Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ironmen'

Despite surf lifesavers being national icons of good health and good nutrition, surprisingly little factual information is known about the nutritional status of this unique aquatic fellowship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake and nutritional knowledge of three distinct groups of Australian surf lifesavers. Weighed food diaries are commonly used to assess the nutritional intake of athletes but this method has the disadvantage of a heavy respondent burden. Individuals being investigated must be literate and highly motivated to keep accurate records of food and drinks consumed. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) offer an alternative assessment method to weighed food records as they are relatively quick and easy to complete and do not require a high level of literacy. A secondary purpose of this study was to compare seven-day weighed food diaries with a FFQ that had already been validated for use with an older mixed gender population. The nutrient intakes of 60 members of Surf Lifesaving Australia were measured. Nineteen, who were professional lifeguards completed a FFQ. Thirty lifesavers and 11 surf ironmen each completed the FFQ, a seven-day weighed food diary and a nutritional knowledge questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple choice questions. There were significant differences between the three groups in age and activity with ironmen being significantly younger (mean age 22.9yrs) and significantly more physically active (mean 134mins/day) than either lifesavers (mean age, 31.3yrs, mean activity 46min/day) or lifeguards (mean age 35.8yrs, mean activity 65min/day). There were no significant differences in these parameters between lifesavers and lifeguards. The seven-day food diary revealed significant differences in nutrient intake between lifesavers and ironmen. Lifesavers consumed 1 1,807kJ, 125g protein (1.6g/kg) and 327g carbohydrate (4.Og/kg) while ironmen consumed 14,69/kJ, 1519 protein (1.9g/kg) and 4629 carbohydrate (5.6g/kg). Lifesavers and ironmen exceeded the RDIs for all vitamins and minerals measured. The seven day food diary demonstrated significant differences between the lifesavers and ironmen in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, alcohol, thiamin, niacin, calcium and iron. When the nutrient analysis data set for the FFQ was checked this method of dietary assessment was found to be unreliable as greater than 20 per cent of subjects were identified as being under-reporters. Lifesavers and ironmen both had good scores on the nutritional knowledge questionnaire and were able to identify groups of foods as being rich sources of fat, fibre, protein and iron. Ironmen were better able to answer questions specifically related to sport nutrition. All three groups meet the current recommendations for daily physical activity. Lifesavers and ironmen meet the current recommendations for, protein, fibre, vitamin and mineral intake and consume alcohol at levels within the current health guidelines. Ironmen have the highest carbohydrate intake which meets the current general health recommendations but consume less than the current special recommendations of sport nutritionists while lifesavers consume only 44% of energy as carbohydrate. These results suggest that while the both lifesavers and ironmen consume a relatively healthy diet only the surf ironmen could possibly be considered nutritional icons.

Despite surf lifesavers being national icons of good health and good nutrition, surprisingly little factual information is known about the nutritional status of this unique aquatic fellowship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake and nutritional knowledge of three distinct groups of Australian surf lifesavers. Weighed food diaries are commonly used to assess the nutritional intake of athletes but this method has the disadvantage of a heavy respondent burden. Individuals being investigated must be literate and highly motivated to keep accurate records of food and drinks consumed. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) offer an alternative assessment method to weighed food records as they are relatively quick and easy to complete and do not require a high level of literacy. A secondary purpose of this study was to compare seven-day weighed food diaries with a FFQ that had already been validated for use with an older mixed gender population. The nutrient intakes of 60 members of Surf Lifesaving Australia were measured. Nineteen, who were professional lifeguards completed a FFQ. Thirty lifesavers and 11 surf ironmen each completed the FFQ, a seven-day weighed food diary and a nutritional knowledge questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple choice questions. There were significant differences between the three groups in age and activity with ironmen being significantly younger (mean age 22.9yrs) and significantly more physically active (mean 134mins/day) than either lifesavers (mean age, 31.3yrs, mean activity 46min/day) or lifeguards (mean age 35.8yrs, mean activity 65min/day). There were no significant differences in these parameters between lifesavers and lifeguards. The seven-day food diary revealed significant differences in nutrient intake between lifesavers and ironmen. Lifesavers consumed 1 1,807kJ, 125g protein (1.6g/kg) and 327g carbohydrate (4.Og/kg) while ironmen consumed 14,69/kJ, 1519 protein (1.9g/kg) and 4629 carbohydrate (5.6g/kg). Lifesavers and ironmen exceeded the RDIs for all vitamins and minerals measured. The seven day food diary demonstrated significant differences between the lifesavers and ironmen in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, alcohol, thiamin, niacin, calcium and iron. When the nutrient analysis data set for the FFQ was checked this method of dietary assessment was found to be unreliable as greater than 20 per cent of subjects were identified as being under-reporters. Lifesavers and ironmen both had good scores on the nutritional knowledge questionnaire and were able to identify groups of foods as being rich sources of fat, fibre, protein and iron. Ironmen were better able to answer questions specifically related to sport nutrition. All three groups meet the current recommendations for daily physical activity. Lifesavers and ironmen meet the current recommendations for, protein, fibre, vitamin and mineral intake and consume alcohol at levels within the current health guidelines. Ironmen have the highest carbohydrate intake which meets the current general health recommendations but consume less than the current special recommendations of sport nutritionists while lifesavers consume only 44% of energy as carbohydrate. These results suggest that while the both lifesavers and ironmen consume a relatively healthy diet only the surf ironmen could possibly be considered nutritional icons.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Health Sciences
Full Text

The Ironman Triathlon is an epic endurance event consisting of a 2.4-mile swim, a 112-mile bike ride, and a 26.2-mile run. There is paucity in the literature relating to how athletes learn how to negotiate this event. This qualitative study was conducted over a 9 month period, to align with the 2013 Ironman training and racing season. Seven athletes were selected for participation in the study. Utilizing a case study approach, the Ironman athletes' learning pathways were examined through in-depth interviews and audio and video content personally captured by the participants.

The learning pathways revealed the athletes initially learned through cognitive means, i.e. social interaction, reading, Internet sources, and the observation of others. As athletes traversed the learning pathway, they subsequently operationalized the knowledge they learned and constructively made it meaningful to their respective personal training and racing situations. At the terminal end of the learning pathway, the athletes operationalized the learned content in an experiential learning cycle. During the entire learning pathway, the athletes practiced the learned content, which is best characterized as behavioral learning. The audio and video content provided by the athletes empirically validated the interviews.

The interviews with the athletes were coded. Some unifying themes emerged from the data independent of cognitive, constructivist, behavioral, or experiential learning theories; e.g. the importance of mental toughness, the understanding of pain during the training and racing process, how success is measured, the importance of training with a power meter, and motivating factors.

Elite athletes use mental strategies in a wide variety of sports to enhance performance (Mahoney, Gabriel, & Perkins, 1987; Orlick & Partington, 1999; Schomer, 1987; Tammen, 1996; Ungerleider & Golding, 1991). High-level athletes have been found to use mental strategies before, during, and after competition (Orlick, 2000). Little is known, however, about the psychological strategies that Ironman triathletes use to race successfully. The question of how these triathletes mentally prepare to be their best in competitions has not been addressed in the literature. The purpose of this study was to explore the mental skills employed by elite Ironman triathletes by exploring the following research question: How do elite Ironman triathletes get themselves mentally ready to be their best during competitions? The present study provides meaningful insight into how elite Ironman triathletes mentally prepare. The main areas addressed include detailed race planning, following personal routines, focusing, controlling discomfort and other distractions, dealing with nutrition, having confidence in one's abilities, using imagery, staying positive, and connecting with one's body.

Whereas clinical professionals and the general public recognize exercise in moderate amounts as an important component of a healthy lifestyle, researchers have noted that when taken to an excessive level, exercise may become addictive. Usually considered rare in the broad exercising population, risk for exercise addiction has been found to be more prominent among certain specialized groups, such as runners. This study investigated the risk for exercise addiction in a unique group of endurance athletes-Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman, and Ironman-distance triathletes. The sample consisted of 1285 male and female triathletes, ranging in age from 18 to 70 years old, recruited through the electronic newsletter of a national triathlon organization. During the past year participants completed at least one triathlon of Sprint-, Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and/or Ironman-distance, or were in training for one. To measure the risk for exercise addiction, participants completed an online questionnaire, comprising the six items of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (Terry, Szabo, & Griffiths, 2004), six items added by the investigator, and a demographics section. Results indicate that approximately 20% of triathletes are at risk for exercise addiction, 79% are committed exercisers who exhibit some symptoms of exercise addiction, and 1% are asymptomatic. Results also demonstrate that female triathletes are at greater risk for exercise addiction than male triathletes. Training for longer distance races (e.g., Olympic-, Half-Ironman-, and Ironman-) put triathletes at greater risk for exercise addiction than training for shorter races. No significant association exists between the risk for exercise addiction and either the number of years of participating in the sport or the length of training sessions. However, as the number of weekly training hours or the number of weekly training sessions increases, so does a triathlete's risk for exercise addiction. Results demonstrate that triathletes have a lower than anticipated risk for exercise addiction, yet a higher risk than the general exercising population. Because at-risk triathletes need greater clinical attention, further research should be conducted to help clinicians develop enhanced awareness and appropriate interventions.

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The Triathlon Ironman is characterized for a resistance activity consisting of 3,8 km of swimming, 180 km of cycling and 42,2 km of running, in which the athlete is exercised, in average, for about 13 hours. In this context, the athlete displayed to such load of effort and ambient adversities experiences acute organic alterations in his biological systems, including the hydroelectrolytic disturbs. The objective of this study is to describe the hydric and electrolytic alterations found in triathlon Ironman athletes in the years from 2002 to 2005. 109 voluntary athletes had been evaluated before and immediately after the events carried through in Florianópolis-SC Brazil, with blood analysis of sodium and potassium electrolytes, and measure of body mass. The data of the sodium serum of 89 athletes had been correlated with the degree of dehydration and percentile modifications of body weight. Data of 77 athletes, in relation to the serum potassium, had been evaluated separately in a descriptive form. Six athletes (6,7%) had presented euhydrated or superhydrated to the end of the test, 50 athletes had dehydrated from 0 to 3% (56,2%), 29 from 3 to 6 % (32,6%) and 4 athletes (4,5%) had dehydrated more than 6%. It had a trend to occur hyponatremia between those had dehydrated little or gained weight. The potassium had a behavior inside of the limits of normality in all sample. The conclusion is that the hydroelectrolytic disturbances (hyponatremia and dehydration) are incident in this sportive modality, being the superhydration the probable etiology of hyponatremia denoted by the gain or discrete losses of weight.
O Ironman é uma das variações da modalidade de triatlo e caracteriza-se por uma atividade de longa duração, constituída por 3,8 Km de natação, 180 Km de ciclismo e 42,2 Km de corrida, na qual o atleta exercita-se em média por cerca de 13 horas. Neste contexto o atleta exposto a tal carga de esforço e adversidades ambientais experimenta alterações orgânicas agudas em seus sistemas biológicos, inclusive distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as alterações hídricas e eletrolíticas encontradas em atletas de triatlo Ironman nos anos de 2002 a 2005. Com este intuito 109 atletas voluntários foram avaliados antes e após a prova, sendo submetidos a análise sangüínea dos eletrólitos sódio e potássio e pesagem de massa corpórea. Os dados do sódio sérico de 89 atletas foram correlacionadas com o percentual de desidratação e alterações percentuais de peso corporal. Dados de 77 atletas, quanto ao potássio sérico, foram avaliados isoladamente de uma forma descritiva. A análise estatística consistiu de uma parte descritiva, com a determinação das estatísticas descritivas básicas, e de uma parte inferencial, que estudou a significância estatística da correlação entre os resultados dos exames. Seis atletas (6,7%) apresentaram-se euhidratados ou superhidratados ao final da prova, 50 atletas desidrataram de 0 a 3% (56,2%), 29 de 3 a 6 % (32,6%) e 4 atletas (4,5%) desidrataram mais que 6%. Houve uma tendência a ocorrer hiponatremia, uma das mais preocupantes alterações hidroeletrolíticas, entre aqueles que desidrataram menos ou ganharam peso. O potássio teve um comportamento dentro dos limites da normalidade em toda amostra. Conclui-se que os distúrbios hidroelétrolíticos são incidentes nesta modalidade esportiva, e a superhidratação, evidenciada pelo ganho ou perdas discretas de peso, é a etiologia provável da hiponatremia.

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This study aims to identify the main dermatological lesions on long-term triathletes (Ironman) who participated in the race in May 2012. This is a descriptive and exploratory research with a population of 2,000, the sample composed of athletes who were seen at the Physiotherapy tents, put together on the race day, composed of the first 100 attendance by the researcher, equivalent to 14%. In general, approximately 40% of the athletes who complete the race are seen by a Physiotherapy team, 20% of athletes who finish the race are seen by the medical staff; 5-7% end up not finishing the race. Approximately 800 athletes circulated by the Physiotherapy tent, 350 athletes in the medical field, and 150 athletes did not finish the race. According to the attendance, 85 athletes were male and 15 female, 20 athletes occupied ratings among the top 50 overall, 9 were between 51-100, 15 athletes between 101-200; 56 athletes 201-800 . 81% of athletes had confirmed the use of sunscreen before the training, but without replacement when the trainings were long. 59% had spots on the skin. In foot injuries the frequency was: callosities 32%, nails 60%, bubbles 90%. Considering the exposure of the athletes to the diversity of physical agents (solar radiation, humidity, temperature, air); mechanical agents (bicycle, clothes, shoes, helmet, etc..); Training time (20-30 hours per week), and other agents, triathlon athletes of long term should conduct periodic visits to the dermatologist and so follow the guidelines to not aggravate the lesions that will be vulnerable during training.
Este estudo tem como propósito Identificar as principais lesões dermatológicas em triatletas de longa duração (IRONMAN) que participaram da prova em maio de 2012. Trata-se de uma pesquisa que apresenta características descritiva e exploratória com uma população de 2000, a amostra foi composta pelos atletas que foram atendidos nas tendas de Fisioterapia, montadas no dia da prova, composta pelos 100 primeiros atendimentos pela pesquisadora, equivalente a 14%. Em geral, Aproximadamente 40% dos atletas que completam a prova são atendidos pela equipe de Fisioterapia; 20% dos atletas que terminam a prova são atendidos pela equipe Médica; 5 a 7% acabam não concluindo a prova. Circularam pela tenda de Fisioterapia aproximadamente de 800 atletas; 350 atletas na área médica; e 150 atletas que não completaram a prova. De acordo com os atendimentos, 85 atletas eram do sexo masculino e 15 do sexo feminino; 20 atletas ocuparam classificações entre os 50 primeiros lugares no geral; 9 ficaram entre 51 a 100; 15 atletas entre 101 a 200; 56 atletas de 201 a 800. 81% dos atletas confirmaram o uso de protetor solar antes dos treinamentos, mas sem reposição quando os treinos eram longos. 59% apresentaram manchas na pele. Nas lesões do pé a frequência foi: calosidade 32%, unhas 60%, bolhas 90%. Considerando a exposição dos atletas as diversidades dos agentes físicos (radiações solares, umidade, temperatura, ar); agentes mecânicos (bicicleta, roupa, calçado, capacete, etc.); tempo de treinamento (20 a 30 horas semanais); e outros agentes, atletas do triatlo de longa duração devem realizar visitas periódicas ao dermatologista e assim seguir as orientações para não agravar as lesões que estarão vulneráveis durante os treinamentos.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-77).
Exercise-associated muscle cramping (EAMC) is a common condition of spontaneous, painful skeletal muscle spasms that occur in exercising muscles during exercise or in the immediate post-exercise period. There is a high prevalence in endurance athletes, including ultra-distance triathletes. The exact cause for this condition has not been defined but various hypotheses have been proposed. Over the last decade the ""fatigue hypothesis"" has received most of the support in the scientific literature. Evidence from animal experiments, clinical studies on endurance athletes and situational information, suggest that neuromuscular fatigue may precede the increased neuromuscular excitability leading to EAMC. The objective of this research study was to identify factors associated with EAMC in endurance triathletes in an attempt to further elucidate the aetiology. Triathletes competing in the 2006 South African lronman triathlon were recruited as subjects in a prospective cohort study. A total of 44 triathletes made up the cramping group and 166 the non-cramping group. A detailed questionnaire, including information on training, personal best performances and a cramping history was completed by both groups of triathletes. Full clinical data was also collected from both groups. This included pre-and post race body weights, and pre- and post-race serum electrolyte concentrations. The main findings of the study were that the two independent risk factors for EAMC in these triathletes were a faster overall race time (and cycling time), and a past history of cramping (in the last 10 races). Results showed that EAMC was correlated with faster overall and cycle section times. The athletes who had experienced cramps in this event not only achieved taster race times but also predicted faster times, despite similarly matched preparation and performance histories as those who did not cramp. A higher intensity of racing would thus be required by these athletes, predisposing them to premature fatigue. The results thus agree with the ""fatigue hypothesis"" as an aetiological mechanism for EAMC. This study also showed no correlation between EAMC and changes in hydration status or changes in serum electrolyte concentration. This study thus adds to the evidence against disturbances in hydration and electrolyte balance as causes for cramping in exercise and further focuses attention on neuromuscular fatigue as a possible primary factor.

À Iéna, dans les années 1800 Schlegel définit une ironie romantique qui serait le principe de la littérature. Elle est devenue le synonyme de « l’absolu littéraire » à la fin du XXe siècle. Sous les héritages critiques, les textes de Schlegel révèlent une autre version de l’ironie romantique, et, partant, de la modernité. Le romantisme retrouve une inscription dans l’Histoire et dans l’espace de la pensée européenne. La philosophie de Iéna a construit l’ironie contre l’esprit des Lumières. En France, Stendhal cherche un comique romantique. La fin du rire d’Ancien Régime a fait naître un comique triste, marque d’un sujet moderne divisé. Dans ses romans, Stendhal a joué des représentations de l’ironie et pratiqué une ironie narrative singulière pour faire de l’œuvre romanesque une forme-sujet qui puisse traverser le temps et recréer une communauté idéale. L’ironie romantique nomme la représentation du sujet et du monde par laquelle le roman constitue la forme de la pensée
In Iena, at the beginning of the XIXth century, Friedrich Schlegel defined a romantic irony that would be the principle of literature. At the end of the XXth century, romantic irony stands for literature as an absolute. Under the critical layers that covered them, Schlegel’s writings reveal another version of romantic irony, hence, of modernity. Romanticism is reinscribed in History and in the space of European thought. The Ienaean philosophy built irony against the “esprit” of the XVIIIth century French philosophers. In France, Stendhal acknowledges the loss of Ancient Régime laughter and the beginning of a sad comic, sign of a divided subject. In his novels, he played upon the various representations of irony and practiced a unique narrative irony : the novel gains the features of a subject that can go through time and recreate an ideal community. Romantic irony names the representation of the subject and the vision of the world through which the novel constitutes the form of thought

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-77).
Triathletes, in particular Ironman triathletes, undergo intense training and compete in a very physically demanding race. Medical conditions in the pre-race period in these triathletes have not been well documented, but there is evidence form other endurance sports that symptoms of respiratory tract infection are particularly common. However, the prevalence, causes and consequences of these symptoms have not been studied in Ironman triathletes. The aims of this study were: 1) to determine the incidence of respiratory tract symptoms (RTS) in triathletes preparing for an Ironman Triathlon, 2) to establish the factors associated with the development of these RTS, and 3) to determine the effects of the RTS on pre-race training and race performance. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 304 triathletes entering the 2006 Ironman triathlon in South Africa were recruited as subjects. All the subjects completed a validated questionnaire in the 1-3 days before the race (during registration). The questionnaire contained sections on demographics, training and previous competitions, common general medical conditions that they may have experienced, and a detailed section pertaining to RTS and allergies, including use of medication. Data on race performance was collected after completion of the race. Subjects were divided into the following groups, based on their self-reported history of RTS in the 6 weeks period prior to the race: no RTS, all RTS, only upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS), lower respiratory tract and/or systemic symptoms (LRT +SS).

Background: The association of psychological factors with athletic performance and proneness to injury and illness has been widely recognised as an integral part of athletic preparation, treatment and rehabilitation. The exact nature of this association is still not clear, but it can be hypothesised that better mental health leads to better performance, less injuries and illness and more rapid recovery. Psychological distress is a strong predictor of injury, illness and poor performance, but inherent personality traits have failed to show a constant association with these parameters. Advances in validated psychometric instruments of personality and resilience show promise in their application to further the understanding of the psyche in athletes. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of personality traits (novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence), resilience and general psychological distress in terms of injury, illness and performance in a group of triathletes competing in the 2007 lronman Triathlon. Methods: For this descriptive cross-sectional study, 166 entrants in the 2007 lronman Triathlon were recruited. Each subject completed a detailed, previously validated set of questionnaires during registration prior to the event. Contained in the questionnaire were sections on general demographic information, detailed previous and current medical conditions and injuries, and psychometric instruments (TPQ - a measure of personality, CD-RISC - a measure of resilience, K10). After the event, the official overall finishing times, as well as the split times for the swimming, cycling and running legs, were obtained from the race organisers. Results: Higher NS and RD scores were predictors for faster predicted performance times and higher psychological distress scores was a predictor for slower actual times (r=0.160, P=0.053) and particularly predicted slower cycling times (r=0.026, P=0.002). Higher K10 scores significantly predicted the presence of flu-like symptoms (P=0.019) and higher HA scores significantly predicted nervous system symptoms during exercise (P=0.035). Higher RD scores predicted the absence of nervous system symptoms (P=0.075). Higher K10 scores (P=0.093) and HA scores (P=0.070) were associated with medication use prior to and during the event. Higher resilience scores predicted the occurrence of exercise associated collapse (P=0.081) and absence of EAMC (P=0.075). Higher HA scores predicted GIT symptoms during exercise (P=0.091 ). Higher reward dependence predicted the presence of tendon / ligament injuries (P=0.039) and genital injuries were associated with lower resilience (P=0.098) and higher HA scores (P=0.065). Conclusion: Generally, the results showed only a few consistent findings in terms of identifying predictors, although interesting correlations and trends were observed. Studies on different athletic populations and on a larger scale are needed. Physicians should be aware of the cardinal importance of mental well-being, as this is as vital in the preventative and curative management of the injured, ill or poor performing athlete as optimal physical conditioning.

Denna uppsats avser att utforska förskolebarns köns- och subjektskapande i och i förhållande till lekar med ett actiontema, som Superman, tjyv och polis och transformers. Genom deltagande observation har jag samlat empiri som jag med feministiskt poststrukturellt perspektiv och diskursanalys analyserat. Studien går i motstånd mot en uppfattning om dessa actionlekar som sprungna ur ett maskulint behov. Genom att titta på hur tecknet ”kille” kopplas ihop med andra tecken, visar studien hur actionlekarna istället går att förstå som en arena där ting och företeelser konstrueras som maskulina. Studien visar även att actionlekar kan förstås som subjektspositioner i vilka barnen interpelleras in i, snarare än som naturligt inneboende behov för pojkar. En motstridig läsning av actionlekarna gör gällande att dessa inte enbart går att förstå som våldsamma, utan även som odlande av relationer.

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The Ironman Triathlon consists in 3,8km of swimming, 180 km of cycling followed by 42,2 km of running, lasting an average of 12 hours. The extended exposition to the environmental factors, which the heat and humidity add more difficulty to the maintenance of the thermal equilibrium, brings a considerable dehydration by sweating. These values vary from 1 to 2 L/h. Therefore, it is important to estimate these losses in order to provide proper strategies to the races organizers and athletes themselves, as for the consumption of liquids and electrolytes during the race. The weighting before and after the race has been the method more useful to evaluate these hydric losses. However, it is important to note that not all the weight loss during an ultradistance triathlon reflects a truth fluid deficit. Some authors have suggested that absolute weight loss during an endurance race overestimates the actual fluid deficit. Indeed, 1 to 2 kg is likely to be lost from sources other than fluid, including the fat metabolism and carbohydrate reserves and intracellular water release associated with stored glycogen. The aim of this study is to describe the eletrolitic and hydric alteration found in athletes competing in the Ironman Brasil, held in Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, in the year of 2006 and the potential correction at these values. Data were collected with 26 athletes, which were weighted 15 days, 7 days and 2 days before the race, immediately before and after the race. It was also evaluated the body composition using skinfold technique 7 and 2 days before the race. The serum electrolytes analyses (Na and K) was done before and after the event. The positive weight variation at the days before the race was statistically significant at the 48 hours before the race start (t = -8,00) with an average of weight increase of 1,180 kg. The average weight loss by the sample group was of 3,023 kg, which represents an average of 4,23%. The Na concentration increased an average of 2,416 mEq (1,73%). The average values of K of 4,7 mEq/l before the race, and 4,49 mEq/l after the race, were not statistically significant. The results show that when the correction factor was applied, the percentage of subjects that were dehydrated, dropped considerable from 88,4 % to 46,15%. But none of these with a serious dehydration. This, against 7 or 26,26 % qualified as that, without the correction factor. There was a weak correlation between the final Na concentration and the weight loss (r = 0,263) and p= 0,195. It is concluded that there was a positive variation at the weight before the race. This evidence the glycogen and water stored at the muscle. Therefore, this extra weight does not contribute to the dehydration during the race.
O triathlon Ironman consiste em percorrer 3,8 km de natação, 180 km de ciclismo, seguidos de 42,2 km de corrida, com duração média de doze horas. A exposição prolongada aos fatores ambientais, dos quais o calor e a umidade trazem mais dificuldade para a manutenção do equilíbrio térmico, leva a uma substancial perda hídrica pelo suor, com taxas variando de 1 a 2 L/h. Portanto, é importante estimar estas perdas para prover estratégias corretas para organizadores e atletas quanto ao consumo de líquidos e eletrólitos durante a prova. A pesagem antes e após a prova tem sido o método mais aplicável para avaliar estas perdas hídricas. É importante observar, porém, que nem toda perda de peso no triathlon de longa duração reflete a verdade sobre e perda de líquidos. Alguns autores sugerem que a perda de peso absoluta durante uma prova de endurance superestima a perda líquida. De fato, 1 a 2 kg parecem ser perdidos de outras fontes que não fluidos, incluindo metabolismo da gordura e reservas de carboidrato e liberação de água intracelular associada ao glicogênio armazenado. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as alterações hídricas e eletrolíticas encontradas em atletas no Ironman Brasil em Florianópolis no ano de 2006 e a possível correção destes valores. Com este intuito 26 atletas foram pesados 15,7 e 2 dias antes da prova, imediatamente antes e após a realização da mesma. Também foi feita avaliação da composição corporal através de dobras cutâneas 7 e 2 dias antes da prova. A análise de eletrólitos (Na e K) sangüíneos foi feita antes e após o evento. A variação positiva de peso ocorrida nos dias que antecederam a prova foi significativa nas 48 horas que antecederam a largada (t = -8,00) com um ganho médio de peso de 1,180 kg. O peso médio perdido pelo grupo foi de 3,023 kg que representa uma média de 4,23%. A concentração de Na aumentou na média 2,416 mEq (1,73%). Os valores médios de K de 4,7 mEq/l antes da prova e 4,49 mEq/l após a prova não obtiveram variação significativa. Os resultados mostraram que ao se aplicar o fator de correção o percentual de sujeitos que estariam desidratados baixou consideravelmente de 88,4 % para 46,15% sendo que destes nenhum com desidratação séria contra 7 ou 26,26 % assim classificados sem a correção. Houve correlação fraca entre o a concentração de Na final de a variação de peso (r = 0,263) e p= 0,195. Concluiu-se que houve uma variação positiva no peso pré-prova. Isto evidenciou o acúmulo de glicogênio e água estocados no músculo. Desta maneira, esse peso extra não contribui para a avaliação da desidratação durante a prova.

Bakgrund: Idrottande och fysisk aktivitet har många positiva effekter på individ-, grupp- och samhällsnivå. Den allmänna folkhälsan kan gynnas avsevärt av att fler blir fysiskt aktiva. Intresset verkar öka för motions­tävlingar och annan typ av fysisk aktivitet. Flera studier har tidigare undersökt elitens utveckling samt om skillnaden mellan män och kvinnors sluttider i extrema uthållighetsidrotter har förändrats de senaste åren. Enskilda Ironman (IM) tävlingar har tidigare undersökts för att söka svar på dessa frågor. Däremot saknas en bredare och mer samlad bild över hur utvecklingen har sett ut. Syftet med studien är att kartlägga officiella IM tävlingar de senaste 15 åren. 1.) Hur har det totala samt det kvinnliga deltagarantalet förändrats? 2.) Hur har elitens sluttider förändrats? 3.) Hur har tidsskillnaden mellan elitmän och elitkvinnor förändrats i europa- och världsmästerskapen? Metod som använts är sammanställning av data från hemsidan ironman.com som hämtats med Webscraper. Materialet består av data från alla officiella IM tävlingar mellan 2002-2016 samt av mäns och kvinnors resultat från de sex största tävlingarna under samma period. Resultaten visade att totalt deltagarantal i IM hade ökat explosionsartat de senaste 15 åren, med 36 % per år i genomsnitt. Även det kvinnliga deltagandet hade stigit, mest i USA och minst i Europa och Nya Zeeland. Elittävlande hade förbättrat sina sluttider marginellt de senaste 15 åren. Tidsskillnaderna mellan elitmän och elitkvinnor var oförändrade i simning och cykling men hade minskat i löpning. Slutsats: Kvinnligt deltagande i Europa var lågt och hade inte förändrats något de senaste åtta åren. Elittävlande i de sex största IM tävlingarna förbättrade sina sluttider under de senaste 15 åren. Skillnaderna mellan de tre bästa män och kvinnor i europa- och världsmästerskapen i IM hade minskat signifikant i löpning under de senaste 15 åren.

Bakgrund: För att lyckas med att genomföra en Ironman krävs att man som utövare har en strategi gällande hur man ska disponera sin energi för att kunna bli en ”finisher”. Detta kallas pacing eller pacing strategi och är den egenstyrda ansträgningen som kan hjälpa utövaren att lyckas med sitt mål och optimera den egna prestationen. Att paca ”rätt” blir därför viktigt för att optimera den egna prestationen då loppet innehåller tre olika moment: simning, cykling och löpning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka pulsmätning som ett sätt att studera och förstå pacing inom Ironman triathlon. Finns det ett samband mellan utövarens intensitet och cykeltid och har de deltagare som haft en liten pulsvariation en bättre sluttid? Metod: 22 deltagare genomförde ett test för att fastställa sin maxpuls, HRmax. I samband med Ironman Kalmar 2016 registrerades deltagarnas pulsdata med hjälp av pulsmätare och utifrån insamlad pulsdata beräknades deltagarnas intensitet och pulsvariation under cykelmomentet. Dessa värden korrelerades mot deltagarnas cykeltider. Resultat: Den relativa arbetspulsen för studiegruppen var 140 ±9.2 slag/min. Varken intensitet eller variation i intensitet visade något signifikant samband med sluttid även om en trend mot signifikans fanns för intensitet vs cykeltid, p=0.066. Slutsats: Spridningen i gruppen gällande vald intensitet var för stor för att tydligt kunna studera intensitetens betydelse för prestation under cykeldelen i ett IronMan och fler studier är nödvändiga för att kunna kartlägga detta.
Background: In order to succeed in an Ironman it is necessary to have a strategy on how to dispose your energy during the 8-16 hour race. This is called pacing or pacing strategy and is the self-selected effort that can help the competitor to optimize their performance. Based on heart rate measurement, this is particularly interesting during the 180 km cycle section, where drafting is not allowed.Aim: The aim of this investigation was to study pacing in Ironman thriathlon. Is there a relationship between the competitors intensity and biketime and did those who had smaller variation in intensity achieved a better biketime?Method: 22 competitive triathletes undertook a test to find out their HRmax. In conjunction with Ironman Kalmar 2016 the participants HR-data was registered with heartrate monitors and the data was then analyzed in order to determine the participants mean intensity and variation in intensity. These factors were used to understand pacing based on the participants heartrate and correlated to biketimes for each participant. Results: Average intensity for the participants was 140 ±9.2 bpm and the results show no significanct correlation between biketime and either the intensity chosen by the competitor or the variation in intensity. However, there was  a trend towards significance for the intensity vs biketime, p = 0.066. Conclusion: This study was unable to determine the effect of pacing due to the selected intensity within the group was too large to clearly study the importance of intensity for performance during the cycle part of an IronMan and further studies are required.

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Introduction: The serum concentration of creatine kinase (CK) is important for the diagnosis of certain diseases and clinical evaluation of athletes, but there are contradictory studies about the influence of individual characteristics in this concentration. Furthermore, the benchmarks may not be suitable for athletes Objective: To compare the CK levels of triathletes with the current benchmarks, and the influence of weight, lean mass, age, gender and exercise time in serum CK after exercise Methodology: They were invited to participate in the study triathletes entered in Ironman events, Florianópolis / SC, from 2003 to 2007. From 2003 to 2006, the sample was random, and the athletes had blood collected 2 days before the competition and soon after completing it. In 2007, the sample consisted of athletes from one team in Florianopolis, who had blood collected in five periods: 14 days and two days before the competition, soon after, 8 and 15 days later. In 2007, along with blood, were collected weight and skin folds. Could not participate in the study subjects using drugs in the class of statins. Results: Participated in all stages of research 96 athletes, 83 male. These showed CK before the test (CK1) 184 + 104.4 U / L and after the race (CK2) 2473 + 2181.7 U / L. Women had CK1 128 + 49.2 U / L and 1728 + CK2 923.7 U / L. All other biochemical markers measured increased significantly after the race: CK-MB, BUN, creatinine, LDH, myoglobin and hematocrit. In the 2007 review, we found that only after proof CK was different among the five times of collection. Correlation analysis showed significant correlation (p <0.05) only with CK2 and CK1 and myoglobin post-trial, and there were no significant correlation with body weight, lean body mass, race time and age. Conclusion: The reference values for the population are not suitable for the evaluation of triathletes at rest, and therefore should be reviewed. The age, lean body mass, weight and test time are not decisive in the CK, and high levels can not be explained by hemoconcentration or renal dysfunction, at least in the majority. Regarding gender, women showed lower levels of CK before the competition, but after the competition this difference was not significant.
Introdução: A concentração sérica de Creatina Kinase (CK) é importante para o diagnóstico de algumas doenças e avaliação clínica de atletas, mas há contradições na literatura sobre a influência de características individuais nesta concentração. Além disso, os valores de referência podem não ser adequados para atletas Objetivo: Comparar os níveis de CK de triatletas com os valores de referência atuais, e verificar a influência do peso, massa magra, idade, gênero e tempo de esforço na concentração sérica de CK após o exercício Metodologia: Foram convidados a participar do estudo triatletas inscritos nas provas de Ironman, em Florianópolis/SC, de 2003 a 2007. De 2003 a 2006, a amostra foi aleatória, e os atletas tiveram o sangue coletado 2 dias antes da competição e logo após completar a mesma. No ano de 2007, a amostra foi constituída por atletas de uma equipe de Florianópolis/SC, que tiveram o sangue coletado em 5 momentos: 14 dias e 2 dias antes da competição; logo após; 8 e 15 dias depois. Em 2007, além de sangue, foram coletadas as medidas de peso corporal e dobras cutâneas. Não puderam participar do estudo os indivíduos utilizando medicamentos da classe das estatinas. Resultados: Participaram de todas as etapas da pesquisa 96 atletas, sendo 83 do sexo masculino. Estes apresentaram CK antes da prova (CK1) 184 + 104,4 U/L e após a prova (CK2) 2473 + 2181,7 U/L. As mulheres apresentaram CK1 128 + 49,2 U/L e CK2 1728 + 923,7 U/L.Todos os outros marcadores bioquímicos avaliados aumentaram significativamente após a prova: CK-MB, uréia, creatinina, LDH, mioglobina e hematócrito. Na análise de 2007, constatamos que apenas após a prova a CK era diferente entre os 5 momentos de coleta. As análises de correlação mostraram correlação significativa (p<0,05) da CK2 apenas com CK1 e mioglobina pós-prova, e não houve correlação significativa com peso corporal, massa magra, tempo de prova e idade. Conclusão: Os valores de referência para a população não são adequados para a avaliação de triatletas em repouso, e por isso devem ser revistos. A idade, massa magra, peso e tempo de prova não são determinantes nos níveis de CK, e níveis elevados não podem ser justificados por hemoconcentração ou disfunção renal, na maior parte dos atletas. Com relação ao gênero, as mulheres apresentaram níveis mais baixos de CK antes da competição, mas após a competição esta diferença não foi significativa.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-115).
The aim of this prospective cohort study therefoew was to assess the morphological and blood flow changes in the Achille tendons of triathletes competing in the 2006 South African Ironman Triathlon.
abstract

The purpose of this research study is to examine the habitual and competitive dietary practices of triathletes competing in a half-ironman triathlon. Data was collected from 123 male and female triathletes who participated in the 2001 Muncie Endurathon held in Muncie, Indiana. Habitual and competitive dietary patterns and eating habits were assessed via a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Competitive dietary practices were evaluated using a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. The results of this study indicated that both energy and carbohydrate intakes of male and female triathletes were well below recommended levels. The male triathletes energy intake was on average 2,165 ± 919 kcal/d and females consuming significantly lower with 1,743 ± 1002 kcal/d. Carbohydrate intakes were similar between the male and female triathletes in both grams per kg (4.5 ± 144 g/kg/d vs. 5.2 ± 188 g/kg/d, respectively) grams per day (352 ± 144 vs. 306 ± 188 g/d, respectively), and percentage of energy (65% vs 70%, respectively). The triathletes were only slightly better in following carbohydrate recommendations before, during, and after exercise. The results also indicated that over half (66%) of the triathletes reported obtaining their nutrition information from magazines, while only (9%) of the participants used a registered dietitian for nutritional advice or consultation. This study has shown that triathletes in general do not meet all the recommendations set for endurance athletes. Triathletes can improve their overall performance by educating themselves on the importance of nutrition and by following the recommended guidelines set for endurance athletes.
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Includes bibliographical references.
The aim of this thesis was to investigate candidate genes, mainly within the CNS, that may contribute to the variation in physiological responses (body weight changes) and athletic ability between athletes during participation in a 226 km Ironman triathlon. A genetic association approach was used in case-control studies to identify specific sequence variants within selected candidate genes. These candidate genes (IL-6, 5-HTT and MAO-A) were selected based on the biological function of their encoded proteins, which have been implicated in peripheral and central fatigue models. Candidate genes (5-HTT and AVPR2) that encode for proteins that play key roles in the neuro-endocrine control of total body water homeostasis were also investigated in this thesis.

L'absolue d'iris, obtenue par hydrodistillation puis traitement des rhizomes séchés est un produit très prisé en parfumerie fine. La maturation des rhizomes frais d'iris, qui dure traditionnellement trois ans, constitue une entrave au développement industriel de cette matière première. Cette étape est toutefois indispensable puisqu'elle permet la transformation des cycloiridals en irones, terpènes méthylés, par clivage d'une double liaison C-C trisubstituée aliphatique. Ces irones représentent environ 20-30 % de l'absolue d'iris et leur confèrent ce pouvoir olfactif tant recherché. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le mécanisme chimique régissant le procédé de maturation accéléré des rhizomes frais utilisé par la société Biolandes. En effet, malgré son efficacité, ce procédé donne un beurre dont la qualité olfactive n'est pas satisfaisante. Une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme mis en jeu permettrait une amélioration du produit. Dans ce but, nous avons appliqué les conditions du procédé, utilisant le nitrite de solium en milieu aqueux acide, ainsi que d'autres conditions similaires, à des oléfines aliphatiques qui présentent des analogies structurales avec les cycloiridals. Les résultats de ces nitrosations ont permis d'établir de façon indirecte que le clivage se fait dans ces conditions selon un mécanisme de nitrosation hétérolytique ayant pour intermédiaire clé une oxime. Des essais sur les extraits de rhizomes frais d'iris pallida Lam. Et sur des cycloiridals isolés, iripallidal et iriflorental, nous ont permis d'affiner nos conclusions et d'amorcer l'étude de l'amélioration de la qualité olfactive du beurre fabriqué par ce procédé.

Im letzten Novellenzyklus Kellers wird vielerlei unterschwellige Kritik an Gesellschaftszuständen im deutschsprachigen Raum und an typischen zeitgenössischen Vertretern diverser Gesellschaftsschichten zu einem großen Teil über die Ironie transportiert. Vorkommen des ironischen Sprechens werden verknüpft mit Momenten narrativer Ironie und erscheinen eng an das Typusmotiv des Sonderlings geknüpft, das im „Sinngedicht“ wiederholt eingesetzt wird. Die Untersuchung orientiert sich daher insbesondere an den männlichen Vertretern der narrativ inszenierten Gesellschaftsordnung, deren Ironisierung oft erst bei näherer Hinsicht ins Auge fällt. Nachdem Preisendanz Kellers Dichtkunst nachvollziehbar mit dem bürgerlichen Humor identifiziert, ergibt sich dennoch an vielen Stellen der Sinngedichtforschung die Wahrnehmung einer Ironie, deren genauere Untersuchung bisher jedoch ausgeblieben ist. So versteht sich die vorliegende Arbeit als eine Vertiefung der Einordnung des Keller-Werkes in die Kategorie des bürgerlichen Humors. Thematisch erfolgt, neben der Konzentration auf die angesprochene Gesellschaftskritik, die Analyse ironischer Sequenzen auf dem Gebiet des Geschlechterdiskurses, mit dem sich ebenfalls Amrein, Bischof und Rácz in jüngerer Zeit auseinandergesetzt haben. Da ironische Elemente eine nicht unerhebliche Rolle in Figurendialogen – insbesondere auf der Ebene der Rahmenhandlung zwischen den beiden Hauptfiguren Reinhart und Lucie – zu spielen scheinen, kommen bei der Untersuchung verbalironischer Einheiten auch linguistische Theorien zum Einsatz. Hier orientiert sich die Vorgehensweise an Preukschat, der in seiner Monografie zum ‚Akt des Ironisierens’ (2007) eine dezidierte Untersuchung auch literarischer Werke mit sprachwissenschaftlichen Mitteln fordert. Auf diese Weise ist das Zusammenspiel von verbaler und epischer Ironie nachzuzeichnen, das als besonderes Dichtungsverfahren des Novellenzyklus aufgefasst werden kann.
In Keller’s last novella cycle, social conditions in the German-speaking world and stereotypical representatives of various social levels from that time are subliminally criticized through the far-ranging use of irony. Examples of ironic speech are coupled with moments of narrative irony and appear to be closely connected to the character motif of the Eccentric, which occurs repeatedly in “Sinngedicht”. Therefore, this analysis focuses especially on the male representatives of the narratively orchestrated social order, whose ironic treatment is often only noticeable upon closer examination. Taking into account Preisendanz’s understandable juxtaposition of Keller’s poetry with bourgeois humor, poetic analysis nevertheless leaves an impression of irony, a precise analysis of which has wanted until now. Thus, this work is a broadening of the classification of Keller’s work in the category of bourgeois humor. Additionally to the focus on the aforementioned social critique, there follows the topical analysis of ironic sequences on the subject of gender relations, which Amrein, Bischof, and Rácz have also recently examined. Since ironic elements seem to play a not unsubstantial role in character dialogues – especially at the level of the framing story between the two main characters, Reinhart and Lucie – linguistic theory is also used in the analysis of verbally ironic units. This follows the approach of Preukschat, who used linguistic methods to provide a clear examination of literary works in his monograph ‘Akt des Ironisierens’ (2007). In this way, the interplay between verbal and epic irony, which can be understood as a specific poetical device of this novella cycle, can be traced.

Suboptimal preparation for the Ironman triathlon can have detrimental effects on mental and physical condition. The purpose of this longitudinal investigation was to examine the relationship between a number of performance changes and fatigue markers during training for an Ironman as well as immediately after the event, in an attempt to better understand the effects of ultraendurance training. Eighteen athletes training for the Ironman; South Africa, 2009 were recruited for the study. Over the 6 month data collection period body mass, training load (TRIMP and Session x RPE methods), physiological responses (waking heart rate, postural dizziness, sleep ratings), changes in psychological state (profile of mood states - POMS), reported immunological responses (symptoms of illness), biochemical changes (salivary cortisol and alpha amylase) and performance (8 km submaximal running time trial (TT) and race day performance) were measured. These responses were compared to a control sample (n=15). Results show a significant increase (p<0.05) in training load (3899.4 ± 2517.8) four weeks prior to the event. Fatigue scores significantly increased (p<0.05) concurrently with this significant increase (p<0.05) in training. TT performance did not significantly (p<0.05) alter during the time course of training. It was however strongly correlated to training load (R2=0.85) and modestly related to race performance (R2=0.65). The signs and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) were prevalent during the training period, decreasing during the taper and race period. Large standard deviations were found within the majority of the responses. During the final two weeks of preparation, tension scores were significantly increased (p<0.05) while training load significantly decreased (p<0.05) during the final week of preparation. Cortisol increased significantly (p<0.05) immediately post race (0.507±0.15