Journal articles on the topic 'Iron slag – Analysis'
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Brenko, Tomislav, Tena Karavidović, Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, and Tajana Sekelj Ivančan. "The contribution of geochemical and mineralogical characterization of iron slags in provenance studies in the Podravina region, NE Croatia." Geologia Croatica 75, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.11.
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Archaeological excavations in the Podravina region led to discovery of sites with traces of bloomery iron production during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Mineralogical analysis of the slags recognized fayalite as the main mineral phase, while geochemical analysis confirmed high Fe contents, typical for bloomery iron smelting. Based on the previously established occurrences of bog iron ores in the study area, provenance studies were carried out using trace and rare earth elements to create a geochemical signature. Similar shapes and patterns of bog iron ores and iron slag signatures imply a genetic connection between the ore and the slag, as well as variation related to the temporal and spatial context of both slags and ores.
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Miller, Duncan, and David Killick. "SLAG IDENTIFICATION AT SOUTHERN AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES." Journal of African Archaeology 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2004): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/1612-1651-10017.
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nents of southern African Iron Age sites. Their correct identification is crucial to understanding technological processes performed at these sites. This paper presents criteria for distinguishing between iron smelting slags, iron forging slags, copper smelting slags, crucible slags resulting from melting activities, vitrified clay and various biomass materials. Slag identification should entail a combination of morphology, microscopic study, chemical analysis, and assessment of the archaeological context. It is a necessarily specialist activity and superficial classification without materials analysis can be misleading. Archaeologists need to be mindful of both the archaeological opportunities and the potential technical difficulties in the interpretation of slags.
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Chen, Xiao Ling, Kui Yu Gao, and Cheng Li. "Cleaning Waste Sulfuric Acid from PVC Gas Analysis Scheme Design and Composition Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.280.
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HWasu Corporation produces an enormous amount of PVC acetylene gas to wash waste sulfuric acid every year, and the composition of waste acid impurity is complex. The stench restricts the reuse of waste sulfuric acid, This paper establishes the detection scheme which is divide int three parts,respectively: escaping of the exhaust gas, liquid slag washing and washing slag quantitative analysis.Burning waste acid solid content of 11.40%, light component is 97.18%, sulfuric acid content of 79.22%, after washing slag of weight percent is 7.30%, Washing liquid slag quality percentage of 4.10%.Escaping gases mainly contain acetylene, hydrogen chloride, sulfur oxide impurities. Washing slag liquids mainly contain phosphoric acid root, organophosphorus, chloride, calcium, magnesium,iron ions and sulfuric acid root ion. Washing slags mainly contain silicon dioxide, carbon, hydrogen, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, ferric oxide,and etc. Finally through the balance calculation of data, We can figure out that the experimental data is accurate and reliable for comprehensive utilization of wast sulfuric acid to provide basic theory data.
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Uchida, Etsuo, Motoki Murasugi, Ayaka Kuroda, and Yusu Lu. "Chemical Compositional Signatures of Constituent Minerals of Iron Slags and Ores from the Khmer Monuments." Heritage 2, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 1724–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020105.
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Iron slags and ores were collected from 22 sites (A to V) in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, the area surrounding Phnom Daek, and the Angkor monuments. Iron ores were taken from two outcrops in Phnom Daek. The chemical compositions of fayalite and wüstite in the iron slags and magnetite in the iron ores were determined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis using averaged chemical compositional data for fayalite allowed for the investigated slag dumps to be classified into two main groups: Groups 1 and 2. The slag dumps in the area surrounding Phnom Daek and those in the Angkor monuments were classified as Group 1, and those in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay were classified as Group 2, except for sites C and U, which were classified as Group 1. Radiocarbon dating was carried out on 10 charcoal fragments from slag dumps outside the Angkor area. The dating results indicate that iron making in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay was conducted in and after the 13th century except for sites C and U, where iron ores may have been supplied from Phnom Daek before the 13th century.
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Shubina, Marianna V., and Elena S. Makhotkina. "Analysis of the Leaching Stage Effect on the Vanadium Extraction from Technogenic Raw Materials." Materials Science Forum 1052 (February 3, 2022): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-27ijw5.
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As a result of titanomagnetite iron ore processing, technogenic waste is formed in the form of vanadium-containing slags. The industrial processing of these slags is important to improve the environmental situation in industrial regions and expand vanadium raw material base. The study purpose was the vanadium extraction from slags of titanomagnetite ore processing (ITmk3 process slag and JSC “EVRAZ NTMK” slag) in the soluble vanadate form. Research tasks: hydrometallurgical vanadium extraction from slags of different chemical composition using soda technology; determination of the leaching mode effect (temperature and duration) on the vanadium extraction degree. Experimental samples in the form of slag and soda Na2CO3 mixture were processed to oxidative roasting and subsequent water leaching at different temperatures from 50 °C to 80 °C for 1, 2 and 3 hours. In the resulting solutions the vanadium content was determined with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Analysis of the research results showed that the slag chemical composition and the water leaching conditions had a significant effect on vanadium extraction degree. The vanadium extraction degree from the JSC “EVRAZ NTMK” slag was 2 – 2.5 times higher than from the ITmk3 process slag after applying the same leaching modes. The highest degree of vanadium extraction was obtained after leaching at a temperature of 80 °C for 3 hours. These leaching modes increased the vanadium extraction degree from the JSC “EVRAZ NTMK” slag to 65 – 87%, and from the ITmk3 process slag to 31 – 33%.
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Myasoedov, S. V., S. V. Filatov, V. V. Panteleev, V. S. Listopadov, and S. A. Zagainov. "Analysis of possible ways to reduce sulfur content in pig iron." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-878-882.
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One of the ways to increase the energy efficiency and intensity of blast furnace smelting, especially when using pulverized coal fuel, is to increase the hot strength of coke. In the conditions of OJSC NLMK, an oil additive was introduced into the coal charge to improve the coke quality. At the same time, sulfur content in the coke increases, and, consequently, sulfur content in the cast iron increases as well. In this regard, the task of finding ways to improve the desulfurization of cast iron in blast furnace becomes urgent. The main factors determining the desulfurization of cast iron are slag basicity, content of MgO oxide in it, temperature of the smelting products, and the slag viscosity. The purpose of this work was to compare the efficiency of sulfur removal by increasing the slag basicity and MgO content. On the basis of wellknown equations, an algorithm was developed that allows the problem to be solved. It was established that an increase in MgO content in the slag promotes desulfurization of cast iron to a greater extent than a basicity increase. In addition, an increase in MgO content by 1 % is accompanied by an increase in slag yield by 3.0 – 3.5 kg/t of cast iron. At the same time, an increase in basicity by 0.01 leads to an increase in the slag yield by 4 – 5 kg/t of pig iron. Consequently, reducing the sulfur content in pig iron by increasing the slag basicity requires less heat. In terms of the specific consumption of coke, difference in heat demand is 0.4 – 0.5 kg/t of pig iron. It is shown that with an increase in MgO content in the slag, the slag viscosity at a temperature of 1450 °C increases to a lesser extent than with an increase in basicity.
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Myasoedov, S. V., S. V. Filatov, V. V. Panteleev, V. S. Listopadov, and S. A. Zagainov. "Analysis of possible ways to reduce sulfur content in pig iron." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 878–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-878-882.
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One of the ways to increase the energy efficiency and intensity of blast furnace smelting, especially when using pulverized coal fuel, is to increase the hot strength of coke. In the conditions of OJSC NLMK, an oil additive was introduced into the coal charge to improve the coke quality. At the same time, sulfur content in the coke increases, and, consequently, sulfur content in the cast iron increases as well. In this regard, the task of finding ways to improve the desulfurization of cast iron in blast furnace becomes urgent. The main factors determining the desulfurization of cast iron are slag basicity, content of MgO oxide in it, temperature of the smelting products, and the slag viscosity. The purpose of this work was to compare the efficiency of sulfur removal by increasing the slag basicity and MgO content. On the basis of wellknown equations, an algorithm was developed that allows the problem to be solved. It was established that an increase in MgO content in the slag promotes desulfurization of cast iron to a greater extent than a basicity increase. In addition, an increase in MgO content by 1 % is accompanied by an increase in slag yield by 3.0 – 3.5 kg/t of cast iron. At the same time, an increase in basicity by 0.01 leads to an increase in the slag yield by 4 – 5 kg/t of pig iron. Consequently, reducing the sulfur content in pig iron by increasing the slag basicity requires less heat. In terms of the specific consumption of coke, difference in heat demand is 0.4 – 0.5 kg/t of pig iron. It is shown that with an increase in MgO content in the slag, the slag viscosity at a temperature of 1450 °C increases to a lesser extent than with an increase in basicity.
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Levkov, Leonid, Denis Pankratov, and Dmitry Shurygin. "Iron Oxidation State Analysis in ESR Slag." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.437.
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It is shown that the value of the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure,Po2as a value available for measurements is possible to be taken as a measure of slag redox potential of, taking into account its electronic system performance. Application of the electromotive force method (EMF) allowed establishing the character of a change in the average oxidation state of iron νFedepending onPo2, the temperature and slag composition. The study of Mössbauer absorption spectra of quenched slag samples confirmed the possibility of simultaneous presence of iron in the flux in oxidation states from 0 to +3.
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Iurii, Erokhin, Zakharov Anatolii, and Leonova Liubov. "Slags of chromium cast iron production from Alapaevsky plant (composition and geoecology)." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal, no. 5 (August 6, 2020): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-5-90-99.
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Relevance. The Ural region has been the metallurgical center of Russia for more than 300 years, and a huge amount of waste slag has accumulated here. The study of the material composition of the slag is an urgent task. Many slags are potential ores that can be further processed. 98 "Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal". No. 5. 2020 ISSN 0536-1028 Research aims to study of the mineral composition of slag from the Alapaevsky metallurgical plant, obtained in the production of chromium cast iron. Research methodology. The chemical composition of minerals was established using a JSM-6390LV Scanning Electron Microscope from Jeol with the INCA Energy 450 X-Max 80 energy-dispersive attachment from Oxford Instruments (IGG UB RAS, Ekaterinburg). For the analysis polished petrographic thin sections cut from pieces of slag were used. Originality. Slags material composition was studied from the point of view of classical mineralogy and with the use of modern mandatory nomenclature of the International Mineralogical Association. Findings. The mineralogy of the Alapaevsky plant chromium cast iron production slags has been studied for the first time. It has been established that they are composed of a periclase-larnite aggregate with a significant content of gehlenite, magnesiochromite and the Ti-analogue of schulamitite, as well as the constant presence of wustite, spinel, sulfides and cast iron. These slags are the waste products of low-alloy heat-resistant chromium cast iron and pose a geo-ecological threat to the environment. Practical relevance. These slags can be recycled, as they contain easily distinguishable magnetic chromium cast iron and wustite. Almost half of the rock consists of periclase, which is a refractory raw material, and spinel can be used as an abrasive material
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Belskii, S. S., A. A. Zaitseva, A. A. Tyutrin, Z. Z. Ismoilov, A. N. Baranov, and Yu V. Sokolnikova. "Current state of steelmaking slag processing." iPolytech Journal 25, no. 6 (January 11, 2022): 782–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-6-782-794.
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In the present work, the properties and composition of steelmaking slag are assessed by analysing existing processing methods, including desulfurisation and dephosphorisation. The atomic absorption and optical emission methods were used to study the chemical composition of slag samples, and metallographic analysis was used to study their microstructure. Major approaches to processing slags applied in Russia and abroad were studied. It was shown that steelmaking slags are neutralised and treated by various methods and subsequently applied in construction and road industries, while the obtained phosphorus-containing products are used in agriculture instead of superphosphate. In addition, these products reduce lime consumption and improve slag formation in steelmaking. The key factor hampering reusing electric steelmaking and converter slags for metal refining is shown to be the presence of phosphorus. The chemical composition of slag samples from the electric steelmaking production was analysed; the iron content amounted to 33.2 wt%, calcium – 19.15 wt%, phosphorus – 0.33 wt% and silicon – 5.39 wt%. Iron is present in the oxidised form (FeO, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4), silicon and calcium in the form of dicalcium silicate (2CaO ∙ SiO2 ), phosphorus in the form of calcium silicophosphate having complex composition – Ca2(SiO4)6(Ca3(PO4)2. Phosphorus is fed to the melting units with gangue minerals, agglomerate, ore and fluxes. When the slags are reused, phosphorus returns to the metal, thus contaminating the final product. Possible methods for extracting phosphorus from steelmaking slags include magnetic and electrostatic separation, gravity and flotation concentration, as well as hydrometallurgical processing.
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Demir, Orhan, and Rauf Hurman Eric. "Rate and Mechanism of Reduction-Dissolution of Chromite in Liquid Slags." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 3 (June 14, 2013): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0133.
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AbstractThe dissolution of chromite from the Bushveld Complex of South Africa in liquid slags was studied in the temperature range 1550° to 1665°C under argon gas. The slag compositions were similar to those of ferrochromium production and stainless steel making. Empirical relations between the slag composition and the dissolution of chromite were established through the use of a statistical model. The dissolution process was investigated by using the rotating cylinder technique and measured by the chemical analysis of the samples taken from the melt and the SEM-EDAX analysis of the reacted chromite cylinder samples. The chromite grains were depleted in iron and chromium as the dissolution progressed, leaving behind an alumina and magnesia rich spinel. The experimental data was evaluated by using kinetic models and mass transfer coefficients of chromium, iron and oxygen ions through the phase boundary between the solid chromite cylinder and the liquid slag were determined.The dissolution of chromite in liquid slags increases with increasing stirring rate. SEM-EDAX studies on the reacted chromite cylinders showed that coring took place within the chromite grains subjected to dissolution for sufficient length of time. Chromium and iron concentrations in the chromite were decreasing from the centre towards the surface of the grains while aluminum and magnesium contents were increasing at the edges compared to the centre of the chromite grains. Furthermore, the slag rich in alumina and magnesia diffuses in bulk into the chromite with a net result of increase in the concentration of these elements.The rate of dissolution of chromite in liquid slags was found to be controlled by the mass transfer of oxygen ions (O2−) through the liquid phase boundary between the solid chromite and the liquid slag. The activation energy for the mass transfer of O2− ions was calculated as 30.61 kCal/mol (128.07 kJ/mol).
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Jung, Da Yeon, and Nam Chul Cho. "Investigating the Iron-Making Process through the Scientific Analysis of By-products Obtained during Iron-Making from Songdu-ri Site in Jincheon, Korea." Journal of Conservation Science 38, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.1.03.
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The study, iron-making process was examined through the scientific analysis of six by-products that were obtained during iron making at the Songdu-ri site in Jincheon. The total Fe content of the slags excavated from the Songdu-ri site was 36.29–54.61 wt%, whereas the deoxidation agent was 26.48–49.08 wt%. The compound analysis result indicated that fayalite and wüstite are the main compounds in slag. Furthermore, the microstructure analysis result confirmed the presence of fayalite and wüstite in the slag. It can be inferred from the flat shape in a bright matrix structure of the hammer scales that forging was performed in the latter stage. The Raman micro-spectroscopy results confirmed that the surface was hematite (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), middle layer was magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), and inner layer was wüstite (FeO). The presence of smelting and smithing slags, spheroid hammer scales, and flake hammer scales suggests that at the Songdu-ri site, iron-making process is carried out by division of labor into producing iron bloom through direct smelting, refining and forge welding, and ingot production.
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Jie, Li, Liu Weixing, Zhang Yuzhu, Qu Yunhua, Yang Aimin, Han Chuangchuang, and Xin Zicheng. "Study on the Law of Concurrent Heating of Blast Furnace Slag by Taking Iron Tailings as Conditioning Agents." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 6468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5588.
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Based on the heat balance principle, and by using thermodynamic software FactSage6.4 simulation software, the study analyzed the impact of the ratio of iron tailings on the thermodynamic parameters of slag system, and explored the blast furnace slag and iron tailings and the change rule of heat transfer between the blast furnace slag and iron tailings and the influence law of the ratio of iron tailings on the temperature and concurrent heating quantity of the slag system; the study further adopted the least squares method, multiple regression analysis method to establish the mathematical model of the temperature drop ΔT and concurrent heating quantity of the slag system; Based on the above research, the study constructed the coordinated control chart of the ratio of iron tailings, the temperature of slag fluidity, and concurrent heating quantity so that the law of concurrent heating of the slag system by taking the iron tailings as conditioning agent was obtained.
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Zhang, Bo, Jie Qi, Cheng Jun Liu, and Mao Fa Jiang. "Thermodynamic Analysis on Separation Process of Iron and Niobium for Iron Tailings Containing Niobium." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 2145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2145.
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Selective Reduction of Cold Bound Pellet – Smelting Separation – Ferroniobium Smelting Technology’ is an effective enrichment and extraction process of Nb from iron tailings of Bayan Obo deposit. Theoretical basis for the thermodynamic feasibility of smelting separation process was provided aiming at the thermodynamic problems in the process by analyzing and calculating through thermodynamic diagram, isothermal equation, and the calculation model of activity for slag system of CaO–SiO2–FeO–CaF2–TiO2–La2O3–Nb2O5. The results show that the separation of iron and Nb in arc furnace by smelting separation is feasible. In smelting separation process the valence state of Nb in slag is mainly pentavalent and the activity coefficient of Nb2O5 is 0.4×10-5~5.8×10-5. The distribution ratio of Nb between slag and molten iron decreases with increasing temperature or [%C], whereas increases with increasing basicity (CaO/SiO2). The temperature should be controlled under 1450°C, the basicity (CaO/SiO2) should be elevated appropriately, and [%C] should be controlled under 3.6% at the final stage of smelting separation process.
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Masyruroh, Anis, Fitri Dwirani, and Frebhika Sri Pujipangesti. "Analysis of iron content in the leaching process of nickel slag as raw material for manufacturing fero sulfate." International journal of chemical & material sciences 5, no. 1 (October 14, 2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijcms.v5n1.1985.
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Slag waste is waste generated from the nickel processing and smelting industry. Each process of refining one tonne of nickel products produces 50 times solid waste, equivalent to 50 tons of this problem which causes the waste stockpile to increase. The analysis of the iron content in the nickel slag leaching process as a raw material for the manufacture of ferrous sulfate is quite interesting because nickel slag chemically still contains valuable minerals and metals, and the iron content in nickel slag is the most dominant. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of dissolving iron content in nickel slag from the leaching process which will later be used as a concentration for the manufacture of ferrous sulfate. This research is an experimental study to determine the dissolved Fe content that will be used to make ferrous sulfate coagulant products with concentrations of 0.2; 0.3; 0; 5 and 1 mol/L.
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Wang, Li, Chien-Nan Pan, and Wen-Tung Cheng. "Numerical Analysis on Flow Behavior of Molten Iron and Slag in Main Trough of Blast Furnace during Tapping Process." Advances in Numerical Analysis 2017 (March 9, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6713160.
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The three-dimensional model was developed according to number 4 of the main trough of blast furnace at China Steel Co. (CSC BF4). The k-ε equations and volume of fluid (VOF) were used for describing the turbulent flow at the impinging zone of trough, indicating fluids of liquid iron, molten slag, and air in the governing equation, respectively, in this paper. The pressure field and velocity profile were then obtained by the finite volume method (FVM) and the pressure implicit with splitting of operators (PISO), respectively, followed by calculating the wall shear stress through Newton’s law of viscosity for validation. Then, the operation conditions and the main trough geometry were numerically examined for the separation efficiency of iron from slag stream. As shown in the results, the molten iron losses associated with the slag can be reduced by increasing the height difference between the slag and iron ports, reducing the tapping rate, and increasing the height of the opening under the skimmer.
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Li, Shuoyang, Yanxiang Li, Rong Zhu, and Hongyang Wang. "Analysis on Ancient Bloomery Ironmaking Technology: The Earliest Ironmaking Evidence in the Central Plains of China Was Taken as the Research Object." Metals 12, no. 8 (August 3, 2022): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12081307.
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The slag found in Hengdong Jiangxian County, Shanxi Province has been recognized by archaeologists as the earliest evidence of bloomery ironmaking in China. The slag was characterized and analyzed by chemical titration, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and tescan integrated mineral analysis (TIMA). The smelting technology in ancient China was explored, combined with thermodynamic theory. The results of chemical titration shown that the total Fe was as high as 64.18%, which means that it was very difficult to produce iron on a large scale with the ancient bloomery ironmaking technology, consuming a lot of iron ore while producing very little iron. The distribution of FeO was relatively dispersed, while that of Fe2O3 particles was concentrated and large. The source of Fe2O3 in the slag can be roughly identified as the oxidized metallic iron, which could not be separated in the slag in the past. Tescan integrated mineral analysis (TIMA) images show that Fayalite and Wustite are the main phase forms in smelting slag. The existence of fayalite proves that the temperature of a slag system should reach the condition of liquid phase formation during the smelting process. Based on the characterization results, the metallurgical conditions of the slag at that time are inferred by FactSage7.1. The theoretical smelting temperature was between 1150 °C and 1200 °C. The fayalite and aluminosilicate in the slag had obvious displacement and inhomogeneity, which pointed to the forging temperature ranging from 1050 °C to 1100 °C.
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Sukhomlinov, Dmitry, Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’Brien, Pekka Taskinen, and Ari Jokilaakso. "Behavior of Ga, In, Sn, and Te in Copper Matte Smelting." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 50, no. 6 (September 23, 2019): 2723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-019-01693-y.
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Abstract The distributions of Ga, In, Sn, and Te between copper-iron mattes and silica-saturated iron silicate slags over a wide range of matte grades 55 to 75 pct Cu were determined at 1300 °C using a gas-phase equilibration-quenching technique and direct phase composition analysis by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Alumina from aluminum, a typical minor element of electric and electronic copper scrap, and lime were adopted as slag modifiers for increasing the trace element recoveries. Gallium and tin were distributed predominantly in the slag, indium preferred sulfide matte at low matte grades and slag at high, whereas tellurium strongly favored the sulfide matte in particular in high matte grades. The slag modifiers alumina and lime had a minor impact on the distribution coefficients of gallium and tin, but for indium and tellurium the distribution coefficients were more strongly affected by the basic oxides. The strong tendencies of tin and tellurium to vaporize at the experimental temperature were confirmed.
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Pavlov, A. V., N. A. Spirin, V. A. Beginyuk, V. V. Lavrov, and I. A. Gurin. "Analysis of slag mode of blast furnace melting using model decision support systems." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 6 (June 22, 2022): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-6-413-420.
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The article presents a balance model of the blast furnace process improved by the researchers from UrFU and PJSC “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works” (MMK). It generally represents a system of deterministic dependencies characterizing the thermal, reduction, gas dynamic, blast and slag modes of blast furnace melting. The basic principle underlying the model is full-scale mathematical modeling. Indicators characterizing the properties of the final slag for implementation of normal slag mode of blast furnace melting (slag viscosity in the temperature range of 1350 – 1550 °C, as well as values of the slag viscosity gradients) were proposed. The slag viscosity gradient, along with the acceptable ranges of slag viscosity at different slag temperatures, are used in modeling the slag mode as limiting factors for the diagnosis of slag mode. Selection of the limit values of each of the ranges and the viscosity gradient is carried out by the method of expert evaluation. Structure of the model for calculating the parameters of the final slag is considered. Using a mathematical model of the blast furnace process, analysis of the slag mode of blast furnace melting was performed according to the actual indicators of their operation. It was established that desulfurizing ability of the slag is insufficiently used, as a result of which cast iron of reduced quality is smelted both in terms of content of sulfur and silicon. Change in characteristics of the slag mode, other things being equal, has a positive effect on gas permeability in the slag formation zone, reducing capacity of the gas and productivity of the blast furnace increase, as well as the consumption of coke decreases. The authors describe the results of design calculations of the MMK furnace performance indicators when changing the composition of loaded materials. Recommendations on the slag optimal basicity are given. Calculations showed that the optimal basicity of the final slag, which ensures its maximum liquid mobility, for operating conditions of blast furnaces of the combine is 1.04 – 1.05 for the CaO/SiO2 ratio and 1.30 – 1.32 for the (CaO + MgO)/SiO2 ratio.
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Mao, Kun Li. "Modal Analysis and Dynamic Test of Steel Slag Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.564.
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Steel slag vehicles with tilting arm are advanced equipment used in iron and steel factory for short distance delivery. With great impact force and severe vibration when pouring steel slag, strength of equipment structure must be enough. In product design, theoretical study and simulation of steel slag vehicles were completed using commercial finite element software and dynamics software. Static strength and dynamic tests of some steel slag vehicle were finished using dynamic and static stain instruments, acceleration transducer in order to verify the computer analysis result. The modal analysis result of steel slag vehicle, the field dynamic test procedure and data process are shown in this article. In the end of paper, conclusions are drawn useful for design and manufacture of heavy-duty equipment such as steel slag vehicles.
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Shen, Fengman, Xinguang Hu, Haiyan Zheng, Xin Jiang, Qiangjian Gao, Hongsong Han, and Fang Long. "Proper MgO/Al2O3 Ratio in Blast-Furnace Slag: Analysis of Proper MgO/Al2O3 Ratio Based on Observed Data." Metals 10, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060784.
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With the gradual depletion of high-quality iron-ore resources, ironmaking blast furnaces have gradually shifted to using high-content Al2O3 iron ore. Under this condition, the addition of MgO in the slag is adopted to alleviate operation problems caused by the high content of Al2O3. However, the proper value of the MgO/Al2O3 ratio for blast-furnace slag systems (Al2O3 = 8–25%) is not systematically studied. In this paper, we discuss the proper MgO/Al2O3 ratio on the basis of blast-furnace slag systems under different Al2O3 contents. On the basis of thermodynamics and phase-diagram analysis, it could be concluded that: (1) the MgO/Al2O3 ratio is not limited when Al2O3 in slag is less than 14%, (2) the MgO/Al2O3 ratio is required to be in the range of 0.40–0.50 when Al2O3 in the slag is 15–17%, and (3) the MgO/Al2O3 ratio should be 0.45–0.55 when Al2O3 in the slag is larger than 18%. The proper MgO/Al2O3 ratio value has been established in various industries, and it has achieved significant economic and social benefits.
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Zhao, Fu Cai, Jian Tao Ju, Jie Long Liao, Wei Ming Kong, and Yao Jun Dang. "Analysis of Basic Properties and Comprehensive Utilization of the Hot Braised Slag." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.623.
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In order to utilize the converter slag that treated by the method of hot braised comprehensively. Using Jiugang hot braised slag as raw material, to determine the chemical composition of the slag with the semi-quantitative analysis and a number of chemical analytical methods. Using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer to analysis the hot braised slag phase and iron phase. Also doing the measurement and analysis to the particle size of the slag, compressive strength and the grinding fineness. It was obtained the conclusion by the comprehensive analysis of hot braised slag that the hot braised slag can be returned to sintering process as solvent and it can also used in the construction、buliding materials and road engineering industry. It is a good suggestion that grounding the slag into a fine powder due to the poor effect of abrasion.
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Stepanenko, D. A., N. A. Tsyupa, A. I. Belkova, and A. S. Skachko. "Analytical and experimental study of the thermophysical properties of blast furnace slag melts in the conditions of blast furnaces of Ukraine." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 32 (2018): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2018-32-137-150.
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The aim of the work is to establish patterns of influence of the chemical composition of blast-furnace slags on the thermophysical properties of their melts, which is relevant to ensure high technical and economic indicators of the blast furnace. Experimental studies of the temperature of molten iron and slag at their release from a blast furnace with a volume of 1500 m3 have been carried out. It is shown that the temperatures of iron and slag have almost identical values and vary in the range of 1451÷14870С. On a Anton Paar rotary rheometer, viscosity measurements were made in the temperature range of 1320 ÷ 15000С and it was shown that the viscosity of slags from the blast furnace output exceeds its optimal value of 0.3 Pa.second. Based on the correlation-regression analysis of the literature data and the performed experimental studies, the enthalpy of the melts was determined as a function of the chemical composition of blast-furnace slags, which are represented through stoichiometry (ρ) and temperature. It is shown that when temperature fluctuations of slag melts in the range of 1453 ÷ 14870С their enthalpy changes in the range of 1933÷2031 kJ/kg. A predictive model for calculating the enthalpy of blast-furnace slags is proposed. On the basis of the proposed predictive model, the enthalpy of blast furnace slags for a blast furnace with a volume of 1500 m3 was calculated taking into account their actual temperatures at the outlet.
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Ding, Hui, Yan Jin, Zhi Bing Tian, and Dan Jiang Wu. "Thermodynamics Analysis of Hot Metal Dephosphorization Flux Reaction Process." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.354.
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In this paper, CaO-Fe2O3-CaCl2and CaO-Fe3O4-CaCl2system dephosphorizer depho- -sphorization of the thermodynamics of the use of FactSage thermodynamic calculation software Equilib module of hot metal dephosphorization flux and the balance between the response calculated, to find the right dephosphorizer dephosphorization ratio and the conditions for optimal phosphorus removal. First of all, by the beginning of slag and the final calculated optical basicity slag and phosphate capacity, calculated on the balance FactSage software phosphorus content mapping, and comparative analysis. Followed by software at different temperatures to calculate the iron liquid, liquid slag, slag liquid solid phase of calcium phosphate and calcium phosphate and quality data on the thermodynamic equilibrium temperature mapping analysis..
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Lebedev, A. B., and V. S. Shuiskaya. "Influence of composition and cooling rate of alumocalcium slag on its crumblability." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 11 (November 22, 2022): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-11-806-813.
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The main components of metallurgical slags are iron compounds, which are extracted by reduction smelting. There are several types of this process with obtaining various products based on iron and slags of various compositions (aluminum-calcium self-disintegrating), etc. The mode of smelting and cooling of alumocalcium slag, formed during melting in the furnace, should ensure the most complete spontaneous crumbling of it, as well as high rates of extraction of REM from it. Synthetic slags similar in phase composition to industrial samples after smelting of iron-containing ores were selected for the experiments. The simulated samples correspond to the region of primary crystallization of bicalcium silicate on the triple state diagram of CaO – SiO2 – Al2O3 system. The slag after crumbling was subjected to a sieve analysis using a mechanical sieve. In the experiments, slags with a silicon module k = 2.0 were used, which actively crumbled during their cooling. With an increase in the silicon module, the crumbling deteriorates. It was established that it is impossible to precisely limit the areas of compositions of crumbling slags at certain cooling rates. The conducted studies showed that the crumblability of slags improves as it approaches the center of the bicalcium silicate region. The composition of slags close to composition of the intersection points of the lines 2CaO·SiO2 – 2CaO·Al2O3 and 2CaO·SiO2 – 12CaO·7Al2O3 with the lines of the permanent silicon module granulometric composition almost does not depend on the cooling rate. The temperature mode from smelting to cooling affects the slags crumblability. The most promising are slags with a silicon module in the range of 2.85 – 3.00, close to the phase triangle 12CaO·7Al2O3 – 2CaO·SiO2 – 2CaO·Al2O3 .
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Migas, P. "Analysis of the Rheological Behaviour of Selected Semi-Solid Slag Systems in Blast Furnace Flow Conditions." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0014.
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Abstract The rheological properties of liquid and semi-solid systems of slag and hot metal in a blast furnace are extremely important from the perspective of their dripping in the unit. The rheological nature and the values of the dynamic viscosity coefficient of liquid and semi-solid phases - slag and hot metal - determine the permeability of the zones in which those systems exist. The modelling of dripping processes and e.g. static and dynamic holding/retention of liquid in the bed, requires an accurate description of the rheological behaviour of slag and iron systems. Determining the liquid flow through the lump bed of the blast furnace is based on the assumption that liquids in the unit in the whole range of their occurrence are similar to a Newtonian ideal liquid. This study presents an analysis of the findings of high-temperature rheometric measurements of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO systems, liquid, semi-solid slags of the blast furnace type doped with TiO2 and solids in the form of TiN. The tests were performed within a temperature range of 1310-1490°C. Also measurement results for glycerol solutions with concentrations of 86% and 100% at the ambient temperature, simulating blast furnace slags with various contents of solids - PC, anthracite - are presented.
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Li, Jin Ping, Jin Hua Gan, and Ying Ming Chen. "Preparation of a Sulfate-Based Complex Coagulant from Boiler Slag and its Application in Domestic Sewage Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.259.
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This paper presents a new way of recycling aluminum and iron in boiler slag derived from coal combustion plants for the production of a sulfate-based complex coagulant containing ferric sulfate and aluminum sulfate. The boiler slag sample was determined for more complete characterization by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluorescence(XRF) and other techniques. An analysis for the boiler slag sample collected from Baotou Steel Plant located in Inner Mongolia, PR China showed that the quantity of iron and aluminum oxides, in general, accounted for about 35% of the boiler slag. XRD analysis indicates that predominate minerals such as kaolinite, quartz, calcium silicide, hematate and metakoalin exist in this boiler slag. This boiler salg was evaluated to determine the efficiency of converting the iron and aluminum components of the material into a sulfate-based complex coagulant when heated with sulfuric acid at different temperatures and reaction times. The maximum concentrations of Fe3+ and Al3+ in the complex coagulant prepared from the boiler slag were obtained at 130 and after 3 h of reaction time. These concentrations were 0.04 M Fe3+ and 0.46 M Al3+, respectively. The corresponding conversion efficiencies of aluminum and iron were 66.2 and 95.0% in the boiler slag, respectively. Finally, the prepared sulfate-based complex coagulant proved to be an effective agent for reducing the turbidity and chemical oxygen demand(COD) of a typical domestic sewage sample.
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Avarmaa, Katri, Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’Brien, Ari Jokilaakso, Daniel Lindberg, and Pekka Taskinen. "Solubility of Palladium in Alumina-Iron Silicate Melts." JOM 73, no. 6 (April 23, 2021): 1871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04672-4.
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AbstractDissolution and solubility of palladium in iron silicate melts saturated with alumina–iron spinel at 1300°C has been measured using an equilibration-drop quenching technique combined with electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductive coupled plasma–mass spectrometry analysis from polished sections. Composition of the resulting Fe-Pd alloy allowed estimation of the activity of palladium at different oxygen partial pressures, and, thus, the solubilities of palladium in the studied slags in conditions typical of copper and nickel smelting as well as slag cleaning at pO2=10-5 to 10-10 atm. The mechanism of palladium dissolution in the studied iron silicate slags was oxidation by formation of the monovalent oxide species PdO0.5 over the entire oxygen activity range of this study. Testing the applicability of the various palladium isotopes for quantitative analyses of Pd in these types of matrices resulted in a good fit of measured concentrations of 104Pd and 105Pd with interference-corrected 106Pd and 108Pd.
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Oinonen, M., G. Haggren, A. Kaskela, M. Lavento, V. Palonen, and P. Tikkanen. "Radiocarbon Dating of Iron: A Northern Contribution." Radiocarbon 51, no. 2 (2009): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200056186.
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The iron dating project Aikarauta has been launched in Finland. This paper presents the results of the preliminary investigations. The ability for radiocarbon measurement by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of iron in Finland has been demonstrated by using coal-produced iron as reference material. An elemental analyzer has been harnessed to measure the carbon content of small iron samples. In addition, we have hypothesized that a fingerprint of the limestone usage in the smelting process is the high Ca content of iron and slag. This has been examined by performing an iron smelting experiment with limestone as flux, by making elemental analyses of ingredients and the resulting slag and iron, and by a 14C analysis of the produced iron. It is possible that limestone dilutes the 14C contents of the produced iron, making its age determination challenging.
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Rybenko, I. A., and E. V. Protopopov. "Thermodynamic modeling of iron recovery processes." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 11 (December 10, 2021): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-11-825-831.
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One of the promising directions in metallurgy is the use of iron-containing waste, such as converter production sludge, iron-containing concentrates, rolling scale, iron ore processing waste and others. Development of new resource-saving technologies using such waste requires preliminary research and accumulation of information in the field of iron recovery. The paper considers the processes of iron recovery from oxides under various conditions. The authors used the method of thermodynamic modeling based on the search for the entropy maximum. The thermodynamic modeling tool was TERRA software package created at the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. TERRA complex is designed to calculate the thermodynamic properties and composition of the phases of equilibrium state of arbitrary systems with chemical and phase transformations. Using this software package, studies of the processes of iron recovery by various reducing agents (carbon, manganese, and silicon) in model thermodynamic systems were carried out, and optimal conditions for temperature and consumption of reducing agents were determined. The paper presents the results of a study of processes in the metal-slag system in equilibrium. The analysis of the metal-slag system equilibrium state was carried out for the temperature range of 1773 - 1973 K with different amounts of slag. Boundaries of the areas of redox processes were determined and the influence of metal components on conditions for iron oxides recovery from slag to metal was evaluated. The dependences of the system equilibrium composition on temperature at different ratios of metal and slag were obtained, as well as the optimal conditions for iron recovery.
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Uliasz-Bocheńczyk, Alicja, and Eugeniusz Mokrzycki. "CO2 mineral sequestration with the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0008.
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Abstract The mineral sequestration using waste products is a method of reducing CO2 emissions that is particularly interesting for major emitters and producers of mineral wastes, such as iron and steel industries. The CO2 emissions from iron and steel production amounted to 6,181.07 kt in 2014 (PNIR 2016). The aforementioned industry participates in the EU emission trading system (EU ETS). However, blast furnace processes produce mineral waste - slag with a high content of CaO which can be used to reduce CO2 emissions. Metallurgical slag can be used to carry out direct (a one-step process) or indirect (two-stage process) process of mineral sequestration of carbon dioxide. The paper presents the degree of carbonation of the examined samples of granulated blast furnace slags defined by the six-digit code (10 02 01) for the waste and the respective two-digit (10 02) chapter heading, according to the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 9 December 2014 on the waste catalogue. The carbonation process used the direct gas-solid method. The slags were wetted on the surface and treated with CO2 for 28 days; the obtained results were compared with the analysis of fresh waste products. The analyzed slags are characterized by a high content of calcium (nearly 24%), while their theoretical binding capacity of CO2 is up to 34.1%. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the phase composition of slags has revealed the presence of amorphous glass phase, which was confirmed with the thermogravimetric (DTA/TG) analysis. The process of mineral sequestration of CO2 has resulted in a significant amount (9.32%) of calcium carbonate - calcite, while the calculated degree of carbonation of the examined blast furnace slag is up to 39%. The high content of calcium, and a significant content of CaCO3-calcite, has confirmed the suitability of the discussed waste products to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
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Khlopytskyi, A., А. Savenkov, О. Bliznjuk, М. Skiba, V. Vorobiova, and N. Masalitina. "Leaching of FeO and CaO by nitric acid from ash-slag wastes of thermal power plants." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 1 (January 2022): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-140-1-95-99.
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In this work, the leaching of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from the wastes of thermal power plants by concentrated nitric acid was investigated. A laboratory unit for the study of leaching processes was developed. It was found that the concentrations of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide in the solution increase with increasing the temperature of the leaching process by nitric acid. The influence of the ratio of reagents on the leaching of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from ash and slag wastes was established. An increase in the leaching time in the range of 15–90 minutes positively affects the process of extraction of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from ash and slag wastes. The calculated degree of extraction of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from ash and slag wastes, as the main criterion for leaching processes, showed that an increase in leaching duration leads to a more complete transition of iron(II) and calcium into solutions. Based on the analysis of the obtained experimental data, the main technological parameters for the extraction of iron(II) oxide and calcium oxide from ash and slag wastes in nitric acid solution have been determined.
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Song, Xiu Guang, Zhi Gang Dou, Kai Yao, and Yang Yang. "Reserch of Horizontal Dynamic Stress Distribution on Dynamic Consolidation of Discarded Iron Slag." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2959–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2959.
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Dynamic consolidation has been widely used in many engineering fields. But in the use of discarded iron slag filled embankment, because the discarded iron slag is naturally piled up, multi-size particle mixture and backfilling height is relatively high, the effect of simple dynamic compaction is not obvious. This paper, combined with engineering examples, through the dynamic consolidation test, describes the experimental program, arrangement and spacing of tamping point, and matters need to be taken care in construction. It also explains the horizontal effects in consolidation by detection data analysis of waste iron slag roadbed. In this paper, we have established finite element numerical simulation analysis of dynamic consolidation by using FLAC3D. It is available in roadbed practical application and can be reference in similar projects of dynamic consolidation.
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Коverzin, A. M., V. G. Schipizyn, A. V. Vaschenko, A. S. Bliznyukov, M. R. Sadradinov, А. R. Makavetskas, and Yu A. Fischenko. "Study of scull and lining in the hearth of blast furnace No. 2 of JSC EVRAZ ZSMK (Report 2)." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-9-9-24.
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Results of study of scull and lining composition from the hearth of blast furnace No. 2 of JSC EVRAZ ZSMK after stop for capital overhaul quoted. It was determined, that due to microprobe chemical analysis data, considerable quantity different minerals and metals can be discovered in the scull and in the lining. But chemical analysis of averaged samples and their X-ray structure analysis allows to state, that the scull is formed during crystallization of heat products – cast iron and slag. Therefore the scull base is the following:– metal, in the content of which α-Fe prevails with iron carbides (Fe3C) inclusions, complicated carbides of variable composition (FeхSiyCz), iron and graphite sulfides and phosphides, as a rule, of laminar structure;– graphite in the form of separate phase;– slag components, melilite and anorthite being the base of them (minerals, formed during crystallization of slag of blast furnace heat).At the level of hot metal tap hole and higher the scull and lining are saturated by alkaline metals accompanied by forming leucite, caliofilite, calcilite, zinc (zinc oxide, ganit, willemite in samples), sulphur with forming of sulphides, phosphor (iron phosphides in metal, apatite in slag). Lower the level of tap hole the number of slag inclusions in the scull is not considerable, zinc and alkaline metals were not discovered.In all the samples content of silicon, silicon carbide, carbides, nitrides, titanium carbonitrides in total does not reach level of 5%.
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Guo, Yongchun, Fengman Shen, Haiyan Zheng, Shuo Wang, Xin Jiang, and Qiangjian Gao. "Desulfurization Ability of Blast Furnace Slag Containing High Al2O3 at 1773 K." Crystals 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2021): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080910.
Full textAbstract:
With the consumption of high-quality iron ore resources, the grade of iron ore raw used in the iron making process has gradually decreased. The high aluminum raw materials has led to an increase in the Al2O3 content in the blast furnace slag, which has affected the normal operation of the blast furnace. The activity of the components involved in the desulfurization reaction is an important factor affecting the desulfurization process. In this paper, the effects of B(w(CaO)/w(SiO2)) and w(MgO)/w(Al2O3) on the desulfurization ability of a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 quaternary blast furnace slag system were studied by using a double-layer graphite crucible to simulate the process of molten iron dropping through the slag at 1773 K. The desulfurization reaction mechanism of high alumina blast furnace slag is explained from the aspects of slag structure and component activity, which provides a theoretical basis for the reasonable selection of a slag making system under the condition of a high alumina content. The effects of different B and w(MgO)/w(Al2O3) on the slag structure 2343 analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results show that when w(MgO)/w(Al2O3) = 0.50 and w(Al2O3) = 20%, the desulfurization ability and MgO activity of slag increased with the increase of B; when w(Al2O3) = 20% and B = 1.30, the desulfurization ability and MgO activity of the slag increased with the increase of w(MgO)/w(Al2O3). The FT-IR analysis showed that with the increase of B or w(MgO)/w(Al2O3), the dissociated free oxygen ions (O2−) in the slag increased, and the dissociated free oxygen ions (O2−) interacted with the bridging oxygen (O0) of silicate, which made the complex Si-O structure in the slag gradually depolymerize and increase the desulfurization ability.
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Hendronursito, Yusup, Muhammad Amin, Muhammad Al Muttaqii, Pulung Karo Karo, Andini Yulia, David Candra Birawidha, and Kusno Isnugroho. "Utilization of Iron Ore Slag in The Manufacture of Calcium Silicate Boards." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri 12, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21771/jrtppi.2021.v12.no2.p25-33.
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This study aims to determine the iron ore slag effect as an additive in particleboard based on the SNI 7705:2011 standard. Iron ore slag comes from the waste processing of iron ore into sponge iron. The iron ore slag is reduced to a size of 200 mesh. Particleboard made with the composition of slag and silica is 0:40, 8:32, 16:24, 20:20, 24:16, 32:8, and 40:0 wt%. Meanwhile, other materials were made permanent, namely PCC cement and lime 16 wt%, coconut fiber 3wt%, and water 3 wt%. They are pressed with 3 tons of pressure for 1 hour using a hydraulic press. Drying at room temperature for one day, under the hot sun for two days, then in an oven at 110 oC for 8 hrs. Analysis of the chemical composition of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction crystalline phase, SEM-EDS micro-photographs, physical tests including density and porosity, and mechanical compressive strength tests. The dominant composition of SiO2 and CaO affects the formation of silicon dioxide (SiO2), calcium silicate (CaSiO3), and dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) phases. Silica has a positive effect on the compressive strength of particleboard but is different from Ca, which has an impact on reducing the compressive strength. The sem morphology shows that coconut fiber cannot withstand heating at 190 oC and results in agglomeration. The addition of 20% ore slag and silica has met the calcium silicate board SNI 7705-2011. These results can be used to develop slag waste from iron ore processing into much more useful objects.
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Nguyen, Cao Son. "Study the ability of using basic oxygen furnace slag as a flux for removing impurities from liquid iron in a pre-treatment process." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.64(3).55-58.
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In this study, a flux, mixture of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag and CaO powder, was investigated the ability of the slag recycling in a pre-treatment process. The first step of the experimental procedure was to melt iron using a high-frequency induction furnace, then 3 kg of flux was embedded into the metal. There were two kinds of experimental conditions including with and without Argon gas protection of the furnace. After ten minutes from the moment of adding the flux, the metal and slag samples were taken out for chemical composition analysis. The results showed that Sulphur (S) content of the iron significantly decreased by 38% and 19% with and without the Argon gas protection, respectively. Meanwhile, the Phosphorus (P) content of the iron was concluded to be independent of the conditional experiments. Besides, the Fe content of the slag decreased in both cases of experiments.
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Laihan, S. A., and A. A. Veselovsky. "Extraction of Nickel and Cobalt from Nickel Slag Wastes by the Thermo-Diffusion Method." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 1134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.1134.
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The current state of the issue of the slag waste processing was considered, using the example of the Southern Urals Nickel Plant. The average analysis of the chemical composition of the slag was performed; the determined phases contained iron, cobalt, nickel and chromium. The maps of the distribution of these elements in the slag were obtained.
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Tleugabulov, S. M., N. B. Aitkenov, G. G. Zhabalova, A. G. Belichko, and G. A. Uleva. "Metallurgical processing of converter slag." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 318, no. 3 (September 12, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.26.
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Converter slurries at modern metallurgical plants represent a significant part of metal-containing industrial waste with a high concentration of iron. Currently, there is a problem of their utilization and use as raw materials for metallurgy. The purpose of this work is to study the processes of briquetting and recovery of briquetted products, based on a mixture of converter slurries of gas purification and converter slags. When performing experimental studies on the preparation of sludge briquettes from a mixture of converter sludge of gas purification and converter slag, their metallization and reduction melting in laboratory conditions, the optimal composition of the components of the mixture of converter slag and gas purification sludge was determined by the percentage of iron, which is appropriate for use as a raw material for steel smelting. Experimental studies on the preparation of sludge-coal mixtures from dispersed metal-containing and carbon-containing industrial waste with stoichiometric coal consumption for the recovery of extracted metals have proved the possibility of obtaining sludge-coal briquettes, which are further subjected to metallization and reduction melting. Sequential processing of dispersed production waste, namely drying, metallization and reduction melting, allowed us to obtain at the final stage a metal sample that corresponds to high-quality steel in its composition. Based on the analysis of the results of experimental studies, the technology of reducing melting of metal-containing waste has been developed. As a result of the implementation of the technology, high-quality steels and alloys can be obtained without carburizing the metal, bypassing the production stages of cast iron and high-carbon alloys. The content of harmful impurities of sulfur and phosphorus meets the technical requirements of high-quality steel. The proposed technology for processing slag and sludge from oxygen-converter production will reduce the volume of accumulated production waste.
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Makhija, Dilip, Rajenda Kumar Rath, and Asim Kumar Mukherjee. "Application of enhanced gravity technique for separation of iron phase from LD slag." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 3 (2019): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018094.
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The basic oxygen process of steel making produces steel slag at a rate of about 120 kg/t. The steel slag also known as LD slag contains metallic iron and other mineral phases. The metallic iron is recovered through magnetic separation while the non-metallic is rejected because of its poor physical and chemical properties. Qualitative mineralogical analysis and XRD studies indicated that major mineral phases are dicalcium silicate and calcium ferrite. While both these phases are useful for recycling in iron making process the presence of phosphorus is a deterrent for its use in the iron making process. The electron probe micro analysis revealed that phosphorus is mostly associated with dicalcium silicate phase in the form of calcium phosphate. The phosphorus was present in negligible amounts in iron bearing phases i.e. calcium ferrite and wustite. The liberation size of phosphate mineral was in the range of 30–50 microns. The physical separation of phosphorus was attempted by grinding the LD slag to different sizes and then subjecting to centrifugal jigging. The centrifugal jigging was carried out at 0.5 mm, 0.25 mm and 0.1 mm size. The products of centrifugal jigging were characterised and it was observed that maximum recovery with acceptable grade of product was obtained at 0.5 mm grind size. The product obtained at this size analyzed 0.79% P and 34% Fe.
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Zhao, Qing Lin, Jochen Stark, Ernst Freyburg, and Ming Kai Zhou. "Steam and Autoclave Treatments on Structure Characteristics of Steel Slag." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1919.
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Together with the chemical analysis as well as XRD and DTA, effects of steam and autoclave treatments on structure characteristics of basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) and electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) are investigated. The results show that steam and autoclave treatments on slag contribute to the conversion of f-CaO and f-MgO to Ca(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 ,which improve the volume stability of slag by reducing the contents of free lime and periclase, and the autoclave treatment is more effective. Meanwhile, for the utilization of steel slag, the effects on the volume stability by CaO and MgO that were wrapped in eutectic in the crystallite form should be a key factor, besides the contents of f-CaO and coarse periclase crystalline. The thermal reactivity of slag treated by steam and autoclave increased, especially the reactivity of elemental iron and wuestite. The reactivity of EAFS increased more significantly at high temperature due to its higher content of iron.
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Sukhomlinov, Dmitry, Olli Virtanen, Petri Latostenmaa, Ari Jokilaakso, and Pekka Taskinen. "Impact of MgO and K2O on Slag-Nickel Matte Equilibria." Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 40, no. 6 (November 13, 2019): 768–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-019-00767-3.
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Abstract Slag chemistry of the direct nickel matte smelting was studied in typical industrial high-grade nickel matte smelting conditions at 1400 °C and 0.1 atm pSO2. The experimental technique used involved equilibration, quenching and direct elemental phase composition analysis by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis. Magnesia and potassia, a typical gangue constituent of sulfidic nickel concentrates and a common impurity of industrial grade silica flux (sand), respectively, were adopted as slag modifiers in concentrations typical to industrial operations. Their effects on oxidation degree of the nickel-copper-iron matte and equilibrium concentrations of Ni and Cu in the slag were studied as a function of oxygen partial pressure. Solubility of silica in the slag increased significantly with additions of MgO and K2O in the constrained case studied, at silica saturation. Equilibrium concentrations of Ni and Cu in the slag containing MgO and K2O were about a quarter lower compared to the pure iron silicate slag, in the entire oxygen partial pressure range studied.
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Khalil, Ahmed, Heba Bakry, Hany Riad, and Ali Shnour. ""ANALYSIS ON RAILWAY SLEEPERS MANUFACTURED FROM POLYMERS AND IRON SLAG"." Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector 12, no. 43 (April 1, 2017): 620–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/auej.2017.19251.
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ONO, Hideki, Hirokazu KONISHI, and Kenji TANIZAWA. "Mechanism and Kinetics Analysis of Iron Carburization through Slag Phase." JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MULTIPHASE FLOW 30, no. 2 (2016): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3811/jjmf.30.150.
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Zu Nurain Ahmad, Siti, Hamdan R, Wan Afnizan Wan Mohamed, N. Othman, and Nur Shaylinda Mohd Zin. "Chemical Composition, pH Value, and Points of Zero Charge of High Calcium and High Iron Electric Arc Furnace Slag." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.23 (August 9, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.23.17249.
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Electric arc furnace (EAF) slag as filter media has been extensively used nowadays for wastewater treatment technology. Steel slag was produced as byproduct from steelmaking processes. However, different batches of steel slag production produce different composition. Thus, this study determined the chemical composition, pH value and points of zero charge (PZC) of two different samples of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag; high iron EAF slag (Slag HFe) and high calcium EAF slag (Slag HCa). The steel slag were characterized using X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) analysis for the chemical composition, extraction with boiling water for pH value, and salt addition method for PZC. Slag HFe was mainly consisted of 38.2% ferric oxide and 20.4% calcium oxide, 10.20 pH value and pH 10.55 for PZC. While for Slag HCa, they were composed of 1.64% ferric oxide and 49.5% calcium oxide of pH value of 11.11 and pH 11.75 for PZC. Therefore, Slag HCa was considered as a more basic species compared to Slag HFe.
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-, Hijriah, and Nur Hadijah Yunianti. "KARAKTERISTIK MEKANIS BETON YANG MENGGUNAKAN IRON SLAG SEBAGAI AGREGAT HALUS." Jurnal Ilmiah Ecosystem 20, no. 3 (December 4, 2020): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35965/eco.v20i3.240.
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The demand for environmentally friendly concrete mixtures is currently increasing due to an increase in global temperatures. Therefore, innovation is needed in the world of Civil Engineering to produce structures that can reduce global warming. One alternative that can be taken is by utilizing materials from environmentally friendly products such as Iron Slag. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the aggregate and to analyze the strength of the concrete mixture using Iron Slag as a substitute for fine aggregate. This research is an experimental study which was conducted in the Laboratory of Concrete and Structural Materials, Bosowa University. Variations in the test object were the levels of addition of Iron Slag with levels of 0%, 25% and 50%. The test object will be observed at the age of 28 days, where the number of test objects is 29 pieces. The tests carried out include testing the characteristics of the materials used, both coarse and fine aggregates, as well as testing the compressive strength of the concrete. Based on the results of the research analysis, it was concluded that Iron Slag waste met the criteria as fine aggregate for concrete mixtures.
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Bitay, Enikő, Irina Kacsó, Claudiu Tănăselia, Dana Toloman, Gheorghe Borodi, Szilamér-Péter Pánczél, Zsombor Kisfaludi-Bak, and Erzsébet Veress. "Spectroscopic Characterization of Iron Slags from the Archaeological Sites of Brâncoveneşti, Călugăreni and Vătava Located on the Mureş County (Romania) Sector of the Roman Limes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 5373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155373.
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Iron slag samples unearthed from archaeological sites lying on the Eastern limes sector of Roman Dacia (the Brâncoveneşti and Călugăreni auxiliary forts and the Vătava watchtower) were studied in order to assess the probability of local iron working (smelting and smithing) during the 2nd–3rd centuries CE. Structural-mineralogic aspects revealed by PXRD analysis and FTIR spectroscopy indicate different slag types corresponding to different iron production and processing stages allowing the supposition that refining of the bloom and processing of the refined iron took place on the sites. The FTIR absorption bands obtained in the spectral domain 2000–400 cm−1 show that mineralogically the samples are constituted mainly of silicates associated with minor quantities of aluminates and carbonates. The fayalite, haematite, and magnetite phases appearing on both the X-ray diffractograms and the FTIR spectra agree with the redox conditions of the slag formation process which result from the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio determined using the EPR-method. The bulk macro-elemental PXRF and ICP-MS spectroscopy data support the slag typization proposed on the basis of the probable working conditions; trace-elemental bulk composition suggests that the provenance of the raw materials may be different.
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Faisal, Ayad A. H., Saif S. Alquzweeni, Laith A. Naji, and Mu Naushad. "Predominant Mechanisms in the Treatment of Wastewater Due to Interaction of Benzaldehyde and Iron Slag Byproduct." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010226.
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Iron slag is a byproduct generated in huge quantities from recycled remnants of iron and steel factories; therefore, the possibility of using this waste in the removal of benzaldehyde from contaminated water offers an excellent topic in sustainability field. Results reveal that the removal efficiency was equal to 85% for the interaction of slag and water contaminated with benzaldehyde at the best operational conditions of 0.3 g/100 mL, 6, 180 min, and 250 rpm for the sorbent dosage, initial pH, agitation time, and speed, respectively with 300 mg/L initial concentration. The maximum uptake capacity of iron slag was 118.25 mg/g which was calculated by the Langmuir model. Physical sorption may be the major mechanism for the removal of benzaldehyde onto iron slag based on the analysis of isotherm and kinetic sorption data and thermodynamically, the process was spontaneous and endothermic. Finally, the X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscope (EDS) tests for reactive material certified that the dissolution of calcium oxide can enhance the removal of benzaldehyde by the formation of bridge cations.
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Yang, Wei Jiao, Cheng Yan Wang, Bao Zhong Ma, Zhong Wang, Yong Qiang Chen, and Fei Yin. "Recovery of Cobalt from Copper Converter Slag by a Selective Reduction-Roasting Process." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2186.
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An industrial converter slag was treated by a selective reduction-roasting process to recovery cobalt and copper in this study. To maximizing the recovery of cobalt and copper, the major process parameters such as reducing agent, curing agent and roasting temperature were investigated. Under the determined conditions, 95% cobalt and 96% copper can be recovered. According to the mineralogical analysis, it is found that cobalt in the converter slag mainly distributes in the iron-bearing minerals, which migrates with iron during the reduction-roasting process. After the reduction-roasting, most cobalt distributes in the metallic iron in the form of Co-Fe alloy.
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Pagès, Gaspard, Philippe Dillmann, Enrique Vega, Marion Berranger, Sylvain Bauvais, Luc Long, and Philippe Fluzin. "Vice-versa: The iron trade in the western Roman Empire between Gaul and the Mediterranean." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): e0268209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268209.
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Starting from the second century BC, with the fast expansion of the Roman Empire, iron production and consumption developed exponentially in north-western Europe. This rapid growth naturally led to an increase in trade, that still remains to be studied encompassing a broad scope, so as to not neglect long-distance exchanges. This is today possible by taking advantage of the progress made in the past 40 years in archaeology and archaeometallurgy. Cargoes of iron bars recovered from a group of 23 wrecks located off the coast of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), opposite an old branch of the Rhône River, constitute a rich opportunity to examine this trade, by comparing the slag inclusions trapped in iron bars to primary slag from the six main ironmaking areas in Gaul. Based on a trace element analysis of these inclusions and this slag, we suggest that ships travelled down the Rhône carrying iron produced in Wallonia (Belgium), while others sailed up the Rhône transporting iron produced in Montagne Noire (Aude, France).