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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron Metallurgy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Gallino, Isabella, and Ralf Busch. "Metallurgy Beyond Iron." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 26, no. 3 (2009): iii—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as08073.

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AbstractMetallurgy is one of the oldest sciences. Its history can be traced back to 6000 BCE with the discovery of Gold, and each new discovery — Copper, Silver, Lead, Tin, Iron and Mercury — marked the beginning of a new era of civilization. Currently there are 86 known metals, but until the end of the 17th century, only 12 of these were known. Steel (Fe–C alloy) was discovered in the 11th century BCE; however, it took until 1709 CE before we mastered the smelting of pig-iron by using coke instead of charcoal and started the industrial revolution. The metallurgy of nowadays is mainly about discovering better materials with superior properties to fulfil the increasing demand of the global market. Promising are the Glassy Metals or Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) — discovered at first in the late 50s at the California Institute of Technology — which are several times stronger than the best industrial steels and 10-times springier. The unusual structure that lacks crystalline grains makes BMGs so promising. They have a liquid-like structure that means they melt at lower temperatures, can be moulded nearly as easily as plastics, and can be shaped into features just 10 nm across. The best BMG formers are based on Zr, Pd, Pt, Ca, Au and, recently discovered, also Fe. They have typically three to five components with large atomic size mismatch and a composition close to a deep eutectic. Packing in such liquids is very dense, with a low content of free volume, resulting in viscosities that are several orders of magnitude higher than in pure metal melts.

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2

Yalçın, Ünsal. "Early iron metallurgy in Anatolia." Anatolian Studies 49 (December 1999): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643073.

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The beginning of the Iron Age is generally dated to the last quarter of the second millennium BC in Anatolia and the Near East. The development of iron metallurgy allowed many tools and weapons to be produced in this period. The earliest iron finds, which are not more than a dozen, occur in the third millennium BC in Anatolia (Waldbaum 1980 discusses these early finds). Considering that pure iron occurs rarely in nature, the most important question is: what were these objects made of? Preliminary analyses of a few Bronze Age finds show that some of them contain nickel. Because of this it is generally accepted and frequently cited that these finds were made of meteoric iron.

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3

Feng, Xuehua, Ali Tao, and Zurong Song. "Construction and Performance Research of Reinforced Iron-Based Powder Metallurgy Materials Based on Phyllanthin as Drug Transport Carriers." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 29, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8528074.

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Iron-based powder metallurgy materials are the largest type of powder metallurgy materials, mainly used in structural parts, bearings, and friction materials. Iron-based powder metallurgy materials have a series of advantages such as low cost, good machinability, good weldability, and heat treatment. In recent years, the enhanced iron-based powder metallurgy materials based on lavender elements have become a hot spot in the development of material transportation carriers. In order to study the effects of different hot pressing and sintering temperatures on the density, microstructure, and hardness of the enhanced iron-based powders of caladium, we conducted related studies on the structure core properties of the enhanced iron-based powders of caladium to explore whether it can be used as a drug transport carrier. The research results show that hot pressing sintering can make the powder achieve high densification at lower temperature and shorter cycle, especially in the preparation of difficult-to-form and sintered powder metallurgy materials with unique advantages.

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4

Napierała, Mateusz. "Wykorzystanie żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie do początku okresu późnego." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 27 (December 29, 2022): 131–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2022.27.07.

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The purpose of this article is to present the use of iron in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. The presentation of the development of metallurgy of this metal will be possible through the analysis of the preserved objects and their fragments, which show the subsequent stages of learning about the new raw material and the gradual adoption of various methods of iron processing. Due to the fact that no traces of iron processing workshops have survived from the times preceding the Late Period, the analysis of the preserved iron artifacts will enable the reconstruction of subsequent stages of the development of this metal metallurgy. Equally important as objects are the sources from which the Egyptians could obtain iron and the routes by which they imported it, because their presence is one of the basic requirements for metallurgy to develop and spread. I in studying the development of iron treatment the texts in which there is terminology describing iron will be also helpful. Furthermore, by reviewing the contexts of its use, it will be possible to enrich knowledge about the metallurgy of this metal. The analysis of the above points will allow to present a complete picture of iron metallurgy in Egypt.

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5

Hino, Mitsutaka. "Metallurgy for Purification of Iron." Materia Japan 33, no. 1 (1994): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.33.16.

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6

Gaiduchenko, A. K., and S. G. Napara-Volgina. "Development of iron powder metallurgy." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 34, no. 7-8 (1996): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00559435.

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7

Ankushev, M. N., I. P. Alaeva, P. S. Ankusheva, D. A. Artemyev, I. A. Blinov, V. V. Varfolomeev, S. E. Panteleeva, and F. N. Petrov. "The nature of some Late Bronze Age iron-bearing artefacts of the Ural-Kazakhstan region." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3(62) (September 15, 2023): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2023-62-3-7.

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The problem of the beginning of iron production in the Late Bronze Age of the Ural-Kazakhstan region is dis-cussed. For this, 13 iron-bearing artefacts from nine settlements that functioned in the 2nd mil. BC were studied using the SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-MS methods: metal objects, metallurgical slags, and a bimetallic droplet. Most of the studied artefacts are not related to the iron metallurgy. High ferric impurities in copper metal products of the Late Bronze Age on the territory of the Southern Trans-Urals are caused by the use of iron-rich ore concentrates. The raw materials for these products were represented by mixed oxidized-sulphide ores from the cementation subzone of the volcanogenic massive sulphide and skarn copper deposits. Iron droplets, frequently found in the Late Bronze Age copper slag in the Ural-Kazakhstan region, are not directly related to iron metallurgy. They are by-products of the copper metallurgy formed in the process of copper extraction from the iron-rich components of the furnace charge or fluxes (brown iron ore, iron sulphides). The only artefacts that indicate direct smelting of metal from iron ore are the slag fragments from the Kent settlement. Presumably, oxidized martitized ore of the Kentobe skarn deposit or its nearby analogues was used to extract iron at the Kent settlement. Rare finds of iron slags from the Late Bronze Age, known only in the territory of Central Kazakhstan, confirm an extremely small scale of iron production. Iron ore had been already deliberately used for these experiments. However, iron metal-lurgy in the Ural-Kazakhstan region developed into a mature industry much later. The discovery of iron metallurgy based on the smelting of copper-sulphide ores in the Ural-Kazakhstan steppes is doubtful. The use of sulphide ores here is known from the 20th c. BC, and it was widespread. In the meantime, the first iron slags and products appear much later, and their finds are sporadic. The development of iron metallurgy on the basis of experiments with iron ores seems more likely.

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8

Fernández-González, Daniel, Janusz Prazuch, Íñigo Ruiz-Bustinza, Carmen González-Gasca, Juan Piñuela-Noval, and Luis Verdeja González. "Iron Metallurgy via Concentrated Solar Energy." Metals 8, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8110873.

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Environmental protection is deeply rooted in current societies. In this context, searching for new environmentally friendly energy sources is one of the objectives of industrial policies in general, and of the metallurgical industries in particular. One of these energy sources is solar energy, which offers a great potential in high temperature applications, such as those required in metallurgy processes, when properly concentrated. In this paper, we propose the utilization of concentrated solar energy in ironmaking. We have studied the utilization of concentrated solar thermal in the agglomeration of iron ore mixtures and in the obtaining of iron via reduction with carbon (and coke breeze). The results from the experiments show the typical phases of the iron ore sinters and the presence of iron through smelting reduction.

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9

Jabłońska, Mariola, Marzena Rachwał, Małgorzata Wawer, Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł, Ewa Teper, Tomasz Krzykawski, and Danuta Smołka-Danielowska. "Mineralogical and Chemical Specificity of Dusts Originating from Iron and Non-Ferrous Metallurgy in the Light of Their Magnetic Susceptibility." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020216.

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This study aims at detailed characteristics and comparison between dusts from various iron and non-ferrous metal production processes in order to identify individual mineral phases, chemical composition, and their influence on the values of magnetic susceptibility. Various analytical methods used include inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy integrated with magnetic susceptibility measurements and thermomagnetic analysis. Metallurgical wastes that have arisen at different production stages of iron and non-ferrous steel are subjected to investigation. The analyzed dust samples from the iron and non-ferrous metallurgy differ in terms of magnetic susceptibility as well as their mineral and chemical composition. The research confirmed the presence of many very different mineral phases. In particular, interesting phases have been observed in non-ferrous dust, for example challacolloite, which was found for the first time in the dusts of non-ferrous metallurgy. Other characteristic minerals found in non-ferrous metallurgy dusts are zincite, anglesite, and lanarkite, while dusts of iron metallurgy contain mostly metallic iron and iron-bearing minerals (magnetite, hematite, franklinite, jacobsite, and wüstite), but also significant amounts of zincite and calcite.

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10

Machuta, Jiří, and Iva Nová. "Metallurgy of the Grey Cast Iron for the Automotive Parts." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 39, no. 9 (December 7, 2017): 1267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.39.09.1267.

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11

Nikolaev, Egor Nikolaevich. "Kuogastaakh: a new landmark of iron-smelting production in Tyung River Valley of Verkhnevilyuysk district of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 11 (November 2019): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2019.11.31345.

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The subject of this study is the metallurgy of the Yakuts. The article provides the research results of iron-making factory, discovered during the survey of slag clusters in Kentinsky Nasleg of Verkhnevilyuysky District of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Kentinsky Nasleg is considered one of the centers of the traditional Yakut metallurgy and blacksmithing. Accessible sources of crude ore and lumber contributed to the formation of the unique center of metallurgy, which products were widely known far beyond it. Attention is given to the various aspects of iron production. Metallurgy of the Yakuts is viewed from the perspective of ethnoarcheology. Archeological testimonies are compared to ethnographic data and historical records on iron production. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article is dedicated to virtually unstudied topic such as iron-making industry of the Yakuts, The new sources on the subject are introduced into the scientific discourse; their comprehensive analysis is conducted. Based on the used archeological, ethnographic and historical sources, the author attempts to interpret the testimonies of iron-making industry discovered in Kuogastaakh locality of Verkhnevilyuysky District of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia).

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12

Vodyasov, Evgeny. "The early iron metallurgy in the Siberian Arctic." Archeologické rozhledy 70, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2018.16.

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Archaeological excavations conducted at the settlement-sanctuary of Ust-Polui, located just north of the Arctic Circle in Western Siberia yielded the oldest remains of early iron production in the Circumpolar region of Asia. Ust-Polui archaeological finds associated with metallurgy of iron are dated back to the 3rd century BC – 2nd century AD. Hence the finds date the origins of metallurgical technologies used in the north of Western Siberia virtually several centuries back in time and geographically extend the spread of iron metallurgy between the eras significantly. It seems that Ust-Polui is the most northern point on the Earth where iron metallurgy was developed by ancient people. The discovery of new iron production site poses an important question – what are the reasons and ways of appearance of the iron smelting technologies in the Polar North of Siberia? It is possible that all knowledge was obtained from outside via contacts with metal producing societies, who lived in the eastern regions of the Ural Mountains (to the southwest of Ust-Polui), and knew how to produce iron about two thousand years ago.

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13

Kassianidou, Vasiliki. "Copper metallurgy in Iron Age Kition." Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes Chypriotes 46, no. 1 (2016): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cchyp.2016.1677.

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14

Makar, J. M., and B. Rajani. "Gray Cast-Iron Water Pipe Metallurgy." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 12, no. 3 (August 2000): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2000)12:3(245).

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15

Janowak, J. F. "Cast iron metallurgy for improved machinability." Journal of Applied Metalworking 4, no. 3 (July 1986): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02833931.

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16

Russkikh, V. Р., and Yu V. Khavalits. "On transition to hydrogen metallurgy." Reporter of the Priazovskyi State Technical University. Section: Technical sciences, no. 46 (June 29, 2023): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31498/2225-6733.46.2023.288176.

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The article shows that climate change is not only warming, but also extraordinary natural phenomena (droughts, floods, storms, tornadoes etc), which lead to significant economic damage. Climate warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere. The main task is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. An analysis has been carried out of international documents such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Climate Agreement, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. It is shown that a significant amount of CO2 enters the atmosphere during the production of pig iron and steel, the data on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions from steel smelting in Ukraine and at «Azovsteel» iron and steel works have been provided. The article contains a critical analysis of the existing steel production technology, which is highly efficient but requires significant capital investment, fuel and energy resources, the source of which is the product of heat treatment of hard coal – coke, its carbon in the form of CO2 entering the atmosphere. Numerous proposed methods of steel production without the use of this coke are considered. One of the directions was the production of sponge iron without melting, another direction of coke-free metallurgy was high-temperature processes of obtaining liquid metal, that are carried out in one stage. The theoretically required amount of reducing agent at of iron with carbon monoxide and hydrogen has been determined. Methods of producing renewable gas by conversion of natural gas and gasification of coal are considered. The plans of the Metinvest Group management to develop a long-term technological strategy for metallurgical production taking into account environmental requirements are presented

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17

Nesterov, S. P. "The Beginning of Iron Metallurgy in East Asia." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 50, no. 3 (October 5, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2022.50.3.049-059.

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This study focuses on the beginning of the Early Iron Age in the Far East. A revision of the published data indicates a lack of synchrony in the appearance of bronze artifacts in cultures of the Amur region and Primorye in the late 2nd to early 1st millennia BC. Iron and cast iron were widely distributed in the Urilsky and Yankovsky cultures. However, no such artifacts are known in contemporaneous cultures such as the Evoron, Siniy Gai, and Lidovka, which are attributed to the Bronze Age, whereas the earliest iron and cast iron artifacts of the Urilsky culture come from the western parts of the Amur basin. All known bronze artifacts of that culture were widely distributed during the Shang and Western Zhou stages, in Karasuk-type cultures of Southern Siberia and Central Asia of the late 2nd to early 1st millennia BC. In China, the earliest iron artifacts appeared between the 8th and 6th centuries BC, while in the provinces of eastern Liaoning and southwestern Jilin they appeared between the 4th and 1st centuries BC. Cast iron celts of the Yankovsky culture in Primorye, which in 1960s were dated to 1000–800 BC, are now believed to be no earlier than 400–200 BC, coinciding with the appearance of iron in Manchuria. It is concluded that in East Asia, iron and cast iron first appeared in the western Amur basin in 1100–900 BC.

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18

Лисачкина, Ю. С. "World iron metallurgy and Russia's place in it." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 5(142) (August 21, 2022): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2022.142.5.011.

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Актуальность. Россия является одним из крупнейших игроков мировой чёрной металлургии, занимая лидирующие места как по запасам железных руд и ряда легирующих элементов, так и по выплавке чугуна и стали. Таким образом, отечественная металлургическая отрасль оказывает значительное влияние на мировую металлургию в целом, и её исследование является актуальной задачей в современных экономических условиях. Цель. Целью исследования является оценка роли российской чёрной металлургии в мировой экономике для определения последствий санкционной изоляции России для чёрной металлургии мира в целом. Методы и источники исследования. С использованием исследовательских наработок ряда отечественных исследователей и источников международной статистики была проведена оценка роли России в мировом разделении труда в области чёрной металлургии и даны оценки возможной изоляции отечественной металлургии от мировой. Результаты. Россия является одним из ключевых игроков мировой чёрной металлургии. Не смотря на относительно небольшие доли во внешней торговле металлургическим сырьём и готовыми продуктами отрасли, тем не менее, изоляция России негативно повлияет на мировые показатели чёрной металлургии в целом, так как Россия является не только крупным производителем, но также обладает весомой сырьевой базой мирового значения. При этом отечественная металлургическая отрасль обладает всеми возможностями (в первую очередь - сырьём) для импортозамещения в области чёрной металлургии, и внутренний рынок не останется без поставок металлопродукции. Relevance. Russia is one of the largest players in the world ferrous metallurgy, occupying a leading position both in terms of reserves of iron ore and a number of alloying elements, and in iron and steel smelting. Thus, the domestic metallurgical industry has a significant impact on the world metallurgy as a whole, and its study is an urgent task in modern economic conditions. Target. The purpose of the study is to assess the role of the Russian ferrous metallurgy in the world economy in order to determine the consequences of the sanctions isolation of Russia for the ferrous metallurgy of the world as a whole. Methods and sources of research. With the use of research developments of a number of domestic researchers and sources of international statistics, an assessment was made of the role of Russia in the global division of labor in the field of ferrous metallurgy and estimates of the possible isolation of domestic metallurgy from the world were given. Results. Russia is one of the key players in the global iron and steel industry. Despite the relatively small share in foreign trade in metallurgical raw materials and finished products of the industry, however, the isolation of Russia will negatively affect the global performance of the ferrous metallurgy as a whole, since Russia is not only a major producer, but also has a significant raw material base of the world values. At the same time, the domestic metallurgical industry has all the possibilities (primarily raw materials) for import substitution in the field of ferrous metallurgy, and the domestic market will not be left without the supply of metal products.

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19

Hou, Ming Shan, Shi Qi Li, Rong Zhu, Run Zao Liu, and Yu Gang Wang. "Experiment Research of Non-Carbon Metallurgy with Clean Energy." Advanced Materials Research 803 (September 2013): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.803.355.

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Experiment research on non-carbon metallurgy was explored, which contained three parts: smelting in high temperature, electrolytic iron and hydrogen reduction. A complete set of non carbon metallurgy system should include four technical units: power generation, electric power storage, control module, metallurgy unit. Energy and high temperature over 1600°C can be offered by technology on non-carbon metallurgy, electron also can be offered for hydrogen reduction and electrolysis. Technological parameters and results of three kind experiments were analysed and discussed, the feasibility of this technology and processes were proved.

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20

Kolb, F., A. Pichler, H. Mali, and J. Schenk. "Standardized Iron Ore Characterization Methodology for Metallurgy." Practical Metallography 52, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/147.110326.

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21

Plashchenko, A. A., and M. Yu Chop. "Iron-rich nonferrous-metallurgy slags in ceramics." Glass and Ceramics 45, no. 9 (September 1988): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00677478.

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22

Senk, Dieter, Heinrich Wilhelm Gudenau, Stephan Geimer, and Elena Gorbunova. "Dust Injection in Iron and Steel Metallurgy." ISIJ International 46, no. 12 (2006): 1745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.46.1745.

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23

Ingo, G. M., L. Scoppio, R. Bruno, and G. Bultrini. "Microchemical investigation of early iron metallurgy slags." Mikrochimica Acta 109, no. 5-6 (September 1992): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01242482.

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24

Berdiyev, Usan, Olga Demedenko, Mirjalol Ashurov, F. F. Hasanov, and U. B. Sulaymonov. "Optimization of the method of oxide coating of metallic iron powder particles." E3S Web of Conferences 383 (2023): 04039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338304039.

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This article considers the issue of wide implementation in various branches of the national economy caused the intensive growth of electric machines production. Due to the high specific consumption of magnetic materials in the production of electric machines, a very promising direction is the development of waste-free technology of manufacture of magnetic cores and cores by methods of powder metallurgy. The use of powder metallurgy allows reducing losses of electrical steel and eliminating many labor-intensive operations, using powder metallurgy for electrical production, it is possible to obtain sufficiently high efficiency values and reduce hysteresis losses.

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25

Lee, G. M. C. "The Metallurgy of Iron-Nickel and Iron-Nickel-Cobalt Diffusion Coatings." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 25, no. 4 (October 1986): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1986.25.4.327.

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26

Yao, Xin, and Huaqing Xie. "Renewable Energy and Green Metallurgy Technology." Processes 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2024): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12020340.

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Iron and steel are regarded as the foundation for national development, but their processing consumes huge amounts of fossil fuel and produces large amounts of carbon dioxide gas, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of society [...]

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Marina, M., M. Z. M. Zamzuri, M. N. Derman, M. A. Selamat, W. Rahman, and Z. Nooraizedfiza. "Characterization of PM Fe-Cr-Y₂O₃Composites Prepared by Microwave Sintering Technology." Advanced Materials Research 879 (January 2014): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.879.43.

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This research is focused on assessing the feasibility of the new and innovative microwave sintering technology for fabricating iron-chromium composites prepared via powder metallurgy route. Accordingly, the microwave sintered iron-chromium compacts was benchmarked against conventional sintered counterparts fabricated in other researches. We also studied the viability of yttria reinforcement to the iron-chromium composites with varying weight fraction from 5 to 20 %. Comparison on the end properties were also being made on the unreinforced iron-chromium matrix (0 wt. % of yttria). The result revealed that the microwave sintered iron-chromium composites possess improved density and micro hardness value. Process evaluation also revealed that microwave assisted sintering can lead to a reduction of 70 % of sintering time when compared to conventional sintering. The micro hardness property of microwave sintered iron-chromium was slightly improved with 5 wt. % addition of yttria, although the density and compressive strength were reduced with increasing content of the ceramic particulates. Most importantly, the study has established the viability of microwave sintering approach used in place of conventional sintering for iron based powder metallurgy composites.

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Volkov, A. I., P. E. Stulov, L. I. Leont’ev, and V. A. Uglov. "Analysis of the use of rare earth metals in ferrous metallurgy of Russia and world." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-6-405-418.

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The analysis of the current state of production of rare earth metals (REM) in Russia and in the world was made. Information about REM production in different countries of the world and about new foreign projects for REM production and processing is provided. The article presents the balance of production, export and import of raw materials and products with REM, including scandium and yttrium, in Russia. The maximum volume of REM consumption in Russia was calculated taking into account imported products with REM. This data was compared with other countries, including the former USSR. Much attention is paid to the use of REM in metallurgy. Data on the influence of REM on the properties of cast iron and steel are presented. Information is given about the forms of REM used for their use in the Russian ferrous metallurgy. We have studied the structure of REM consumption in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. On the example of two enterprises (one of them specializes in mass production, and the second – on production of special steels), the structure of REM consumption for steel alloying was studied by type and scope of its application. The development peculiarities of REM consumption in Russian ferrous metallurgy were investigated. The volume of consumption was calculated; data on imports of raw materials with REM for metallurgy and the producers of ferroalloys with REM in Russia is given. We have analyzed the spectrum of steel products with REM. A comparison of the consumption of REM in the metallurgy of Russia and foreign countries is presented. The reasons for insufficient consumption of REM in the Russian metallurgy are considered, an assessment is given on the change in production volumes of certain types of steel and cast iron, and recommendations are made on the growth of REM consumption in metallurgy.

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Markotic, A., N. Dolic, and V. Trujic. "State of the direct reduction and reduction smelting processes." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 38, no. 3-4 (2002): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0204123m.

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For quite a long time efforts have been made to develop processes for producing iron i.e. steel without employing conventional procedures - from ore, coke, blast furnace, iron, electric arc furnace, converter to steel. The insufficient availability and the high price of the coking coals have forced many countries to research and adopt the non-coke-consuming reduction and metal manufacturing processes (non-coke metallurgy, direct reduction, direct processes). This paper represents a survey of the most relevant processes from this domain by the end of 2000, which display a constant increase in the modern process metallurgy.

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Liu, Qian Shu, En Hui Wu, Jing Hou, Jun Li, and Ping Huang. "Application of Solar Energy Integration Technology in Metallurgy." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.33.

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Solar energy has the resource characteristics of cleanlinessno pollutiondispersion and intermittence. The research results and progress of solar energy integration technology application in the photothermal iron-making, photothermal concentrate titanium white waste acid, photovoltaic steel-making and preparation of pure iron by photovoltaic electricity both at home and abroad are summarized. As an effective clean energy, solar energy is regarded having a great application prospect in the metallurgical field.

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V., Zavyalov, and Terekhova N. "Bloomery process as the basis of ancient metallurgy." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 35, no. 3 (September 2023): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2023)35(3).-02.

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At present, the principles of direct reduction of iron, which dominated in metallurgy for more than three millennia, are well known. However, it is far from always possible to successfully carry out experimental modeling of the bloomery process. We have carried out 35 experiments. A fully preserved bloomery furnace, excavated at the settlement Kolesovka-4, was chosen, as a prototype of the pyrotechnic structure. As a result of the experiments, it was found that during the roasting of the ore, not only the burnout of organic impurities occurred, but also the concentration of silica and alumina decreased, and thus the content of iron oxide increased. The crushing of ore is essential. It can be stated with all certainty that theoretical knowledge is not enough to implement a successful process of obtaining iron by the bloomery method.

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32

Davydov, S. V., and O. A. Gorlenko. "Nonwaste Recycling of Nonferrous Metallurgy Slags in Iron Casting." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.1053.

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It is proposed to use waste slags of copper, nickel and titanium production at mining and metallurgical enterprises for their full recycling in graphite iron castings as a charge component, as well as an active additive in ladle and furnace inoculation of iron melt.

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33

Kurunov, I. F. "European perspectives on the extractive metallurgy of iron." Steel in Translation 47, no. 1 (January 2017): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091217010090.

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MINOURA, Jun, Hiromi SONTA, and Toshikazu SHIRATORI. "Application of Iron-oxidizing Bacteria to Extractive Metallurgy." Tetsu-to-Hagane 72, no. 15 (1986): 2010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.72.15_2010.

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MINOURA, Jun. "Application of Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria to Extractive Metallurgy." Journal of the Mining Institute of Japan 101, no. 1169 (1985): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai1953.101.1169_397.

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36

Nesterov, S. P. "The Beginning of Iron Metallurgy in East Asia." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language) 50, no. 3 (2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2022.50.3.049-059.

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Статья посвящена проблеме начала раннего железного века Дальнего Востока. Анализ опубликованных данных показал асинхронность появления бронзовых предметов в культурах населения юга Дальнего Востока в конце II — первой половине I тыс. до н.э. Установлено, что железо и чугун получили распространение в урильской и янковской культурах, но артефактов из железа и его сплава нет в одновременных с ними эворонской, синегайской и лидовской культурах, которые отнесены к бронзовому веку, а наиболее ранние железные и чугунные изделия урильской культуры происходят из памятников Западного Приамурья. Все известные бронзовые предметы урильской культуры были широко распространены в эпохи Шан и Западное Чжоу, в культурах карасукского типа Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в конце II — начале I тыс. до н.э. В Китае наиболее ранние изделия из железа относятся к периоду с VIII по VI в. до н.э., на востоке пров. Ляонин и юго-западной части пров. Цзилинь — ко времени от IV-III до II-I в. до н.э. Чугунные кельты янковской культуры Приморья, которые в 1960-х гг. относили к X-IX вв. до н.э., сейчас датированы временем не ранее IV-III вв. до н.э., что совпадает с началом распространения железа в Маньчжурии. Сделан вывод о том, что впервые на востоке Азии производство железа и чугуна появилось в Западном Приамурье в XI-X вв. до н.э.

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Gnesin, G. G. "Iron Age: Origin and Evolution of Ferrous Metallurgy." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 55, no. 1-2 (May 2016): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-016-9786-z.

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38

Hu, Chang Xu, Tungwai Leo Ngai, Jun Jun Zheng, Zhi Yu Xiao, and Yuan Yuan Li. "Warm Flow Compaction Forming of Complex Part by Using Binder-Treated Powder." Materials Science Forum 628-629 (August 2009): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.628-629.581.

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Powder metallurgy process is a net-shape manufacturing technique that can eliminate or reduce machining time. It is economical and environmental friendly since no scrap is being produced and no high energy consuming process such as melting is involved. Unfortunately, conventional powder metallurgy is not capable of producing complex parts. However, a recently developed binder-treated warm compaction technique can overcome this problem by increasing the flowability of the mixed powder. In this study, by using a commercially available water-atomized iron powder, a cross-shaped part was prepared by warm compaction of a binder-treated iron-base powder at approximately 80 °C and then sintered at 1120 °C. Microstructure, mechanical property and shape consistency of the prepared part were examined. Results showed that parts with high density and high green strength can be obtained without significant shrinkage or expansion. The present paper demonstrated that the binder-treated warm compaction process can expand the capability of powder metallurgy techniques to produce complex parts.

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39

Simcoe, Charles R. "Iron in America: 1645 to 1850." AM&P Technical Articles 172, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2014-01.p028.

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Abstract Metallurgy Lane is a series developed to share the history of the U.S. metals and materials industries along with key milestones and developments. This debut article explores early ironmaking activity and how the U.S. steel industry rose out of the iron plants of the nation's colonial past.

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Oudbashi, Omid, and Morteza Hessari. "Iron Age tin bronze metallurgy at Marlik, Northern Iran: an analytical investigation." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 9, no. 2 (August 12, 2015): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-015-0280-1.

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41

Ahmad, Tahir, and Othman Mamat. "Characterization and Properties of Iron/Silica-Sand-Nanoparticle Composites." Defect and Diffusion Forum 316-317 (May 2011): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.316-317.97.

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Metal matrix-particulate composites fabricated by using powder metallurgy possess a higher dislocation density, a small sub-grain size and limited segregation of particles, which, when combined, result in superior mechanical properties. The present study aims to develop iron based silica sand nanoparticles composites with improved mechanical properties. An iron based silica sand nanoparticles composite with 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.% of nanoparticles silica sand were developed through powder metallurgy technique. It was observed that by addition of silica sand nanoparticles with 20 wt.% increased the hardness up to 95HRB and tensile strength up to 690MPa. Sintered densities and electrical conductivity of the composites were improved with an optimum value of 15 wt.% silica sand nanoparticles. Proposed mechanism is due to diffusion of silica sand nanoparticles into porous sites of the composites.

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42

Vodyasov, Evgeny V. "THE ORIGIN OF IRON METALLURGY IN SOUTHERN SIBERIA: A XIONGNU HYPOTHESIS." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-69-77.

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The article is devoted to the problem of the origin of iron metallurgy and the formation of the first large metallurgical center in the territory of Southern Siberia. On the basis of archaeological and radiocarbon data, it was concluded that not a single iron-smelting furnace of the Scythian time in southern Siberia is known. The oldest iron smelting sites appeared in the region in the 1st century BC — 1st century AD and were associated with the Xiongnu traditions of building oval smelting furnaces. Oval furnaces are known in the territory of Southern Siberia, Mongolia and the Baikal region and cover almost the entire area of the Xiongnu state. Taking account of the nomadic empire’s constant needs in huge volumes of iron, a hypothesis is expressed about a deliberate conquest of the iron-rich deposits of the Sayan-Altai by the Xiongnu, which explains the formation of the largest metallurgical province in Siberia and Central Asia on the northwestern periphery of the Xiongnu Empire. The article traces the further development of iron-smelting technologies in southern Siberia in the Xiongnu-Xianbei time. The archaeological materials presented in the article provide a basis for formulating a new hypothesis about the origin of unique rectangular furnaces, which were the largest iron-smelting structures in Asia. The appearance of this type of iron-smelting furnaces in Gorny Altai in the 3rd–5th centuries AD was the result of the consistent development of the Xiongnu traditions of oval furnaces with underground channels, which penetrated into Southern Siberia at the turn of the era.

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Pęska, Magda, Krzysztof Karczewski, Magdalena Rzeszotarska, and Marek Polański. "Direct Synthesis of Fe-Al Alloys from Elemental Powders Using Laser Engineered Net Shaping." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2020): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030531.

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The laser engineered net shaping (LENS®) process is shown here as an alternative to melting, casting, and powder metallurgy for manufacturing iron aluminides. This technique was found to allow for the production of FeAl and Fe3Al phases from mixtures of elemental iron and aluminum powders. The in situ synthesis reduces the manufacturing cost and enhances the manufacturing efficiency due to the control of the chemical and phase composition of the deposited layers. The research was carried out on samples with different chemical compositions that were deposited on the intermetallic substrates that were produced by powder metallurgy. The obtained samples with the desired phase composition illustrated that LENS® technology can be successfully applied to alloys synthesis.

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44

Potecaşu, Florentina, Mihaela Marin, Octavian Potecaşu, and Florin Bogdan Marin. "Influence of the Iron Oxide Phases in Steam Oxidation on the Mechanical Properties and Abrasive Wear of Sintered Iron Materials." Advanced Materials Research 1143 (February 2017): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.91.

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The objective of this research work was to study the influence of the iron oxide phase resulted during steam oxidation of the sintered steels specimens obtained by powder metallurgy (P/M) route. Steam oxidation is a surface treatment applied to sintered iron parts, as an economic way to reduce the interconnected pores. In powder metallurgy products, the networks of pores are specific, who can be stress concentraions and can produce cracks in material. By steam oxidation treatment the interconnected porosity is closed by sealing them with iron oxides phases. Also, other properties of sintered PM steels are improved. The specimens analyzed in this paper were produced from atomised iron powders, compacted at room temperature at pressures of 600 MPa, sintered for 120 minutes at 1150o C in a laboratory furnace and then subjected to a continuous steam oxidation at 550o C for 60 minutes. Investigations on the structural, mechanical and abrasive wear properties were performed. The microstructure and the pore morphology of the sintered and steam oxidation samples were studied on using optical microscope.

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45

Smith, J. D. "Gmelin-durrer metallurgy of iron, vol. 10, practice of steelmaking 4, ingots, castings, powder metallurgy." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 453, no. 1 (June 1993): C9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(93)80348-f.

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46

Smith, J. D. "Gmelin-durrer metallurgy of iron, vol. 10, practice of steelmaking 4, ingots, castings, powder metallurgy." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 453, no. 1 (June 1993): C9—C10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(93)80349-g.

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47

Jie, Yu Jun, Shahrul Kamaruddin, Mazli Mustapha, Arshad Noor Siddiquee, Abdulrahman Al-Ahmari, Zahid A. Khan, Mustufa Haider Abidi, and Namrata Gangil. "Reclamation of steel shots by acid leaching for powder metallurgy applications." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 7 (July 2019): 168781401986696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019866961.

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Acid leaching is extensively employed for extractive metallurgy, but its use on reclamation of shot blasting media has not been extensively studied. The parameters of acid leaching process such as rate of stirring, the leached material grain size, the solid (material) to liquid (acid) ratio, type of acid, concentration of acid, leaching temperature, and leaching duration govern the effectiveness of this process. The goal of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of acid leaching to recover the iron from used shot blasting media. Influence of varying leaching durations on the recovery percentage of iron from the used shot blasting media is investigated, and it is found that acid leaching can remove impurities from used shot blasting media and it can successfully recover 73.6% of iron on the particle surface level and 44.3% of iron overall. Hence, it is a feasible process for recovery of iron from used shot blasting media.

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48

Walter, Andreas, Gerd Witt, Sebastian Platt, and Stefan Kleszczynski. "Manufacturing and Properties of Spherical Iron Particles from a By-Product of the Steel Industry." Powders 2, no. 2 (April 3, 2023): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/powders2020015.

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In modern cold rolling mills in the steel industry, iron oxide powder is produced as a by-product when used pickling agents are recycled. Further processing of these iron oxide powders could enable the production of iron powder for various applications in powder metallurgy. For this purpose, a new process route with an eco-friendly hydrogen reduction treatment was developed. The process is able to manufacture a variety of iron particles through minor process adaptations. It was possible to manufacture spherical iron particles with high flowability. The flowability was measured by a Revolution Powder Analyzer, and an avalanche angle of 47.7° of the iron particles was determined. In addition, the bulk density measurements of the processed iron particles collective achieved values of 3.58 g/cm3, and a spherical morphology could be observed by SEM analysis. The achieved properties of the iron particles show high potential for applications where high flowability is required, e.g additive manufacturing, thermal spray and hot isostatic pressing. By adjusting the process conditions of the developed process, irregular iron particles could also be manufactured from the same iron oxide powder with a very high specific surface of 1640 cm2/g and a low bulk density of 1.23 g/cm3. Therefore, the property profile is suitable as a friction powder metallurgy material. In summary, the developed process in combination with the iron oxide powder from steel production offers a cost-efficient and sustainable alternative to conventional iron powders for additive manufacturing and friction applications.

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Napierała, Mateusz. "Żelazo meteorytowe w starożytnym Egipcie przed okresem późnym." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 26 (December 30, 2021): 241–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2021.26.09.

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The aim of the article is to present an unusual raw material, which is the meteorite iron and its specific status in the culture of ancient Egypt. The presentation of this extraordinary material, highlighting the features allowing to recognize it, the interpretation of the artifacts made of it (taking into account the physicochemical analyzes), and the development of the results of experimental works recreating the methods of its processing allow us to obtain the necessary information about the delineation of meteorite iron metallurgy in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. An important source for achieving the article’s goal are also texts. Text analysis highlights the ambiguity of the terminology used to describe meteorite iron. By reviewing the contexts of its use, they allow us to enrich knowledge about its metallurgy and help to characterize the status of this metal in the consciousness of the Egyptians.

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Babachenko, A. I., L. I. Garmash, and L. G. Tuboltsev. "Creative way of the Iron and Steel Institute of NAS of Ukraine. 80 years." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 33 (2019): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2019-33-3-32.

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The history of the creation of the Iron and Steel Institute named after Z.I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (HMI). The main stages in the history of the HMI, its leaders and directions of scientific research are presented. The foundations of scientific topics and reputable scientific schools were laid by outstanding scientists of the Institute, who have not lost their relevance at the present time. It is shown that the creation and establishment of the HMI was determined by the need to develop the country's ferrous metallurgy. The origins of creating the scientific topics of the Institute, which covered all the main stages of ferrous metallurgy, are given. Major scientific developments created by the staff of the Institute for the first time in world and domestic practice, which currently form the basis of world metallurgy, are presented. The analysis shows that the strategic direction of the development of domestic metallurgy in the future is the evolutionary change in metallurgical technologies. In this regard, the Institute develops the main directions of scientific and technical support of technologies for blast furnace, steelmaking and rolling production, heat treatment of rolled products. The examples of modern scientific developments of the Institute are given. The research areas of the Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine cover a wide range of problems in the production of metal products and are complex, which is an important advantage in modern metallurgical production. The HMI has a serious scientific potential for the latest modern technological and technical solutions for domestic metallurgical production, which at the development stage are being adapted to the existing technological and raw material conditions in Ukraine. Most of the new developments in technological content and intellectual level of implementation are not inferior to world analogues and are widespread in world practice.

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