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1
Hatcher, Heather C., Ravi N. Singh, Frank M. Torti, and Suzy V. Torti. "Synthetic and natural iron chelators: therapeutic potential and clinical use." Future Medicinal Chemistry 1, no. 9 (December 2009): 1643–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc.09.121.
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Bhandari, Bharti, and Anita Mehta. "Serum iron and serum retinol level of severe acute malnourished children on therapeutic intervention with WHO/UNICEF recommended therapeutic food and home based therapeutic food." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 8, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20210125.
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Background: The prevalence of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency among children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and their correction during nutritional rehabilitation are not well documented. This study assessed serum iron and serum retinol levels, effect of ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) and home based treatment on levels of serum iron and serum retinol level in SAM children.Methods: This was a simple randomised controlled trial in 6-59 months old children with SAM. Two groups of 70 each were divided, one was given RUTF and other home based food comparable to RUTF. Serum retinol and serum iron were measured on day 1 and 6 weeks of therapy.Results: Home based food was found better in terms of increase in serum iron than RUTF while there was no difference in rise of serum retinol in both the groups. There was no significant difference between day 1 value of serum iron in both the groups as p value was 0.82 but the level of serum iron at 6 weeks has shown significant difference in both the groups as p value was 0.0014 so there was significant increase in serum iron in group B in comparison to group A; the serum retinol value in both the groups has not shown any significant improvement.Conclusions: It was concluded home based food is better in correcting iron deficiency in SAM children as it is cheap, easily available, palatable, and acceptable than RUTF.
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Boshuizen, M., K. van der Ploeg, L. von Bonsdorff, B. J. Biemond, S. S. Zeerleder, R. van Bruggen, and N. P. Juffermans. "Therapeutic use of transferrin to modulate anemia and conditions of iron toxicity." Blood Reviews 31, no. 6 (November 2017): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2017.07.005.
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Makis, Alexandros, Ersi Voskaridou, Ioannis Papassotiriou, and Eleftheria Hatzimichael. "Novel Therapeutic Advances in β-Thalassemia." Biology 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10060546.
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The main characteristic of the pathophysiology of β-thalassemia is reduced β-globin chain production. The inevitable imbalance in the α/β-globin ratio and α-globin accumulation lead to oxidative stress in the erythroid lineage, apoptosis, and ineffective erythropoiesis. The result is compensatory hematopoietic expansion and impaired hepcidin production that causes increased intestinal iron absorption and progressive iron overload. Chronic hemolysis and red blood cell transfusions also contribute to iron tissue deposition. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms led to the detection of new curative or “disease-modifying” therapeutic options. Substantial evolvement has been made in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with current clinical trials investigating new condition regimens as well as different donors and stem cell source options. Gene therapy has also moved forward, and phase 2 clinical trials with the use of β-globin insertion techniques have recently been successfully completed leading to approval for use in transfusion-dependent patients. Genetic and epigenetic manipulation of the γ- or β-globin gene have entered the clinical trial setting. Agents such as TGF-β ligand traps and pyruvate kinase activators, which reduce the ineffective erythropoiesis, have been tested in clinical trials with favorable results. One TGF-β ligand trap, luspatercept, has been approved for use in adults with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia. The induction of HbF with the phosphodiesterase 9 inhibitor IMR-687, which increase cyclic guanosine monophosphate, is currently being tested. Another therapeutic approach is to target the dysregulation of iron homeostasis, using, for example, hepcidin agonists (inhibitors of TMPRSS6 and minihepcidins) or ferroportin inhibitors (VIT-2763). This review provides an update on the novel therapeutic options that are presently in development at the clinical level in β-thalassemia.
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Islam, Sufia, Nazia Hoque, Nishat Nasrin, Mehnaz Hossain, Farhana Rizwan, Kushal Biswas, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, et al. "Iron Overload and Breast Cancer: Iron Chelation as a Potential Therapeutic Approach." Life 12, no. 7 (June 27, 2022): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12070963.
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Breast cancer has historically been one of the leading causes of death for women worldwide. As of 2020, breast cancer was reported to have overtaken lung cancer as the most common type of cancer globally, representing an estimated 11.3% of all cancer diagnoses. A multidisciplinary approach is taken for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer that includes conventional and targeted treatments. However, current therapeutic approaches to treating breast cancer have limitations, necessitating the search for new treatment options. Cancer cells require adequate iron for their continuous and rapid proliferation. Excess iron saturates the iron-binding capacity of transferrin, resulting in non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) that can catalyze free-radical reactions and may lead to oxidant-mediated breast carcinogenesis. Moreover, excess iron and the disruption of iron metabolism by local estrogen in the breast leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, iron concentration reduction using an iron chelator can be a novel therapeutic strategy for countering breast cancer development and progression. This review focuses on the use of iron chelators to deplete iron levels in tumor cells, specifically in the breast, thereby preventing the generation of free radicals. The inhibition of DNA synthesis and promotion of cancer cell apoptosis are the targets of breast cancer treatment, which can be achieved by restricting the iron environment in the body. We hypothesize that the usage of iron chelators has the therapeutic potential to control intracellular iron levels and inhibit the breast tumor growth. In clinical settings, iron chelators can be used to reduce cancer cell growth and thus reduce the morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients.
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Casu, Carla, and Stefano Rivella. "Iron age: novel targets for iron overload." Hematology 2014, no. 1 (December 5, 2014): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.216.
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Abstract Excess iron deposition in vital organs is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients affected by β-thalassemia and hereditary hemochromatosis. In both disorders, inappropriately low levels of the liver hormone hepcidin are responsible for the increased iron absorption, leading to toxic iron accumulation in many organs. Several studies have shown that targeting iron absorption could be beneficial in reducing or preventing iron overload in these 2 disorders, with promising preclinical data. New approaches target Tmprss6, the main suppressor of hepcidin expression, or use minihepcidins, small peptide hepcidin agonists. Additional strategies in β-thalassemia are showing beneficial effects in ameliorating ineffective erythropoiesis and anemia. Due to the suppressive nature of the erythropoiesis on hepcidin expression, these approaches are also showing beneficial effects on iron metabolism. The goal of this review is to discuss the major factors controlling iron metabolism and erythropoiesis and to discuss potential novel therapeutic approaches to reduce or prevent iron overload in these 2 disorders and ameliorate anemia in β-thalassemia.
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Sohn, Yang-Sung, William Breuer, Arnold Munnich, and Z. Ioav Cabantchik. "Redistribution of accumulated cell iron: a modality of chelation with therapeutic implications." Blood 111, no. 3 (February 1, 2008): 1690–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-07-102335.
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AbstractVarious pathologies are characterized by the accumulation of toxic iron in cell compartments. In anemia of chronic disease, iron is withheld by macrophages, leaving extracellular fluids iron-depleted. In Friedreich ataxia, iron levels rise in the mitochondria of excitable cells but decrease in the cytosol. We explored the possibility of using deferiprone, a membrane-permeant iron chelator in clinical use, to capture labile iron accumulated in specific organelles of cardiomyocytes and macrophages and convey it to other locations for physiologic reuse. Deferiprone's capacity for shuttling iron between cellular organelles was assessed with organelle-targeted fluorescent iron sensors in conjunction with time-lapse fluorescence microscopy imaging. Deferiprone facilitated transfer of iron from extracellular media into nuclei and mitochondria, from nuclei to mitochondria, from endosomes to nuclei, and from intracellular compartments to extracellular apotransferrin. Furthermore, it mobilized iron from iron-loaded cells and donated it to preerythroid cells for hemoglobin synthesis, both in the presence and in the absence of transferrin. These unique properties of deferiprone underlie mechanistically its capacity to alleviate iron accumulation in dentate nuclei of Friedreich ataxia patients and to donate tissue-chelated iron to plasma transferrin in thalassemia intermedia patients. Deferiprone's shuttling properties could be exploited clinically for treating diseases involving regional iron accumulation.
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Torshin, I. Yu, and O. A. Gromova. "Worldwide experience of the therapeutic use of the human placental hydrolytes." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology 1, no. 10 (March 2, 2020): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-170-10-79-89.
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Here we present the results of a systematic analysis of publications on the clinical and the experimental pharmacology of human placental hydrolyzates (HPH). Searches were performed in the PUBMED, ELIBRARY and RSL databases. The results of the analyses of the peptide composition of HPH allowed us to formulate a number of previously unknown molecular mechanisms of their action. In the article we examine the effects of HPH in the therapy of liver diseases, atopic dermatitis, herpetic infection, viral hepatitis, joint diseases, iron overload, chronic fatigue syndrome and consider the general regenerative abilities of the HPH.
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Scott, Cassidy, Gaurav Arora, Kayle Dickson, and Christian Lehmann. "Iron Chelation in Local Infection." Molecules 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010189.
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Iron is an essential element in multiple biochemical pathways in humans and pathogens. As part of the innate immune response in local infection, iron availability is restricted locally in order to reduce overproduction of reactive oxygen species by the host and to attenuate bacterial growth. This physiological regulation represents the rationale for the therapeutic use of iron chelators to support induced iron deprivation and to treat infections. In this review paper we discuss the importance of iron regulation through examples of local infection and the potential of iron chelation in treating infection.
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Moscheo, Carla, Elisa Fenizia, Mariaclaudia Meli, and Giovanna Russo. "Anemia sideropenica in età pediatrica: pillole di… ferro." QUADERNI ACP 28, no. 4 (2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.53141/qacp.2021.176-180.
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Iron deficiency anemia is the most frequent haematological disorder in children. Although much is already known about the diagnostic-therapeutic approach, new frontiers regarding its diagnosis and therapeutic options emerge every day. An adequate intake with the diet is essential and can also be obtained in compliance with vegetarian-type diets. The use of glycinate or lysosomal preparations could positively affect the efficacy of therapy reducing the side effects associated with commonly used iron preparations. Parenteral iron therapy in pediatric age, which is currently limited to selected conditions, may evolve further, as a consequence of the production of molecules such as ferrocarboxymaltose, the use of which is not currently permitted under the age of 14. Further studies are therefore necessary in order to implement the knowledge and diagnostic-therapeutic interventions related to this widespread nosological entity.
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James, Genevieve, Kevin Stephenson, Meghan Callaghan-Gillespie, Mohamed Tabita Kamara, Hui Gyu Park, J. Thomas Brenna, and Mark J. Manary. "Docosahexaenoic Acid Stability in Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food." Foods 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020308.
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Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is used to treat young children diagnosed with severe acute malnutrition. RUTF with low and balanced linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid, plus omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), supports long-term cognitive recovery. DHA is prone to degradation due to peroxidation, possibly exacerbated by the iron inherently in RUTF. Our goals were to prepare benchtop and manufacturing scale of RUTF formulations that include DHA and measure its retention. Twenty-seven RUTF formulas with base ingredients, including oats, high oleic or commodity peanuts, and encapsulated or oil-based DHA at various levels were prepared at benchtop scale, followed by seven months of climate-controlled storage. These pilot samples had similar relative DHA retention. At the manufacturing scale, DHA was added at one of two stages in the process, either at the initial or the final mixing stage. Samples taken at preliminary or later steps show that less than 20% of DHA added at the early stages disappeared prior to packaging for any recipe tested. Overall, our data indicate that most DHA included in RUTF is retained in the final product and that DHA is best retained when added at the latest manufacturing stage.
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Bohn, Gunther, Sven Bayer, M. Stolz, Ansgar Ackva, and Bernhard Arndt. "Lifetime Simulation of Rechargeable Batteries for Solar Powered Fishing Lights." Applied Mechanics and Materials 848 (July 2016): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.848.115.
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In the developing world artisanal fishermen use kerosene lanterns for night fishing. Solar powered fishing lights became an ecologic and economic alternative to the kerosene lanterns due to the development of high efficiency LED light sources and low price solar cells. In the last years several solar fishing light systems were developed. The choice of the battery technology influences the reliability and the operating cost of the fishing light, because the battery has the lowest lifetime of all components of the fishing light.In this paper we describe the results of a battery simulation over 5 years time: The battery is daily charged by a solar module and discharged by night fishing. The meteorological irradiation data of Tanzania are used. Different battery technologies (Lead Acid, Lithium-Ion, Lithium-Iron-Phosphate) are tried out.The results of the simulation are the battery lifetime, cost and waste mass per year dependent on the battery technology. The study shows, that the Lithium-Iron-Phosphate technology is the best choice in terms of these factors and to the advantage of the poverty-stricken fishermen at the Victoria Lake in Tanzania and the environment.
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Kale, Pramodini B., Grant E. Sklar, Laurie A. Wesolowicz, and Ralph E. DiLisio. "Fluosol: Therapeutic Failure in severe Anemia." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 12 (December 1993): 1452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302701206.
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OBJECTIVE: To report the use of Fluosol in the management of a severe anemia and to review the literature regarding the use of Fluosol. CASE REPORT: A 40-year-old woman, at 40.5 weeks gestation, was admitted for induction of labor. Her hospital course was complicated by a postpartum hemorrhage and severe anemia. Because the patient was a Jehovah's Witness, she received non-blood products including hetastarch, iron dextran, and erythropoietin, and a total of 33 mL/kg of Fluosol, but she did not survive. DISCUSSION: Fluosol is an oxygen-carrying, perfluorochemical blood substitute. It was administered to our patient, who presented with the lowest hemoglobin (Hb) (11 g/L) and hematocrit (0.31 fraction of 1.00) of all reported cases. Almost all patients with an Hb <20 g/L do not survive. CONCLUSIONS: Although the use of Fluosol as a blood substitute appears theoretically promising, its use in the management of severe anemia cannot be recommended.
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Noor, Ramadhani A., Ajibola I. Abioye, Anne Marie Darling, Ellen Hertzmark, Said Aboud, Zulfiqarali Premji, Ferdinand M. Mugusi, et al. "Prenatal Zinc and Vitamin A Reduce the Benefit of Iron on Maternal Hematologic and Micronutrient Status at Delivery in Tanzania." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 2 (October 16, 2019): 240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz242.
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ABSTRACT Background Zinc and vitamin A supplementation have both been shown to affect iron status, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and anemia in animal and human studies. However, evidence on their combined use in pregnancy, in the context of iron–folic acid (IFA) supplementation, remains limited. Objective This study determined the effects of prenatal zinc, vitamin A, and iron supplementation on maternal hematologic and micronutrient status at delivery in Tanzania. Methods We analyzed 2 large randomized controlled trials, using generalized estimating equations, and examined the effect of daily zinc (25 mg) and vitamin A (2500 IU) supplementation starting in the first trimester of pregnancy compared with placebo (n = 2500), and separately evaluated the safety and efficacy of daily iron (60 mg) supplementation among iron-replete pregnant women (n = 1500). Blood samples from baseline and delivery were tested for Hb, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, plasma zinc, and zinc protoporphyrin. Results Zinc and vitamin A supplementation were associated with lower Hb concentrations at delivery of −0.26 g/dL (95% CI: −0.50, −0.02 g/dL) and −0.25 g/dL (95% CI: −0.49, −0.01 g/dL), respectively. Vitamin A increased mean ferritin concentrations at delivery (14.3 μg/L, 95% CI: 1.84, 29.11 μg/L), but was associated with increased risk of severe anemia (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.88). Among women who were iron replete at baseline, iron supplementation reduced the risk of iron depletion at delivery by 47% (RR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.65). There was no effect of zinc or iron supplements on plasma zinc concentrations. Conclusions Our findings support existing WHO guidelines on prenatal iron, vitamin A, and zinc supplementation among pregnant women. In this setting, scaling uptake of prenatal iron supplements is warranted, but prenatal zinc and vitamin A supplementation did not benefit maternal hematologic status at delivery. In settings where vitamin A deficiency is endemic, the efficacy and safety of the WHO recommended prenatal vitamin A supplementation require further evaluation.
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Haile, Zelalem T., Caroline Kingori, Asli K. Teweldeberhan, and Bhakti Chavan. "The relationship between history of hormonal contraceptive use and iron status among women in Tanzania: A population-based study." Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 13 (October 2017): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2017.07.003.
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Latham, Michael C., Deborah M. Ash, Diklar Makola, Simon R. Tatala, Godwin D. Ndossi, and Haile Mehansho. "Efficacy Trials of a Micronutrient Dietary Supplement in Schoolchildren and Pregnant Women in Tanzania." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 24, no. 4_suppl_1 (January 2003): S120—S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265030244s109.
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Traditionally, the main strategies used to control micronutrient deficiencies have been food diversification, consumption of medicinal supplements, and food fortification. In Tanzania, we conducted efficacy trials using a dietary supplement as a fourth approach. These were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trials conducted separately first in children and later in pregnant women. The dietary supplement was a powder used to prepare an orange-flavored beverage. In the school trial, children consumed 25 g per school day attended. In the pregnancy trial, women consumed the contents of two 25-g sachets per day with meals. This dietary supplement, unlike most medicinal supplements, provided 11 micronutrients, including iron and vitamin A, in physiologic amounts. In both trials we compared changes in subjects consuming either the fortified or the nonfortified supplement. Measures of iron and vitamin A status were similar in the groups at the baseline examination, but significantly different at follow-up, always in favor of the fortified groups. Children receiving the fortified supplement had significantly improved anthropometric measures when compared with controls. At four weeks postpartum, the breast milk of a supplemented group of women had significantly higher mean retinol content than did the milk of mothers consuming the nonfortified supplement. The advantages of using a fortified dietary supplement, compared with other approaches, include its ability to control several micronutrient deficiencies simultaneously; the use of physiologic amounts of nutrients, rather than megadoses that require medical supervision; and the likelihood of better compliance than with the use of pills because subjects liked the beverage used in these trials.
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Rathi, C. R., and S. N. Suresh. "Mirabilis jalapa Flower Extract as Therapeutic Agent and Cellular Delivery by Nanoparticles." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1-s (February 15, 2021): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1-s.4549.
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Bio friendly green modest syntheses of nanoparticles are the present research in the extremity of nanotechnology. This study has been undertaken to explore the determinants of iron nanoparticles from 1 mM FeSO4 solution through profuse concentration of aqueous flower extract of Mirabilis jalapa reducing besides immobilizing agent. The attribute of iron nanoparticles was studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy SEM and XRD. The XRD spectrum of the iron nanoparticles established the presence of elemental copper signal. Green synthesized iron nanoparticle manifests the zone of inhibition against isolated human pathogenic (Streptococcus species, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus species, Klebsiella species and E. coli) bacteria. The analytical chassis contains the flower pigment betalain the natural food dye resources can efficiently use in the production of iron nanoparticle and it could be utilized in various fields in therapeutics and nanotechnology.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, Mirabilis jalapa, UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM- XRD.
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Kochneva, E. V. "Analysis of the WHO guidelines on use of serum ferritin concentrations to assess iron status from the positions of 5-P medicine." Voprosy dietologii 10, no. 3 (2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/2224-5448-2020-3-15-22.
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According to the World Health Organization statistics, iron deficiency is among 10 most dangerous risk factors of developing various diseases, disability, and mortality throughout the world. Therefore, a correct determination of iron status in clinical practice is of decisive importance for diagnosis and screening in order to work out preventive and therapeutic measures. The new WHO guidelines emphasize the significance of monitoring the levels of ferritin, and also of serum iron, haemoglobin, transferrin, transferrin saturation, and inflammatory index in order to correctly assess iron status. The most vulnerable groups (small infants and pregnant women) have been identified, which should be given special attention with regard to monitoring iron metabolism. Key words: anaemia, haemochromatosis, iron deficiency, ferritin
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Ning, Shuoyan, and Michelle P. Zeller. "Management of iron deficiency." Hematology 2019, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2019000034.
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AbstractIron deficiency (ID) affects billions of people worldwide and remains the leading cause of anemia with significant negative impacts on health. Our approach to ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) involves three steps (I3): (1) identification of ID/IDA, (2) investigation of and management of the underlying etiology of ID, and (3) iron repletion. Iron repletion options include oral and intravenous (IV) iron formulations. Oral iron remains a therapeutic option for the treatment of ID in stable patients, but there are many populations for whom IV iron is more effective. Therefore, IV iron should be considered when there are no contraindications, when poor response to oral iron is anticipated, when rapid hematologic responses are desired, and/or when there is availability of and accessibility to the product. Judicious use of red cell blood transfusion is recommended and should be considered only for severe, symptomatic IDA with hemodynamic instability. Identification and management of ID and IDA is a central pillar in patient blood management.
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Kurilovich, E. O., O. I. Volkova, and L. D. Popovich. "Clinical and economic aspects of the use of parenteral iron preparations for the correction of iron deficiency and anemia in surgical patients." Glavvrač (Chief Medical Officer), no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-03-2012-04.
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The cost effectiveness of two groups of parenteral preparations (ferric sucrose complexes and ferric carboxymaltosate) for preoperative correction of iron deficiency/anemia in different organizational conditions was evaluated using pharmacoeconomic analysis with modeling elements. It is shown that the introduction of high doses of iron with a small number of infusions in the case of ferric carboxymaltosate is more cost-effective for all departments of medical institutions: in comparison with ferric sucrose complexes, the costs of a day hospital are reduced by 1.4 times, and the therapeutic and surgical departments of a 24-hour inpatient facility — by 3.0 and 3.8 times, respectively.
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Kontoghiorghes, George J., Annita Kolnagou, Christina N. Kontoghiorghe, Loukia Mourouzidis, Viktor A. Timoshnikov, and Nikolay E. Polyakov. "Trying to Solve the Puzzle of the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Iron: Redox, Chelation and Therapeutic Implications." Medicines 7, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines7080045.
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Iron and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential nutrients for the normal growth and development of humans, and their deficiency can result in serious diseases. Their interaction is of nutritional, physiological, pharmacological and toxicological interest, with major implications in health and disease. Millions of people are using pharmaceutical and nutraceutical preparations of these two nutrients, including ferrous ascorbate for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia and ascorbate combination with deferoxamine for increasing iron excretion in iron overload. The main function and use of vitamin C is its antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species, which are implicated in many diseases of free radical pathology, including biomolecular-, cellular- and tissue damage-related diseases, as well as cancer and ageing. Ascorbic acid and its metabolites, including the ascorbate anion and oxalate, have metal binding capacity and bind iron, copper and other metals. The biological roles of ascorbate as a vitamin are affected by metal complexation, in particular following binding with iron and copper. Ascorbate forms a complex with Fe3+ followed by reduction to Fe2+, which may potentiate free radical production. The biological and clinical activities of iron, ascorbate and the ascorbate–iron complex can also be affected by many nutrients and pharmaceutical preparations. Optimal therapeutic strategies of improved efficacy and lower toxicity could be designed for the use of ascorbate, iron and the iron–ascorbate complex in different clinical conditions based on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET), pharmacokinetic, redox and other properties. Similar strategies could also be designed in relation to their interactions with food components and pharmaceuticals, as well as in relation to other aspects concerning personalized medicine.
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Begum, Sartaz, Derick R. Mwakimbwala, Gideon Sangiwa, and Valence M. K. Ndesendo. "Chemical Analysis, Antibacterial Activities and Uses of Leaves and Calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa Grown in Dodoma, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Science 48, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v48i4.6.
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Preliminary phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa grown in Tanzania revealed the presence of secondary metabolites like steroids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids along with L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and iron(II). Furthermore, both leaves and calyces showed antibacterial activities (agar well diffusion method) against selected bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Shigella sonnei), but calyces possessed potent antibacterial activities compared to leaves. The results also supported the claimed traditional uses of this plant. When interrogated during the cross-sectional study in Dodoma region, 54% of the respondents claimed the plant is used to treat anaemia (supposedly as it increases haemoglobin levels), 23% claimed it is used in the preparation of local wine and the remaining respondents stated use in both areas. Furthermore, the intake of H. sabdariffa leaves and calyces on regular basis can boost the immunity system and helps in preventing bacterial and viral infections as the plant is loaded with flavonoids and vitamin C. Thus, the results observed for the plant H. sabdariffa that is grown in Dodoma in small scale for traditional uses, paves a way for consideration of future large scale production of pharmaceutical and neutraceutical products in Tanzania.
Keywords: Phytochemical screening, Hibiscus sabdariffa, antibacterial activity, L-ascorbic acid and iron(II)
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Budnevsky, A. V., V. M. Provotorov, and Marina I. Ul’yanova. "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and anemia: clinical manifestations and therapeutic strategy." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 94, no. 9 (November 2, 2016): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2016-94-9-677-683.
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Anemia refers to manifestations of systemic infl ammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and a factor aggravating the disease. Objective: to study gender characteristics of anemia in patients with COPD, to increase the effectiveness of treatment through the use of pharmacological agents erythropoietin and enteral iron. Materials and methods. The paper presents clinical data on 74 patients with stage II/III COPD and anemiaalong with results of the treatment of 49 patients who received standard therapy in addition to epoetin and Sorbiferdurules. Results. Patients with COPD much morefrequently presented with iron defi ciency anemia (IDA): 63 patients (85.1%) dominated by women (39 or 61.9% ) with men accounting only for 24 or 38.1% of the total. 11 patients (14.9%) had normochromic normocytic anemia with the parameters of anemia of chronic disease. The incidence of IDA in both groups correlated with age; it was largely a moderately severe condition that much more frequently occurred in women (24 out of 39 patients - 61,5%) than in men in whom the mild form of iron defi ciency prevailed (14 of 24 patients - 58,3%). Conclusion. The overall prevalence of anemia concomitant with COPD was estimated at 26.5%. It was documented in44 women (33.7%), i.e. in each third patient. It occurred less frequently in men (30 or 20,7%). The presence of anemia deteriorates conditions of the patients, especially female ones, who more often suffere from shortness of breath, impairedgeneral health status , fatigue, and depression; moreover, they more frequently need hospitalization. Correction of anemia with erythropoietin and iron preparations for the internal use can improve physical endurance of the patients, reduce cough intensity and shortness of breath,promote positive dynamics of physical tolerance for a prolonged period after the completion of antianemic therapy.
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Agoro, Rafiou, and Catherine Mura. "Iron Supplementation Therapy, A Friend and Foe of Mycobacterial Infections?" Pharmaceuticals 12, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph12020075.
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Iron is an essential element that is required for oxygen transfer, redox, and metabolic activities in mammals and bacteria. Mycobacteria, some of the most prevalent infectious agents in the world, require iron as growth factor. Mycobacterial-infected hosts set up a series of defense mechanisms, including systemic iron restriction and cellular iron distribution, whereas mycobacteria have developed sophisticated strategies to acquire iron from their hosts and to protect themselves from iron’s harmful effects. Therefore, it is assumed that host iron and iron-binding proteins, and natural or synthetic chelators would be keys targets to inhibit mycobacterial proliferation and may have a therapeutic potential. Beyond this hypothesis, recent evidence indicates a host protective effect of iron against mycobacterial infections likely through promoting remodeled immune response. In this review, we discuss experimental procedures and clinical observations that highlight the role of the immune response against mycobacteria under various iron availability conditions. In addition, we discuss the clinical relevance of our knowledge regarding host susceptibility to mycobacteria in the context of iron availability and suggest future directions for research on the relationship between host iron and the immune response and the use of iron as a therapeutic agent.
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Wall, Erika, and Lauren Bolster. "Review of Therapeutic Erythrocytapheresis in Patients with Thalassemia Major." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-126809.
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Introduction Therapeutic erythrocytapheresis, or red cell exchange (RCE) is a non-invasive procedure in which a patient's erythrocytes are removed from the bloodstream while being replaced with erythrocytes from blood donors. RCE is commonly used as a transfusion technique in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) to help treat and prevent complications associated with sickling of erythrocytes and iron overload. In the rare blood disorders (RBD) clinic at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, RCE has been utilized as a therapeutic adjunct to traditional chelation therapies for patients with thalassemia major with uncontrolled iron overload. The aim of this study is to describe and review the rate of observed complications or benefits associated with RCE in patients with thalassemia major. Methods Patients with a documented diagnosis of thalassemia major who were enrolled in the RCE program via the RBD clinic were identified. Charts were retrospectively reviewed from time of initiation of RCE to the time of most recent RCE or clinic follow up. Complications were documented and analyzed, then compared to standard rates of complications of iron overload in patients with thalassemia major. Results Seven (7) patients with were identified for analysis. The average age of patients enrolled was 30 years. One hundred percent (100%) of patients had confirmed diagnosis of thalassemia major by hemoglobin electrophoresis. 85.7% of patients were of male sex. Six (85.7%) patients were on chelation therapy (3 patients on Jadenu plus Ferriprox; 3 patients on Jadenu alone). On average RCE was performed every 3.85 weeks. Of the patients analyzed during RCE, 85.7% had hepatic iron overload and 42.9% had cardiac dysfunction. 71.4% had evidence of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Two patients had syncopal events while on RCE. Two patients developed red cell antibodies during RCE. Improvements in iron overload correlated with initiation of dual chelation therapy in the three patients who were on maximal dual chelation. Conclusions Although RCE is a useful transfusion strategy in patients with SCD with less iron loading than simple transfusion, it does not appear to have the same benefits in patients with thalassemia major. Improvements in myocardial and hepatic T2* scores correlated with being on dual chelation therapy rather than with the frequency or duration of RCE. There was evidence of significant extramedullary hematopoiesis in 5 of the 7 patients on RCE possibly due to poor hemoglobin increment. Given the observed increase in extramedullary hematopoiesis, syncope, and antibody formation associated with RCE, and lack of benefit in reducing iron overload, we do not recommend its use as a treatment in patients with thalassemia major. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Avramovich-Tirosh, Yael, Tamar Amit, Orit Bar-Am, Orly Weinreb, and Moussa BH Youdim. "Physiological and pathological aspects of Aβ in iron homeostasis via 5'UTR in the APP mRNA and the therapeutic use of iron-chelators." BMC Neuroscience 9, Suppl 2 (2008): S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-s2-s2.
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O'Shea, Aileen, Anushri Parakh, Rita Maria Lahoud, Sandeep Hedgire, and Mukesh G. Harisinghani. "The Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents." MRS Advances 5, no. 42 (2020): 2157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.311.
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AbstractWhile the use of iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance contrast agents for clinical imaging is established, they are more recently experiencing renewed interest as alternatives to gadolinium-based contrast agents. Ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles have unique pharmacokinetics, metabolic and imaging properties. These properties have led to improved techniques for imaging a variety of vascular, oncologic and inflammatory conditions with iron oxide nanoparticles. Current research efforts are aimed at harnessing the characteristics of these nanoparticles to advance magnetic resonance imaging techniques and explore new therapeutic potentials. While there are some limitations to the use of iron oxide nanoparticles, including allergies to parenteral iron and iron storage disorders, the practicable applications for these agents will continue to expand. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief overview of the history and synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, their current applications in clinical imaging and their prospective clinical applications.
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Lima, Tadeu Gonçalves de, Fernanda Luna Neri Benevides, Flávio Lima Esmeraldo Filho, Igor Silva Farias, Diovana Ximenes Cavalcante Dourado, Eveline Gadelha Pereira Fontenele, Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes, and Ana Rosa Pinto Quidute. "Treatment of iron overload syndrome: a general review." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 65, no. 9 (September 2019): 1216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.9.1216.
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SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Iron overload is a broad syndrome with a large spectrum of causative etiologies that lead to iron deposition. When iron exceeds defenses, it causes oxidative damage and tissular disfunction. Treatment may prevent organ dysfunction, leading to greater life expectancy. METHODS Literature from the last five years was reviewed through the use of the PubMed database in search of treatment strategies. DISCUSSION Different pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies are available for the treatment of iron overload and must be used according to etiology and patient compliance. Therapeutic phlebotomy is the basis for the treatment of hereditary hemochromatosis. Transfusional overload patients and those who cannot tolerate phlebotomy need iron chelators. CONCLUSION Advances in the understanding of iron overload have lead to great advances in therapies and new pharmacological targets. Research has lead to better compliance with the use of oral chelators and less toxic drugs.
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Fontes de Paula Aguiar, Marina, Javier Bustamante Mamani, Taylla Klei Felix, Rafael Ferreira dos Reis, Helio Rodrigues da Silva, Leopoldo Penteado Nucci, Mariana Penteado Nucci-da-Silva, and Lionel Fernel Gamarra. "Magnetic targeting with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for in vivo glioma." Nanotechnology Reviews 6, no. 5 (October 26, 2017): 449–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2016-0101.
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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to review the use of the magnetic targeting technique, characterized by magnetic driving compounds based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), as drug delivery for a specific brain locus in gliomas. We reviewed a process mediated by the application of an external static magnetic field for targeting SPIONs in gliomas. A search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases identified 228 studies, 23 of which were selected based on inclusion criteria and predetermined exclusion criteria. The articles were analyzed by physicochemical characteristics of SPIONs used, cell types used for tumor induction, characteristics of experimental glioma models, magnetic targeting technical parameters, and analysis method of process efficiency. The study shows the highlights and importance of magnetic targeting to optimize the magnetic targeting process as a therapeutic strategy for gliomas. Regardless of the intensity of the patterned magnetic field, the time of application of the field, and nanoparticle used (commercial or synthesized), all studies showed a vast advantage in the use of magnetic targeting, either alone or in combination with other techniques, for optimized glioma therapy. Therefore, this review elucidates the preclinical and therapeutic applications of magnetic targeting in glioma, an innovative nanobiotechnological method.
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Cahill, Catherine M., Rozaleen Aleyadeh, Jin Gao, Changning Wang, and Jack T. Rogers. "Alpha-Synuclein in Alcohol Use Disorder, Connections with Parkinson’s Disease and Potential Therapeutic Role of 5’ Untranslated Region-Directed Small Molecules." Biomolecules 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10101465.
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Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a 140-amino acid (aa) protein encoded by the Synuclein alpha SNCA gene. It is the synaptic protein associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is the most highly expressed protein in the Lewy bodies associated with PD and other alpha synucleopathies, including Lewy body dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Iron deposits are present in the core of Lewy bodies, and there are reports suggesting that divalent metal ions including Cu2+ and Fe2+ enhance the aggregation of α-Syn. Differential expression of α-Syn is associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD), and specific genetic variants contribute to the risk for alcoholism, including alcohol craving. Spliced variants of α-Syn, leading to the expression of several shorter forms which are more prone to aggregation, are associated with both PD and AUD, and common transcript variants may be able to predict at-risk populations for some movement disorders or subtypes of PD, including secondary Parkinsonism. Both PD and AUD are associated with liver and brain iron dyshomeostasis. Research over the past decade has shown that α-Syn has iron import functions with an ability to oxidize the Fe3+ form of iron to Fe2+ to facilitate its entry into cells. Our prior research has identified an iron-responsive element (IRE) in the 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of α-Syn mRNA, and we have used the α-Syn 5’UTR to screen for small molecules that modulate its expression in the H4 neuronal cell line. These screens have led us to identify several interesting small molecules capable of both decreasing and increasing α-Syn expression and that may have the potential, together with the recently described mesenchymal stem cell therapies, to normalize α-Syn expression in different regions of the alcoholic and PD brain.
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Suciu, Maria, Corina M. Ionescu, Alexandra Ciorita, Septimiu C. Tripon, Dragos Nica, Hani Al-Salami, and Lucian Barbu-Tudoran. "Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (July 27, 2020): 1092–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.94.
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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have unique properties with regard to biological and medical applications. SPIONs have been used in clinical settings although their safety of use remains unclear due to the great differences in their structure and in intra- and inter-patient absorption and response. This review addresses potential applications of SPIONs in vitro (formulations), ex vivo (in biological cells and tissues) and in vivo (preclinical animal models), as well as potential biomedical applications in the context of drug targeting, disease treatment and therapeutic efficacy, and safety studies.
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Messa, Emanuela, Daniela Cilloni, and Giuseppe Saglio. "Iron Chelation Therapy in Myelodysplastic Syndromes." Advances in Hematology 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/756289.
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Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous disorder of the hematopoietic stem cells, frequently characterized by anemia and transfusion dependency. In low-risk patients, transfusion dependency can be long lasting, leading to iron overload. Iron chelation therapy may be a therapeutic option for these patients, especially since the approval of oral iron chelators, which are easier to use and better accepted by the patients. The usefulness of iron chelation in MDS patients is still under debate, mainly because of the lack of solid prospective clinical trials that should take place in the future. This review aims to summarize what is currently known about the incidence and clinical consequences of iron overload in MDS patients and the state-of the-art of iron chelation therapy in this setting. We also give an overview of clinical guidelines for chelation in MDS published to date and some perspectives for the future.
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Kimera, Zuhura I., Gasto Frumence, Leonard E. G. Mboera, Mark Rweyemamu, Stephen E. Mshana, and Mecky I. N. Matee. "Assessment of Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Poultry and Domestic Pig Farming in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania." Antibiotics 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120838.
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Uncontrolled use of drugs both in humans and animals coupled with environmental contamination exacerbate the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This paper assessed the drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in poultry and domestic pig farming and the environment. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect information regarding demographic characteristics, knowledge, practices, attitudes, and perceptions of the drivers of antimicrobial use and resistance in animal farming and the environment. We found a higher proportion of usage of veterinary antimicrobials for prophylactic purposes (87.6%) in animal farming, than for therapeutic purposes (80.5%). The degree of farming experience was significantly (p < 0.05) related to the knowledge on the source of antimicrobial use, methods used in disease diagnosis, access to veterinary services, stocking of antimicrobials at home, and presence of agriculture activities that involve the use of manure. Uncontrolled disposal of wastes from households, disposal of human and veterinary drugs, and weak implementation of the legal framework was identified as the major contributors to the environment. The high usage of veterinary antimicrobials and the environmental contamination identified requires multisectoral interventions, as well as a review of government strategies, policies, and regulations on antimicrobial use.
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Cooke, Keegan S., Beth Hinkle, Hossein Salimi-Moosavi, Ian Foltz, Chadwick King, Palaniswami Rathanaswami, Aaron Winters, et al. "A fully human anti-hepcidin antibody modulates iron metabolism in both mice and nonhuman primates." Blood 122, no. 17 (October 24, 2013): 3054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-06-505792.
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Key Points Fully human anti-hepcidin Abs have been generated for use as a potential therapeutic to treat AI. The mechanism of action was shown to be due to an increase in available serum iron leading to enhanced red cell hemoglobinization.
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Radzinsky, V. E., A. V. Solovyeva, and N. G. Fedotov. "The Anemia Syndrome in Contemporary Women: an Unsolved Worldwide Problem. A Therapeutic Approach." Doctor.Ru 19, no. 8 (2020): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2020-19-8-20-24.
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Objective of the Review: To set forth the frequency and prevalence of the anemia syndrome in non-pregnant and pregnant women and approaches to treating this disorder. Key Points: Anemia syndrome is the most common health problem in contemporary women. The leading cause of iron deficiency in women of reproductive age is abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Anemia in women significantly reduces their ability to work and quality of life, and increases the rates and severity of complications in pregnant women and parturients. It is also a significant contributor to maternal mortality and fetal and neonatal morbidity. Treating anemia in pregnant women presents certain challenges. In the period between the first trimester and delivery, there is an 8-fold increase in the requirement for iron; therefore, hemoglobin levels return to normal slowly. The active ingredient of Ferrum Lek is a ferric hydroxide polymaltose complex, which is as effective as medications containing ferrous sulfate, but is significantly better tolerated by patients and easier to use. The active transport of iron allows its controlled absorption from the polymaltose complex, minimizing the risk of an increase in serum levels of iron not bound to transferrin. This ensures that this medication is very safe and eliminates the risk of overdose or poisoning. Conclusion: Anemia syndrome is the most common type of homeostatic imbalance in women of reproductive age. It most often results from frequent and abundant uterine bleeding (AUB). Therefore, an obstetrician-gynecologist plays the leading role in identifying menstrual disorders and choosing therapies to reduce blood loss. A gynecologist will also work with an internist (hematologist) in treating iron deficiency anemia. Keywords: anemia syndrome, iron deficiency anemia, abnormal uterine bleeding, ferric hydroxide polymaltose complex.
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Carmo, Wander Barros do, Bárbara Bruna Abreu Castro, Luísa Cardoso Manso, Priscylla Aparecida Vieira do Carmo, Clóvis Antônio Rodrigues, Melani Ribeiro Custódio, Vanda Jorgetti, and Helady Sanders-Pinheiro. "Iron-based phosphorus chelator: Risk of iron deposition and action on bone metabolism in uremic rats." Experimental Biology and Medicine 247, no. 5 (December 3, 2021): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211057280.
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Phosphate chelators are frequently used in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). New iron-based chelators remain understudied and offer a promising therapeutic option for the control of bone and mineral disorders of chronic kidney disease (BMD-CKD). We assessed the effect of the phosphorus chelator, chitosan-iron III (CH-FeCl), compared to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in BMD-CKD and the potential iron overload in uremic rats. Thirty-two animals were divided into four groups, namely the control, CKD, CKD/CH-FeCl, and CKD/CaCO3 groups. CKD was induced by adding 0.75% (4 weeks) and 0.1% (3 weeks) adenine to the diet. The chelators were administered from week 3 through week 7. The renal function, BMD-CKD markers, and histomorphometry of the femur were assessed at week 7. The CKD group showed a significant increase in creatinine (83.9 ± 18.6 vs. 41.5 ± 22.1 µmol/L; P = 0.001), phosphate (3.5 ± 0.8 vs. 2.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L; P = 0.001), fractional excretion of phosphorus (FEP) (0.71 ± 0.2 vs. 0.2 ± 0.17; P = 0.0001), and FGF23 (81.36 ± 37.16 pg/mL vs. 7.42 ± 1.96; P = 0.011) compared to the control group. There was no accumulation of serum or bone iron after the use of CH-FeCl. The use of chelators reduced the FEP (control: 0.71 ± 0.20; CKD/CH-FeCl: 0.40 ± 0.16; CKD/CaCO3 0.34 ± 0.15; P = 0.001), without changes in the serum FGF23 and parathyroid hormone levels. Histomorphometry revealed the presence of bone disease with high remodeling in the uremic animals without changes with the use of chelators. The CH-FeCl chelator was efficient in reducing the FEP without iron accumulation, thereby paving the way for the use of this class of chelators in clinical settings in the future.
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Rivas-García, Lorenzo, José Luis Quiles, Alfonso Varela-López, Francesca Giampieri, Maurizio Battino, Jörg Bettmer, María Montes-Bayón, Juan Llopis, and Cristina Sánchez-González. "Ultra-Small Iron Nanoparticles Target Mitochondria Inducing Autophagy, Acting on Mitochondrial DNA and Reducing Respiration." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010090.
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The application of metallic nanoparticles (materials with size at least in one dimension ranging from 1 to 100 nm) as a new therapeutic tool will improve the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The mitochondria could be a therapeutic target to treat pathologies whose origin lies in mitochondrial dysfunctions or whose progression is dependent on mitochondrial function. We aimed to study the subcellular distribution of 2–4 nm iron nanoparticles and its effect on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mitochondrial function, and autophagy in colorectal cell lines (HT-29). Results showed that when cells were exposed to ultra-small iron nanoparticles, their subcellular fate was mainly mitochondria, affecting its respiratory and glycolytic parameters, inducing the migration of the cellular state towards quiescence, and promoting and triggering the autophagic process. These effects support the potential use of nanoparticles as therapeutic agents using mitochondria as a target for cancer and other treatments for mitochondria-dependent pathologies.
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Ward, Roberta J., David T. Dexter, Antonio Martin-Bastida, and Robert R. Crichton. "Is Chelation Therapy a Potential Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073338.
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Iron loading in some brain regions occurs in Parkinson’s Disease (PD), and it has been considered that its removal by iron chelators could be an appropriate therapeutic approach. Since neuroinflammation with microgliosis is also a common feature of PD, it is possible that iron is sequestered within cells as a result of the “anaemia of chronic disease” and remains unavailable to the chelator. In this review, the extent of neuroinflammation in PD is discussed together with the role played by glia cells, specifically microglia and astrocytes, in controlling iron metabolism during inflammation, together with the results of MRI studies. The current use of chelators in clinical medicine is presented together with a discussion of two clinical trials of PD patients where an iron chelator was administered and showed encouraging results. It is proposed that the use of anti-inflammatory drugs combined with an iron chelator might be a better approach to increase chelator efficacy.
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Talluri, Sekhar, and Rama R. Malla. "Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast, Ovarian and Cervical Cancers." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 12 (January 20, 2020): 942–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200220666191016124958.
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Background: The potential of Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as theranostic agents for cancer has been investigated extensively. SPIONS can be utilized for diagnostic imaging, drug delivery as well as for therapeutic applications. SPIONS are of particular interest because of their potential for non-invasive diagnosis and non-invasive therapeutic applications. This article is a review of in vivo and clinical studies of SPIONs for diagnosis and treatment of breast, ovarian and cervical cancer. The current limitations of this technology with relation to clinical therapeutic applications and the potential to overcome these limitations are also discussed. Methods: NCBI Pubmed was searched for relevant documents by using keyword and MESH based search. The following keyword combinations were used: ‘breast cancer’ and SPION, ‘ovarian cancer’ and SPION, and ‘cervical cancer’ and SPION. The resulting list was manually scanned for the studies involving clinical and in vivo studies. Results: The 29 most relevant publications were identified and reviewed. Conclusion: Although numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of the use of SPIONs for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications, there is relatively little progress towards translation to clinical applications involving breast, ovarian and cervical cancer.
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Кorshikova, Yulia Ivanovna. "Iron deficiency anaemia due to constitutional menorrhagia as a risk factor of infectious and inflammatory diseases and use of phytotherapeutic medicines for its treatment." Vrač skoroj pomoŝi (Emergency Doctor), no. 8 (August 1, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-02-2008-03.
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The article presents clinical observations proving the importance of constitutional menorrhagia in the iron-deficiency anaemia genesis and a decrease in nonspecific resistance in women of childbearing age, as well as relevant use of phytotherapy method as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent.
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Hertrampf and Olivares. "Iron Amino Acid Chelates." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 74, no. 6 (November 1, 2004): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.435.
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Iron amino acid chelates, such as iron glycinate chelates, have been developed to be used as food fortificants and therapeutic agents in the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Ferrous bis-glycine chelate (FeBC), ferric tris-glycine chelate, ferric glycinate, and ferrous bis-glycinate hydrochloride are available commercially. FeBC is the most studied and used form. Iron absorption from FeBC is affected by enhancers and inhibitors of iron absorption, but to a lesser extent than ferrous sulfate. Its absorption is regulated by iron stores. FeBC is better absorbed from milk, wheat, whole maize flour, and precooked corn flour than is ferrous sulfate. Supplementation trials have demonstrated that FeBC is efficacious in treating iron deficiency anemia. Consumption of FeBC-fortified liquid milk, dairy products, wheat rolls, and multi-nutrient beverages is associated with an improvement of iron status. The main limitations to the widespread use of FeBC in national fortification programs are the cost and the potential for promoting organoleptic changes in some food matrices. Additional research is required to establish the bioavailability of FeBC in different food matrices. Other amino acid chelates should also be evaluated. Finally there is an urgent need for more rigorous efficacy trials designed to define the relative merits of amino acid chelates when compared with bioavailable iron salts such as ferrous sulfate and ferrous fumarate and to determine appropriate fortification levels
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Kroot, Joyce JC, Harold Tjalsma, Robert E. Fleming, and Dorine W. Swinkels. "Hepcidin in Human Iron Disorders: Diagnostic Implications." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 12 (December 1, 2011): 1650–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2009.140053.
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BACKGROUND The peptide hormone hepcidin plays a central role in regulating dietary iron absorption and body iron distribution. Many human diseases are associated with alterations in hepcidin concentrations. The measurement of hepcidin in biological fluids is therefore a promising tool in the diagnosis and management of medical conditions in which iron metabolism is affected. CONTENT We describe hepcidin structure, kinetics, function, and regulation. We moreover explore the therapeutic potential for modulating hepcidin expression and the diagnostic potential for hepcidin measurements in clinical practice. SUMMARY Cell-culture, animal, and human studies have shown that hepcidin is predominantly synthesized by hepatocytes, where its expression is regulated by body iron status, erythropoietic activity, oxygen tension, and inflammatory cytokines. Hepcidin lowers serum iron concentrations by counteracting the function of ferroportin, a major cellular iron exporter present in the membrane of macrophages, hepatocytes, and the basolateral site of enterocytes. Hepcidin is detected in biologic fluids as a 25 amino acid isoform, hepcidin-25, and 2 smaller forms, i.e., hepcidin-22 and −20; however, only hepcidin-25 has been shown to participate in the regulation of iron metabolism. Reliable assays to measure hepcidin in blood and urine by use of immunochemical and mass spectrometry methods have been developed. Results of proof-of-principle studies have highlighted hepcidin as a promising diagnostic tool and therapeutic target for iron disorders. However, before hepcidin measurements can be used in routine clinical practice, efforts will be required to assess the relevance of hepcidin isoform measurements, to harmonize the different assays, to define clinical decision limits, and to increase assay availability for clinical laboratories.
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Sharma, Shalini, Nisha Lamichhane, Parul, Tapas Sen, and Indrajit Roy. "Iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated with organic optical probes for in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic applications." Nanomedicine 16, no. 11 (May 2021): 943–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2020-0442.
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The role and scope of functional inorganic nanoparticles in biomedical research is well established. Among these, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have gained maximum attention as they can provide targeting, imaging and therapeutic capabilities. Furthermore, incorporation of organic optical probes with IONPs can significantly enhance the scope and viability of their biomedical applications. Combination of two or more such applications renders multimodality in nanoparticles, which can be exploited to obtain synergistic benefits in disease detection and therapy viz theranostics, which is a key trait of nanoparticles for advanced biomedical applications. This review focuses on the use of IONPs conjugated with organic optical probe/s for multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic applications in vivo.
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Ceci, Adriana, Laura Mangiarini, Mariagrazia Felisi, Franco Bartoloni, Angela Ciancio, Marcello Capra, Domenico D'Ascola, Paolo Cianciulli, and Aldo Filosa. "The Management of Iron Chelation Therapy: Preliminary Data from a National Registry of Thalassaemic Patients." Anemia 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/435683.
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Thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies constitute an important health problem in Mediterranean countries, placing a tremendous emotional, psychological, and economic burden on their National Health systems. The development of new chelators in the most recent years had a major impact on the treatment of thalassaemia and on the quality of life of thalassaemic patients. A new initiative was promoted by the Italian Ministry of Health, establishing a Registry for thalassaemic patients to serve as a tool for the development of cost-effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and for the definition of guidelines supporting the most appropriate management of the iron-chelating therapy and a correct use of the available iron-chelating agents. This study represents the analysis of the preliminary data collected for the evaluation of current status of the iron chelation practice in the Italian thalassaemic population and describes how therapeutic interventions can widely differ in the different patients' age groups.
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Elias, Andrew, and Andrew Tsourkas. "Imaging circulating cells and lymphoid tissues with iron oxide nanoparticles." Hematology 2009, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 720–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.720.
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Abstract The use of nanometer-sized iron oxide nanoparticles and micron-sized iron oxide particles as magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents has garnered a high degree of interest in diverse areas of biology and medicine. Applications such as cell tracking, molecular imaging, gene detection, and lymphography are being explored to provide insight into disease mechanisms, monitor therapeutic efficacy, and facilitate diagnostic imaging. What makes iron oxide so appealing is a number of favorable properties including high detectability by MR, biodegradability and low toxicity. Here we describe the recent progress on the use of magnetic nanoparticles in imaging circulating cells and lymphoid tissues. The study of the lymph system and the biodistribution of various circulating immune cells is important in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of a wide range of diseases and is expected to have a profound effect on patient outcome.
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Arshad, Shumaila, Farah Abid, Hafiza Amina Aziz, Raffia Anjum, and Iram Nadeem. "Specific Poisons in Pakistan: A Mini Review." Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (August 15, 2016): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32463/rphs.2016.v02i03.36.
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Poisoning either results from intentional or unintentional exposures, recreational drug use, and therapeutic use of drugs or other agents. Although mortality and serious morbidity in poisonings are uncommon, patients requiring hospitalization often require intensive care. The appropriate management of poisoned patients should improve outcome and decrease complications. Some specific poisons in Pakistan are pesticides, hydrocarbons, iron, insecticides, benzodiazepines, organophosphates etc.
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Kisamo, Ombeni, Manase Kilonzi, Wigilya P. Mikomangwa, George M. Bwire, Hamu J. Mlyuka, Alphonce I. Marealle, and Ritah F. Mutagonda. "The magnitude of prescribing medicines by brand names at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania." Medicine Access @ Point of Care 4 (January 2020): 239920261990014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399202619900148.
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Background: Tanzania National Treatment Guidelines and National Therapeutic Committee circular of 2012 requires prescribers to prescribe medicines using their generic names as recommended by the World Health Organization. The implementation of the aforementioned recommendations by prescribers is not well documented in our settings. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the compliance on the use of generic names by prescribers at Muhimbili National Hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital from January to May 2019 in both inpatient and outpatient pharmacy units. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 23. Chi-square test was used to analyze proportions between the different variables of the study. A p-value for significance was <0.05. Results: Of 1001 prescriptions analyzed, 71.6% contained medicines prescribed using brand names. The mean (±standard deviation (SD)) number of medicines per prescription was 2.98 (±1.5). The most frequently prescribed medicines by brand names were a combination of vitamin and mineral supplements (34.4%) followed by antibiotics (26.7%). Medical doctors (25.6%) and medical specialists (21.6%) prescribed ⩾2 medicines using brand names per prescription compared to interns (15.0%) and residents (6.9%) ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: Prescribing medicines using brand names was highly observed in this study. Supplements and antibiotics were among the products that were highly prescribed using their brand names. Qualitative studies to explore reasons for brand name prescribing practices are recommended.
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Lyoba, Winfrida B., Joyce D. Mwakatoga, Charles Festo, Jackline Mrema, and Ester Elisaria. "Adherence to Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Kasulu Communities in North-Western Tanzania." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2020 (June 5, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3127245.
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Introduction. Pregnant women are at a high risk of anaemia, with iron-folate deficiency being the most common cause of anaemia among pregnant women. Despite the well-known importance of iron and folic acid supplementation (IFAS) during pregnancy, adherence to these supplements is relatively low and associated factors were not well identified in the study area. This study is aimed at investigating adherence to IFAS and associated factors among pregnant women in Kasulu district, north-western Tanzania. Methods. A health facility cross-sectional survey with a mixed-method approach was conducted in Kasulu district from March to April 2019. A structured questionnaire was given to 320 women with children aged 0-6 months to assess factors associated with adherence to IFAS among pregnant women. Data were entered into SPSS version 22.0 for analysis. Binary logistic regression was further employed to determine the factors associated with adherence to IFAS. Focus group discussions were done with 19 pregnant women and 15 mothers of children aged 0-6 months to obtain more clarifications on the factors associated with adherence to IFAS. Furthermore, in-depth interviews were done with six health care providers to explore their perceptions of IFAS. Results. Out of the 320 respondents of the survey, 20.3% (n=65) adhered to IFAS. Factors associated with adherence to IFAS among pregnant women included time to start ANC (AOR=3.72, 95% CI: 1.42, 9.79), knowledge of anaemia (AOR=3.84, 95% CI: 1.335, 10.66), counseling on the importance of the iron-folic acid (AOR=3.86, 95% CI: 1.42, 10.50), IFAS given during clinical visit (AOR=15.72, 95% CI: 5.34, 46.31), number of meals consumed (AOR=3.44, 95% CI: 1.28, 9.21), number of children (AOR=3.462, 95% CI: 1.035, 11.58), and distance to health facility (AOR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.131, 0.886). Qualitative findings revealed that delayed first ANC visit, lack of remainder for pregnant women to take IFAS, low awareness about the negative effects of anaemia, low of knowledge of IFAS and management of side effects, negative beliefs about the use of IFAS, and follow-up mechanism were major reasons for poor adherence. Conclusion. Adherence to iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy was low. Strengthening systems for creating reminding mechanism, raising community awareness through educational programs to pregnant women and health providers could improve adherence to IFAS.
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Toro-Urrego, Nicolas, Liliana F. Turner, and Marco F. Avila-Rodriguez. "New Insights into Oxidative Damage and Iron Associated Impairment in Traumatic Brain Injury." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 45 (January 10, 2020): 4737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666191111153802.
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: Traumatic Brain Injury is considered one of the most prevalent causes of death around the world; more than seventy millions of individuals sustain the condition per year. The consequences of traumatic brain injury on brain tissue are complex and multifactorial, hence, the current palliative treatments are limited to improve patients’ quality of life. The subsequent hemorrhage caused by trauma and the ongoing oxidative process generated by biochemical disturbances in the in the brain tissue may increase iron levels and reactive oxygen species. The relationship between oxidative damage and the traumatic brain injury is well known, for that reason, diminishing factors that potentiate the production of reactive oxygen species have a promissory therapeutic use. Iron chelators are molecules capable of scavenging the oxidative damage from the brain tissue and are currently in use for ironoverload- derived diseases. : Here, we show an updated overview of the underlying mechanisms of the oxidative damage after traumatic brain injury. Later, we introduced the potential use of iron chelators as neuroprotective compounds for traumatic brain injury, highlighting the action mechanisms of iron chelators and their current clinical applications.
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Gardenghi, Sara, Pedro Ramos, Cindy N. Roy, Nancy C. Andrews, Elizabeta Nemeth, Xiuli An, Mohandas Narla, et al. "Hepcidin as a Therapeutic Tool to Limit Iron Overload and Improve Anemia In β-Thalassemia." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.1009.1009.
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Abstract Abstract 1009 The principal regulator of iron homeostasis, the hepatic peptide hepcidin (Hamp), degrades the iron-transport protein ferroportin (Fpn) localized on absorptive enterocytes, hepatocytes and macrophages. Low Hamp expression has been associated with iron overload in patients and mice affected by β-thalassemia intermedia (th3/+). Our hypothesis is that more iron is absorbed than required for erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia. Therefore, we propose that limiting the dietary iron intake of th3/+ mice either by feeding them a low iron diet or increasing their Hamp expression will have a beneficial effect on iron overload with no effects on erythropoiesis. In particular, since Hamp expression is low in β-thalassemia, a moderate increase of Hamp expression should not interfere with erythropoiesis by preventing release of iron from macrophages. However, we predict that very high levels of Hamp expression will limit the recycling of iron from macrophages, thereby exacerbating the anemia. We first analyzed wt and th3/+ mice fed diets containing a physiological amount of iron (35 ppm) or low iron (2.5 ppm) for 1 and 5 months. These mice were then compared to wt and th3/+ mice expressing a transgenic Hamp (THamp and THamp/th3, respectively). In wt mice, the low-iron diet decreased tissue iron levels leading to anemia (Hb: 14.6±0.7 g/dL and 8.6±2.4 g/dL at 1 and 5 months, respectively). In th3/+ mice fed the low-iron diet, the amount of iron in the liver and spleen decreased over time and after 5 months was 10 times lower than at the beginning of treatment. However, in this case the low-iron diet did not worsen the anemia, (Hb: 8.2±1.3 g/dL vs. 7.8±1.8 g/dL at 1 and 5 months, respectively). In the case of THamp and THamp/th3 mice, we stratified those animals whose transgenic Hamp expression was moderate (2-4 higher) or high (>4 times higher) compared to the endogenous Hamp expression in control mice. In THamp animals expressing a moderate level of Hamp, the total iron content of the liver was decreased (65±21 μg vs. 131±31 μg in wt controls) while no significant changes were detected in the spleen. THamp mice also exhibited anemia (Hb: 11.2±1.8 g/dL vs. 13.9±1.1 g/dL at 1 month). The iron content of the liver and spleen was reduced in THamp/th3 (127±86 μg vs. 234±49 μg and 131±88 μg vs. 271±74 μg, respectively, compared to th3/+ controls), while their hematological values were dramatically improved. Splenomegaly was also significantly reduced. Similar findings were observed at 5 months. Looking at animals expressing high levels of transgenic Hamp, both THamp and THamp/th3 mice exhibited vast accumulations of iron in macrophages, profound anemia, reticulocytosis and increased splenomegaly, confirming that high levels of Hamp block iron recycling and are detrimental to erythropoiesis. Interestingly, in THamp/th3 mice expressing a moderate level of Hamp we observed that the increase in hemoglobin levels was associated with increased red cell numbers but reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin levels. Paradoxically, this could indicate that reduction of the anemia in THamp/th3 mice is mediated by decreased heme synthesis. α-Globin/heme aggregates lead to ineffective erythropoiesis and a limited red cell life span by producing reactive oxygen species and altering the structure of red cell membranes. Compared to th3/+ mice, THamp/th3 mice exhibited reduced heme contents, insoluble membrane-bound α-globins and reactive oxygen species resulting in an increased life span and more normal morphology of their red blood cells. While the number of red blood cells was increased, the number of reticulocytes, and the total number of erythroid precursors in the spleen were reduced. This was associated with a reduction in reactive oxygen species. Cell cycle analysis of the erythroid cells at different stages of differentiation, expression of heme related proteins and synthesis of α- and β-globin chains in THamp/th3 mice is in progress. Overall, this study indicates that use of hepcidin might be effective in reducing iron overload and improving erythropoiesis in β-thalassemia thereby limiting toxicity due to heme not incorporated into the adult hemoglobin tetramer. In conclusion, we believe this study provides the first evidence that hepcidin could be utilized for the treatment of abnormal iron absorption in β-thalassemia and other related disorders, with additional beneficial effects on ineffective erythropoiesis, splenomegaly and anemia. Disclosures: Nemeth: Intrinsic Life Sciences: Employment, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.