Journal articles: 'Iron slag – Environmental aspects'

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Spirin, N. A., A. A. Polinov`, A. V. Pavlov, O. P. Onorin, and G. N. Logachev. "Environmental and Technological Aspects of Converter Slag Utilization in Sintering and Blast-Furnace Production." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.941.

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The paper presents calculation results for predictive conditions of blast furnace operation with the use of converter slag in the iron ore portion of the blast furnace burden. It shows that addition of converter slag in the sinter and blast-furnace burden without correction of the operating conditions is not reasonable as it significantly worsens parameters of blast furnace operation. Long-term operation of blast furnaces with addition of converter slag in the burden will be accompanied by gradual accumulation of phosphorus in metal and will lead to increasing problems regarding phosphorus removal at the converter production stage. The use of converter slag makes it possible to increase the consumption of non-fluxed pellets without changing the sinter basicity and improve parameters of blast-furnace smelting. The problem of efficient and continuous use of converter slag in blast furnaces can be solved by the complex analysis of this problem: evaluation of economic feasibility of its use as a fluxing agent; feasibility study of this issue for the “blast-furnace production – converter production” complex; analysis of environmental problems during operation at the factory and in the region.

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Farisov, R. D., M. A. Ioffe, and V. N. Kozlovskiy. "IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CAST IRON QUALITY MANAGEMENT." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 24, no. 3 (2022): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2022-24-3-69-75.

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Based on the problem-solving methodology, which is a detailed version of Deming's Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) improvement cycle, an innovative production facility for the remelting of fine metal-containing waste using an efficient, resource-saving technology has been created. In the developed furnace for electroslagremelting with graphite electrodes, the loss of metal for waste was 2%. The technology of electroslagremelting is distinguished by the presence of a layer of highly superheated slag, which protects the melt from oxidation. At the same time, significant savings in raw materials, energy and labor resources have been achieved. At the same time, a significant increase in resource-saving and environmental indicators of the quality of cast iron is ensured, while maintaining the functional indicators of castings at a given level.

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Kang, Le, Hui Ling Du, Hao Zhang, and Wan Li Ma. "Systematic Research on the Application of Steel Slag Resources under the Background of Big Data." Complexity 2018 (October 8, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6703908.

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The large-scale and resourceful utilization of solid waste is one of the important ways of sustainable development. The big data brings hope for further development in all walks of life, because huge amounts of data insist on the principle of “turning waste into treasure”. The steel big data has been taken as the research object in this paper. Firstly, a big data collection and storage system has been set up based on the Hadoop platform. Secondly, the steel slag prediction model based on the convolution neural network (CNN) is established. The material data of steelmaking, the operation data of steelmaking process, and the data of steel slag composition are put into the model from the Hadoop platform, and the prediction of the slag composition is further realized. Then, the alternatives for resource recovery are obtained according to the predicted composition of the steel slag. And considering the three aspects of economic feasibility, resource suitability, and environmental acceptance, the comprehensive evaluation system based on AHP is established to realize the recommendation of the optimal resource approach. Finally, taking a steel plant in Hebei as an example, the alternatives according to the prediction of the composition of steel slag are blast furnace iron-making, recycling waste steel, and cement admixture. The comprehensive evaluation values of the three resources are 0.48, 0.57, and 0.76, respectively, and the optimized resource of the steel slag produced by the steel plant is used as the cement admixture.

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Solouki, Abbas, Giovanni Viscomi, Riccardo Lamperti, and Piergiorgio Tataranni. "Quarry Waste as Precursors in Geopolymers for Civil Engineering Applications: A Decade in Review." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 3146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143146.

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Carbon footprint reduction of paving materials could be explored through recycling mining by-products into different applications, which will preserve natural resources and decrease environmental issues. One possible approach is to reuse quarry dust and mining ore waste as precursors in geopolymer applications. geopolymers are mineral polymers rich in aluminosilicates with an amorphous to a semi-crystalline three-dimensional structure. The current review aims to summarize the studies conducted during the past decade on geopolymers containing quarry dust and mine tailings. The first section discusses various precursors used for geopolymer cement production such as metakaolin, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash, and quarry/mining ore wastes including silt, tungsten, vanadium, copper, gold, zinc, marble, iron, basalt, and lithium. Different calcination treatments and curing conditions have been summarized. In some cases, the precursors are required to be calcined to increase their reactivity. Both ambient temperature and elevated temperature curing conditions have been summarized. Less attention has been paid to room temperature curing, which is necessary for field and industrial implementations. Engineering properties such as compressive strength, density, durability and acid resistance, water absorption and abrasion of geopolymers containing mining waste were reviewed. One of the main barriers preventing the widespread use of waste powders, in addition to economic aspects, in geopolymers could be due to their unstable chemical structure. This was shown through extensive leachate of Na+ or K+ cations in geopolymer structures. The review of over 100 articles indicated the need for further research on different aspects of quarry waste geopolymer productions before its full industrial implementation.

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Ivezić, Vladimir, Vladimir Zebec, Brigita Popović, Meri Engler, Tihana Teklić, Zdenko Lončarić, and Krunoslav Karalić. "Potential of Industrial By-Products as Liming Materials and Digestate as Organic Fertilizer and Their Effect on Soil Properties and Yield of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 11016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911016.

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Acid soils with pH values below 5.5 have a negative effect on agricultural production. For this reason, liming is applied as a measure to raise the soil pH to the optimum (pH = 6–7). The aim of our research was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of four liming materials (wood ash from biomass powerplant, filter dust from cement factory, blast furnace slag from iron factory, and carbocalk (limestone, a by-product from a sugar factory)) in combination with and without solid digestate (a by-product from biogas plant) as organic fertilizer. Two field trials were set up to determine the effect of the studied materials to neutralize the acidity, and the impact on soil fertility and nutrient status in the soil. The results showed that all four liming materials raised the pH of the soil. Out of these four, wood ash showed to be the best while blast furnace slag was the worst. The yield of alfalfa increased with the application of all four lime materials. Application of liming materials with solid digestate increased soil organic matter and had slightly higher yields compared to liming materials without solid digestate. The highest yields were achieved with the application of wood ash, probably due to somewhat higher concentrations of potassium and phosphorus in wood ash. Further research on the financial aspects of investigated by-products application is necessary to exploit their potential as a liming material.

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Piatak, Nadine M., Michael B. Parsons, and Robert R. Seal. "Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: A review." Applied Geochemistry 57 (June 2015): 236–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.009.

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Vasilenko, T. A., and A. A. Koltun. "Chemical Aspects of the Obtaining of Iron-Containing Coagulant-Flocculant from Electric Steel Melting Slag for Wastewater Treatment." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.403.

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The possibility of producing iron and silicon-coagulant-flocculant for purification of waste water was shown. The electric steel melting slag JSC "OMK-Steel" has been used as the starting material, in which the content of iron oxide to 25.8% and silicon dioxide is 17.6%. The optimal parameters of slag hydrochloric opening were as follows: the modification time at T = 40 °C – 1 hour, the concentration of hydrochloric acid – 1.5 N, the ratio of the solid and liquid phases of S : L = 1 : 10. In these settings the concentration of hydrosilicic acid (for silicon) will be 1532 mg/l; the concentration of iron – 1250 mg/l has a lower concentration of silicic acid in the production of the solution with increasing temperature and time of exposure. This paper examined the chemical aspects of the process of obtaining the new iron-containing coagulant-flocculant based on electric furnace slag. The results can be used to produce coagulants and flocculants using industrial waste.

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Xiang, Junyi, Qingyun Huang, Wei Lv, Guishang Pei, Xuewei Lv, and Songli Liu. "Mineralogical characterisation and magnetic separation of vanadium-bearing converter slag." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 11 (September 10, 2018): 1083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18796201.

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The recycling of metallic iron is commonly the first step to fully use the converter slag, which is the biggest waste discharge in the steelmaking process. This study presents a proposed improved process of separating metallic iron from vanadium-bearing converter slag more efficiently. The mineralogical and morphological characteristics of the converter slag were first investigated, and the results showed that most of the iron was incorporated in the spinel and olivine. Grinding, sieving and magnetic separation were combined to recover metallic iron from the converter slag, and yielded approximately 41.5% of iron in which the iron content was as high as 85%, and the non-magnetic concentrate contains 8.56% vanadium with a yield of 95.3% and 8.63% titanium with a yield of 85.3%. The magnetic part can be used as the raw materials in the steel making process, whereas the non-magnetic part can be used as the raw materials for the further extraction of vanadium.

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Mir, Khalid Bashir. "Effect of Polypropylene Fiber, GGBS and Fly Ash over the Strength Aspects of Concrete: A Critical Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 978–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35098.

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In this review study the usage of three different kinds of constructional materials was discussed in detail. The three materials comprised of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, fly and polypropylene fiber. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is basically the slag derived after the quenching process of iron slag produced during the processing of iron in iron industry. Fly ash is the waste generated from the coal processing industries and is mainly used in the road constructions works. Polypropylene fiber is a synthetic fiber that has very high tensile strength and flexural strength. This fiber is also known as synthetic fiber as it is mainly used in the synthetic industry. Depending upon the results of previous studies over the usage of these materials various conclusions has been drawn which are as follows. The results of studies related to the usage of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as partial replacement of cement concluded that the most optimum usage percentage of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag as partial replacement of cement was found to be between 20 percent and 30 percent and beyond this limit the strength of concrete was decreasing. The past studies related to the usage of fly ash as partial replacement of cement shoed that the most optimum usage percentage of fly ash was found to be between 15 percent to 20 percent and beyond this percentage the strength parameters of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength starts declining up to a greater extent. The studies related to the usage of polypropylene fiber showed that the usage of this fiber increases the compressive strength of soil and the most optimum results were found between 1.0 percent to 1.5 percent usages of polypropylene fiber. Above this percentage there will be negative effect on the strength aspects and the compressive strength starts declining.

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Gabasiane, Tlotlo Solomon, Gwiranai Danha, Tirivaviri A. Mamvura, Tebogo Mashifana, and Godfrey Dzinomwa. "Environmental and Socioeconomic Impact of Copper Slag—A Review." Crystals 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121504.

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Copper slag is generated when copper and nickel ores are recovered from their parent ores using a pyrometallurgical process, and these ores usually contain other elements which include iron, cobalt, silica, and alumina. Slag is a major problem in the metallurgical industries as it is dumped into heaps which have accumulated into millions of tons over the years. Moreover, they pose a danger to the environment as they occupy vacant land (space problems). Over the past few years, studies have been conducted to investigate the copper slag-producing outlets to learn their behavior, as well as properties of slag, to have the knowledge of how to better reuse and recycle copper slag. This review article provides the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of slag, as well as a characterization of copper slag, with the aim of reusing and recycling the slag to benefit the environment and economy. Recycling methods are considered an attractive technological pathway for reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as promoting the concept of circular economy through the utilization of waste. These metal elements have value depending on their characteristics; hence, copper slag is considered as a secondary source of valuable metals. Some of the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes to consider are physical separation, magnetic separation, flotation, leaching, and direct reduction roasting of iron (DRI). Some of the possible metals that can be recovered from the copper slag include Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, and Ag (precious metals).

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Muhmood, Luckman, Anna Semykina, Masanori Iwase, and Seshadri Seetharaman. "Some Novel Studies of Thermodynamics, Kinetics and Transport Phenomena in Slags." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 4-5 (October 30, 2012): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0067.

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AbstractThe following paper revolves around the research work conducted in collaboration during Professor Iwase's brief visits to the Materials Process Science Division at Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. The paper focuses on the thermodynamic aspects of CaO–FeO–SiO2 and CaO–FeO–SiO2–MnO slag oxidation in air and sulfur transport through CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 slag. Thermodynamics of slag oxidation in air opens potential new areas in terms of focus on effective recovery of iron oxide from slag. The slag transport studies are of fundamental nature and focuses on a novel technique to calculate the diffusion of species through slag by analyzing its corresponding concentration in the metal phase.

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Guo, Yongchun, Fengman Shen, Haiyan Zheng, Shuo Wang, Xin Jiang, and Qiangjian Gao. "Desulfurization Ability of Blast Furnace Slag Containing High Al2O3 at 1773 K." Crystals 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080910.

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With the consumption of high-quality iron ore resources, the grade of iron ore raw used in the iron making process has gradually decreased. The high aluminum raw materials has led to an increase in the Al2O3 content in the blast furnace slag, which has affected the normal operation of the blast furnace. The activity of the components involved in the desulfurization reaction is an important factor affecting the desulfurization process. In this paper, the effects of B(w(CaO)/w(SiO2)) and w(MgO)/w(Al2O3) on the desulfurization ability of a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 quaternary blast furnace slag system were studied by using a double-layer graphite crucible to simulate the process of molten iron dropping through the slag at 1773 K. The desulfurization reaction mechanism of high alumina blast furnace slag is explained from the aspects of slag structure and component activity, which provides a theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of a slag making system under the condition of a high alumina content. The effects of different B and w(MgO)/w(Al2O3) on the slag structure 2343 analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results show that when w(MgO)/w(Al2O3) = 0.50 and w(Al2O3) = 20%, the desulfurization ability and MgO activity of slag increased with the increase of B; when w(Al2O3) = 20% and B = 1.30, the desulfurization ability and MgO activity of the slag increased with the increase of w(MgO)/w(Al2O3). The FT-IR analysis showed that with the increase of B or w(MgO)/w(Al2O3), the dissociated free oxygen ions (O2−) in the slag increased, and the dissociated free oxygen ions (O2−) interacted with the bridging oxygen (O0) of silicate, which made the complex Si-O structure in the slag gradually depolymerize and increase the desulfurization ability.

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Bitay, Enikő, Irina Kacsó, Claudiu Tănăselia, Dana Toloman, Gheorghe Borodi, Szilamér-Péter Pánczél, Zsombor Kisfaludi-Bak, and Erzsébet Veress. "Spectroscopic Characterization of Iron Slags from the Archaeological Sites of Brâncoveneşti, Călugăreni and Vătava Located on the Mureş County (Romania) Sector of the Roman Limes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 5373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155373.

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Iron slag samples unearthed from archaeological sites lying on the Eastern limes sector of Roman Dacia (the Brâncoveneşti and Călugăreni auxiliary forts and the Vătava watchtower) were studied in order to assess the probability of local iron working (smelting and smithing) during the 2nd–3rd centuries CE. Structural-mineralogic aspects revealed by PXRD analysis and FTIR spectroscopy indicate different slag types corresponding to different iron production and processing stages allowing the supposition that refining of the bloom and processing of the refined iron took place on the sites. The FTIR absorption bands obtained in the spectral domain 2000–400 cm−1 show that mineralogically the samples are constituted mainly of silicates associated with minor quantities of aluminates and carbonates. The fayalite, haematite, and magnetite phases appearing on both the X-ray diffractograms and the FTIR spectra agree with the redox conditions of the slag formation process which result from the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio determined using the EPR-method. The bulk macro-elemental PXRF and ICP-MS spectroscopy data support the slag typization proposed on the basis of the probable working conditions; trace-elemental bulk composition suggests that the provenance of the raw materials may be different.

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Petzer, Verena, Igor Theurl, Günter Weiss, and Dominik Wolf. "EnvIRONmental Aspects in Myelodysplastic Syndrome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 5202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105202.

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Systemic iron overload is multifactorial in patients suffering from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Disease-immanent ineffective erythropoiesis together with chronic red blood cell transfusion represent the main underlying reasons. However, like the genetic heterogeneity of MDS, iron homeostasis is also diverse in different MDS subtypes and can no longer be generalized. While a certain amount of iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are indispensable for proper hematological output, both are harmful if present in excess. Consequently, iron overload has been increasingly recognized as an important player in MDS, which is worth paying attention to. This review focuses on iron- and ROS-mediated effects in the bone marrow niche, their implications for hematopoiesis and their yet unclear involvement in clonal evolution. Moreover, we provide recent insights into hepcidin regulation in MDS and its interaction between erythropoiesis and inflammation. Based on Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), representing one of the most frequently mutated genes in MDS, leading to disturbances in both iron homeostasis and hematopoiesis, we highlight that different genetic alteration may have different implications and that a comprehensive workup is needed for a complete understanding and development of future therapies.

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He, Zhanwei, Xiaojun Hu, and Kuo-Chih Chou. "Synergetic modification of industrial basic oxygen furnace slag and copper slag for efficient iron recovery." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 165 (September 2022): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.07.044.

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Khlopytskyi, A., А. Savenkov, О. Bliznjuk, М. Skiba, V. Vorobiova, and N. Masalitina. "Leaching of FeO and CaO by nitric acid from ash-slag wastes of thermal power plants." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2022): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-140-1-95-99.

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In this work, the leaching of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from the wastes of thermal power plants by concentrated nitric acid was investigated. A laboratory unit for the study of leaching processes was developed. It was found that the concentrations of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide in the solution increase with increasing the temperature of the leaching process by nitric acid. The influence of the ratio of reagents on the leaching of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from ash and slag wastes was established. An increase in the leaching time in the range of 15–90 minutes positively affects the process of extraction of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from ash and slag wastes. The calculated degree of extraction of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from ash and slag wastes, as the main criterion for leaching processes, showed that an increase in leaching duration leads to a more complete transition of iron(II) and calcium into solutions. Based on the analysis of the obtained experimental data, the main technological parameters for the extraction of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from ash and slag wastes in nitric acid solution have been determined.

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Zhang, Xuefei, Dean Fang, Shizhe Song, Gongjin Cheng, and Xiangxin Xue. "Selective leaching of vanadium over iron from vanadium slag." Journal of Hazardous Materials 368 (April 2019): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.060.

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Shyshkina, O. O., and O. O. Shyshkin. "Use of waste of metallurgical and hydrogen industry in the production of binding substances." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency 1, no. 50 (November 11, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2022.50(1).43-50.

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The current state of construction science development dictates the use of high–strength binders and concrete based on them during the construction of unique buildings and structures, as well as the construction of complex constructions and their repair.Currently, two main directions in the use of mineral raw materials have been clearly defined. The first direction consists in increasing the degree of use of natural resources at existing and new enterprises. The second is in the creation of zero–waste and low–waste productions associated with technologies aimed at maximum utilization of waste. Thus, multi–tonnage waste of metallurgical enterprises – domain slag – found wide application, first of all, in the building materials industry. The effect of the interaction between sodium silicates and iron compounds and the resulting so–called slag binder, which is a mixture of granulated blast furnace slag with waste from mining and beneficiation plants (iron–containing mineral complex), closed with water, was established.These two provisions served as the basis for obtaining a new type of binder, the so–called alkaline slag slurry, which is a mixture of granulated blast furnace slag with an iron–containing mineral complex. At the same time, iron ore beneficiation waste is used as an iron–containing mineral complex. The specified mixture, when mixed with an aqueous solution of an alkaline component, in the presence of a hydrophobic surface–active substance hardens with the formation of an artificial stone, which has a compressive strength of up to 160 MPa. In a model experiment, the influence of the composition of the composite, which is a mixture of industrial production waste: granulated blast furnace slag and iron ore beneficiation waste, on the strength of the stone obtained as a result of the hardening of this composite when mixing it with an aqueous solution of an alkaline component in the presence of a hydrophobic surfactant was studied.

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Nakanishi, A., T. Kobayashi, and S. Miono. "Mössbauer study of Japanese ancient iron slag." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 239, no. 2 (February 1999): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02349502.

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Peng, Baozi, Shixian Zhao, and Zhen Liu. "Study on the corrosion of refractory materials by coal blended with the extraction residue of direct coal liquefaction in a simulated gasification atmosphere." Clean Energy 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab045.

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Abstract Utilizing the extraction residue (ER) of direct coal liquefaction residue as a gasification feedstock has significant economic value. But the characteristic of high ash and iron in the ER would increase the risk of corrosion of the refractory materials and affect the long-term operation of the gasifier. In this work, corrosion experiments of molten slag derived from a mixture of 20 wt% ER and 80 wt% coal on a high-chromia refractory brick and SiC brick were carried out using a rotary-drum furnace in a simulated gasification atmosphere. The experimental results show that the viscosity of the poured slag is larger as compared to the initial ash sample at the same temperature, which suggests that the viscosity–temperature relationship of the poured slag should be used as the reference for the operation temperature of the gasifier to ensure that the slag can flow during operation. For a high-chromia refractory brick, iron oxides in molten slag could react with Cr2O3 in the refractory matrix but, because the aggregate was not found to be damaged, the damage to the matrix structure was the key factor for causing the corrosion of the high-chromia refractory brick. Metallic iron was observed in the exposed SiC brick, which indicated that the reaction between the iron oxides in the slag and SiC occurred, forming metallic iron and SiO2. The corrosion of a SiC brick by molten slag depended mainly on the dissolution of Al2O3 particles and the reaction between iron oxides in the molten slag and SiC particles. Therefore, the high iron content in coal ash had a serious influence on the corrosion of refractory materials. More efforts need to be made on coal blended with ER as a gasification feedstock in the future.

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McQueen, H. J. "Historical Aspects of Thermomechanical Processing for Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4397.

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Thermomechanical processing (TMP) involves both thermal and mechanical treatments that define both product shape and microstructure/properties. Since the industrial revolution, machines of augmented power, size and precision have given rise to TMP that challenged explanation of the crystal mechanisms. In wrought iron, lamellar ferrite exhibited high transverse crack resistance due to fine slag stringers that as flux facilitated welding of puddled bars in forging of shafts or rolling of plates for bell-welding into pressure tight pipes; the substructure developed in the iron as working continued below 900°C strengthened it. Patenting of high C steel wire led to an optimum cold-drawn structure for outstanding strength and toughness. Hot forming technology, combined with the refining potential for austenite decomposition gave rise to controlled rolling for enhanced ferrite nucleation, ausforming to refine martensite and intercritical rolling to deform the ferrite or to spheroidize the carbides. Cold rolling and annealing have been scheduled to impart suitable strength, grain size, substructure and texture.

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Potysz, Anna, Bartosz Mikoda, and Michał Napieraj. "(Bio)dissolution of Glassy and Diopside-Bearing Metallurgical Slags: Experimental and Economic Aspects." Minerals 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030262.

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Dissolution of diopside-bearing slag and its amorphous counterpart was investigated to decipher recovery potential of these slags. The contribution of direct slag phase dissolution was investigated using a biotic solution with Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans versus sterile growth medium, whereas citric acid was applied to demonstrate slags dissolution in organic medium. Potential metal donor slag phases and easily released elements were identified by comparing theoretical and experimental dissolution ratios. It was shown that K and Na were the most mobile elements leaching from glassy and diopside slag (up to 99%). Recovery targeted metals were released in the quantities of 56% (Cu)–96% (Zn) from glassy slag and 27% (Cu)–98% (Zn) from diopside slag. Results demonstrated that studied slags are good candidates for Zn recovery during short-term treatment, whereas extension of time would be required for efficient Cu extraction. Abiotic growth medium had little effect on metal leaching (up to 53% versus only 3% for the glassy and diopside slags, respectively). Glassy slag revealed greater susceptibility to dissolution as compared to diopside slag. Further studies improving recovery conditions are expected to improve environmental soundness of proposed treatments and to generate residues depleted in toxic elements. This study highlights the importance of evaluation of individual slags in terms of metal and major elements leachability.

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Hedström, Annelie, and Lea Rastas. "Methodological Aspects of Using Blast Furnace Slag for Wastewater Phosphorus Removal." Journal of Environmental Engineering 132, no. 11 (November 2006): 1431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2006)132:11(1431).

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Brenko, Tomislav, Tena Karavidović, Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, and Tajana Sekelj Ivančan. "The contribution of geochemical and mineralogical characterization of iron slags in provenance studies in the Podravina region, NE Croatia." Geologia Croatica 75, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.11.

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Archaeological excavations in the Podravina region led to discovery of sites with traces of bloomery iron production during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Mineralogical analysis of the slags recognized fayalite as the main mineral phase, while geochemical analysis confirmed high Fe contents, typical for bloomery iron smelting. Based on the previously established occurrences of bog iron ores in the study area, provenance studies were carried out using trace and rare earth elements to create a geochemical signature. Similar shapes and patterns of bog iron ores and iron slag signatures imply a genetic connection between the ore and the slag, as well as variation related to the temporal and spatial context of both slags and ores.

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Kasikov, Alexander G., Elena A. Shchelokova, Olga A. Timoshchik, and Artem Yu Sokolov. "Utilization of Converter Slag from Nickel Production by Hydrometallurgical Method." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111934.

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The possibility of hydrometallurgical processing of converter slag from nickel production aimed at integrated use of mineral raw materials and environmental protection is shown. The scheme of hydrometallurgical processing of slag using hydrochloric acid is proposed. The method involves leaching the slag with hydrochloric acid in the presence of ferric ions. The high values of iron and nonferrous metals extraction into the leaching solution are achieved during hydrochloric acid leaching. Silicon is concentrated in an insoluble residue. Liquid extraction was used to extract iron from hydrochloric acid leaching solutions. Silica-containing residues can be successfully used in the construction industry.

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Ma, Guo Jun, Yi Fang, and Hui Tang. "Characteristics and Treatment Technologies of Stainless Steel Slag." Advanced Materials Research 225-226 (April 2011): 812–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.225-226.812.

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The stainless steel slag contains chromium and iron as well as significant levels of heavy metals, such as Cr(VI). Therefore, to efficiently recovery the valuable components in the stainless steel slag has potential environment and economic profit. In this paper, the physical and chemical properties as well as the leaching properties of the stainless steel slag were summarized. In addition, the treatment processes which can recovery or utilize the valuables in the slag and other potential measures to reduce the environmental pollution of the stainless steel slag were also discussed.

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Zaharia, M., V. Sahajwalla, N. Saha-Chaudhury, P. O'Kane, A. Fontana, C. Skidmore, and D. Knights. "Recycling of Rubber Tyres in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking: Carbon/Slag Reactions of Coke/Rubber Blends." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 4-5 (October 30, 2012): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0096.

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SynopsisEnd of life tyres are discarded at an alarming rate reflecting the strength of developing countries economy and the intensity of trade and transportation. Conversely, environmental concerns are increasing the need for alternative materials in steelmaking industries. The solution to this problem involves the development of environmentally-friendly technologies that would utilize these waste products. The present study investigates carbon/slag reactions, including slag foaming and FeO reduction, for a range of coke/rubber blends.Off-gas emissions (CO and CO2) were monitored and correlated with dynamic changes in volume as a result of iron oxide rich EAF slag and carbon. The gaseous emissions from metallurgical coke showed lower concentrations in comparison to the emissions from the coke-rubber blends. With an increase of rubber in the blend, gaseous emissions were enhanced. Significant carbon/slag interactions occurred when coke/rubber blends were used, with associated iron oxide reductions within the slag phase.The quantitative estimation of the slag droplet volume was performed by using the Vt/Vo ratio as a measure of slag foaming.These results indicate that partial replacement of coke with rubber is not only viable, but efficient leading to improved interactions with EAF slag.

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Liu, Chiung-Fang, and Shin-Min Shih. "Iron Blast Furnace Slag/Hydrated Lime Sorbents for Flue Gas Desulfurization." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 16 (August 2004): 4451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es030347c.

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Li, Jie, Kai Zhao, Yu Zhu Zhang, Wei Xing Liu, and Ai Min Yang. "Study on the Modification of Blast Furnace Smelt Slag and Crystallization Behavior in the Solidification Process." Advanced Materials Research 1094 (March 2015): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1094.352.

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The direct fibrillation of blast furnace slag can solve these problems, such as having not been recycled of sensible heat, the consumption of water resources, environmental pollution and the low additional value of product, which are caused by the traditional water quenching method. The modification is the key problem of fiber forming. The thesis mainly aims at the study of viscosity of slag, the ability of crystallization and mineral phase structure after the modified process of blast furnace slag and confined the relevance of the three to optimize the appropriate texturizer and adding ratio. The results are as following: Iron ore waste rock, fly-ash and compounded texturizer can improve the high temperature viscosity of the slag respectively, while it has different effect on landing gradient of viscosity and temperature (Fly-ash occupies first place, compounded texturizer comes second and iron ore and waste rock comes the minimum). By analyzing the crystallization behavior of the slag in the solidification process, when the proportion of iron ore waste rock is more than 9%, the fly-ash is equal or greater than 8% and the compounded texturizer is more than 9%, the solidification slag will appear amorphous. The mineral composition of the slag transforms gradually from melilite to vitreous body, which will make the air hole of the vitreous body increased and aperture decreased. When the iron ore waste rock is added, the homogeneity of the air hole will deteriorate, while adding the fly-ash and compounded texturizer will strengthen the homogeneity of the air hole and make the mineral structure intensive gradually.

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Tomasiello, Stefania, and Matteo Felitti. "EAF slag in self-compacting concretes." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 8, no. 1 (2010): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1001013t.

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Self-compacting concrete (SCC) captures a growing interest because of its several advantages in technical, economic and environmental terms. Especially the attention for the environmental aspects moves the research towards recycling industrial by-products, as fly ash and steel slag. In particular, there are few experimental works about the use of EAF slag in SCC. This paper summarizes the first results of an ongoing experimental work to investigate the use of EAF slag in SCC as medium aggregate.

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Shilton, A., S. Pratt, A. Drizo, B. Mahmood, S. Banker, L. Billings, S. Glenny, and D. Luo. "‘Active’ filters for upgrading phosphorus removal from pond systems." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0441.

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This paper investigates limestone and iron slag filters as an upgrade option for phosphorus removal from wastewater treatment ponds. A review of ‘active’ filter technology and the results from laboratory and field research using packed columns of the different media is presented. It is shown that both limestone and iron slag can remove phosphorus but highlights that different types of limestone give markedly different performance. Filter performance appears to be improved by increasing temperature and by the presence of algae, presumably because of its tendency to elevate pH. Performance is related to hydraulic retention time (HRT), but this relationship is not linear, particularly at low HRTs. Importantly for future research, the results from field-testing with pond effluent show significant differences compared to those obtained when using a synthetic feed in the laboratory. For the iron slag filter, higher performance was observed in the field (72% in field vs. 27% in laboratory, at a 12 hour-HRT), while the opposite was observed for the limestone (64% in laboratory vs. 18% in field, at a 12-hour HRT).

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Kumar, Pramod, Ananya P. Parida, and Abhijit Mangaraj. "Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Mixes Using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as Secondary Cementitious Material (SCM)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 3998–4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45951.

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Abstract: Blast furnace slag is a byproduct of Iron & steel industry across the world. It is an industrial waste material obtained by iron and steel making process. Approx 300 kg waste slag is produced for every MT of crude steel production. Annual production of Slag is 35 MT in Odisha, 150 MT in India and approx. 2000 MT in the world. Such a huge volume of industrial waste is generated every year. Considering the physical and chemical properties of slag, it can be utilized in construction industry. Slag is used in cement industry. Slag can be used as partial replacement for sand. The production of cement has always lead to massive exploitation of natural resources. Ordinary Portland Cement being produced yearly around the globe contributes to 5 percent of greenhouse gas and 2.5% of total worldwide waste emissions from industrial sources. One effective way to reduce the environmental impact is to use mineral admixtures, as a partial cement replacement both in concrete and mortar, which will have the potential to reduce costs, conserve energy, and minimize waste emission.

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Adedokun, Solomon I., and Mukaila A. Anifowose. "Optimal Replacement of Granite Modified with Ife Iron and Steel Slag on Strength Properties of Concrete." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 58 (January 11, 2022): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.58.183.

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Steel is produced from iron ore and purification of metal scrap, leading to manufacture of hundreds of tonnes of steel slag each year. This study investigated the optimum replacement of granite with Ife Iron and Steel Nigeria Limited (ISN) slag that produce maximum Compressive Strength (CS), Split Tensile Strength (STS) and Flexural Strength (FS) of concrete using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) from Design Expert Version 7.0. The outcome of the study showed that the optimum replacement of granite with ISN was 28.85% ISN at 0.47 W/C.

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Yang, Xin Long, Hui Xin Dai, and Xiang Li. "Comprehensive Utilization and Discussion of Iron and Steel Metallurgical Slag." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 2328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.2328.

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In recent years, the steel industry is in decline. To reduce environmental pollution, increase corporate profits and promote the sustainable development of China's steel industry, developing steel metallurgical slags comprehensive utilization has a very important significance. This article describe the present situation and problems in China's steel metallurgy slag comprehensive utilization, and reach the conclusion that the present method should be improved and the new method of comprehensive utilization should be further developed.

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Aleksandrova, Tatyana, and Stepan Korchevenkov. "ECOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGYCAL ASPECTS OF ASH AND SLAG WASTES UTILIZATION." Journal of Ecological Engineering 18, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/74363.

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Huang, Xiaoming, Feng Yan, Rongxin Guo, Huan He, and Hao Li. "Study of Steel Slag Eroded by Oxalic Acid and Recovery of Leachate." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 13598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013598.

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The effective resource utilization of steel slag from bulk solid waste can achieve good social, environmental and economic benefits. In order to restrain the volume expansion of steel slag and apply it as a building material, in this work, oxalic acid was used for the treatment of steel slag, and the mechanism of oxalic acid restraining the expansion of steel slag was explored. This study recovered the main metal ions in steel slag while restraining its volume expansion. The volume stability of the eroded steel slag and the phase composition, microstructure, roughness and pore size distribution of the steel slag after oxalic acid erosion were investigated. The hydration process of the steel slag was characterized using the pH value, the ion distribution of the leachate was measured, and the leachate was recovered via ultraviolet catalysis and evaporation crystallization. The results showed that a large number of calcium and iron minerals in the steel slag reacted with adipic acid to form calcium oxalate, which precipitated on the surface and opened pores in the steel slag during the process of adipic acid erosion, which improved the compactness of the steel slag’s surface and improved the volume stability of the steel slag. After erosion, the surface roughness, specific surface area and porosity of the steel slag decreased, and the average pore diameter (μm) decreased from 1.717 to 0.208. In addition, the pH value was stable at approximately 7.3 over long-term interaction with water. The leachate was mainly composed of iron, calcium and silicon ions, accounting for 35.43%, 17.17% and 17.05%, respectively, which were recovered by ethanol and ammonia to obtain calcium oxalate, ferrous oxalate, ammonium oxalate and a metal hydroxide. The hydration activity of the steel slag treated with oxalic acid decreased and the volume expansibility of the steel slag was effectively restrained. The expansion rate of the steel slag decreased from 3.59% to 1.69% and the volume stability of the steel slag improved. The leachate recovery efficiency was high and was close to 100%. The utilization of steel slag as a resource was realized and the environmental problems caused by the steel slag were effectively solved.

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Gao, Bo, Chao Yang, Yingxue Zou, Fusong Wang, Xiaojun Zhou, Diego Maria Barbieri, and Shaopeng Wu. "Compaction Procedures and Associated Environmental Impacts Analysis for Application of Steel Slag in Road Base Layer." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084396.

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In recent years, recycling steel slag is receiving growing interest in the road base layer construction field due to its role in alleviating land occupation and resource shortages. However, the mixture compaction and its environmental impact on practical construction sites remain unclear, which may hinder the application of steel slags in road layers. This study investigates the pavement construction of the ‘Baotou-Maoming’ motorway, located in Inner Mongolia, China, analyzing the compaction procedures and assessing the environmental impacts caused by the road base layer containing steel slag. Firstly, mechanical properties and texture appearances of the steel slag aggregates are characterized. Afterwards, the comparative assessments for steel slag and andesite layers compaction are quantified from equivalent CO2 emission and energy consumption aspects, respectively. The results show that the steel slag has a better surface texture than the natural aggregates; physical properties including compactness, flatness and compressive strength comply with the requirements for applying steel slag to a hydraulically bound mixture. Compared to the base layer using andesite aggregates, the compaction vibration period of the course containing steel slags should be reduced to achieve a proper density due to the “hard-to-hard” effect that occurs between the adjacent steel slag particles. Consequently, the additional energy and the equivalent CO2 are generated at 2.67 MJ/m3 and 0.20 kg/m3, respectively.

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Grüneberg, B., and J. Kern. "Phosphorus retention capacity of iron-ore and blast furnace slag in subsurface flow constructed wetlands." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0811.

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The suitability of iron-ore and blast furnace slag for subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands was studied over a period of four months. Dairy farm wastewater (TP 45 mg l-1) was percolated through buckets planted with reed (volume 9.1 l; hydraulic load 15 l m-2d-1). One group of buckets was kept under aerobic conditions and the other group under anaerobic conditions, monitored by continuous redox potential measurements. Even at high mass loading rates of 0.65 g P m-1d-1 the slag provided 98% removal efficiency and showed no decrease in performance with time. However, phosphorus fractionation data indicate that the high phosphorus retention capacity under aerobic conditions is to a great extent attributable to unstable sorption onto calcium compounds (NH4Cl-P). Phosphorus sorption of both the slag (200 μg P g-1) and the iron-ore (140 μg P g-1) was promoted by predominantly anaerobic conditions due to continuous formation of amorphous ferrous hydroxides. None of the substrates had adverse affects on reed growth.

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Bellemans, Inge, Johan Zietsman, and Kim Verbeken. "Fundamental and Formation Aspects of Slag Freeze Linings: A Review." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 8, no. 1 (February 16, 2022): 64–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-022-00505-z.

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Akbari, Afshin, and Esmaeil Rahimi. "Effect of copper slag recovery on hydrometallurgical cut-off grades considering environmental aspects." Journal of Central South University 23, no. 4 (April 2016): 798–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-016-3126-9.

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Koupai, Jahangir Abedi, Soheila Saghaian Nejad, Saman Mostafazadeh-Fard, and Kiachehr Behfarnia. "Reduction of Urban Storm-Runoff Pollution Using Porous Concrete Containing Iron Slag Adsorbent." Journal of Environmental Engineering 142, no. 2 (February 2016): 04015072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001025.

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Firsbach, Felix, Dieter Senk, and Alexander Babich. "Process Concept for the Dry Recovery of Thermal Energy of Liquid Ferrous Slags." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 7, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-021-00391-x.

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AbstractSlags are valuable by-products of iron- and steelmaking processes. Their efficient reutilization and the recuperation of their thermal energy are key for improving the overall efficiency of these processes. With the innovative approach presented in this work, it is possible to recover thermal heat from liquid slags. The process concept consists of a slag tundish and four subsequent heat exchangers. The liquid slag is poured into the slag tundish which homogenizes the slag and guarantees a constant mass flow. The heat exchangers extract thermal energy from the slag and transfer it to water or oil. The first module cools the slag from the tapping temperature of about 1500 °C down to 850 °C. Inside the second module, more thermal energy is gathered from the already solidified slag cooling the slag down to ambient temperature. The captured energy can be used for various processes, such as gas preheating or generation of steam. The solidified slag is volume stable and forms amorphous phases, depending on its basicity. The process was designed, and the concept was tested on lab-scale demonstrators with an overall heat recovery rate of 42%. Some applications of the recovered slag heat are also presented in this work. Graphical Abstract Scheme of the process concept with the three heat exchangers and buffer unit.

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Mayes, William Matthew, Alex L. Riley, Helena I. Gomes, Peter Brabham, Joanna Hamlyn, Huw Pullin, and Phil Renforth. "Atmospheric CO2 Sequestration in Iron and Steel Slag: Consett, County Durham, United Kingdom." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 14 (June 12, 2018): 7892–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01883.

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Zhang, Xiaolei, Jiaxin Chen, JingJing Jiang, Ji Li, R. D. Tyagi, and Rao Y. Surampalli. "The potential utilization of slag generated from iron- and steelmaking industries: a review." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 1321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00419-y.

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Ahmed, M. M., K. A. M. El Naggar, M. F. Abadir, W. Abbas, and E. M. Abdel Hamid. "Recycling of Iron Slag Waste in the Production of Ceramic Roof Tiles." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (August 11, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1961527.

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The merit of this study is manufacturing cheaper roof tiles using fluxed waste material such as granulated iron slag, in addition to the environmental benefit of decreasing the cost and negative impact of their disposal and landfilling. Waste water-cooled granulated iron slag was ground and added in proportions ranging from 0 to 30 wt.% to kaolin clay to prepare roof tiles for the economic purpose of decreasing the production cost by incorporating cheap waste and to serve sustainability. The raw materials were characterized by XRD, XRF, and particle size analysis. The specimens were shaped using a rectangular mould with dimensions of 150 × 30 × 30 mm3 under an axial pressure of 10 MPa and then dried in a dryer at 110°C. The firing of the dried specimens was carried out at 900, 1000, and 1100°C. The characteristics of fired specimens were determined by their linear firing shrinkage, water absorption, compressive strength, and freezing-thawing resistance. Results showed that samples containing 20% slag waste and fired at 1000°C displayed a cold water absorption of 12% and a saturation coefficient of 0.82, both values being lower than the maximum value recommended by standards. Also, the recorded breaking strength of 5040 N was much higher than the minimum standard value. These samples were also subjected to 50 freeze-thawing cycles, which they passed without the appearance of any cracks. It was concluded that samples containing 20% slag waste and fired to 1000°C or 1100°C fulfilled the requisites of ASTM C1167 for grade 3 normal duty roof tiles.

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Li, Dandan, and Jianqiu Han. "Homogeneous Photocatalytic Iron Slag Reduction Cr6+ from Chromium Wastewater Containing High-Salt in Constructed Wetland." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 28, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 3745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/94815.

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Endawati, Jul, Rochaeti, and R. Utami. "Optimization of Concrete Porous Mix Using Slag as Substitute Material for Cement and Aggregates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 865 (June 2017): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.865.282.

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In recent years, sustainability and environmental effect of concrete became the main concern. Substituting cement with the other cementitious material without decreasing mechanical properties of a mixture could save energy, reduce greenhouse effect due to mining, calcination and limestone refining. Therefore, some industrial by-products such as fly ash, silica fume, and Ground Iron Blast Furnace Slag (GIBFS) would be used in this study to substitute cement and aggregate. This substitution would be applied on the porous concrete mixture to minimize the environmental effect. Slag performance will be optimized by trying out variations of fly ash, silica fume, and slag as cement substitution material in mortar mixture. The result is narrowed into two types of substitution. First, reviewed from the fly ash substitution effect on binder material, highest compressive strength 16.2 MPa was obtained from mixture composition 6% fly ash, 3% silica fume and 17% grinding granular blast-furnace slag. Second, reviewed from slag types as cement substitution and silica fume substitution, highest compressive strength 15.2 MPa was obtained from mortar specimens with air-cooled blast furnace slag. It composed with binder material 56% Portland composite cement, 15% fly ash, 3% silica fume and 26% air-cooled blast furnace slag. Considering the cement substitution, the latter mixture was chosen.

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Krivenko, P. V., A. G. Gelevera, A. Yu Kovalchuk, and N. V. Rogozina. "DEPENDENCE OF WHITENESS OF DECORATIVE SLAG-ALKALINE CEMENT FROM THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLAST-FURNACE SLAGS." Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 83 (June 4, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2021-83-58-66.

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The construction industry is demanding more and more quality decorative cements. The demand for them and the requirements for their performance are constantly growing. But since decorative cements are based on white Portland cement, their production is associated with the disadvantages of the production of all clinker cements  low environmental friendliness, high energy consumption and high prices. They are not always able to provide decorative ecological and comfortable coatings with increased performance. In addition, many countries do not produce it and have to import it. An effective alternative to decorative clinker cements can be decorative slag-alkaline cement obtained from industrial waste. It also provides a number of special properties  a wide range of colors, color fastness, high strength, high adhesion, durability and many others. But the problem associated with the use of slag-alkaline cements as decorative cements with high linen ( 70%) is the unstable chemical composition of the slag and, first of all, the different presence of iron oxides in it. It is shown that the presence of iron oxides can reduce the whiteness of decorative slag-alkaline cements due to the synthesis of compounds in them, which give the samples of blue-green color and due to the presence of iron oxides proper, which are inherent in color from brown to dark brown. The paper shows the regularities of the influence of the chemical composition of blast-furnace slags on the whiteness of an artificial slag-alkaline stone. Possibilities of obtaining decorative alkali-activated cements with a wide range of whiteness  from 70 to 97% are shown. Methods of reducing the cost of slag-alkaline decorative cements by using a complex bleaching additive, where part of the expensive TiO2 can be replaced by kaolin or CaCO3, are shown. A new method for determining the whiteness of hardened materials is proposed.

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Andrés-Vizán, Sara M., Joaquín M. Villanueva-Balsera, J. Valeriano Álvarez-Cabal, and Gemma M. Martínez-Huerta. "Classification of BOF Slag by Data Mining Techniques According to Chemical Composition." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 18, 2020): 3301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083301.

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In the process of converting pig iron into steel, some co-products are generated—among which, basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag is highlighted due to the great amount generated (about 126 kg of BOF slag per ton of steel grade). Great efforts have been made throughout the years toward finding an application to minimize the environmental impact and to increase sustainability while generating added value. Finding BOF slag valorization is difficult due to its heterogeneity, strength, and overall swallowing, which prevents its use in civil engineering projects. This work is focused on trying to resolve the heterogeneity issue. If many different types of steel are manufactured, then different types of slag could also be generated, and for each type of BOF slag, there is an adequate valorization option. Not all of the slag can be valorized, but it can be a tool for reducing the amount that must go to landfill and to minimize the environmental impact. An analysis by means of data mining techniques allows a classification of BOF slag to be obtained, and each one of these types has a better adjustment to certain valorization alternatives. In the plant used as an example of the application of these studies, eight different slag clusters were obtained, which were then linked to their different potential applications with the aim of increasing the amount valorized.

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Bölükbaşı, Ö. S., and B. Tufan. "Steelmaking slag beneficiation by magnetic separator and impacts on sinter quality." Science of Sintering 46, no. 3 (2014): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1403331b.

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Basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) slag is the main problem at all iron and steel factories. About more than 6 million tons/year of BOF slag has been accumulated from the waste stockyards in Turkey. Dumps slags can be revaluated by a processing technology which makes it possible to obtain products that meet the requirements of sintering and blast furnace production. The slags with particle size of -10 mm were enriched by the magnetic separator resulting and increase in Fe grade from 18% to 33%. The use of BOF slag in sinter blend provided additional Mn, CaO, MgO and introduced a good solution to environmental problems.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron slag – Environmental aspects'

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