Journal articles: 'Iron ores'

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Bajraktari-Gashi, Zarife, Muharrem Zabeli, and Behram Halilaj. "Key Metallurgical Parameters of Fe-Ni Production During 1984–1997 and 2007–2017 at the Ferronickel Smelter in Drenas." Materials and Geoenvironment 67, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2020-0008.

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AbstractDuring 1984–1997, the ferronickel plant in Drenas used iron-nickel ore from the mines of the Republic of Kosovo: Glavica and Çikatove (Dushkaje and Suke) mines. However, during the years 2007–2017, when the plant started operating from the cessation of production, which was from 1998 to 2007, some types of iron-nickel ores from different countries began to be used, starting from iron-nickel ores from Kosovo, iron-nickel ores from Albania, ores from Indonesia, ores from the Philippines, ores from Guatemala, ores from Turkey and ores from Macedonia. The ore composition, however, is mainly oxide-laterite ore. Iron-nickel ores in the plant are characterised by high moisture content, a very important factor influencing the process of scraping the charge in rotary kilns and presenting in general. Among the iron-nickel ore used in the ferronickel plant, the ores from Albania are characterised due to their low moisture content when compared with the other ores as well as the high content of iron oxides, which affect the temperature rise inside the furnaces, as the iron ores play an important role in the pre-casting process in rotary kilns.

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Sarvamangala, H., K. A. Natarajan, and S. T. Girisha. "Biobeneficiation of Iron Ores." International Journal of Mining Engineering and Mineral Processing 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2012): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.mining.20120102.01.

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Uwadiale, G. G. O. O. "Upgrading Nigerian iron ores." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 6, no. 3 (August 1989): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402701.

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Guo, William. "Thermal magnetic analysis on iron ores and banded iron formations (BIFs) in the Hamersley Province: Implications of origins of magnetic minerals and iron ores." AIMS Geosciences 9, no. 2 (2023): 311–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/geosci.2023017.

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<abstract> The genesis models of the iron-ores hosted in banded iron formations (BIFs) in the Hamersley Province of Western Australia have been debated since the iron-ore deposits were discovered in the 1960s. The existing models considered the few physicochemical conditions for the iron-ore enrichment from BIFs. This study incorporates the latest research outcomes in conversions among the major magnetic minerals under different physicochemical conditions with the thermal magnetic analysis for BIFs and iron-ores collected from the Hamersley Province to fill the gap in knowledge highlighted by existing studies of the iron ores and BIFs. The results indicate that the high-grade hematite ores might have been undergone a physicochemical process under hydrothermal conditions between 120 ℃ and 220 ℃ during the major stage of enrichment from the original BIFs in the Brockman Iron Formation. Such physicochemical conditions would require either that the BIF units were buried 4000–5000 m underground with tilted broad channels formed by large-scale deformation in the region that facilitates hydrothermal reactions and leaching by the fluids flowing down deep to 4000–5000 m, somehow similar to the deep-seated supergene model proposed in previous works, or that the BIF units were still buried but the hydrothermal fluids coming up from deeper sources spread widely over the broad channels to ensure the high-grade hematite ores are consistently uniform over the entire deposit. The large-scale martite-goethite deposits in the Marra Mamba Iron Formation might be derived from multiple supergene phases from hematite-martite ores below 100 ℃ in the natural process of oxidization near surface, somewhat similar to the existing model for the channel iron deposits. Magnetite contained within current BIFs and iron ores was least likely derived from primary hematite in BIFs. </abstract>

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Nenuwa, OB. "Determination of Work Index of Muro Iron Ore Using Marble and Granite as Reference Ores." Journal of Advanced Research in Manufacturing, Material Science & Metallurgical Engineering 08, no. 3&4 (January 21, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2393.8315.202102.

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The work index of Muro iron ore was determined using the modified Bond’s method also known as Berry and Bruce method. This study used iron ore obtained from Muro town, a community in Toto LGA, Nasarawa state as the test ore. Marble and Granite which was separately used as the reference ores were obtained from Muro environs. 100 g each of the test ore and the reference ores were subjected to the same grinding conditions in a ball mill. Size analysis of the feed to the ball mill and the product of the ball mill for both test ore and reference ores were carried out and the results tabulated accordingly. The 80% passing particle size of the ball mill feed and discharge for the samples were calculated using the Gaudian Schumann expression. The Bond’s equation was then used to calculate the work index of the Muro iron ore which was found to be 24.84 kWh/ t when marble was used as reference ore and 27.41 kWh/ t when granite was used as reference ore. The average work index of Muro iron ore was calculated as 26.13 kWh/ t, while the energy requirement for grinding the ore was found to be 3.62 kWh/ t. The value of the work index of Muro iron ore is within the limit of work index of iron ore quoted in literatures

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Tang, Z. D., P. Gao, Y. X. Han, and W. Guo. "Fluidized bed roasting technology in iron ores dressing in China: A review on equipment development and application prospect." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 3 (2019): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb190520051t.

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Due to the undesirable characteristics of iron ore resources in China, it is necessary to utilize refractory iron ores resources with high efficiency. The mining and mineral processing costs are usually high. The supply of domestic iron ores in China has been in serious shortage for a long time. Therefore, the development and utilization of complex and refractory iron ore resources are extremely urgent. Magnetizing roasting followed by magnetic separation is an important method for the beneficiation of low grade iron ores. More attention has been paid to fluidized bed magnetizing roasting rather than shaft furnace and rotary kiln roasting in recent years. In this paper, the main characteristics of fluidized bed magnetizing roasting technology and the development process of its application in the beneficiation of refractory iron ores are introduced. The research status of several typical fluidized bed roasting processes and equipment in China are also summarized. Moreover, the application prospect of the technology for efficient utilization of low grade hematite, siderite, and limonite ores, as well as iron containing tailings, is analyzed.

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Degodya, E. Yu, and O. P. Shavakuleva. "Elaboration of a technology for production conditional ilmenite concentrate by enrichment of titanium-magnetite ores." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 5 (June 20, 2019): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-5-572-576.

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The titanium-magnetite ores keep an important place among complex iron-containing ores. Utilization of these ores, comprising ores of Kopanskoe deposit, in steel industry is a serious problem, requiring for its solving enrichment resulting in obtaining iron-vanadium and ilmenite concentrates. A principal flow-chart of titanium-magnetite ores enrichment with obtaining conditional iron-vanadium and ilmenite concentrates elaborated. Results of flotation tests of non-magnetic fraction of Kopanskoe deposit titanium-magnetite ores, which is difficult for concentration. Application of flotation process for Kopanskoe deposit titaniummagnetite ores enrichment, which is difficult for concentration, enables not only to improve the enrichment indices, but considerably simplify the process chain of the plant equipment by excluding a big number of gravitational facilities. It was shown, that ilmenite and rutile flotation is successfully carried out in an acidic environment with the use of oleic acid, kerosene, sodium fluoride, sulfuric acid, foam activator VKP. The elaborated reagent complex provides obtaining conditional ilmenite concentrate. As a result of enrichment by application the elaborated magnetic flotation technology, iron-vanadium concentrate with a mass fraction of iron equal to 63.4 % and titanium dioxide – 4.5 % as well as ilmenite concentrate with a mass fraction of titanium dioxide equal to 45.2% obtained. The elaborated technology can be used for titanium-magnetite ores of Medvedevskoe, Kusinskoe, Chernorechenskoe deposits.

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Ananyeva, A. V. "Technique for Selecting Control Decisions in Optimizing Technological Modes of Processing Iron Ore Raw Materials Using Electromagnetic Influences." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 27, no. 4 (March 1, 2024): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2023-27-4-117-131.

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Purpose of reseach. The paper considers the process of selective pre-destruction of interphase boundaries in iron ores by using magnetic-pulse treatment. When analyzing the stress-strain state and viscous fracture, the relative similarity of the fracture criteria in the main minerals of iron ores due to magnetically-striction deformation of magnetite grains. Methods.It has been established that the strength and toughness of the destruction of magnetite exceeds the analogous properties of calcite in the composition of skarn iron ores, the strength and toughness of quartz fracture exceeds the analogous properties of magnetite. A difference in the character of the destruction of skarn ores and ferruginous quartzites. The criterion for estimating the degree of softening of interphase boundaries in iron ores due to the magnetic-impulse action based on the probabilistic approach is formulated. Results.A theoretical estimate is made of the degree of selective softening of iron ores under magnetic-pulse treatment, taking into account the strength and magnetostriction properties of magnetite. The results of experiments on nanoindentation of interphase boundaries before and after magnetic-pulse processing are presented. Conclusion. By analyzing the lengths of developing microcracks under the influence of a nanoindenter, the possibility of reducing the fracture toughness after a magnetic pulse treatment of iron ore.

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Fan, Guixia, Liguang Wang, Yijun Cao, and Chao Li. "Collecting Agent–Mineral Interactions in the Reverse Flotation of Iron Ore: A Brief Review." Minerals 10, no. 8 (July 30, 2020): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10080681.

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Froth flotation has been widely used in upgrading iron ores. Iron ore flotation can be performed in two technical routes: direct flotation of iron oxides and reverse flotation of gangue minerals with depression of iron oxides. Nowadays, reverse flotation is the most commonly used route in iron ore flotation. This review is focused on the reverse flotation of iron ores, consisting of reverse cationic flotation and reverse anionic flotation. It covers different types of collecting agents used in reverse iron ore flotation, the surface characteristics of minerals commonly present in iron ores (e.g., iron oxides, quartz, alumina-bearing minerals, phosphorus-bearing minerals, iron-bearing carbonates, and iron-bearing silicates), and the adsorption mechanisms of the collecting agents at the mineral surface. The implications of collecting agent–mineral interactions for improving iron ore flotation are discussed.

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Lan, Zhuo Yue, Xiu Juan Li, Si Qing Liu, Wan Ping Wang, and Min Zhang. "A Review on the Beneficiation of Ultra-Lean Iron Ores." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.44.

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Nowadays, the demand of Chinese market for iron ores exceeds the supply. However, more than 90% the iron ores in China is of low grade with 30%Fe in average; the sub-marginal and ultra lean ores account for 40% of the total. Therefore, research on the beneficiation of above ores is extremely significant. This article reviews the present situation and technical problems on utilization of the lean iron ores in China over the past years. Moreover, the major progress in the technology and equipment is summarized. Efficient separation as well as energy saving is still the core in utilization of the ore. Emphasis is placed on different processes developed in upgrading the ore grade to plants and realizing the comprehensive utilization problems.

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Agrawal, Shrey, Veeranjaneyulu Rayapudi, and Nikhil Dhawan. "Comparative study of low-grade banded iron ores for iron recovery." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 4 (2020): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020034.

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Two low-grade banded iron ores are evaluated as a potential source for meeting the iron/steel demand due to the scarcity of high-grade iron ores. The present study investigates the processing and enrichment of banded iron ores and their comparison with pure iron oxide and synthetic mixture. The feasibility of physical beneficiation, microwave processing, and carbothermal reduction is thoroughly investigated. A trace amount of magnetite in BHJ ore leads to an improved response of microwave exposure compared to pure iron oxide and mixture. Physical beneficiation was found futile in recovering iron values. The energy consumed during the microwave processing is calculated as 405.2 kWh/ton, whereas for conventional reduction is 223.7 kWh/ton. Significant iron enrichment was achieved through structural alteration of the ore. The microwave processing offered faster reduction kinetics and ferrite formation in a short duration. BHJ sample was found suitable for extracting iron values compared to BHQ using carbothermal reduction.

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Mukhtar, A. A., M. K. Mukhymbekova, A. S. Makashev, and V. N. Savin. "Thermomagnetic concentration and dephosphorizing of brown clay iron ore and concentrates." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 9 (October 21, 2018): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-9-708-713.

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Oolitic brown clay iron ores are of prime economic importance because of their enormous stocks in the world. However, their use in metallurgical production is very severely limited at the present time because of the high content of phosphorus in them. The process of phosphorus extracting from these ores almost cannot be realized by the known enrichment methods, since phosphorus presents in oolites in the emulsionated and impregnated state, without forming the independent minerals in this case. Therefore, using of ores of the given type is very limited. Growth of the world steel production at this time has considerably increased demand for iron ore, for that reason in the last decades in the world there were made considerable efforts on creation of new manufacturing schemes of brown clay iron ores obtaining standard iron ore concentrates. Considerable reduction of rich and easily beneficiated iron ores in Kazakhstan results in necessity to attract in metallurgical production the huge resources of the easily extracted ooli tic brown clay iron ores of Lissakovsk, Ayat, Priaral, and other fields with the iron content from 35 to 40 % and phosphorus up to 1 %. The technology of thermomagnetic beneficiation is represented as the most self-sustainable and acceptable dephosphorizing technology of brown limonites. The essence of the technology consists in the reproduction by liquid hydrocarbon reducer (LHR), mesmerizing roasting of the concentrate, magnetic concentration of the roasted raw material receiving the magnetic concentrate with the subsequent dephosphorizing of the obtained concentrate by the acid leaching method. The technology was tested in pilot conditions by representative samplings of the Lissakovsk concentrate and the ores of Ayat and Kokbulak fields.

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Loboda, P. I., Younes Razaz, and S. Grishchenko. "ON THE PROCESSING OF HEMATITE RAW MATERIALS AT THE KRYVOROZHSK MINING AND PROCESSING PLANT OF OXIDIZED ORE ON TECHNOLOGY OF DIRECT RECOVERY ITmk3." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, №5, 2018, no. 5 (October 2018): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s005-59768574.

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Purpose. To substantiate the efficiency of processing hematite raw materials at the Krivoy Rog Mining and Processing Plant of Oxidized Ores using the direct reduction technology itmk3®. Metodology. Analysis of the results of the itmk3® direct restoration technology developed by Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan and Hares Engineering GmbX, Austria, with a view to using it to process Krivbass hematite ores into granulated iron (so-called “nuggets”). Findings. The involvement in the production of hematite ores (oxidized quartzite) of Krivbass with high iron content, but with low magnetic properties for their processing into granular cast iron is grounded. Originality. The use of itmk3® direct reduction technology from Kobe Steel Ltd., Japan and Hares Engineering GmbH, Austria for the processing of Krivbass hematite ores into granular cast iron is justified for the first time. Practical value. The efficiency of the use of hematite ores (oxidized quartzite) has been substantiated, which can significantly reduce the costs in the mining cycle for the economical production of metallurgical products.

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Abedini, Ali, and Maryam Khosravi. "Geochemical Characteristics of Aluminum-Bearing Iron Ores: A Case Study from the Kolijan Karst-Type Bauxite Deposit, Northwestern Iran." Minerals 14, no. 2 (January 30, 2024): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14020151.

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The Kolijan bauxite deposit (southeast Mahabad, northwestern Iran) mainly contains aluminum-bearing iron ores and was deposited in karstic depressions and sinkholes of the middle Permian carbonate rocks of the Ruteh Formation. Based on microscopic observations, the aluminum-bearing iron ores were allogenic in origin. According to XRD and SEM-EDS analyses, hematite and goethite are their main constituents, accompanied by lesser amounts of kaolinite, illite, amesite, boehmite, rutile, anatase, calcite, pyrolusite, crandallite, and parisite-(Ce). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns are indicative of fractionation and enrichment of LREE (La–Eu) compared to HREE (Gd–Lu), along with positive Eu and Ce anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 2.29–5.65; Ce/Ce* = 3.63–5.22). Positive Ce anomalies can be attributed to the role of carbonate bedrock as a geochemical barrier and the precipitation of parisite-(Ce). A strong positive correlation between Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* (r = 0.84) indicates that Eu anomalies, similar to Ce anomalies, are closely dependent on an alkaline pH. The distribution and fractionation of elements in the iron ores were controlled by a number of factors, including the pH of the environment in which they formed, wet climatic conditions, adsorption, isomorphic substitution, scavenging, co-precipitation, fluctuations of the groundwater table level, and the role of carbonate bedrock as a geochemical barrier. This research indicates that the aluminum-bearing iron ores were probably generated from the weathering of basaltic protolith.

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Akande, Serah, Oladunni O. Alabi, E. O. Ajaka, and Temitope Amos Olatunji. "Comparative Effectiveness of Flotation Technique at Varying Conditions for Beneficiation of Itakpe and Agbaja Iron Ores." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 708–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.6.1984.

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Itakpe and Agbaja iron ores are part of prominent iron deposits in Nigeria, yet studies on their beneficiation via froth flotation are relatively limited. Thus, this research investigated comparatively the flotation behaviour of both ores at varied pulp pH, particle size, and collector type. The ores were also examined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Petrological, and fractional sieve size analyses. Fifty (50) kg sample each of the ores was sourced for the research. Then, size fractions (63, 75, and 125 mm) of each ore were prepared and subjected to froth flotation using different collectors; Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX), Sodium Ethyl Xanthate (SEX), and Oleic Acid, at varying pulp pH ranging from 9-11. From the results obtained Itakpe iron ore assayed 36.18% Fe2O3 and contains predominantly haematite, sillimanite, and quartz while Agbaja iron ore contains chiefly, quartz and haematite, and assayed 40.6% Fe2O3 alongside 1.505% P2O5. The liberation sizes of both ores lie favouraby in the range -125+75 µm. Beneficiation studies carried out revealed that significant enrichment of both ores was actualized. Thus, it was established that Itakpe iron ore is best processed using PAX at pH 11 and particle size of 125 µm yielding concentrates assaying 67.66% Fe2O3 at a recovery of ~90% while for Agbaja iron ore, PAX at pH 9 and particle size of 63 µm is considered best to yield enriched concentrates assaying 65.5% Fe2O3 at 52.5%.recovery.

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Akande, Serah, Oladunni O. Alabi, E. O. Ajaka, and Temitope Amos Olatunji. "Comparative Effectiveness of Flotation Technique at Varying Conditions for Beneficiation of Itakpe and Agbaja Iron Ores." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 6 (June 16, 2020): 708–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.6.1984.

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Itakpe and Agbaja iron ores are part of prominent iron deposits in Nigeria, yet studies on their beneficiation via froth flotation are relatively limited. Thus, this research investigated comparatively the flotation behaviour of both ores at varied pulp pH, particle size, and collector type. The ores were also examined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Petrological, and fractional sieve size analyses. Fifty (50) kg sample each of the ores was sourced for the research. Then, size fractions (63, 75, and 125 mm) of each ore were prepared and subjected to froth flotation using different collectors; Potassium Amyl Xanthate (PAX), Sodium Ethyl Xanthate (SEX), and Oleic Acid, at varying pulp pH ranging from 9-11. From the results obtained Itakpe iron ore assayed 36.18% Fe2O3 and contains predominantly haematite, sillimanite, and quartz while Agbaja iron ore contains chiefly, quartz and haematite, and assayed 40.6% Fe2O3 alongside 1.505% P2O5. The liberation sizes of both ores lie favouraby in the range -125+75 µm. Beneficiation studies carried out revealed that significant enrichment of both ores was actualized. Thus, it was established that Itakpe iron ore is best processed using PAX at pH 11 and particle size of 125 µm yielding concentrates assaying 67.66% Fe2O3 at a recovery of ~90% while for Agbaja iron ore, PAX at pH 9 and particle size of 63 µm is considered best to yield enriched concentrates assaying 65.5% Fe2O3 at 52.5%.recovery.

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Ma, Mark. "Froth Flotation of Iron Ores." International Journal of Mining Engineering and Mineral Processing 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2012): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.mining.20120102.06.

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Derby, Orville A. "The iron ores of Brazil." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 63, no. 3 (September 2010): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672010000300008.

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BI, KODAI. "Dressing of Chinese iron ores." FLOTATION 32, no. 4 (1985): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4144/rpsj1954.32.200.

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UWADIALE, G. G. O. O. "Magnetizing Reduction of Iron Ores." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 11, no. 1-2 (May 1992): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509208914211.

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Gurman, Margarita. "Iron manganese ores comprehensive processing." E3S Web of Conferences 56 (2018): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185603006.

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This article illustrates the results of the study of leaching the resistant industrial products of manganese with the subsequent deposit of Mn from the solution with ammonia and hydrogen peroxide oxidizer. The chemical beneficiation of industrial products under optimal conditions aids in converting 96-98% manganese and its attendant iron into concentrates (in the form of sediments) containing 30.53-40.44% Mn and 10-15 % Fe, sludge cakes containing 80.36-83.81 % SiO2. It shows that the use of hydrometallurgy in combination with the beneficiation of hematitebraunite ores using gravity and magnetic radiation aids in the 10.39% increase of total manganese recovery in mineral form, (with 76-87.19 % increase in chemical form) and allows for integrated use of valuable components.

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Araujo, A. C., P. R. M. Viana, and A. E. C. Peres. "Reagents in iron ores flotation." Minerals Engineering 18, no. 2 (February 2005): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2004.08.023.

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Priha, Outi K., Tuija H. Sarlin, Mona E. Arnold, and Päivi Kinnunen. "Enrichment and Isolation of Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria." Advanced Materials Research 825 (October 2013): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.62.

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The aim of this study was to enrich phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms from high-phosphorus iron ores, apatite ores and phosphogypsum waste. Phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms can be utilized in dephosphorization of high-phosphorus iron ores and in phosphorus leaching from fluorapatite ores. Low grade fluorapatite ore (3.6% P, pH 6.8), fluorapatite concentrate (13% P, pH 8.3), phosphogypsum waste (0.7% P, pH 2.3), iron ore 1 (0.19% P, pH 7.6) and iron ore 2 (0.18% P, pH 7.6) were used as potential sources of phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms. The samples were cultured in NBRIP media at pH 5 and 8 with either glucose or sucrose as a carbon source, and in modified 9K media at pH 1.5 and 2.5 for 3 weeks. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria were enriched only from the fluorapatite concentrate at the pH of 8. The four obtained heterotrophic isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and were shown to be closest related to Burkholderia fungorum. These results indicate that the diversity of culturable phosphorus solubilizing bacteria present in apatite and iron ores is relatively low. The isolated Burkholderia strain showed phosphorus solubilizing potential.

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Brenko, Tomislav, Tena Karavidović, Sibila Borojević Šoštarić, and Tajana Sekelj Ivančan. "The contribution of geochemical and mineralogical characterization of iron slags in provenance studies in the Podravina region, NE Croatia." Geologia Croatica 75, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4154/gc.2022.11.

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Archaeological excavations in the Podravina region led to discovery of sites with traces of bloomery iron production during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Mineralogical analysis of the slags recognized fayalite as the main mineral phase, while geochemical analysis confirmed high Fe contents, typical for bloomery iron smelting. Based on the previously established occurrences of bog iron ores in the study area, provenance studies were carried out using trace and rare earth elements to create a geochemical signature. Similar shapes and patterns of bog iron ores and iron slag signatures imply a genetic connection between the ore and the slag, as well as variation related to the temporal and spatial context of both slags and ores.

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Varentsov, I. M., and V. N. Kuleshov. "Rare elements — setting markers of the formation of the manganese and iron ore deposits of Kalahari and Postmasburg areas (South Africa). Communication 2. Iron- and manganese ore of Postmasburg area." Литология и полезные ископаемые, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 466–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024-497x20195466-485.

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In the world resources of manganese and iron ores, a significant place belongs to the Postmasburg ore field (South Africa), enclosed in rocks of the Transvaal Supegroup. Ore deposits have the nature of karst residual accumulations. A number of elements (B, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Te, W, Pb, REE) form a characteristic association that sheds light on the geochemistry of the ore formation processes. Of these, the most representative elements are: Mo, As, Ag and REE. Molybdenum is distinguished by the chemisorption incorporation nature of accumulation in the ores under consideration, often with the formation of epic growths of ferri molybdate-type minerals. Arsenic leached from substrate rocks and accumulated in karstic Mn-Fe- and Fe-ores reflects the total effect of the dominant iron oxide minerals on its mobility. The behavior of silver is controlled by the processes of hypergenic change of Archean-Early Proterozoic carbonate rocks and banded iron ores (BIF). Comparison of the distribution of REE in karst Fe-, Mn-Fe- and Mn-ores and in banded iron ores shows that they are characterized by similar values of cerium (C/Ce*) and europium (Eu/Eu*) anomalies, but differ in the fractionation of heavy and light REE (typical values: Ce/Ce* = 0.7‒1.0; Eu/Eu* = 0.8‒1.1). Strip iron ores and associated manganese ore deposits accumulated in the marginal anoxide-disoxide marine basin, which was limited to continental land. Anoxide and disoxide conditions were the result of intense hydrothermal activity.

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Halim, K. S. Abdel, A. A. El-Geassy, M. I. Nasr, Mohamed Ramadan, Naglaa Fathy, and Abdulaziz S. Al-ghamdi. "Characteristics and applications of iron oxides reduction processes." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2024-0005.

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Abstract The present review handles the main characteristics of iron oxide reduction and its industrial applications. The reduction of iron oxide is the basis of all ironmaking processes, whether in a blast furnace or by direct reduction and/or direct smelting processes. The reduction characteristics of iron ores control the efficiency of any ironmaking process and the quality of the produced iron as well. Many controlling parameters should be considered when discussing the reducibility of iron ores such as equilibrium phase diagrams, reduction temperature, pressure, gas composition, and the nature of both iron ores and reducing agent. The different factors affecting the main routes of ironmaking will be highlighted in the present review to give a clear picture for each technology. Moreover, further innovations regarding the reduction of iron oxides such as reduction by green hydrogen will be discussed.

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Abdel Halim, K. S., A. A. El-Geassy, M. I. Nasr, Mohamed Ramadan, Naglaa Fathy, and Abdulaziz S. Al-Ghamdi. "Characteristics and applications of iron oxide reduction processes." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0041.

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Abstract The present review handles the main characteristics of iron oxide reduction and its industrial applications. The reduction of iron oxide is the basis of all ironmaking processes, whether in a blast furnace or by direct reduction and/or direct smelting processes. The reduction characteristics of iron ores control the efficiency of any ironmaking process and the quality of the produced iron as well. Many controlling parameters should be considered when discussing the reducibility of iron ores such as equilibrium phase diagrams, reduction temperature, pressure, gas composition, and the nature of both iron ores and reducing agent. The different factors affecting the main routes of ironmaking will be highlighted in the present review to give a clear picture of each technology. Moreover, further innovations regarding the reduction of iron oxides such as the reduction by green hydrogen will be discussed.

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Xiang, Xiao Yan, Wen Tang Xia, Xiao Li Yuan, Jian Guo Yin, and Juan An. "Removal of Phosphorus from High Phosphorus Iron Ores in Wushan Mountain by Crosscurrent Acid Leaching." Solid State Phenomena 279 (August 2018): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.279.222.

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In the process of resource utilization of high phosphorus iron ores, phosphorus should be removed first. Compared to other dephosphorization methods, selective leaching with acid has special advantages such as high dephosphorization ratio, low iron loss and so on. However, a large amount of acidic wastewater containing phosphorus was produced after acid leaching. Therefore, the rational use of acidic wastewater and decrease of acid consumption is crucial to remove phosphorus by acid leaching. In this paper, the thermodynamics of the acid leaching was studied according to the existence form of mineral constituents in high phosphorus iron ores from Wushan Mountain. Then, crosscurrent acid leaching was employed to remove phosphorus from high phosphorus iron ores in Wushan Mountain and the changes in dephosphorization ratio, iron loss and acid concentration was observed during the leaching. The results showed that the phosphorus in Wushan iron ores could be removed selectively by acid leaching. After three-stage crosscurrent leaching, the dephosphorization ratio exceeded 74% and the iron loss was under 2.1%. Meanwhile, the acid concentration was decreased to 0.65mol/l in leaching solution, which could be returned to selective leaching after precipitation of phosphorus and supplement of hydrochloric acid.

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Lysenko, O. A., R. P. Kolotiievskyi, and A. S. Stankin. "Geological exploration and industrial development of the Bilozerskyi iron ore region." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 3 (November 12, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2020.3.3-12.

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The latest information on geological and structural position and geological structure of deposits of rich iron ores of the Belozerskyi iron ore district is summarized, and the state of their industrial development is characterized. During the exploitation of the Pivdenno-Bilozirske and Pereverzivske deposits, due to geological study, mining exploration and additional exploration of deep horizons, specialized and feasibility study a significant amount of new geological data has been received. This data allowed to clarify the position, morphology and internal structure of ore bodies, qualitative, physical and mechanical properties of ores and enclosing rocks, hydrogeological, geological, engineering and mining conditions. The article presents the results of the analysis and interpretation of the latest geological information and actual data on the mine development of deposits – modern views on the geological structure of objects, the characteristics of the basic natural conditions and parameters that affect the efficiency of industrial mining of rich iron ores. The state of geological prospecting in the region is very uneven. The most studied are the Pivdenno-Bilozirska and Pereverzivska fields, which are currently being developed. The rich iron ores of these deposits are classified as high quality in both Ukraine and Europe. These ores do not require beneficiation and are suitable for agglomeration and open-hearth process. This circumstance helps to reduce the cost of mining and increase the commercial efficiency. For the mine development of both deposits, a common infrastructure is used – permanent mine openings, mine shafts, support facilities and services. Joint development of the deposits will ensure the long-term stable operation of the plant without reducing the production of rich iron ores. The deposits are characterized by difficult mining and technical operating conditions. The ore deposits are covered by a cover up to 250–350 meters of loose water-saturated sedimentary deposits. The iron ore strata and the host rocks have heterogeneous physical and mechanical properties. Iron ores are mined using a productive level-room system. Empty rooms are filled consolidating stowing. The advanced drainage and continuous groundwater withdrawal from mines are used in the mining process. The progressive system of iron ores mining ensures: preservation of the productivity and quality of aquifers, which are used for municipal water supply; preservation of the earth’s surface from avalanches and landslides in the mining area; stable environmental conditions at the plant area and in the surrounding area; efficiency and completeness of extraction of iron ores from the bowels; the optimal level of economic indicators of the enterprise.

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Hu, Hao, Jian-Wei Li, Daniel E. Harlov, David R. Lentz, Christopher R. M. McFarlane, and Yue-Heng Yang. "A genetic link between iron oxide-apatite and iron skarn mineralization in the Jinniu volcanic basin, Daye district, eastern China: Evidence from magnetite geochemistry and multi-mineral U-Pb geochronology." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (August 30, 2019): 899–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35180.1.

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Abstract Various styles of ore deposits may form from a single magmatic-hydrothermal system. Identification of a possible genetic link between different ore types in a region is not only of critical importance for a better understanding of the magmatic-hydrothermal processes, but can also help in successful mineral exploration. Both iron oxide-apatite (IOA) and iron skarn deposits are closely associated with intrusive rocks of intermediate to felsic in composition, but whether these two ore types can form from the same magmatic intrusion remains poorly understood. In this study, we present a comparative study between a newly identified subsurface IOA ore body located at the apex of a diorite porphyry and the iron skarn ore bodies located immediately above it in the Jinniu volcanic basin of the Daye district, Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenetic belt (MLYRMB), eastern China in order to highlight a genetic link between these two styles of mineralization. The IOA ores are dominated by Ti-rich magnetite with variable amounts of fluorapatite, diopside, and actinolite. This mineralogical assemblage is distinctly different from the iron skarn ores, which consist mainly of Ti-depleted magnetite and subordinate pre-ore garnet and diopside, and post-ore quartz, chlorite, calcite, and pyrite. In addition, magnetite from the IOA ores is characterized by well-developed ilmenite lamellae and has high concentrations of Ni, V, Co, and Ga, consistent with high temperature crystallization, whereas magnetite grains from the iron skarn ores usually exhibit oscillatory growth zones and contain much lower Ni, V, Co, and Ga, indicating their formation under relatively low temperatures. Titanite and fluorapatite from the IOA ores have U-Pb ages of 132.5 ± 2.4 Ma to 128.4 ± 3.0 Ma, which match a titanite U-Pb age for the associated iron skarn ores (132.3 ± 2.0 Ma), and are consistent with zircon U-Pb ages for the ore-hosting diorite porphyry (130.4 ± 0.7 Ma to 130.3 ± 0.5 Ma). This age consistency supports a possible genetic link among the diorite porphyry, IOA ores, and iron skarn ores. We propose that the IOA and skarn ores are the products of two consecutive mineralization stages of the same magmatic-hydrothermal system, involving a high-temperature, hypersaline fluid coexisting with the diorite porphyry magma during emplacement and a subsequent low temperature, diluted hydrothermal fluid. Other IOA and iron skarn deposits of similar ages (130 Ma) are found in a series of volcanic basins in the MLYRMB, which forms one of the world’s largest IOA metallogenic belts. The close association of the two ore styles identified at Daye provides a useful exploration guide for IOA and iron skarn deposits both on a local and regional scale.

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Guo, William. "Density investigation and implications for exploring iron-ore deposits using gravity method in the Hamersley Province, Western Australia." AIMS Geosciences 9, no. 1 (2022): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/geosci.2023003.

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<abstract> The Hamersley Province in the northwest of Western Australia contains extensive banded iron formations (BIFs) and large hematite-goethite deposits. Density information of rocks and ores in this region has been scarce. This study reports the results of a systematic density investigations based on more than eight hundred density datasets in the province. This study not only provides a better understanding of density distribution of the rocks and ores in the province, but also allows forward gravity modeling over the known iron-ore deposits to be conducted for exploring the usefulness and effectiveness of gravity surveys for detecting concealed iron-ore deposits in the region. This should have a significant impact on iron-ore mining in the province as the outcropped ores have been mined for over 40 years in the province and the future targets are likely the concealed deposits below the surface. The analysis shows a clear density contrast around 1.0 g/cm3 between the Brockman iron ores and the host BIFs, which should generate clear positive net gravity anomalies over buried large iron-ore deposits. However, porous goethite ores hosted in the Marra Mamba BIFs have an average density of about 2.8 g/cm3 due to porosity about 30–40% in the ores. A density contrast of −0.5 g/cm3 may exist between the goethite ores and BIFs, which would produce net negative gravity anomalies over the deposits. Since most goethite deposits are layered consistently with the host rocks and associated with broad folds, the net gravity anomaly of an orebody itself may generally have the similar shape to the corresponding BIF bedrock. This implies that gravity surveys may be able to detect paleochannels which host the goethite ores, rather than directly detecting the orebody. </abstract>

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Ofoegbu, Stanley Udochukwu. "Technological Challenges of Phosphorus Removal in High-Phosphorus Ores: Sustainability Implications and Possibilities for Greener Ore Processing." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 6787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236787.

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With the present rates of iron ore consumption, currently unusable, high-phosphorus iron ore deposits are likely to be the iron ores of the future as higher-grade iron ore reserves are depleted. Consequently, the design and timely development of environmentally-benign processes for the simultaneous beneficiation of high-phosphorus iron ores and phosphorus recovery, currently a technological challenge, might soon become a sustainability challenge. To stimulate interest in this area, phosphorus adsorption and association in iron oxides/hydroxyoxides, and current efforts at its removal, have been reviewed. The important properties of the most relevant crystalline phosphate phases in iron ores are highlighted, and insights provided on plausible routes for the development of sustainable phosphorus recovery solutions from high-phosphorus iron ores. Leveraging literature information from geochemical investigations into phosphorus distribution, speciation, and mobility in various natural systems, key knowledge gaps that are vital for the development of sustainable phosphorus removal/recovery strategies and important factors (white spaces) not yet adequately taken into consideration in current phosphorus removal/recovery solutions are highlighted, and the need for their integration in the development of future phosphorus removal/recovery solutions, as well as their plausible impacts on phosphorus removal/recovery, are put into perspective.

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Uchida, Etsuo, Motoki Murasugi, Ayaka Kuroda, and Yusu Lu. "Chemical Compositional Signatures of Constituent Minerals of Iron Slags and Ores from the Khmer Monuments." Heritage 2, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 1724–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2020105.

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Iron slags and ores were collected from 22 sites (A to V) in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay, the area surrounding Phnom Daek, and the Angkor monuments. Iron ores were taken from two outcrops in Phnom Daek. The chemical compositions of fayalite and wüstite in the iron slags and magnetite in the iron ores were determined using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis using averaged chemical compositional data for fayalite allowed for the investigated slag dumps to be classified into two main groups: Groups 1 and 2. The slag dumps in the area surrounding Phnom Daek and those in the Angkor monuments were classified as Group 1, and those in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay were classified as Group 2, except for sites C and U, which were classified as Group 1. Radiocarbon dating was carried out on 10 charcoal fragments from slag dumps outside the Angkor area. The dating results indicate that iron making in Preah Khan of Kompong Svay was conducted in and after the 13th century except for sites C and U, where iron ores may have been supplied from Phnom Daek before the 13th century.

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Yur’ev, B. P., and V. A. Dudko. "Development of ecologicallyclean technology of iron ores concentration." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 10 (November 9, 2018): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-10-35-44.

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Actuality of studies on development of new, economically effective technologies of concentration is stipulated by expanding involvement of hard-concentrated and poor by Fe content ores while continuously increasing requirements to the quality of concentrates, obtained of them.An ecologically clean technology of iron ores concentration developed by application of electro-magnetic waves of SHF range, which enabled to intensify the concentration and processing processes, suitable for Lisakovsk deposit ores. Influence of heating by SHF radiation on magnetic properties of Lisakovsk ore concentrate studied.It was determined, that existence of magnetic properties in roasted materials enable to applicate a magnetic separation for concentration and estimate the quality of obtained concentrates, heated in SHF furnaces, depending on magnetic fraction yield. Optimal coarseness of roasted concentrate crushing determined, suitable for further concentration.Comprising of concentration technologies of hydro-goethite ores carried out: deep concentration and concentration by application of SHF heating. Distinctive feature of concentration technologies by SHF heating considered.Advantages of concentration technology of Lisakovsk ores by SHF energy application considered, the main being a possibility of rich low-silicon concentrates allocation, which can be used for complex processing of Lisakovsk ores. A sequence developed, including their separate agglomeration, BF smelting for phosphorous-vanadium hot metal and helenite slag obtaining, suitable for production of alumina and cement as a raw material.

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Bolonin, Alexander, Igor Myznikov, and Alla Nigmatullina. "High-grade iron ores in the laterite weathering crust after the banded iron formation in the Simandou mountain range, Republic of Guinea." Ores and metals, no. 2 (July 11, 2023): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2023-10008.

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In West Africa, in the southeastern Guinea, in the Simandou Range region underlain by the Archean gneiss-granite basement, a north–south synclinorium structure is extended, that is composed of the Lower Proterozoic series of metamorphic rocks. A thick sequence of the banded iron formation (itabirites) with interlayers of phyllites and mica schists is exposed in cores of the synclines. According to their composition, the itabirites are subdivided into quartz-magnetite and amphibole-quartz-magnetite varieties. High-grade iron ores (60–66% Fe) formed in a pseudomorphic manner after the itabirites in the Cenozoic lateritic weathering crust. At the North Simandou, Zogota, and Pic-de-Fon deposits, the rich ores compose mantle-shaped orebodies up to 150–350 m deep. The orebodies possess the following vertical zonality: primary magnetite itabirites – martitized itabirites – quartz-martite friable ore – martite friable ore and martite–limonite friable ore – goethite-hematite friable to solid ore – deluvial limonite ore (kanga and cuirass). All the types of the high-grade ores are dominated by hematite. The rich iron ores were formed from itabirites as a result of the oxidation of magnetite to martite, the almost complete removal of silica, and the subsequent additional supply of iron and its precipitation in the form of hydroxides. During the formation of the iron ores, kaolin clays and bauxites were formed after the phyllite interlayers.

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Dmitriev, Andrey N., R. V. Petukhov, G. Yu Vitkina, and E. A. Vyaznikova. "Reduction Roasting of Titaniferous Ores." Defect and Diffusion Forum 391 (February 2019): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.391.215.

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Questions regarding the oxidizing roasting of raw iron ore materials (agglomerate and pellets) are studied. Features of the phase structure of raw iron ore materials containing titanium and vanadium are discussed. Reducibility, durability, and temperatures of the softening and melting of metallurgical raw iron ore materials are studied in vitro. Object of research – titaniferous ores with various titanium dioxide content. The behavior of agglomerate and pellets in a blast furnace are studied, as well as the influence of their physical and chemical properties on heat and mass transfer processes using a mathematical model of the blast furnace process [1].

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Du, Yuan, Sheng Li Wu, Guo Liang Zhang, Fang Yi Long, and Juan Zhu. "The Influence of Iron Ore Quality Degradation on the Assimilability of Sinter Ore." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.71.

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The sinter production is affected by many factors, including total iron content, gangue content and burning loss. These paper analyses changes of three kinds of Australian iron ores in recent ten years, and then draw a conclusion that the assimilability of these three kinds of Australian iron ores are increased. These kinds of changes cause a lot of influence upon sinter production, which means negative influence. Therefore, ore blending constitution is changed by iron ore quality degradation.

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Khoso, Sultan Ahmed, Muhammad Ishaque Abro, and Muhammad Hassan Agheem. "Evaluation of Mesh of Liberation of Zard Koh and Kulli Koh Iron Ores of Pakistan." October 2018 37, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1804.11.

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Liberation size plays a significant role to select a correct and successful concentration method for natural iron ores. This paper aims to evaluate the liberation size of two newly discovered iron ores, namely Zard Koh and Kulli Koh, existing in Chagai region of Pakistan. Zard Koh iron ore is mainly composed of maghemite along with the pyrite, chlorite, grossular and admontite as gangue minerals, whereas, Kulli Koh iron ore is comprised of hematite mostly with quartz, dravite and kaolinite as the gangue minerals. The representative samples of ores were pulverized and sieved to different size fractions. The liberation size of iron bearing minerals and gangues was investigated by analyzing the different size fractions of each ore using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) attached with EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscope). The XRF results revealed that the most probable liberation size of Zard Koh and Kulli Koh ores is most likely existing at -75+45 and -150+106 m, respectively. In order to confirm this liberation size, further evidences were collected using SEM and EDS examinations. It is interesting to note that the results obtained from SEM and EDS were quite in agreement with XRF results.

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Wu, Yan, Yong Huo Li, Xiang Yang, Ping Zhang, and Zheng Yu Bao. "The Reduction Mechanism of Biomass Roasting of Goethite Ores." Advanced Materials Research 560-561 (August 2012): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.560-561.441.

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Utilization of biomass in iron ores sintering process as heating agent and reducing agent contributes to energy conservation and emission reduction, and can partially replace for coal and coke. Different biomass powders (pine sawdust, corn straw, and rice shell) were mixed together with goethite ores for roasting process to investigate the mechanism of reduction roasting. The thermal behavior, phase structure and magnetic properties have been thoroughly discussed. The results in this work provide a fundamental understanding for the direct reduction of iron ores separation.

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Tserenkhand, B., R. Sanjaasuren, and P. Solongo. "Composition of iron ores from Mongolian western region and its applicability for cement production." Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (October 3, 2014): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.204.

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In this research were studied the chemical and mineral compositions of some iron ores in Mongolian the western region. Also the study investigated the effect of calcium fluoride on decomposition temperatures of calcite in the raw mix for obtaining cement clinker. The chemical investigation result showed that iron oxide (Fe2O3) content in the western Mongolian iron ores represents in Uvgondatsan (Khovd) – 87.23%, Suul Khar (Khovd) – 85.00% and Kharganat (Uvs) – 89.29%, respectively. Iron ores of Kharganat and Uvgundatsan are mostly contained magnetite (Fe3O4) while iron ore of Suul Khar is mostly contained hematite (Fe2O3). The decomposition temperature of calcite (CaCO3) was reduced by 5°C, 10°C, and 15°C when calcium fluoride (CaF2) in the raw mix for obtaining cement clinker that consists of Shokhoit limestone, Shal clay and Kharganat iron ore was added up 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v14i0.204 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 14 (40), 2013, p75-79

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Wang, Xiao-zhe, Dong-hui Liu, Jian-liang Zhang, and Zheng-Jian Liu. "Research status and prospects of the iron ore’s high temperature behaviors in the sintering process." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 6 (2018): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018036.

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The research status of the iron ore’s high temperature behaviors in the sintering process was reviewed in this paper. The influencing factors of the high temperature behaviors and their effects on the sinter performances were discussed, and the prospects of the optimization of ore proportioning based on the iron ores’ basic characteristics were also proposed. It is suggested that the melting behavior and infiltration behavior of the sintering liquid should be further investigated. Moreover, the limiting links of the sinter quality for different iron ores sintering should be analyzed by combining the basic characteristics and the production technology of the industrial sintering processes. Given priority to the low fuel ratio and the sinter quality, the complementary principles of the iron ores basic characteristics and mathematical models should be used in the optimization of ore proportioning.

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Wu, Shengli, Zhigang Que, Xiaobo Zhai, and Kailang Li. "Effect of characteristics of fine iron ores on the granulation behavior of concentrate in sintering granulation process." Metallurgical Research & Technology 115, no. 2 (December 5, 2017): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2017079.

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Concentrates have advantages of high ferrous grade, less harmful impurities and lower price. However, the small size and poor granulation behavior of concentrates could deteriorate the permeability of the sinter bed and reduce sinter productivity, thus making it difficult to use concentrates effectively. Therefore, in order to strengthen the granulation behavior of concentrates, granulation experiments were carried out and experiment samples made with one kind of concentrates and five kinds of fine iron ores were produced in this paper. Then, the effects of water absorbility and wettability of fine iron ores on granulation behavior of concentrates were investigated. Furthermore, optimized ore blending recipes were proposed to strengthen the granulation behavior of concentrates by sinter pot tests. Results show that the granulation behavior of concentrates was improved for the samples exhibiting high maximum capillary water and small contact angle in fine iron ores. Compared with the scheme of blending ores containing 15 mass% concentrate, the growth index of quasi-particles increased by 20.62% in the case of iron ore BR-2 replacing half of iron ore BR-1, the vertical sintering speed went up from 26.32 to 29.26 mm min−1, the productivity increased from 1.95 to 2.20 t m−2 h−1. The growth index of the quasi-particles increased by 30% when using iron ore AR-2 to replace half of iron ore AR-1. The vertical sintering speed and the productivity of sinter improved to 29.82 mm min−1 and 2.24 t m−2 h−1, respectively. The results help to improve the granulation behavior of concentrates by optimizing the blending ore recipes, based on the characteristics of fine iron ores, and thus use these concentrates more efficiently in the sintering process.

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Zinoveev, Dmitry, Valery Dyubanov, and Leonid Delitsyn. "Reduction Smelting of Iron-Manganese-Ree Ores of the Tomtor Deposit." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.498.

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The chemical and phase composition of iron-manganese rare-earth ores of the Tomtor deposit were investigated. It is shown that the ores contain a large amount of iron, manganese and rare earth metals. The thermodynamic calculation of reduction smelting was carried out. The reduction smelting of the ores at 1650 °C was investigated. The phase and chemical composition of the obtained slag and the alloy were studied. It is showed that obtained alloy is ferromanganese with a high content of carbon and phosphorus, and obtained slag has high content of REM.

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Sahu, Sachida Nanda, Karamjith Sharma, Santosh Deb Barma, Prachiprava Pradhan, Bijaya K. Nayak, and Surendra K. Biswal. "Utilization of low-grade BHQ iron ore by reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation for the production of magnetite-based pellet feed." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019039.

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Due to the depletion of high-grade iron ores and their simultaneous demand, the utilization of low-grade iron ores such as banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) has become a topic of research interest around the globe, particularly in India. These low-grade iron ores are reckoned to be the future feedstock for iron and steel making industries. However, one of the major challenges is to remove associated gangue impurities from such low-grade iron ores by the conventional beneficiation techniques prior to its industrial applications. The reduction roasting process is one of the potential alternatives to overcome such challenges. Herein, we have presented the feasibility study using reduction roasting process on one of the Indian low-grade BHQ iron ore for the preparation of magnetite concentrate-based pellet feed materials. To establish the methodology of the reduction roasting process, different experimental parameters such as roasting temperature, reductant dosage, roasting time and fixed carbon were optimized for obtaining the maximum recovery, yield, and grade of the magnetite products. In the present study, Indian non-coking coals were used as reductant due to its large availability in the country. Using one of the non-coking coals as reductant, the optimum condition were found to be as, roasting temperature: 1100 °C, roasting time: 5 min, and head sample to reductant ratio: 10:6. Under these conditions, maximum grade and recovery of final magnetite concentrates were found to be 66.42 and 93.53%, respectively. It is expected that the large-scale development of reduction roasting process would lead to effective utilization of low and lean grade iron ore resources for the production pellet feed materials in the Indian context and simultaneously conserve the natural magnetite ores for future generation.

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Kuskov, Vadim, Yana Kuskova, and Vladimir Udovitsky. "Effective Processing of the Iron Ores." E3S Web of Conferences 21 (2017): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20172102010.

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46

CUI, Z., and J. SUN. "Lignite liquefaction with promoted iron ores." Fuel 73, no. 3 (March 1994): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(94)90098-1.

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47

Govaert, A., C. Dauwe, P. Plinke, J. De Sitter, E. De Grave, and G. Robbrecht. "Analysing iron ores with Mossbauer spectroscopy." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 85, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19760850501.

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Ankushev, M. N., I. P. Alaeva, P. S. Ankusheva, D. A. Artemyev, I. A. Blinov, V. V. Varfolomeev, S. E. Panteleeva, and F. N. Petrov. "The nature of some Late Bronze Age iron-bearing artefacts of the Ural-Kazakhstan region." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3(62) (September 15, 2023): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2023-62-3-7.

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The problem of the beginning of iron production in the Late Bronze Age of the Ural-Kazakhstan region is dis-cussed. For this, 13 iron-bearing artefacts from nine settlements that functioned in the 2nd mil. BC were studied using the SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS methods: metal objects, metallurgical slags, and a bimetallic droplet. Most of the studied artefacts are not related to the iron metallurgy. High ferric impurities in copper metal products of the Late Bronze Age on the territory of the Southern Trans-Urals are caused by the use of iron-rich ore concentrates. The raw materials for these products were represented by mixed oxidized-sulphide ores from the cementation subzone of the volcanogenic massive sulphide and skarn copper deposits. Iron droplets, frequently found in the Late Bronze Age copper slag in the Ural-Kazakhstan region, are not directly related to iron metallurgy. They are by-products of the copper metallurgy formed in the process of copper extraction from the iron-rich components of the furnace charge or fluxes (brown iron ore, iron sulphides). The only artefacts that indicate direct smelting of metal from iron ore are the slag fragments from the Kent settlement. Presumably, oxidized martitized ore of the Kentobe skarn deposit or its nearby analogues was used to extract iron at the Kent settlement. Rare finds of iron slags from the Late Bronze Age, known only in the territory of Central Kazakhstan, confirm an extremely small scale of iron production. Iron ore had been already deliberately used for these experiments. However, iron metal-lurgy in the Ural-Kazakhstan region developed into a mature industry much later. The discovery of iron metallurgy based on the smelting of copper-sulphide ores in the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes is doubtful. The use of sulphide ores here is known from the 20th c. BC, and it was widespread. In the meantime, the first iron slags and products appear much later, and their finds are sporadic. The development of iron metallurgy on the basis of experiments with iron ores seems more likely.

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Long, Fang Yi, Sheng Li Wu, Juan Zhu, Yuan Du, and Guo Liang Zhang. "Experimental Research on Bonding Intensity of Iron Ores in the Sintering Process." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.60.

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The bonding intensity of four kinds of ores from Brazil, Australia and South Africa is researched in this study, and the influence factors are analyzed. The results show that, the ores of different types have apparently differences in bonding intensity, ores from Brazil and South Africa have high bonding intensity, while ores from Australia have low bonding intensity; The foundation of generation of effective liquid is adequate liquid phase fluidity and the lower porosity of core ore; The ratio of porosity of core ore and the index of liquid phase fluidity has negative correlation with the bonding intensity.

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Hung, Nguyen Van. "STUDY ON THE USE OF ACIDOPHILIC IRON OXIDIZING BACTERIA FOR DISSOLVING IRON FROM LOW-GRADED CHALCOPYRITE ORES." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 4A (March 21, 2018): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/4a/11990.

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Abstract:

Biomining is a microbiological-based approach to extract minerals from ores without adding acids and other extraction chemicals. Having biological nature, the process is considered environmental friendly and tends to be applied more widely nowadays, especially for low-graded ores, for which chemical extraction is no longer efficient. In this study, two iron oxidizing bacterial strains Acidithiobacillus sp. IOB1 and Leptospirillum sp. IOB2 originated from mining sites in Vietnam were used in laboratory leaching experiments for the recovering minerals from low-graded chalcopyrite ores. The obtained results showed that both strains could significantly accelerate the leaching process, the highest iron dissolution rate was estimated for 0.83 g×kg-1×d-1 within two weeks of incubation with strain IOB2, about 30 % and 50 % respectively higher than leaching with strain IOB1 or control without bacteria, respectively. The iron extraction from ores was also evidenced by EDX analyses comparing the ore particles before and after incubation with the bacteria. Microscopic observation of DAPI-stained ore particles also showed high cell density attached to the particles, instead of freely moving in the liquid extract. Furthermore, FISH analyses using a specific probe for the g-Proteobacteria GAM42a revealed that only ~50 % of DAPI-stained cells were Acidithiobacillus sp. IOB1 – like in the leaching experiment with this train as starting culture, indicating that other bacterial species have developed and contributed to the metal dissolution here; however very rare positive signals were observed in leaching experiment with strain IOB2 as starting culture or the control without added bacteria. Thus, the acidophilic iron oxidizing strains Acidithiobacillus sp. IOB1 and Leptospirillum sp. IOB2 could serve as potential microbial sources for the development of biologically based approaches to extract minerals from ores, especially for those having low mineral contents.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron ores'

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