Journal articles: 'Ironmen'

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Dolinar, Joanne. "Triathlons—Not Just for Ironmen." Physician and Sportsmedicine 18, no. 10 (October 1990): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1990.11710161.

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Meggs, Jenny, Mark A. Chen, and Stefan Koehn. "Relationships Between Flow, Mental Toughness, and Subjective Performance Perception in Various Triathletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 126, no. 2 (November 23, 2018): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512518803203.

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This study examined the relationship between mental toughness (MT), subjectively perceived performance, and dispositional flow in a sample of 114 high-performing ironmen and standard distance triathletes ( Mage = 28.81 years, SD = 3.45) recruited from triathlon clubs. Participants completed the Mental Toughness Questionnaire, Dispositional Flow Scale, and self-rated subjectively perceived performance. Pearson’s correlations between these measures revealed a significant, positive relationship between global MT and subjective performance ratings ( r = .62, p < .01) and between global MT and all Dispositional Flow subscales ( r = .67–.81, p < .05). Linear regression analyses found that MT subscales accounted for 64% of the variance in dispositional flow. Subjective performance ratings did not add significantly to the regression model. Overall, these findings suggest that MT may contribute positively to ironman competitors’ and triathletes’ exertion of the cognitive and emotional control necessary to experience flow and perform better. We discuss these results in the context of ironman and triathlon competitions.

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Hoitz, Fabian, Vinzenz von Tscharner, Christian Maurer, Laura Fraeulin, Daniela Ohlendorf, and Benno Nigg. "Ironmen competitors exhibit unique gait patterns." Footwear Science 13, sup1 (July 1, 2021): S37—S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2021.1917670.

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Pingitore, Alessandro, Erika Garbella, Paolo Piaggi, Danilo Menicucci, Francesca Frassi, Vincenzo Lionetti, Andrea Piarulli, et al. "Early subclinical increase in pulmonary water content in athletes performing sustained heavy exercise at sea level: ultrasound lung comet-tail evidence." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, no. 5 (November 2011): H2161—H2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00388.2011.

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Whether prolonged strenuous exercise performed by athletes at sea level can produce interstitial pulmonary edema is under debate. Chest sonography allows to estimate extravascular lung water, creating ultrasound lung comet-tail (ULC) artifacts. The aim of the study was to determine whether pulmonary water content increases in Ironmen ( n = 31) during race at sea level and its correlation with cardiopulmonary function and systemic proinflammatory and cardiac biohumoral markers. A multiple factor analysis approach was used to determine the relations between systemic modifications and ULCs by assessing correlations among variables and groups of variables showing significant pre-post changes. All athletes were asymptomatic for cough and dyspnea at rest and after the race. Immediately after the race, a score of more than five comet tail artifacts, the threshold for a significant detection, was present in 23 athletes (74%; 16.3 ± 11.2; P < 0.01 ULC after the race vs. rest) but decreased 12 h after the end of the race (13 athletes; 42%; 6.3 ± 8.0; P < 0.01 vs. soon after the race). Multiple factor analysis showed significant correlations between ULCs and cardiac-related variables and NH2-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Healthy athletes developed subclinical increase in pulmonary water content immediately after an Ironman race at sea level, as shown by the increased number of ULCs related to cardiac changes occurring during exercise. Hemodynamic changes are one of several potential factors contributing to the mechanisms of ULCs.

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Simmons, Jason M., Tara Q. Mahoney, and Marion E. Hambrick. "Leisure, work, and family: How IronMEN balance the demands of three resource-intensive roles." Leisure Sciences 38, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1092402.

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DiBenigno, Julia, and Michaela Kerrissey. "Structuring mental health support for frontline caregivers during COVID-19: lessons from organisational scholarship on unit-aligned support." BMJ Leader 4, no. 3 (June 2, 2020): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/leader-2020-000279.

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BackgroundAlthough the COVID-19 pandemic exposes frontline caregivers to severe prolonged stresses and trauma, there has been little clarity on how healthcare organisations can structure support to address these mental health needs. This article translates organisational scholarship on professionals working in organisations to elucidate why traditional approaches to supporting employee mental health, which often ask employees to seek assistance from centralised resources that separate mental health personnel from frontline units, may be insufficient under crisis conditions. We identify a critical but often overlooked aspect of employee mental health support: how frontline professionals respond to mental health services. In high-risk, high-pressure fields, frontline professionals may perceive mental health support as coming at the expense of urgent frontline work goals (ie, patient care) and as clashing with their central professional identities (ie, as expert, self-reliant ironmen/women).FindingsTo address these pervasive goal and identity conflicts in professional organisations, we translate the results of a multiyear research study examining the US Army’s efforts to transform its mental health support during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. We highlight parallels between providing support to frontline military units and frontline healthcare units during COVID-19 and surface implications for structuring mental health supports during a crisis. We describe how an intentional organisational design used by the US Army that assigned specific mental health personnel to frontline units helped to mitigate professional goal and identity conflicts by creating personalised relationships and contextualising mental health offerings.ConclusionAddressing frontline caregivers’ mental health needs is a vital part of health delivery organisations’ response to COVID-19, but without thoughtful organisational design, well-intentioned efforts may fall short. An approach that assigns individual mental health personnel to support specific frontline units may be particularly promising.

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Firmin, Laurence, Didier Courtois, Vincent Pétiard, Charles Ehret, and Konrad Lerch. "Evaluation of the Natural Variability in Irone Content and Selection of Iris sp. for Perfume Production." HortScience 33, no. 6 (October 1998): 1046–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.6.1046.

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Rhizomes of Iris species used for perfume production do not contain scented irones immediately after harvest, precluding early selection of potentially high-producing genotypes. A recently developed technique involving a bacterial treatment (Rahnella aquatilis Izard, Gavini, Trinel, and Leclerc) of fresh rhizomes shortened the maturation time from 3 years to a few days. Variability in irone content among freshly harvested Iris species (76 clones) was evaluated, and three high-producing clones of Iris pallida Lam. were selected. Significant variability among clones was observed for irone content, growth, and yield.

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Casas, Ruth de Las. "Ironman." BMJ 336, no. 7640 (February 16, 2008): s64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39384.909653.ce.

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Winkler, I. "Ironman." Zeitschrift für Herz-,Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie 32, no. 4 (June 13, 2018): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00398-018-0249-3.

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Korstanje, Maximiliano E. "IRONMAN." Cultura International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology 7, no. 2 (2010): 188–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cultura20107214.

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Okubo, Tomonori. "L’ironie : « violation » ou « transgression » des maximes conversationnelles ?" Voix Plurielles 12, no. 1 (May 6, 2015): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/vp.v12i1.1184.

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Dans le présent article, nous nous proposons de décrire ce qu’est la transgression ressentie dans les énoncés ironiques en général (ironie standard et non-standard) dans le cadre de la théorie argumentative de la polyphonie (TAP), et de montrer qu’il s’agit bien plus de transgression que de violation (selon Grice) pour qu’un effet ironique soit réalisé dans un énoncé. Irony: “violation” or “transgression” of the Maxims of Conversation ? Abstract: In the present article, we try to depict what is felt as transgression in ironical utterances in general (standard and non-standard ironies) in the framework of the Argumentative Polyphony Theory (TAP), and to show that transgression is a more appropriate term than violation (according to Grice) to describe properly ironical effects in utterances.

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de Fatima S. Duarte, Maria, Leticia M. Malavasi, Catiana Leila Possamai, and Clarissa Rios Simoni. "Ironman Brazil 2004." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S143—S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00780.

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de Fatima S. Duarte, Maria, Leticia M. Malavasi, Catiana Leila Possamai, and Clarissa Rios Simoni. "Ironman Brazil 2004." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S143???S144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00780.

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Knechtle, Beat, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, and Christoph A. Rüst. "Der Ironman-Triathlon." Praxis 105, no. 13 (June 2016): 761–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-8157/a002369.

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Zusammenfassung. Jedes Jahr versuchen Tausende von Triathleten sich für den «Ironman Hawaii» (3,8 km Schwimmen, 180 km Radfahren und 42,195 km Laufen), die Weltmeisterschaft der Langstreckentriathleten, zu qualifizieren. Wir stellen die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse der Literatur zusammen, welche Faktoren die Leistung für einen Ironman-Triathlon am ehesten beeinflussen können. Die wichtigsten leistungsbeeinflussenden Faktoren für eine schnelle Ironman-Wettkampfzeit für Männer wie für Frauen sind ein grosses Trainingsvolumen und eine hohe Intensität im Training, wobei ein grosses Volumen wichtiger ist als eine hohe Intensität, ein tiefer prozentualer Anteil an Körperfett, ein ideales Alter von 30–35 Jahren, eine schnelle persönliche Bestzeit über die Olympische Distanz (1,5 km Schwimmen, 40 km Radfahren und 10 km Laufen), eine schnelle persönliche Bestzeit im Marathon sowie Herkunft aus den USA.

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Brune, Stephan, and Rolf F. Kroidl. "Ironman und Htx." Herz Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen 31, no. 6 (September 2006): 586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00059-006-2817-7.

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Sousa, Caio V., Samuel da S. Aguiar, Rafael dos R. Olher, Marcelo M. Sales, Milton R. de Moraes, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle, and Herbert G. Simões. "Hydration Status After an Ironman Triathlon: A Meta‐Analysis." Journal of Human Kinetics 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2019): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0096.

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Abstract The Ironman is one of the most popular triathlon events in the world. Such a race involves a great number of tactical decisions for a healthy finish and best performance. Dehydration is widely postulated to decrease performance and is known as a cause of dropouts in Ironman. Despite the importance of hydration status after an Ironman triathlon, there is a clear lack of review and especially meta-analysis studies on this topic. Therefore, the objective was to systematically review the literature and carry out a meta-analysis investigating the hydration status after an Ironman triathlon. We conducted a systematic review of the literature up to June 2016 that included the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Science Direct and Web of Science. From the initial 995 references, we included 6 studies in the qualitative analysis and in the meta-analysis. All trials had two measures of hydration status after a full Ironman race. Total body water, blood and urine osmolality, urine specific gravity and sodium plasma concentration were considered as hydration markers. Three investigators independently abstracted data on the study design, sample size, participants’ and race characteristics, outcomes, and quantitative data for the meta-analysis. In the pooled analysis, it seems that the Ironman event led to a moderate state of dehydration in comparison to baseline values (SMD 0.494; 95% CI 0.220 to 0.767; p = 0.001). Some evidence of heterogeneity and consistency was also observed: Q = 19.6; I2 = 28.5%; τ2 = 2.39. The results suggest that after the race athletes seem to be hypo-hydrated in comparison to baseline values.

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Summers, Robert, Martin Clarke, Peter McCafferty, and Tim Pope. "A slowly soluble, sulfur fertiliser from a by-product of mineral sands processing." Soil Research 41, no. 6 (2003): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02136.

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The effectiveness of a pelletised by-product from mineral sands processing as a sulfur fertiliser was measured on high rainfall sandy soils of Western Australia. The by-product was a lime-neutralised, low-grade, sulfuric acid effluent which produces a precipitate of gypsum containing iron and manganese. The pelletised product has been given the name 'Ironman' gypsum, reflecting its major constituents. Ironman gypsum was compared with ordinary single superphosphate and naturally occurring gypsum from Wyalkatchem (fine) and Jurien Bay (coarse) as a sulfur fertiliser in 2 field experiments.When comparing the relative rates of sulfur release as indicated by plant yield and nitrogen:sulfur ratio, the order of effectiveness was: superphosphate = Ironman gypsum pellets >> coarse gypsum ≥� unpelletised by-product >>Wyalkatchem gypsum. Laboratory leaching studies showed the Ironman pellets to leach more slowly than superphosphate, which in turn leached more slowly than coarse rock gypsum. The soil sulfur tests were of limited value in predicting yield even though they were accurate in predicting the amount of sulfur previously applied.Compared with an unfertilised control, Ironman gypsum did not result in a significant increase in the uptake of heavy metals by plants. Most of the elements of concern, mercury, cadmium, and uranium, actually showed a significant reduction in concentration in the plant matter. This was probably due to the increased growth caused by the improved sulfur nutrition resulting in dilution of these elements. There was a slight but statistically significant increase in the nickel concentration that could be attributed to Ironman gypsum, but the level was still low.

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Barbosa, Lucas, Caio Sousa, Marcelo Sales, Rafael Olher, Samuel Aguiar, Patrick Santos, Eduard Tiozzo, Herbert Simões, Pantelis Nikolaidis, and Beat Knechtle. "Celebrating 40 Years of Ironman: How the Champions Perform." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061019.

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We aimed to determine which discipline had the greater performance improvements in the history of Ironman triathlon in Hawaii and also which discipline had the greater influence in overall race time. Data from 1983 to 2018 of the top three women and men of each year who competed in the Ironman World Championship were included. In addition to exploratory data analyses, linear regressions between split times and years of achievement were performed. Further, a stepwise multiple linear regression was applied using total race time as the dependent variable and split times as the independent variables. Both women and men significantly improved their performances from 1983 to 2018 in the Ironman World Championship. Swimming had the largest difference in improvements between men and women (3.0% versus 12.1%, respectively). A negative and significant decrease in each discipline was identified for both women and men, with cycling being the discipline with the greatest reduction. The results from the stepwise multiple regression indicated that cycling was the discipline with the highest influence on overall race time for both sexes. Based on the findings of this study, cycling seems to be the Ironman triathlon discipline that most improved overall race times and is also the discipline with the greatest influence on the overall race time of elite men and women in the Ironman World Championship.

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Vest, Stine, Jacob Frandsen, Steen Larsen, Flemming Dela, and Jørn Helge. "Peak Fat Oxidation is not Independently Related to Ironman Performance in Women." International Journal of Sports Medicine 39, no. 12 (September 18, 2018): 916–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0660-0031.

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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate if peak fat oxidation rate (PFO) is related to Ironman performance in female athletes. Thirty-six female Ironman athletes (age: 34±1 yrs, [21–45 yrs.] SEM [Range]) with a BMI of 22.1±2.0 kg/m2 [18.8–28.4 kg/m2], a body fat percentage of 24.8±1.0% [9.0–37.0%] and a V̇O2peak of 53.0±1.3 ml/min/kg [36.5–70.5 ml/min/kg] were tested in the laboratory prior to the Ironman Copenhagen 2017. Race time ranged from 9:17:07 to 15:23:48 with mean race time being 11:57:26 h:min:s (717 min). By simple linear regression analyses we found associations between race time and P FO (r2=0.22, p<0.005), V̇O2peak (r2=0.65, p<0.0001) and the relative exercise intensity eliciting PFO (Fatmax) (r2=0.35, p=0.0001). Furthermore, associations were found between race time and body fat percentage (r2=0.44, p<0.0001) and age (r2=0.16, p<0.05). By means of multiple regression analysis, V̇O2peak was the only statistically significant variable explaining 64% of the variation in race time (adj. r2=0.64, p<0.005). In conclusion, these results demonstrate that PFO is not independently related to Ironman performance in a heterogeneous group of female athletes. Interestingly, V̇O2peak alone was able to predict 64% of the variation in Ironman race times.

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Knechtle, Beat, Barbara Baumann, Patrizia Knechtle, Andrea Wirth, and Thomas Rosemann. "A Comparison of Anthropometry between Ironman Triathletes and Ultra-swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0020-7.

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A Comparison of Anthropometry between Ironman Triathletes and Ultra-swimmersWe intended to compare the anthropometry of male and female Ironman triathletes with the anthropometry of male and female ultra-swimmers. Body mass, body mass index and body fat were lower in both male and female triathletes compared to swimmers. Body height and length of limbs were no different between the two groups. In the multi-variate analysis, in male triathletes, body mass (p=0.015) and percent body fat (p=0.0003) were related to race time; percent body fat was also related to the swim split (p=0.0036). In male swimmers, length of the arm was related to race time (p=0.0089). In female triathletes and swimmers, none of the investigated anthropometric variables showed an association with race time. We concluded that Ironman triathletes and ultra-swimmers were different regarding anthropometry and that different anthropometric variables were related to race time. We assume that other factors, such as training and equipment, as opposed to anthropometry, may better predict race time in male and female Ironman triathletes.

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Scott, Warren A. "Ironman Triathlon Case History." Current Sports Medicine Reports 3, no. 3 (June 2004): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00149619-200406000-00011.

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Murray, Robert. "Physiology at the Ironman." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00608.

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McAteer, Timothy B. "Cardiac Arrhythmia-Ironman Triathlete." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000385244.26929.d9.

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Downs, Nathan J., Taryn Axelsen, Alfio V. Parisi, Peter W. Schouten, and Ben R. Dexter. "Measured UV Exposures of Ironman, Sprint and Olympic-Distance Triathlon Competitors." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050440.

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Triathletes present an extreme case of modelled behaviour in outdoor sport that favours enhanced exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation. This research presents personal solar ultraviolet exposures, measured using all-weather polysulphone film dosimeters, to triathletes during the distinct swimming, cycling and running stages of competitive Sprint, Olympic and Ironman events conducted within Australia and New Zealand. Measurements of exposure are made for each triathlon stage using film dosimeters fixed at a single site to the headwear of competing triathletes. Exposures are expressed relative to the local ambient and as absolute calibrated erythemally effective values across a total of eight triathlon courses (two Ironman, one half Ironman, one Olympic-distance, and four Sprint events). Competitor exposure results during training are also presented. Exposures range from between 0.2 to 6.8 SED/h (SED: standard erythema dose) depending upon the time of year, the local time of each event and cloud conditions. Cycle stage exposures can exceed 20 SED and represent the highest exposure fraction of any triathlon (average = 32%). The next highest stage exposure occurred during the swim (average = 28%), followed by the run (average = 26%). During an Ironman, personal competitor exposures exceed 30 SED, making triathlon a sporting discipline with potentially the highest personal ultraviolet exposure risk.

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Frandsen, Jacob, Stine Vest, Steen Larsen, Flemming Dela, and Jørn Helge. "Maximal Fat Oxidation is Related to Performance in an Ironman Triathlon." International Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 13 (October 19, 2017): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-117178.

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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) measured during a progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer and ultra-endurance performance. 61 male ironman athletes (age: 35±1 yrs. [23–47 yrs.], with a BMI of 23.6±0.3 kg/m2 [20.0–30.1 kg/m2], a body fat percentage of 16.7±0.7% [8.4–30.7%] and a VO2peak of 58.7±0.7 ml/min/kg [43.9–72.5 ml/min/kg] SEM [Range]) were tested in the laboratory between 25 and 4 days prior to the ultra-endurance event, 2016 Ironman Copenhagen. Simple bivariate analyses revealed significant negative correlations between race time and MFO (r2=0.12, p<0.005) and VO2peak (r2=0.45, p<0.0001) and a positive correlation between race time and body fat percentage (r2=0.27, p<0.0001). MFO and VO2peak were not correlated. When the significant variables from the bivariate regression analyses were entered into the multiple regression models, VO2peak and MFO together explained 50% of the variation observed in race time among the 61 Ironman athletes (adj R2=0.50, p<0.001). These results suggests that maximal fat oxidation rate exert an independent influence on ultra-endurance performance (>9 h). Furthermore, we demonstrate that 50% of the variation in Ironman triathlon race time can be explained by peak oxygen uptake and maximal fat oxidation.

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Harpenau, Stephanie, Elaina Biechler, and Lauren Sutton. "In Race Nutritional Strategies Comparing Ironman Wisconsin Athletes to Ironman World Championship Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517100.61348.9f.

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Andreasson, Jesper, and Thomas Johansson. "Triathlon Bodies in Motion: Reconceptualizing Feelings of Pain, Nausea and Disgust in the Ironman Triathlon." Body & Society 25, no. 2 (September 11, 2018): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x18798705.

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This study focuses on the physical expressions and intensity of embodiment that occur in the Ironman Triathlon. More specifically, the study investigates the transformational bodily experiences taking place during Ironman competitions. Using an ethnographic approach, a total of 29 Ironman triathletes participated in the study (15 men and 14 women). Theoretically, the article focuses on how triathletes’ bodies ‘move’ between different forms of embodiment. The results show that, in the process of disciplining the body, the athletes reconceptualized feelings of pain, nausea and even disgust, making these emotionally expressive aspects of the corpus into a part of the experience and bending them towards the pleasure of reaching potential divinity. Situated in a long tradition of philosophical and sociological explorations of the transgressing and transcending body, the study interprets and understands the performing body as a site for change and utopian possibilities. Thus the study adds to existing debates on contemporary individuals’ exploration of the existential and corporeal dimensions of modernity.

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SCHULTE-ELTE, K. H., H. PAMINGLE, A. P. UIJTTEWAAL, and R. L. SNOWDEN. "ChemInform Abstract: An Alternative Access to (.+-.)-α-Irones and (.+-.)-β-Irone via Acid-Mediated Cyclization." ChemInform 23, no. 34 (August 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199234268.

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Garcia, William Fernando, and Carolina Kowalski Pereira. "Periodização do treinamento para triatletas de Ironman: Uma revisão sistemática sobre métodos e efetividade dos programas de treinamento." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 9 (July 13, 2022): e37511932019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i9.32019.

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O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar sistematicamente a literatura acerca do tema periodização do treinamento para triatletas de longa distância, competidores de Ironman 70.3 e Ironman. As buscas foram conduzidas nas bases PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo e Medline. A análise das informações dos artigos foi realizada pela lista de checagem da declaração STROBE e os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo do tipo categorial. A revisão incluiu 6 estudos publicados no período de 1989 a 2020. Os atletas, de ambos os sexos, contemplando o nível de competição amador são representantes das seguintes modalidades: Ironman (66,8%) e Ironman 70.3 (33,2%). As pesquisas foram desenvolvidas na Espanha (2), nos Estados Unidos (1), Canadá (1) e em outros dois estudos o local de competição não foi mencionado pelos autores. Os resultados revelaram que foi utilizada a Periodização Clássica como modelo de treinamento, um grande volume semanal e muitas sessões de treinamento. A maior parte do tempo dedicado as sessões de treinamento foi despendido em treinos de baixa intensidade e uma pequena parte em intensidade de limiar ou intensidade alta. Nota-se, portanto, que os esportes de endurance exigem que os atletas utilizem grande parte do seu tempo treinando em baixa intensidade para propiciar melhores ganhos de performance. Este estudo concluiu, ainda, que há escassez de pesquisas no que se refere a periodização do treinamento de eventos para esta população especificamente.

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Hong, Chong Sun, and Dong Hwan Jang. "Korean ironman triathlon record analysis." Journal of the Korean Data And Information Science Society 31, no. 6 (November 30, 2020): 1109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7465/jkdi.2020.31.6.1109.

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Antonucci, Lauren. "Sports Nutrition at the Ironman." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00609.

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O’Connell, K., M. Posthumus, and M. Collins. "COL6A1Gene and Ironman Triathlon Performance." International Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 11 (October 19, 2011): 896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1277181.

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Stones, M. J., and Adric Hartin. "Aging and Half-Ironman Performance." Experimental Aging Research 43, no. 2 (February 23, 2017): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0361073x.2017.1276378.

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Straßburger, Wolfgang, and Elmar Friderichs. "Ironman, Muttermilch und Krötenhaut: Opioidpeptide." Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 31, no. 1 (January 22, 2002): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1615-1003(200201)31:1<52::aid-pauz52>3.0.co;2-b.

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Overbeck, Peter. "IRONMAN stützt Eisenersatz bei Herzinsuffizienz." CardioVasc 23, no. 1 (February 2023): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15027-022-2961-x.

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Popoola, Ademola Alabi, Chidiebere N. Ogo, Omolara Fatiregun, Mohammed Dogo, Solomon O. Rotimi, and Folakemi Odedina. "Abstract A030: International Registry for Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer (IRONMAN) study: The Nigerian experience." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): A030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-a030.

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Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (CaP) is a global disease with the greatest burden among Black men, including sub-Saharan African men. The International Registry to Improve Outcomes in Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer (IRONMAN) was established by the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium (PCCTC) as a prospective, international cohort of men with advanced cancer. The goal of the study is to establish a population-based CaP registry and recruit patients across academic and community practices globally. The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) joined the IRONMAN project in 2020 with active sites in Nigeria. Aim: The overall aims of the IRONMAN cohort are to develop a global picture of advanced CaP and facilitate a better understanding of the disease relative to clinical and molecular disease subtypes, treatment patterns, therapeutic regimens with associated adverse events, patient experiences and predictors of responses and unmet needs in treatment. This report presents the experiences of a low-resourced country, Nigeria, in launching the IRONMAN study. Methods: CaPTC officially launched the IRONMAN study in Nigeria in 2021. Set up included obtaining national ethics approval, training of the multidisciplinary teams from 4 sites and 7 sub-sites, and activation of all sites. Data collection includes baseline and follow-up data from patients. Patients will be followed prospectively for overall survival, clinically significant adverse events, comorbidities, changes in cancer treatments, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Physician Questionnaires are also collected from all participating sites. PCCTC maintains close monitoring of the study Results: By the 9th month of the study, the Nigerian sites had recruited 54 patients who have been followed up for 3 to 9 months. There were initial challenges with start up facilities and manpower skills. The training programs have developed a multi-disciplinary team of clinical researchers across multiple institutions, now primed to conduct clinical trials. Facilitated by CaPTC, the study has also helped strengthened multi-center national and international collaborations. Additionally, there are now several clinical trials ready sites in Nigeria, facilitated by audit of the research infrastructures across Nigeria. An added benefit is that there is an opportunity to have molecular typing of CaP in Nigeria. Conclusion: The inclusion of low-resourced sites in international studies can significantly help to improve research workforce and research capacity. The CaPTC IRONMAN sites in Nigeria are top recruiting sites for the study, underscoring the benefits of biomedical research investments in Low and Middle Income Countries. The data from Nigeria would help to better understand CaP in Black men globally. Citation Format: Ademola Alabi Popoola, Chidiebere N. Ogo, Omolara Fatiregun, Mohammed Dogo, Solomon O. Rotimi, Folakemi Odedina, Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium CaPTC Investigators. International Registry for Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer (IRONMAN) study: The Nigerian experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A030.

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Bilbo, Adrianus Aditya Christaldo. "Captain America’s, Ironman’s, and Thor’s Anxiety and Defense Mechanism in The Avengers and Avengers: Age of Ultron." K@ta Kita 7, no. 3 (December 16, 2019): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.7.3.427-434.

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This thesis aims to discuss the anxiety and defense mechanism of three main characters of the superhero movies, namely, Marvel’s The Avengers and Avengers: Age of Ultron. The three main characters discussed have the capabilities to save the world. Yet, despite their capabilities as superheroes, they have their own weaknesses, just like human beings. In my analysis, I investigate the weaknesses of the main characters, namely, Captain America, Ironman, and Thor. Using Cramer’s concept of anxiety and defense mechanism (1991, 2009, 2016), I find that their weaknesses triggers anxiety. In return, their anxiety creates fear and guilt. These fear and guilt lead Captain America, Ironman, and Thor to developing their defense mechanism. However, each main character use different kinds of defense mechanism. Captain America uses denial. Ironman uses denial and rationalization. Thor uses repression. To sum up, I conclude that although the main characters in The Avengers and The Avengers: Age of Ultron are superheroes, they have their own weaknesses and they are still human. Keywords: Defense mechanism, anxiety, movie, action

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Leischik, Roman, and Norman Spelsberg. "Vegan Triple-Ironman (Raw Vegetables/Fruits)." Case Reports in Cardiology 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/317246.

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Endurance sport requires a healthy and balanced diet. In this case report we present the findings of an ultra-triathlete (three times Ironman, means 11.4 km swim, 540 km bike, 125 km run in 41:18 h as a whole) living on a raw vegan diet and having finished the competitions under these nutritional conditions. To this end, the vegan ultra triathlete and a control group of 10 Ironman triathletes of similar age living on a mixed diet were investigated, using echocardiography and spiroergometry. In addition, blood samples were taken from the vegan athlete both in the sporting season and in the off-season. The vegan athlete showed no signs of dietary deficiencies or impaired health. In comparison with the control group, the vegan athlete showed a higher oxygen intake at the respiratory compensation point. This case demonstrates that even top-class sporting performance, like that of a three-time Ironman, is possible on a vegan diet. Whether a vegan diet offers advantages or disadvantages for the performance of endurance athletes remains an open question.

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de Milander, Liesl, Dan J. Stein, and Malcolm Collins. "The interleukin-6, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A genes and endurance performance during the South African Ironman Triathlon." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34, no. 5 (October 2009): 858–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-083.

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Previous studies have identified an association of genetic variants believed to alter physiological and biochemical processes locally within the skeletal muscle and therefore performance in the Ironman triathlon. There is growing evidence that the serotonergic system and circulating interleukin (IL)-6 levels are also involved in mediating endurance capacity. Investigators have demonstrated that recombinant human IL-6 administration and serotonergic neurotransmission manipulation, with 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitors, prior to exercise, can alter running performance, consistent with a central governor hypothesis. The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations of functional polymorphisms within the IL-6 , 5-HTT , and MAO-A genes with endurance performance of Ironman triathletes. Four hundred sixty-eight male Caucasian triathletes who completed the 2000 and (or) 2001 South African Ironman Triathlon and 200 healthy Caucasian male controls were genotyped for the –174 IL-6 G/C, 5-HTT 40 base pair (bp) insertion–deletion and 30 bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) MAO-A gene polymorphisms. There were no significant differences in the relative genotype distributions within the IL-6 (p = 0.636), 5-HTT (p = 0.659), and MOA-A (p = 0.227) polymorphisms when the fastest-fnishing, middle-finishing, and slowest-finishing triathletes, as well as the control groups, were compared. There were no direct associations between the IL-6 –174 G/C, 5-HTT 44 bp insertion–deletion, and MAO-A 30 bp VNTR gene polymorphisms and endurance performance in the 2000 and (or) 2001 South African Ironman Triathlons. The neurogenetic basis of the central governor requires further investigation.

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Piacentini, Maria Francesca, Veronica Vleck, and Romuald Lepers. "Effect of age on the sex difference in Ironman triathlon performance." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 104 (2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2019030.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age on the sex differences in (3.8 km) swim, (180 km) cycle, (42 km) run, and overall performance time at the 2018 Ironman triathlon World Championship. Sex differences in performance times were analysed for the top 10 male and female amateur triathletes of each 5 years age group between 18–24 years and 70–74 years. Independent of age, the averaged sex difference in swimming, cycling, running, and overall performance time was 14.0 ± 3.3%, 15.6 ± 3.1%, 15.3 ± 6.8% and 15.1 ± 3.6%, respectively. There was no significant change with age in the sex difference in performance for swimming. For both cycling and running, the sex difference in performance of the age groups whose athletes were older than 60 years were significantly greater than those of younger age groups. Such results suggest that, in Ironman triathletes, the increase in the sex difference in performance with advancing age is discipline dependent. Further examination of the (physiological and training load related) factors that are associated with the age-related decline in Ironman triathlon performance is required to understand why the sex difference in cycling and running performance increases with age.

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Gris�, Catherine. "Ironie dramatique ou ironie cognitive?" Neophilologus 74, no. 3 (July 1990): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00382429.

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Gregersen, Niels Henrik. "Historiens ironier." Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift 75, no. 1 (February 10, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dtt.v75i1.105547.

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Sellars, Roy. "Kierkegaards ironier." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 34, no. 101 (April 2, 2006): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v34i101.22333.

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Katarzyna Bartoszyńska. "Persuasive Ironies:." Comparative Literature Studies 50, no. 4 (2013): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.50.4.0618.

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Radin, J. "Atomic Ironies." Science 342, no. 6157 (October 24, 2013): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1244514.

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Gladstein. "Edenic Ironies." Steinbeck Review 11, no. 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/steinbeckreview.11.1.0001.

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Tran, Kwon, Holt, Kierle, Fitzgerald, Scalia, Scalia, Holt, and Scalia. "Echocardiographic Pulmonary to Left Atrial Ratio (ePLAR): A Comparison Study between Ironman Athletes, Age Matched Controls and A General Community Cohort." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 1756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101756.

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Background: During exercise there is a proportionally lower rise in systemic and pulmonary pressures compared to cardiac output due to reduced vascular resistance. Invasive exercise data suggest that systemic vascular resistance reduces more than pulmonary vascular resistance. The aim of this study was the non-invasive assessment of exercise hemodynamics in ironman athletes, compared with an age matched control group and a larger general community cohort. Methods: 20 ironman athletes (40 ± 11 years, 17 male) were compared with 20 age matched non-athlete controls (43 ± 7 years, 10 male) and a general community cohort of 230 non-athletes individuals (66 ± 11 years, 155 male), at rest and after maximal-symptom limited treadmill exercise stress echocardiography. Left heart parameters (mitral E-wave, e’-wave and E/e’) and right heart parameters (tricuspid regurgitation maximum velocity and right ventricular systolic pressure), were used to calculate the echocardiographic Pulmonary to Left Atrial Ratio (ePLAR) value of the three groups. Results: Athletes exercised for 12.2 ± 0.53 minutes, age matched controls for 10.1 ± 2.8 minutes and general community cohort for 8.3 ± 2.6 minutes. Mitral E/e’ rose slightly for athletes (0.9 ± 1.8), age matched controls (0.6 ± 3.0) and non-athletes (0.4 ± 3.2). Right ventricular systolic pressure increased significantly more in athletes than in both non-athlete cohorts (35.6 ± 17 mmHg vs. 20.4±10.8mmHg and 18 ± 9.6 mmHg). The marker of trans-pulmonary gradient, ePLAR, rose significantly more in athletes than in both non-athlete groups (0.15 ± 0.1 m/s vs. 0.07 ± 0.1 m/s). Conclusions: Pulmonary pressures increased proportionally four-fold compared with systemic pressures in ironman athletes. This increase in pulmonary vascular resistance corresponded with a two-fold increase in ePLAR. These changes were exaggerated compared with both non-ironman cohorts. Such changes have been previously suggested to lead to right ventricle dysfunction, arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

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Jäckel, Kristian, Caio Sousa, Elias Villiger, Pantelis Nikolaidis, and Beat Knechtle. "The Age-Related Performance Decline in Ironman 70.3." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 24, 2020): 2148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062148.

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Although the age-related decline in sport events has been well studied, little is known on such a decline in recreational triathletes for the Half Ironman distance. Indeed, the few existing studies concentrated on specific aspects such as top events, elite groups, some consecutive years, single locations, or age categories instead of analyzing all the data available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine recreational triathletes’ performance in three split disciplines (swimming, cycling, and running) as well as in overall race time by analyzing all data of Half Ironman finishers found on ironman.com (i.e., 690 races; years 2004 through 2018; 206,524 women (24.6%) and 633,576 men (75.4%), in total 840,100 athletes). The age-dependent decline in Half Ironman started earliest in swimming (from the very first age group on) with a smallest age group delta between 35–49 years in men and 40–54 years in women. The performance decline started at 26 and 28 years in men and women for running; at 34 years for men and 35 years for women in cycling; and at 32 years for men and 31 years for women with regard to overall race time. The results may be used by coaches and recreational athletes alike to plan a triathlon career.

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Marcos-Serrano, Marta, Guillermo Olcina, Carmen Crespo, Darrell Brooks, and Rafael Timon. "Urinary Steroid Profile in Ironman Triathletes." Journal of Human Kinetics 61, no. 1 (March 23, 2018): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0130.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine variations in the urinary steroid profile of triathletes following an Ironman event. A total of 10 male participants (age = 36.0 ± 1.27 years; body height = 179.29 ± 10.77 cm; body mass = 74.50 ± 1.04 kg) completed an Ironman Championship. Urine samples were collected before, immediately after, and 24 hours following the race. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect and quantify catabolic and anabolic hormones: Androsterone, Dehydroepiandrosteone (DHEA), Androstenedione and Testosterone (T), Betaestradiol, Estrone, Progesterone, Cortisol (C), Cortisone, Tetrahydrocortisol (THE) and Tetrahydrocortisone (THF). These were measured in their glucuroconjugated and free forms. Androsterone (3297.80 ± 756.83 vs. 2154.26 ± 1375.38), DHEA (47.80 ± 19.21 vs. 32.62 ± 15.96) and Beta-estradiol (59.36 ± 11.7 vs. 41.67 ± 10.59) levels decreased after the event. The significant decrease of DHEA (47.80 ± 19.21 vs. 32.11 ± 14.03) remained at 24 hours. Cortisol (200.38 ± 56.60 vs. 257.10 ± 74.00) and THE (238.65 ± 81.55 vs. 289.62 ± 77.13) increased after exercise and remained elevated 24 hours later (200.38 ± 56.60 vs. 252.48 ± 62.09; 238.65 ± 81.55 vs. 284.20 ± 66.66). The following anabolic/catabolic ratios fell after exercise: T/C (0.85 ± 0.54 vs. 0.54 ± 0.29), T/THE (0.66 ± 0.29 vs. 0.40 ± 0.08), T/THE+THF (0.38 ± 0.17 vs. 0.24 ± 0.06), DHEA/THE (0.22 ± 0.05 vs. 0.12 ± 0.05), DHEA/THF (0.34 ± 0.02 vs. 0.21 ± 0.01) and DHEA/THE+THF (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 0.08 ± 0.03). The steroid profile showed that athletes were fatigued after finishing the competition and a catabolic state remained 24 hours later.

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O??Toole, M. L., P. S. Douglas, A. J. Murphy, R. H. Laird, C. M. Lebrun, W. Lancashire, and WDB Hiller. "HYPOMAGNESEMIA DURING THE HAWAII IRONMAN TRIATHLON." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00257.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ironmen'

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