) exceeds that in active regions at all times during the cycle. As a whole, active regions of cycle 22 appear to be less complex than the active regions of cycle 21, hinting at one possible cause for a differing relation between spectral-irradiance variations and the underlying magnetic flux for these two cycles.

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Lawrence, J. K., G. A. Chapman, and S. R. Walton. "Weak magnetic fields and solar irradiance variations." Astrophysical Journal 375 (July 1991): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/170241.

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Moore, Nicole J., Miguel A. Alonso, and Colin J. R. Sheppard. "Monochromatic scalar fields with maximum focal irradiance." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 24, no. 7 (June 13, 2007): 2057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.24.002057.

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Fox, Peter A., and Sabatino Sofia. "Convection and Irradiance Variations." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 143 (1994): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100024787.

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In the outer layers of the Sun (≈ 30% by radius), energy is transported by convection. The nature of the highly stratified and compressible convective flow is determined from the components of the energy flux (internal, kinetic, viscous, magnetic and radiative). Local suppressions or enhancements of any of these components may give rise to measurable changes in the emergent radiation.On the solar surface there is direct evidence for modulation of the emerging heat flux covering a large range in spatial and temporal scales, particularly associated with concentrated magnetic fields (e.g. sunspots, plages). Associated with these surface features is the observation that the characteristics of convective motions are also modified. In the deeper layers, the interaction of convection and magnetic fields will play an important role in readjusting the local emerging heat flux and thus should contribute to the modulation of the total solar irradiance.The task of calculating the response of the convection zone structure to developing active regions, and the solar activity cycle in general is difficult and complex due to the highly non-linear nature of the interaction of convection and magnetic fields. Theoretical work has ranged from empirical and global structure models, all the way to fine scale compressible convection simulations. This paper will highlight some recent theoretical advances that may have a direct bearing on the understanding of solar luminosity and irradiance variations and outline the important problems that must be addressed and what observational constraints may be used.

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Quéno, Louis, Fatima Karbou, Vincent Vionnet, and Ingrid Dombrowski-Etchevers. "Satellite-derived products of solar and longwave irradiances used for snowpack modelling in mountainous terrain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 4 (April 28, 2020): 2083–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2083-2020.

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Abstract. In mountainous terrain, the snowpack is strongly affected by incoming shortwave and longwave radiation. In this study, a thorough evaluation of the solar and longwave downwelling irradiance products (DSSF and DSLF) derived from the Meteosat Second Generation satellite was undertaken in the French Alps and the Pyrenees. The satellite-derived products were compared with forecast fields from the meteorological model AROME and with analysis fields from the SAFRAN system. A new satellite-derived product (DSLFnew) was developed by combining satellite observations and AROME forecasts. An evaluation against in situ measurements showed lower errors for DSSF than AROME and SAFRAN in terms of solar irradiances. For longwave irradiances, we were not able to select the best product due to contrasted results falling in the range of uncertainty of the sensors. Spatial comparisons of the different datasets over the Alpine and Pyrenean domains highlighted a better representation of the spatial variability of solar fluxes by DSSF and AROME than SAFRAN. We also showed that the altitudinal gradient of longwave irradiance is too strong for DSLFnew and too weak for SAFRAN. These datasets were then used as radiative forcing together with AROME near-surface forecasts to drive distributed snowpack simulations by the model Crocus in the French Alps and the Pyrenees. An evaluation against in situ snow depth measurements showed higher biases when using satellite-derived products, despite their quality. This effect is attributed to some error compensations in the atmospheric forcing and the snowpack model. However, satellite-derived irradiance products are judged beneficial for snowpack modelling in mountains, when the error compensations are solved.

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Preisendorfer, Rudolph W., and Curtis D. Mobley. "Theory of fluorescent irradiance fields in natural waters." Journal of Geophysical Research 93, no. D9 (1988): 10831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd093id09p10831.

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Li, Linhai, Dariusz Stramski, and Mirosław Darecki. "Characterization of the Light Field and Apparent Optical Properties in the Ocean Euphotic Layer Based on Hyperspectral Measurements of Irradiance Quartet." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 2677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122677.

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Although the light fields and apparent optical properties (AOPs) within the ocean euphotic layer have been studied for many decades through extensive measurements and theoretical modeling, there is virtually a lack of simultaneous high spectral resolution measurements of plane and scalar downwelling and upwelling irradiances (the so-called irradiance quartet). We describe a unique dataset of hyperspectral irradiance quartet, which was acquired under a broad range of environmental conditions within the water column from the near-surface depths to about 80 m in the Gulf of California. This dataset enabled the characterization of a comprehensive suite of AOPs for realistic non-uniform vertical distributions of seawater inherent optical properties (IOPs) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl) in the common presence of inelastic radiative processes within the water column, in particular Raman scattering by water molecules and chlorophyll-a fluorescence. In the blue and green spectral regions, the vertical patterns of AOPs are driven primarily by IOPs of seawater with weak or no discernible effects of inelastic processes. In the red, the light field and AOPs are strongly affected or totally dominated by inelastic processes of Raman scattering by water molecules, and additionally by chlorophyll-a fluorescence within the fluorescence emission band. The strongest effects occur in the chlorophyll-a fluorescence band within the chlorophyll-a maximum layer, where the average cosines of the light field approach the values of uniform light field, irradiance reflectance is exceptionally high approaching 1, and the diffuse attenuation coefficients for various irradiances are exceptionally low, including the negative values for the attenuation of upwelling plane and scalar irradiances. We established the empirical relationships describing the vertical patterns of some AOPs in the red spectral region as well as the relationships between some AOPs which can be useful in common experimental situations when only the downwelling plane irradiance measurements are available. We also demonstrated the applicability of irradiance quartet data in conjunction with Gershun’s equation for estimating the absorption coefficient of seawater in the blue-green spectral region, in which the effects of inelastic processes are weak or negligible.

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9

Spruit, Henk C. "Theoretical Interpretation of Solar and Stellar Irradiance Variations." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 143 (1994): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100024775.

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The main cause of variability of solar type stars are their varying magnetic fields. To compute irradiance variations one has to compute the magnetic field (the dynamo problem), and from this the irradiance effects. The second problem is considered here. The theoretical work of the past decade has shown that the dominant effect of magnetic fields is a surface effect: a change of effective emissivity of the magnetic parts of the surface while the nonmagnetic part of the surface contributes very little to the irradiance variation on almost all time scales. No other processes have yet been found that would cause variations exceeding (at the current level of magnetic activity) the observed 0.1% irradiance fluctuation of the Sun. This implies that a knowledge of the surface magnetic fields [separated into its bright small scale (faculae, network) and dark large scale (spots) components] is sufficient for pre- or postdicting the solar irradiance. It is hypothesized that the discrepancy remaining between the measured irradiance variations and values reconstructed from proxies is due to the difficulty of finding a proxy that accurately correlates with the continuum contrast of a dispersed small scale magnetic field. Stellar structure theory predicts that the variations in the solar radius associated with magnetic activity are quite small. For stars, color and brightness variations should primarily be interpreted in terms of variations in the fraction of the surface covered by magnetic patches. Their (long term) displacement from the main sequence is not very large.

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Nesme-Ribes, Elizabeth, Dmitry Sokoloff, and Robert Sadourny. "Solar Rotation, Irradiance Changes and Climate." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 143 (1994): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110002474x.

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Magnetic activity cycles for solar-type stars are believed to originate from non-uniform internal rotation. To determine this depthwise angular velocity distribution, helioseismology is a valuable source of information. Surface rotation, as traced by sunspot motion, is a well-observed parameter with data going back to the beginning of the telescopic era. This long sunspot series can be used in understanding the behaviour of the Sun’s surface rotation, the connection with its internal rotation, and thereby its magnetic activity. Apparent solar diameter is another important parameter. This is related to the structure of the convective envelope and how it reacts to the presence of magnetic fields. Both these parameters are related to the solar output, and can provide a surrogate for total solar irradiance, by way of a theoretical modeling of the response of the convective zone to the emergence of periodic magnetic fields. The impact of solar variability on the terrestrial climate is also addressed.

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Tereszchuk, Keith A., Yves J. Rochon, Chris A. McLinden, and Paul A. Vaillancourt. "Optimizing UV Index determination from broadband irradiances." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 1093–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-1093-2018.

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Abstract. A study was undertaken to improve upon the prognosticative capability of Environment and Climate Change Canada's (ECCC) UV Index forecast model. An aspect of that work, and the topic of this communication, was to investigate the use of the four UV broadband surface irradiance fields generated by ECCC's Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) numerical prediction model to determine the UV Index. The basis of the investigation involves the creation of a suite of routines which employ high-spectral-resolution radiative transfer code developed to calculate UV Index fields from GEM forecasts. These routines employ a modified version of the Cloud-J v7.4 radiative transfer model, which integrates GEM output to produce high-spectral-resolution surface irradiance fields. The output generated using the high-resolution radiative transfer code served to verify and calibrate GEM broadband surface irradiances under clear-sky conditions and their use in providing the UV Index. A subsequent comparison of irradiances and UV Index under cloudy conditions was also performed. Linear correlation agreement of surface irradiances from the two models for each of the two higher UV bands covering 310.70–330.0 and 330.03–400.00 nm is typically greater than 95 % for clear-sky conditions with associated root-mean-square relative errors of 6.4 and 4.0 %. However, underestimations of clear-sky GEM irradiances were found on the order of ∼ 30–50 % for the 294.12–310.70 nm band and by a factor of ∼ 30 for the 280.11–294.12 nm band. This underestimation can be significant for UV Index determination but would not impact weather forecasting. Corresponding empirical adjustments were applied to the broadband irradiances now giving a correlation coefficient of unity. From these, a least-squares fitting was derived for the calculation of the UV Index. The resultant differences in UV indices from the high-spectral-resolution irradiances and the resultant GEM broadband irradiances are typically within 0.2–0.3 with a root-mean-square relative error in the scatter of ∼ 6.6 % for clear-sky conditions. Similar results are reproduced under cloudy conditions with light to moderate clouds, with a relative error comparable to the clear-sky counterpart; under strong attenuation due to clouds, a substantial increase in the root-mean-square relative error of up to 35 % is observed due to differing cloud radiative transfer models.

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Hyde, Milo W. "Independently Controlling Stochastic Field Realization Magnitude and Phase Statistics for the Construction of Novel Partially Coherent Sources." Photonics 8, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8020060.

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In this paper, we present a method to independently control the field and irradiance statistics of a partially coherent beam. Prior techniques focus on generating optical field realizations whose ensemble-averaged autocorrelation matches a specified second-order field moment known as the cross-spectral density (CSD) function. Since optical field realizations are assumed to obey Gaussian statistics, these methods do not consider the irradiance moments, as they, by the Gaussian moment theorem, are completely determined by the field’s first and second moments. Our work, by including control over the irradiance statistics (in addition to the CSD function), expands existing synthesis approaches and allows for the design, modeling, and simulation of new partially coherent beams, whose underlying field realizations are not Gaussian distributed. We start with our model for a random optical field realization and then derive expressions relating the ensemble moments of our fields to those of the desired partially coherent beam. We describe in detail how to generate random optical field realizations with the proper statistics. We lastly generate two example partially coherent beams using our method and compare the simulated field and irradiance moments theory to validate our technique.

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13

Solanki, Sami K. "Irradiance Effects of Small-Scale Magnetic Fields on the Sun." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 143 (1994): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100024726.

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Small-scale magnetic fields affect the solar luminosity mainly on long time scales. To understand their contribution to solar luminosity variations we must know and understand the contribution of a typical small-scale magnetic feature. In this review I briefly outline our theoretical understanding of the processes leading to the enhancement (or reduction) of the brightness of flux tubes. I also present a brief overview of our observational knowledge.

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Yeo, K. L., and N. A. Krivova. "Intensity contrast of solar network and faculae." Astronomy & Astrophysics 624 (April 2019): A135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935123.

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Aims. We aim to gain insight into the effect of network and faculae on solar irradiance from their apparent intensity. Methods. Taking full-disc observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we examined the intensity contrast of network and faculae in the continuum and core of the Fe I 6173 Å line and 1700 Å, including the variation with magnetic flux density, distance from disc centre, nearby magnetic fields, and time. Results. The brightness of network and faculae is believed to be suppressed by nearby magnetic fields from its effect on convection. We note that the degree of magnetically crowding of an area also affects the magnetic flux tube sizes and the depth at which magnetic concentrations are embedded in intergranular lanes, such that intensity contrast can be enhanced in magnetically crowded areas at certain flux densities and distances from disc centre. The difference in intensity contrast between the quiet-Sun network and active region faculae, noted by various studies, arises because active regions are more magnetically crowded and is not due to any fundamental physical differences between network and faculae. These results highlight that solar irradiance models need to include the effect of nearby magnetic fields on network and faculae brightness. We found evidence that suggests that departures from local thermal equilibrium (LTE) might have limited effect on intensity contrast. This could explain why solar irradiance models that are based on the intensity contrast of solar surface magnetic features calculated assuming LTE reproduce the observed spectral variability even where the LTE assumption breaks down. Certain models of solar irradiance employ chromospheric indices as direct indications of the effect of network and faculae on solar irradiance. Based on past studies of the Ca II K line and on the intensity contrast measurements derived here, we show that the fluctuations in chromospheric emission from network and faculae are a reasonable estimate of the emission fluctuations in the middle photosphere, but not of those in the lower photosphere. This is due to the different physical mechanisms that underlie the magnetic intensity enhancement in the various atmospheric regimes, and represents a fundamental limitation of these solar irradiance models. Any time variation in the radiant properties of network and faculae is, of course, relevant to their effect on solar irradiance. The data set, which extends from 2010 to 2018, indicates that their intensity contrast was stable to about 3% in this period. Conclusions. This study offers new insights into the radiant behaviour of network and faculae, with practical implications for solar irradiance modelling.

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Schmidt, K. S., G. Feingold, P. Pilewskie, H. Jiang, O. Coddington, and M. Wendisch. "Irradiance in polluted cumulus fields: Measured and modeled cloud-aerosol effects." Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 7 (April 4, 2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008gl036848.

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Liu, Qingyun, Haichun Liu, Deyang Li, Wen Qiao, Guanying Chen, and Hans Ågren. "Microlens array enhanced upconversion luminescence at low excitation irradiance." Nanoscale 11, no. 29 (2019): 14070–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03105g.

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Microlens arrays are applied as spatial light modulators to manipulate the distribution of excitation light fields in order to overcome the high excitation-intensity threshold of upconversion nanoparticles, taking advantage of their nonlinear response to excitation irradiance.

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Wolf, Kevin, André Ehrlich, Mario Mech, Robin J. Hogan, and Manfred Wendisch. "Evaluation of ECMWF Radiation Scheme Using Aircraft Observations of Spectral Irradiance above Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, no. 8 (July 13, 2020): 2665–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0333.1.

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Abstract A novel approach to compare airborne observations of solar spectral irradiances measured above clouds with along-track radiative transfer simulations (RTS) is presented. The irradiance measurements were obtained with the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System (SMART) installed on the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO). The RTS were conducted using the operational ecRad radiation scheme of the Integrated Forecast System (IFS), operated by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), and a stand-alone radiative transfer solver, the library for Radiative transfer (libRadtran). Profiles of observed and simulated radar reflectivity were provided by the HALO Microwave Package (HAMP) and the Passive and Active Microwave Transfer Model (PAMTRA), respectively. The comparison aims to investigate the capability of the two models to reproduce the observed radiation field. By analyzing spectral irradiances above clouds, different ice cloud optical parameterizations in the models were evaluated. Simulated and observed radar reflectivity fields allowed the vertical representation of the clouds modeled by the IFS to be evaluated, and enabled errors in the IFS analysis data (IFS AD) and the observations to be separated. The investigation of a North Atlantic low pressure system showed that the RTS, in combination with the IFS AD, generally reproduced the observed radiation field. For heterogeneously distributed liquid water clouds, an underestimation of upward irradiance by up to 27% was found. Simulations of ice-topped clouds, using a specific ice optics parameterization, indicated a systematic underestimation of broadband cloud-top albedo, suggesting major deficiencies in the ice optics parameterization between 1242 and 1941 nm wavelength.

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Gristey, Jake J., Graham Feingold, Ian B. Glenn, K. Sebastian Schmidt, and Hong Chen. "Surface Solar Irradiance in Continental Shallow Cumulus Fields: Observations and Large-Eddy Simulation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 77, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 1065–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-19-0261.1.

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Abstract This study examines shallow cumulus cloud fields and their surface shortwave radiative effects using large-eddy simulation (LES) along with observations across multiple days at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains atmospheric observatory. Pronounced differences are found between probability density functions (PDFs) of downwelling surface solar irradiance derived from observations and LES one-dimensional (1D) online radiation calculations. The shape of the observed PDF is bimodal, which is only reproduced by offline three-dimensional (3D) radiative transfer calculations, demonstrating PDF bimodality as a 3D radiative signature of continental shallow cumuli. Local differences between 3D and 1D radiative transfer calculations of downwelling surface solar irradiance are, on average, larger than 150 W m−2 on one afternoon. The differences are substantially reduced when spatially averaged over the LES domain and temporally averaged over the diurnal cycle, but systematic 3D biases ranging from 2 to 8 W m−2 persist across different days. Covariations between the domain-averaged surface irradiance, framed as a surface cloud radiative effect, and the simulated cloud fraction are found to follow a consistent diurnal relationship, often exhibiting hysteresis. In contrast, observations show highly variable behavior. By subsampling the LES domain, it is shown that this is due to the limited sampling density of inherently 3D observations. These findings help to define observational requirements for detecting such relationships, provide valuable insight for evaluating weather and climate models against surface observations as they push to ever higher resolutions, and have important implications for future assessments of solar renewable energy potential.

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Pandey, P., K. De Ridder, D. Gillotay, and N. P. M. van Lipzig. "Estimating cloud optical thickness and associated surface UV irradiance from SEVIRI by implementing a semi-analytical cloud retrieval algorithm." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 9, 2012): 691–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-691-2012.

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Abstract. In this paper, we describe the implementation of the Semi-Analytical Cloud Retrieval Algorithm (SACURA), to obtain scaled cloud optical thickness (SCOT) from satellite imagery acquired with the SEVIRI instrument and surface UV irradiance levels. In estimation of SCOT particular care is given to the proper specification of the background (i.e., cloud-free) spectral albedo and the retrieval of the cloud water phase from reflectance ratios in SEVIRI's 0.6 μm and 1.6 μm spectral bands. The SACURA scheme is then applied to daytime SEVIRI imagery over Europe, for the month of June 2006, at 15-min time increments. The resulting SCOT fields are compared with values obtained by the CloudSat experimental satellite mission, yielding a negligible bias, correlation coefficients ranging from 0.51 to 0.78, and a root mean square difference of 1 to 2 SCOT increments. These findings compare favourably to results from similar intercomparison exercises reported in the literature. Based on the retrieved SCOT from SEVIRI and radiative transfer modelling approach, simple parameterisations are proposed to estimate the surface UV-A and UV-B irradiance. The validation of the modelled UV-A and UV-B irradiance against the measurements over two Belgian stations, Redu and Ostend, indicate good agreement with the high correlation, index of agreement and low bias. The SCOT fields estimated by implementing SACURA on imagery from geostationary satellite are reliable and its impact on surface UV irradiance levels is well produced.

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Pandey, P., K. De Ridder, D. Gillotay, and N. P. M. van Lipzig. "Estimating cloud optical thickness and associated surface UV irradiance from SEVIRI by implementing a semi-analytical cloud retrieval algorithm." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 17 (September 6, 2012): 7961–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-7961-2012.

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Abstract. In this paper, we describe the implementation of the Semi-Analytical Cloud Retrieval Algorithm (SACURA), to obtain scaled cloud optical thickness (SCOT) from satellite imagery acquired with the SEVIRI instrument and surface UV irradiance levels. In estimation of SCOT particular care is given to the proper specification of the background (i.e. cloud-free) spectral albedo and the retrieval of the cloud water phase from reflectance ratios in SEVIRI's 0.6 μm and 1.6 μm spectral bands. The SACURA scheme is then applied to daytime SEVIRI imagery over Europe, for the month of June 2006, at 15-min time increments. The resulting SCOT fields are compared with values obtained by the CloudSat experimental satellite mission, yielding a negligible bias, correlation coefficients ranging from 0.51 to 0.78, and a root mean square difference of 1 to 2 SCOT increments. These findings compare favourably to results from similar intercomparison exercises reported in the literature. Based on the retrieved SCOT from SEVIRI and radiative transfer modelling approach, simple parameterisations are proposed to estimate the surface UV-A and UV-B irradiance. The validation of the modelled UV-A and UV-B irradiance against the measurements over two Belgian stations, Redu and Ostend, indicate good agreement with the high correlation, index of agreement and low bias. The SCOT fields estimated by implementing SACURA on imagery from geostationary satellite are reliable and its impact on surface UV irradiance levels is well produced.

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Parker, Eugene N. "Theoretical Interpretation of Magnetic Activity." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 143 (1994): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100024763.

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Magnetic fields generated and driven by thermal convection are the primary cause of solar activity. There are many facets of the activity, such as plages, flares, sunspots, coronal heating, and the variation of solar luminosity or irradiance whose nature and cause are understood only partially or not at all, although detailed superficial observational descriptions are available. It is suggested that the inferred 105 gauss azimuthal field bundles may be a direct result of the emergence of Ω-loops to form bipolar magnetic regions on the surface in association with an increase in solar irradiance.

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Gray, David F. "Stellar Photospheres: Success, Failure, Ambiguity, & Ambition." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 210 (2003): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900133431.

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Models are compared with observations in several examples, including spectroscopic temperature measurement, irradiance variations, stellar rotation from line profiles, and velocity fields in stellar photospheres. A few key issues for investigations in the near future are suggested.

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Mayer, B., S. W. Hoch, and C. D. Whiteman. "Validating the MYSTIC three-dimensional radiative transfer model with observations from the complex topography of Arizona's Meteor Crater." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 5 (May 26, 2010): 13373–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-13373-2010.

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Abstract. The MYSTIC three-dimensional Monte-Carlo radiative transfer model has been extended to simulate solar and thermal irradiances with a rigorous consideration of topography. Forward as well as backward Monte Carlo simulations are possible for arbitrarily oriented surfaces and we demonstrate that the backward Monte Carlo technique is superior to the forward method for applications involving topography, by greatly reducing the computational demands. MYSTIC is used to simulate the short- and longwave radiation fields during a clear day and night in and around Arizona's Meteor Crater, a bowl-shaped, 165-m-deep basin with a diameter of 1200 m. The simulations are made over a 4 by 4 km domain using a 10-m horizontal resolution digital elevation model and meteorological input data collected during the METCRAX (Meteor Crater Experiment) field experiment in 2006. Irradiance (or radiative flux) measurements at multiple locations inside the crater are then used to evaluate the simulations. MYSTIC is shown to realistically model the complex interactions between topography and the radiative field, resolving the effects of terrain shading, terrain exposure, and longwave surface emissions. The effects of surface temperature variations and of temperature stratification within the crater atmosphere on the near-surface longwave irradiance are then evaluated with additional simulations.

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Mayer, B., S. W. Hoch, and C. D. Whiteman. "Validating the MYSTIC three-dimensional radiative transfer model with observations from the complex topography of Arizona's Meteor Crater." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 18 (September 16, 2010): 8685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8685-2010.

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Abstract. The MYSTIC three-dimensional Monte-Carlo radiative transfer model has been extended to simulate solar and thermal irradiances with a rigorous consideration of topography. Forward as well as backward Monte Carlo simulations are possible for arbitrarily oriented surfaces and we demonstrate that the backward Monte Carlo technique is superior to the forward method for applications involving topography, by greatly reducing the computational demands. MYSTIC is used to simulate the short- and longwave radiation fields during a clear day and night in and around Arizona's Meteor Crater, a bowl-shaped, 165-m-deep basin with a diameter of 1200 m. The simulations are made over a 4 by 4 km2 domain using a 10-m horizontal resolution digital elevation model and meteorological input data collected during the METCRAX (Meteor Crater Experiment) field experiment in 2006. Irradiance (or radiative flux) measurements at multiple locations inside the crater are then used to evaluate the simulations. MYSTIC is shown to realistically model the complex interactions between topography and the radiative field, resolving the effects of terrain shading, terrain exposure, and longwave surface emissions. The effects of surface temperature variations and of temperature stratification within the crater atmosphere on the near-surface longwave irradiance are then evaluated with additional simulations.

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Chen, Hong, Sebastian Schmidt, Michael D. King, Galina Wind, Anthony Bucholtz, Elizabeth A. Reid, Michal Segal-Rozenhaimer, et al. "The effect of low-level thin arctic clouds on shortwave irradiance: evaluation of estimates from spaceborne passive imagery with aircraft observations." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 2673–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2673-2021.

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Abstract. Cloud optical properties such as optical thickness along with surface albedo are important inputs for deriving the shortwave radiative effects of clouds from spaceborne remote sensing. Owing to insufficient knowledge about the snow or ice surface in the Arctic, cloud detection and the retrieval products derived from passive remote sensing, such as from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are difficult to obtain with adequate accuracy – especially for low-level thin clouds, which are ubiquitous in the Arctic. This study aims at evaluating the spectral and broadband irradiance calculated from MODIS-derived cloud properties in the Arctic using aircraft measurements collected during the Arctic Radiation-IceBridge Sea and Ice Experiment (ARISE), specifically using the upwelling and downwelling shortwave spectral and broadband irradiance measured by the Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) and the BroadBand Radiometer system (BBR). This starts with the derivation of surface albedo from SSFR and BBR, accounting for the heterogeneous surface in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) with aircraft camera imagery, followed by subsequent intercomparisons of irradiance measurements and radiative transfer calculations in the presence of thin clouds. It ends with an attribution of any biases we found to causes, based on the spectral dependence and the variations in the measured and calculated irradiance along the flight track. The spectral surface albedo derived from the airborne radiometers is consistent with prior ground-based and airborne measurements and adequately represents the surface variability for the study region and time period. Somewhat surprisingly, the primary error in MODIS-derived irradiance fields for this study stems from undetected clouds, rather than from the retrieved cloud properties. In our case study, about 27 % of clouds remained undetected, which is attributable to clouds with an optical thickness of less than 0.5. We conclude that passive imagery has the potential to accurately predict shortwave irradiances in the region if the detection of thin clouds is improved. Of at least equal importance, however, is the need for an operational imagery-based surface albedo product for the polar regions that adequately captures its temporal, spatial, and spectral variability to estimate cloud radiative effects from spaceborne remote sensing.

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POMMIER, LAURENT, and ERIK LEFEBVRE. "Simulations of energetic proton emission in laser–plasma interaction." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 4 (October 2003): 573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034603214166.

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Energetic protons are emitted from thin foils irradiated by short laser pulses at high intensities. One- and two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations have been used to study the influence of initial proton position, laser irradiance, and target density profile on this ion acceleration. These simulations bring additional support to the idea that protons are mainly accelerated from the rear side of the target, by electrostatic fields associated with hot electrons escaping into vacuum. The density scale length at the front of the target appears to be the main parameter to increase proton energies when the laser irradiance is fixed.

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Beyer, Hans Georg, Claudio Costanzo, and Christian Reise. "Multiresolution analysis of satellite-derived irradiance maps—An evaluation of a new tool for the spatial characterization of hourly irradiance fields." Solar Energy 55, no. 1 (July 1995): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(95)00038-s.

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Alsadi, Samer Yassin, and Yasser Fathi Nassar. "Estimation of Solar Irradiance on Solar Fields: An Analytical Approach and Experimental Results." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 8, no. 4 (October 2017): 1601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2017.2697913.

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Wenzler, T., S. K. Solanki, and N. A. Krivova. "Can surface magnetic fields reproduce solar irradiance variations in cycles 22 and 23?" Astronomy & Astrophysics 432, no. 3 (March 2005): 1057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041956.

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RAM, P. C., A. K. SINGH, B. B. SINGH, V. K. SINGH, H. P. SINGH, T. L. SETTER, V. P. Singh, and R. K. Singh. "ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FLOODWATER IN EASTERN INDIA: RELEVANCE TO SUBMERGENCE TOLERANCE OF LOWLAND RICE." Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 2 (April 1999): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479799002057.

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Floodwater was characterized through field surveys over three years in rainfed lowland and deepwater rice areas of Eastern India. Measurements focused on dissolved O2 and CO2, pH and irradiance during flash floods in rice fields. Over locations and time, dissolved O2 concentrations ranged from zero to 0.28 mol m−3 (0–1.1 times air-saturated water at 30 °C) while dissolved CO2 ranged from 0.28 to 1.96 mol m−3 (31–217 times air-saturated water). Floodwater pH varied from 6.6 to 9.7. Irradiance decreased with depth in the water profile to an extent depending on turbidity. Turbidity varied greatly over locations and time. The significance of these measurements in assessing rice submergence tolerance is discussed.

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SIGISMONDI, COSTANTINO. "SOLAR ASTROMETRY: THE STATUS OF ART IN 2011." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 23 (January 2013): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513011732.

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Solar astrometry deals with the accurate measumerent of the solar diameter, and in general with the measurement of the shape of the Sun. During the last decades several techniques have been developed to monitor the radius and the irradiance of the Sun: meridian transits, telescopes in drift-scan mode, solar astrolabes, balloons, and satellites dedicated to the measurements of the solar diameter, and space measurements of the total solar irradiance are now performed to know the relationship radius-luminosity for the Sun in this evolutionary stage of its life. The feedback of solar astrometry in climate studies is of paramount importance. The status of art in the various fields of research here adressed is outlined.

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Johnson, Dennis A., Thomas F. Cummings, Rita Abi Ghanem, and J. Richard Alldredge. "Association of Solar Irradiance and Days of Precipitation with Incidence of Potato Late Blight in the Semiarid Environment of the Columbia Basin." Plant Disease 93, no. 3 (March 2009): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-3-0272.

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The effects of cumulative solar irradiance and rainfall on incidence of potato late blight (caused by Phytophthora infestans) in the Columbia Basin of south-central Washington and north-central Oregon were investigated using meteorological data collected near Othello, WA from 1990 through 2007 and Prosser, WA from 1990 through 2006. An association between solar irradiance and seasonal differences in late blight epidemics has not been quantitatively determined. Incidence of late blight in the Columbia Basin significantly increased as cumulative solar irradiance decreased during 1 April to 31 July and 1 June to 31 July at both Othello and Prosser. Incidence of late blight also increased as number of rainy days increased during 1 April to 31 July at Othello and Prosser and from 1 June to 31 July at Prosser. Coefficients of determination for significant models on late bight incidence ranged from 0.28 to 0.43 for cumulative solar irradiance and 0.27 to 0.38 for number of rainy days. Late blight incidence significantly increased as day of the year for first occurrence of late blight decreased in the Columbia Basin. A multiple regression model that included cumulative solar irradiance from 1 June to 31 July at Prosser and day of year for first occurrence of late blight as independent variables accounted for 58% of the variation for late blight incidence (adjusted R2 = 0.58), and a model that included number of cloudy days without rain combined with number of rainy days accounted for 62% of the variation for late blight incidence. This is the first report demonstrating a quantitative association of solar irradiance and incidence of late blight in commercial potato fields.

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Lohmann, Gerald M., Adam H. Monahan, and Detlev Heinemann. "Local short-term variability in solar irradiance." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 10 (May 25, 2016): 6365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6365-2016.

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Abstract. Characterizing spatiotemporal irradiance variability is important for the successful grid integration of increasing numbers of photovoltaic (PV) power systems. Using 1 Hz data recorded by as many as 99 pyranometers during the HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment (HOPE), we analyze field variability of clear-sky index k* (i.e., irradiance normalized to clear-sky conditions) and sub-minute k* increments (i.e., changes over specified intervals of time) for distances between tens of meters and about 10 km. By means of a simple classification scheme based on k* statistics, we identify overcast, clear, and mixed sky conditions, and demonstrate that the last of these is the most potentially problematic in terms of short-term PV power fluctuations. Under mixed conditions, the probability of relatively strong k* increments of ±0.5 is approximately twice as high compared to increment statistics computed without conditioning by sky type. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation structures of k* increment fields differ considerably between sky types. While the profiles for overcast and clear skies mostly resemble the predictions of a simple model published by Hoff and Perez (2012), this is not the case for mixed conditions. As a proxy for the smoothing effects of distributed PV, we finally show that spatial averaging mitigates variability in k* less effectively than variability in k* increments, for a spatial sensor density of 2 km−2.

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Benevolenskaya, E. E., and I. G. Kostuchenko. "The Total Solar Irradiance, UV Emission and Magnetic Flux during the Last Solar Cycle Minimum." Journal of Astrophysics 2013 (July 22, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/368380.

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We have analyzed the total solar irradiance (TSI) and the spectral solar irradiance as ultraviolet emission (UV) in the wavelength range 115–180 nm, observed with the instruments TIM and SOLSTICE within the framework of SORCE (the solar radiation and climate experiment) during the long solar minimum between the 23rd and 24th cycles. The wavelet analysis reveals an increase in the magnetic flux in the latitudinal zone of the sunspot activity, accompanied with an increase in the TSI and UV on the surface rotation timescales of solar activity complexes. In-phase coherent structures between the midlatitude magnetic flux and TSI/UV appear when the long-lived complexes of the solar activity are present. These complexes, which are related to long-lived sources of magnetic fields under the photosphere, are maintained by magnetic fluxes reappearing in the same longitudinal regions. During the deep solar minimum (the period of the absence of sunspots), a coherent structure has been found, in which the phase between the integrated midlatitude magnetic flux is ahead of the total solar irradiance on the timescales of the surface rotation.

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Yao, Bin, Weifang Sun, Binqiang Chen, Tianxiang Zhou, and Xincheng Cao. "Surface reconstruction based on the camera relative irradiance." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 155014771875956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718759566.

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Precise three-dimensional measurements of surfaces are significant in many fields. Usually, three-dimensional descriptions of the object surface have to be acquired by contact measure probe or other non-contact equipment. The paper proposed a novel surface reconstruction method that uses camera relative irradiance via the image gray-scale value information under fixed ring light. After calibrations of the measurement condition, just one image of the object is necessary to reconstruct the surface. The method mainly involves two aspects: the calibration process and the surface reconstruction process. The purpose of the calibration process is to find the relation between the image gray-scale value and the relative irradiance of the charge-coupled device sensor in different expose conditions. The surface reconstruction mainly focuses on the relation between the irradiance and height information. The experiment result shows the relative error of the illumination measurement result obtained using charge-coupled device camera is less than 2.91%. Reconstruction error is mainly result from the truncation error of algorithm calculation. An example is presented to verify the performance of this technique. The reconstruction experiments demonstrated that it can successfully measure the geometrical characteristics from the specified view of the object.

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Lee, Jared A., Sue Ellen Haupt, Pedro A. Jiménez, Matthew A. Rogers, Steven D. Miller, and Tyler C. McCandless. "Solar Irradiance Nowcasting Case Studies near Sacramento." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 1 (January 2017): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0183.1.

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AbstractThe Sun4Cast solar power forecasting system, designed to predict solar irradiance and power generation at solar farms, is composed of several component models operating on both the nowcasting (0–6 h) and day-ahead forecast horizons. The different nowcasting models include a statistical forecasting model (StatCast), two satellite-based forecasting models [the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere Nowcast (CIRACast) and the Multisensor Advection-Diffusion Nowcast (MADCast)], and a numerical weather prediction model (WRF-Solar). It is important to better understand and assess the strengths and weaknesses of these short-range models to facilitate further improvements. To that end, each of these models, including four WRF-Solar configurations, was evaluated for four case days in April 2014. For each model, the 15-min average predicted global horizontal irradiance (GHI) was compared with GHI observations from a network of seven pyranometers operated by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) in California. Each case day represents a canonical sky-cover regime for the SMUD region and thus represents different modeling challenges. The analysis found that each of the nowcasting models perform better or worse for particular lead times and weather situations. StatCast performs best in clear skies and for 0–1-h forecasts; CIRACast and MADCast perform reasonably well when cloud fields are not rapidly growing or dissipating; and WRF-Solar, when configured with a high-spatial-resolution aerosol climatology and a shallow cumulus parameterization, generally performs well in all situations. Further research is needed to develop an optimal dynamic blending technique that provides a single best forecast to energy utility operators.

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Wenzler, T., S. K. Solanki, N. A. Krivova, and C. Fröhlich. "Reconstruction of solar irradiance variations in cycles 21–23 based on surface magnetic fields." Astronomy & Astrophysics 460, no. 2 (September 12, 2006): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20065752.

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Gallucci, Donatello, Filomena Romano, Angela Cersosimo, Domenico Cimini, Francesco Di Paola, Sabrina Gentile, Edoardo Geraldi, et al. "Nowcasting Surface Solar Irradiance with AMESIS via Motion Vector Fields of MSG-SEVIRI Data." Remote Sensing 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2018): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10060845.

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Scheidsteger, Thomas, and Robin Haunschild. "Telling the story of solar energy meteorology into the satellite era by applying (co-citation) reference publication year spectroscopy." Scientometrics 125, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 1159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03597-0.

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AbstractStudying the history of research fields by analyzing publication records and topical and/or keyword searches with reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS) has been introduced as a powerful tool to identify the corresponding root publications. However, for some research fields (e.g., rather new and interdisciplinary fields) like solar energy meteorology, encompassing such research fields via a keyword- or topic-based search query is not feasible to get a reasonably exhaustive publication set. Therefore, we apply its variant RPYS-CO to all publications co-cited with two highly important marker papers, using the cited references explorer for inspecting the RPYS-CO results. We obtain two lists of seminal papers, which are able to adequately tell us the story of solar energy meteorology up to the 1990s, respectively in its subfield using satellite-based methods for solar irradiance estimation even to very recent years. Consequently, we recommend this method to gain valuable insights in (new) research fields.

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Li, L. H., and S. Sofia. "Measurements of Solar Irradiance and Effective Temperature as a Probe of Solar Interior Magnetic Fields." Astrophysical Journal 549, no. 2 (March 10, 2001): 1204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/319470.

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Healy, Andrew T., Sanford Lipsky, and David A. Blank. "Photoionization of isooctane in intense laser fields. II. The effect of irradiance on electron dynamics." Journal of Chemical Physics 129, no. 23 (December 21, 2008): 234512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3036004.

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Lockwood, Mike, and William T. Ball. "Placing limits on long-term variations in quiet-Sun irradiance and their contribution to total solar irradiance and solar radiative forcing of climate." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2238 (June 2020): 20200077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0077.

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Recent reconstructions of total solar irradiance (TSI) postulate that quiet-Sun variations could give significant changes to the solar power input to Earth's climate (radiative climate forcings of 0.7–1.1 W m −2 over 1700–2019) arising from changes in quiet-Sun magnetic fields that have not, as yet, been observed. Reconstructions without such changes yield solar forcings that are smaller by a factor of more than 10. We study the quiet-Sun TSI since 1995 for three reasons: (i) this interval shows rapid decay in average solar activity following the grand solar maximum in 1985 (such that activity in 2019 was broadly equivalent to that in 1900); (ii) there is improved consensus between TSI observations; and (iii) it contains the first modelling of TSI that is independent of the observations. Our analysis shows that the most likely upward drift in quiet-Sun radiative forcing since 1700 is between +0.07 and −0.13 W m −2 . Hence, we cannot yet discriminate between the quiet-Sun TSI being enhanced or reduced during the Maunder and Dalton sunspot minima, although there is a growing consensus from the combinations of models and observations that it was slightly enhanced. We present reconstructions that add quiet-Sun TSI and its uncertainty to models that reconstruct the effects of sunspots and faculae.

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Martínez-Lozano, José A., Maria P. Utrillas, Roberto Pedrós, Fernando Tena, Juan P. Díaz, Francisco J. Expósito, Jerónimo Lorente, et al. "Intercomparison of Spectroradiometers for Global and Direct Solar Irradiance in the Visible Range." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2003): 997–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1457.1.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of the analysis of the spectral, global, and direct solar irradiance measurements in the visible range (400–700 nm) that were made in the framework of the first Iberian UV–visible (VIS) instruments intercomparison. The instruments used in this spectral range were four spectroradiometers: three Licor 1800s equipped with different receiver optics and one Optronic 754. For the direct solar irradiance measurements the spectroradiometers were equipped with collimators with different fields of view. Parallel studies have been carried out with the data given by the spectroradiometers with their original calibration file and with the same data that is corrected, following in situ calibration of the instruments using a laboratory reference lamp. To compare the series of spectral data the relative values of mean absolute deviation (MAD) and root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) have been used. The results obtained from the measurements of global irradiance show that the Licor 1800s presented very significant differences at the beginning and at the end of the day due to the deviation from ideal cosine response of the collection optics (i.e., cosine errors). This forced the analysis to be limited to the measurements corresponding to solar elevations higher than 30°. For this solar elevation range, the results of the intercomparison between the Licor instruments, before their in situ calibration, showed differences of about 5% in the visible range. The results from the measurements of direct irradiance show that, if correction factors are considered, these deviations are reduced to 3%, and when the Licors are compared with the Optronic, the deviations are less than 2%.

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Jäkel, E., M. Wendisch, and B. Mayer. "Influence of spatial heterogeneity of local surface albedo on the area-averaged surface albedo retrieved from airborne irradiance measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-527-2013.

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Abstract. Spectral airborne upward and downward irradiance measurements are used to derive the area-averaged surface albedo. Real surfaces are not homogeneous in their reflectivity. Therefore, this work studies the effects of the heterogeneity of surface reflectivity on the area-averaged surface albedo to quantify how well aircraft measurements can resolve the small-scale variability of the local surface albedo. For that purpose spatially heterogeneous surface albedo maps were input into a 3-dimensional (3-D) Monte Carlo radiative transfer model to simulate 3-D irradiance fields. The calculated up- and downward irradiances in altitudes between 0.1 and 5 km are used to derive the area-averaged surface albedo using an iterative retrieval method that removes the effects due to atmospheric scattering and absorption within the layer beneath the considered level. For the case of adjacent land and sea surfaces, parametrizations are presented which quantify the horizontal distance from the coastline that is required to reduce surface heterogeneity effects on the area-averaged surface albedo to a given limit. The parametrization which is a function of altitude, aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, and the ratio of local land and sea albedo was applied for airborne spectral measurements. In addition, the deviation between area-averaged and local surface albedo is determined for more complex surface albedo maps. For moderate aerosol conditions (optical depth less than 0.4) and a wavelength range between 400 and 1000 nm, the altitude and the heterogeneity of the surface albedo are the dominant factors determining the mean deviation between local and area-averaged surface albedo. A parametrization of the mean deviation is applied to an albedo map that was derived from a Landsat image of an area in East Anglia (UK). Parametrization and direct comparison of local and area-averaged surface albedo show similar mean deviations (20% vs. 25%) over land.

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Jäkel, E., M. Wendisch, and B. Mayer. "Influence of spatial heterogeneity of local surface albedo on the area-averaged surface albedo retrieved from airborne irradiance measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 5 (October 10, 2012): 7457–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-7457-2012.

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Abstract. Spectral airborne upward and downward irradiance measurements are used to derive the area-averaged surface albedo. Real surfaces are not homogeneous in their reflectivity. Therefore, this work studies the effects of the heterogeneity of surface reflectivity on the area-averaged surface albedo to quantify how well aircraft measurements can resolve the small-scale variability of the local surface albedo. For that purpose spatially heterogeneous surface albedo maps were input into a 3-dimensional (3-D) Monte Carlo radiative transfer model to simulate 3-D irradiance fields. The calculated up- and downward irradiances in altitudes between 0.1 km and 5 km are used to derive the area-averaged surface albedo using an iterative retrieval method that removes the effects due to atmospheric scattering and absorption within the layer beneath the considered level. For the case of adjacent land and sea surfaces a parametrization is presented which quantifies the horizontal distance to the coastline that is required to reduce surface heterogeneity effects on the area-averaged surface albedo to a given limit. The parametrization which is a function of altitude, aerosol optical depth, and the ratio of local land and sea albedo was applied for airborne spectral measurements. In addition, the deviation between area-averaged and local surface albedo is determined for more complex surface albedo maps. For moderate aerosol conditions (optical depth less than 0.4) and the visible wavelength range, the altitude and the heterogeneity of the surface albedo are the dominant factors determining the mean deviation between local and area-averaged surface albedo. A parametrization of the mean deviation is applied to an albedo map that was derived from a Landsat image of an area in East Anglia (UK). Parametrization and direct comparison of local and area-averaged surface albedo show similar mean deviations (20% vs. 25%) over land.

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Song, Shi, K. Sebastian Schmidt, Peter Pilewskie, Michael D. King, Andrew K. Heidinger, Andi Walther, Hironobu Iwabuchi, Gala Wind, and Odele M. Coddington. "The spectral signature of cloud spatial structure in shortwave irradiance." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 21 (November 8, 2016): 13791–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13791-2016.

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Abstract. In this paper, we used cloud imagery from a NASA field experiment in conjunction with three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations to show that cloud spatial structure manifests itself as a spectral signature in shortwave irradiance fields – specifically in transmittance and net horizontal photon transport in the visible and near-ultraviolet wavelength range. We found a robust correlation between the magnitude of net horizontal photon transport (H) and its spectral dependence (slope), which is scale-invariant and holds for the entire pixel population of a domain. This was surprising at first given the large degree of spatial inhomogeneity. We prove that the underlying physical mechanism for this phenomenon is molecular scattering in conjunction with cloud spatial structure. On this basis, we developed a simple parameterization through a single parameter ε, which quantifies the characteristic spectral signature of spatial inhomogeneities. In the case we studied, neglecting net horizontal photon transport leads to a local transmittance bias of ±12–19 %, even at the relatively coarse spatial resolution of 20 km. Since three-dimensional effects depend on the spatial context of a given pixel in a nontrivial way, the spectral dimension of this problem may emerge as the starting point for future bias corrections.

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Wang, Yanfei, Caihong Dai, Zhifeng Wu, and Binhua Chen. "A Correction Method for Measuring Spectral Irradiance of Light Sources Based on Differential Quadrature Method." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/378302.

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A novel correction method was demonstrated for measuring spectral irradiance of light sources with a narrow bandwidth. Using the correction method based on differential quadrature method, an estimate of the true value was achieved with measured values of seven adjacent points. The formula of this correction method was derived. Numerical simulations and experimental validation of this correction method were also performed, respectively. This correction method could be used in radiometry, photometry, colorimetry, and other spectrometry fields, especially in the spectrum measurement of LED lamp.

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Işık, Emre. "Large-scale transport of solar and stellar magnetic flux." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, A30 (August 2018): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319004587.

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AbstractSurface flux transport (SFT) models have been successful in reproducing how magnetic flux at the solar photosphere evolves on large scales. SFT modelling proved to be useful in reconstructing secular irradiance variations of the Sun, and it can be potentially used in forward modelling of brightness variations of Sun-like stars. We outline our current understanding of solar and stellar SFT processes, and suggest that nesting of activity can play an important role in shaping large-scale patterns of magnetic fields and brightness variability.

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Guerriero, Pierluigi, Luigi Piegari, Renato Rizzo, and Santolo Daliento. "Mismatch Based Diagnosis of PV Fields Relying on Monitored String Currents." International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2834685.

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This paper presents a DC side oriented diagnostic method for photovoltaic fields which operates on string currents previously supplied by an appropriate monitoring system. The relevance of the work relies on the definition of an effective and reliable day-by-day target for the power that every string of the field should have produced. The procedure is carried out by comparing the instantaneous power produced by all solar strings having the same orientation and by attributing, as producible power for all of them, the maximum value. As figure of merit, the difference between the maximum allowed energy production (evaluated as the integral of the power during a defined time interval) and the energy actually produced by the strings is defined. Such a definition accounts for both weather and irradiance conditions, without needing additional sensors. The reliability of the approach was experimentally verified by analyzing the performance of two medium size solar fields that were monitored over a period of four years. Results allowed quantifying energy losses attributable to underperforming solar strings and precisely locating their position in the field.

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Healy, Andrew T., Sanford Lipsky, and David A. Blank. "Photoionization of isooctane and n-octane in intense laser fields. I. Effect of irradiance on ionization rates." Journal of Chemical Physics 127, no. 21 (December 7, 2007): 214508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2795718.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Irradiance fields'

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