Journal articles: 'Iron making technology'

1

KAMIJO, Tsunao. "New Coal Utilization Technology for Iron-making." International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources 7, no. 2 (1999): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5188/ijsmer.7.242.

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Prabhu, T. R., and K. Vizayakumar. "Technology choice using FHDM: a case of iron-making technology." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 48, no. 2 (May 2001): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.922479.

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Zhou, Xiao Lei, Zhe Shi, Gui Fang Zhang, and Zhong Ning Du. "Comparison of COREX and COSRI Process Technology Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 678 (October 2014): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.678.612.

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COREX and COSRI smelting reduction iron-making process could directly use coal as reductant. So it is necessary to contrast the development and technology of two kinds smelting reduction iron-making process. Due to lack of funds, COSRI smelting reduction iron-making process has not been fully developed. And the COREX has completed the transformation to the industrial production. But on the whole, COSRI has good prospects for development as COREX.

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TATE, Mitsuru. "History of Iron and Steel Making Technology in Japan." Tetsu-to-Hagane 91, no. 1 (2005): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.91.1_2.

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Liu, Qian Shu, En Hui Wu, Jing Hou, Jun Li, and Ping Huang. "Application of Solar Energy Integration Technology in Metallurgy." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.33.

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Solar energy has the resource characteristics of cleanlinessno pollutiondispersion and intermittence. The research results and progress of solar energy integration technology application in the photothermal iron-making, photothermal concentrate titanium white waste acid, photovoltaic steel-making and preparation of pure iron by photovoltaic electricity both at home and abroad are summarized. As an effective clean energy, solar energy is regarded having a great application prospect in the metallurgical field.

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Zervas, T., J. T. McMullan, and B. C. Williams. "Developments in iron and steel making." International Journal of Energy Research 20, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(199601)20:1<69::aid-er241>3.0.co;2-3.

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Eketorp, Sven. "Energy considerations of classical and new iron- and steel-making technology." Energy 12, no. 10-11 (October 1987): 1153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(87)90070-3.

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INABA, MAMORU. "Lecture on recent computer application technology.(III).Operational control technology for iron making plants using AI technology." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 69, no. 5 (1990): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.69.385.

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Lv, Xiao Fang, Hong Liang Han, and Sheng Li Wu. "Research on Ore-Proportioning Optimization Technology in Sintering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 980–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.980.

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In this paper, self-characteristics (the room-temperature characteristics and the high-temperature characteristic) of iron ores used in sintering, such as chemical composition, size distribution, assimilation, liquid phase fluidity, self-strength of bonding phase, etc, were studied. Then, the principles of ore-proportioning optimization basing on self-characteristics of iron ore during sintering were proposed. Schemes of ore-proportioning optimization were designed and sinter pot test were carried out．Results of sinter pot confirmed the method of optimizing ore proportioning based on iron ore self-characteristics. This work provides good countermeasure for improving sinter quality and reducing sinter cost as soon as possible, under the condition of making full use of the existing iron ore resources.

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Kim, Soo-Ki. "Study on Iron-making and Manufacturing Technology of Iron Swords with Ring Pommel Excavated in Ipbuk-dong, Suwon." Journal of Conservation Science 32, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2016.32.4.12.

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Togobitskaia, D. N., L. S. Molchanov, A. S. Vergun, V. G. Kislyakov, Y. M. Likhachov, and N. E. Khodotova. "Information and mathematical support of cast iron desulfurization technology." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 34 (2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2020-34-62-72.

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The concept of the expert decision-making system for technological process management, created earlier at the Iron and Steel Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, provides for the choice of a rational technology for out-of-furnace desulfurization of cast iron. The purpose of this work is the further development of information and mathematical support of the expert system module for out-of-furnace processing of cast iron by co-injection of magnesium and lime in the framework of the target project to create end-to-end technology for high quality metal products. An integrated database of cast iron desulfurization process of a number of metallurgical enterprises of the People's Republic of China and the domestic DMK plant is presented. Based on the analysis of technological data, empirical equations were obtained to determine the final sulfur content in the cast iron melt, as well as the expression for estimating the specific consumption of metallic magnesium in the reagent. The developed models for calculating the specific consumption of reagents are the basis of the algorithm for calculating the indicators of the process of desulfurization of cast iron with co-injection of magnesium and lime. The input parameters are: temperature of cast iron, mass of cast iron, chemical composition of cast iron and slag, sulfur content initial and final, the proportion of magnesium in the reagent. Replenishment of the database with information on the technology of desulfurization of cast iron with a mixture of magnesium and lime allowed to clarify the existing and obtain descriptive models for these reagents. The developed information and mathematical support of the subsystem of out-of-furnace processing of pig-iron takes into account material and energy costs for redistribution, providing resource savings and the required quality of metal products.

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Nie, Yi Miao, and Qi Hui Dai. "Test Research on Comprehensive Recovery of Carbon and Iron from Blast Furnace Flue Dust." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3826.

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The properties of the flue dust of an iron-making plant and the results of separation experiment were given. The test results show that the flue dust could be enriched by flotation-gravity-magnetic separation technology to produce carbon concentrate and iron concentration. The results showed that 56.67% iron concentrate and 65.29% carbon concentrate could be got.

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Nie, Yi Miao, Bin Wang, Miao Chen, and Shu Xian Liu. "Experiment Research on Comprehensive Recovery of Carbon and Iron from Flue Dust." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 618–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.618.

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The properties of the flue dust of an iron-making plant and the results of separation experiment were given. The test results show that the flue dust could be enriched by gravity-flotation-magnetic separation technology to produce carbon concentrate and iron concentration. The results showed that 56% iron concentrate and 65% carbon concentrate could be got.

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Zhang, Fu Ming. "Research and Practice on BF Gas Dry Type Dedusting Technology at Contemporary Blast Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2134.

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Blast furnace (BF) gas dry type bag filter desusting technology is an important technical innovation for energy saving, emission reducing and clean production for contemporary BF. It can reduce significantly the fresh water consumption during iron making process and reduce environmental pollution. It has become the development direction of contemporary BF iron making technology. The technical advantages and principle of BF gas dry bag filter dedusting are described in this paper, and the research and application on dry type bag filter dedusting technology of BF gas for 5500m3 BF at Shougang Jingtang (SGJT) are applied. The full dry type bag filter cleaning technology of gas self-developed has been applied successfully in 5500m3 BF, and standby wet type gas dedusting system has been cancelled. Several key technologies have been developed including gas temperature control, anti-corrosion of pipe, measuring of dust content in gas, dense phase pneumatic transportation of collected dust etc. The full dry type dedusting technology has reached internationally advanced level.

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Pustějovská, Pavlína, and Simona Jursová. "Process Engineering in Iron Production." Chemical and Process Engineering 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2013-0006.

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Abstract Balance, thermodynamic and mainly kinetic approaches using methods of process engineering enable to determine conditions under which iron technology can actually work in limiting technological states, at the lowest reachable fuel consumption (reducing factor) and the highest reachable productivity accordingly. Kinetic simulation can be also used for variant prognostic calculations. The paper deals with thermodynamics and kinetics of iron making process. It presents a kinetic model of iron oxide reduction in a low temperature area. In the experimental part it deals with testing of iron ore feedstock properties. The theoretical and practical limits determined by heat conditions, feedstock reducibility and kinetics of processes are calculated.

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Togobitskaia, D. N., A. S. Vergun, L. S. Molchanov, V. G. Kislyakov, Y. M. Likhachov, and N. E. Khodotova. "«Out-of-furnace cast iron processing» subsystem in the solution of tasks for the choice of rational technology for producing quality metal products under the applicable conditions of raw material and technological." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 33 (2019): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2019-33-105-115.

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The creation of end-to-end technology for the production of competitive metal products in modern conditions puts on the agenda the task of choosing the optimal metal production technology scheme. In solving this problem, a significant role belongs to the development of an information-modeling system for analysis and decision making. An important link in end-to-end technology is the after-furnace treatment of cast iron. As the analysis of various technological solutions for pig iron desulfurization has shown, the process developed at the Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy is currently the most economical, rational and preferred. The process is carried out by blowing through the immersed tuyeres of dispersed granular magnesium without additives. A special dosing and injection system is used. The developed process has undergone numerous industrial testing at domestic and foreign factories. To optimize the process of end-to-end technology and its information-mathematical support, modular mathematical models have been developed. An integrated database has been created that summarizes information on the parameters of cast iron desulfurization technology with granular magnesium. The expert system «Out-of-furnace cast iron processing» is described and presented, which allows to obtain high-quality metal products. The adequacy of the developed model for predicting the specific consumption of magnesium in the after-furnace treatment of cast iron was studied. The completed developments created the prerequisites for building the architecture of the Expert Decision Making System. The replenishment of the database with information on current and other technologies for pig iron desulfurization will make it possible to refine the existing and obtain descriptive models for various reagents, which will serve as the basis for the algorithmic support of the analytical unit of the expert system.Key words: desulfurization, hot metal, magnesium, information system, model.

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17

Miranda, Lima Rose. "Emerging iron-making technologies — their coal consumption using simple mathematical models." Fuel 72, no. 5 (May 1993): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(93)90669-s.

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Soedarsono, Johny Wahyuadi, Adji Kawigraha, Rianti Dewi Sulamet-Ariobimo, M. Amryl Asy'ari, Andre Yosi, and Eko Mulia Putra. "The Influence of Coal and Reduction Process Parameters in Producing Iron Nugget." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.517.

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Limitation of iron ore reserve having high quality ore and of energy has enhanced development in iron and steel producing technology and method. The ITmk3 process is one of iron making technology that can cope with the problems. It uses composite pellet as feeding material. In this process the ratio between iron and carbon are very important. Carbon holds an important role in the reduction process of iron. The transformation from iron oxides to iron metal will complete if composite pellet contains enough carbon. This paper discusses the influence of carbon ratio in iron reduction process. Nickel saprolite and coal are used as iron and carbon source. They are grinded, crushed, sieved, mixed and formed in cylinders. The weight ratios of ores to coal are 1:1 and 2:1. The reduction held in a furnace at 1100OC for 60 minutes and 1250OC for 120 minutes. The results show that the reduction could not complete. Weak peak of FeNi is due to reduction process do not immediately follow the dehydroxylation process.

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Widodo, Pudji, and Khasanah Arum Wijayanti. "PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN BESI BERBASIS WEB PADA CV. MULYA JAYA YOGYAKARTA." Bianglala Informatika 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31294/bi.v8i1.8010.

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Today's information technology has developed very quickly. A fast, precise and accurate information system is needed now. CV. Mulya Jaya is a company engaged in the sale of building iron. During this time, employees are still having trouble making notes and sales reports that are still done manually. Therefore CV. Mulya Jaya really needs an information system that can help to simplify the process of making notes and sales reports.For this reason the researcher tries to make the Final Project on Designing Web-Based Iron Sales Information System on CV. Mulya Jaya Yogyakarta, which until now has not been computerized. Administration system CV. Mulya Jaya is currently still done manually. It is possible that there was an error during the process of making notes and sales reports. Design of Web-Based Iron Sales Information System in CV. Mulya Jaya Yogyakarta is one of the right and best solutions to solve a problem that exists in this company, and with a computerized system can achieve an appropriate, fast and accurate activity in supporting activities in this company.Keyword: Design, System, Information, Sales, Iron.

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20

de Beer, Jeroen, Ernst Worrell, and Kornelis Blok. "FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT IRON AND STEEL MAKING." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 23, no. 1 (November 1998): 123–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.23.1.123.

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Song, Hanlin, Jinpeng Zhang, and Xiangxin Xue. "Highly Efficient Use Technology of The By-Product Gas in Iron and Steel Making Process." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 541 (July 28, 2020): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/541/1/012012.

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Muhly, James. "Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, V: Iron Technology and Iron-Making Communities of the First Millennium BC. Matasha McConchie." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 347 (August 2007): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/basor25067027.

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Żółkiewicz, Zdzisław, Łukasz Rogal, Wojciech Maj, Wojciech Maziarz, Piotr Tkaczewski, Władysław Madej, Piotr Garbień, Artur Dydak, and Wacław Oleksy. "Effect of Pouring Temperature and Heating of Ceramic Shells Mould on Projection of Thin Wall Castings." Journal of Applied Materials Engineering 60, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35995/jame60020007.

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One of the research directions of this study is to determine the possibility of making precise, thin-walled castings from selected iron alloys. The scope of research work is aimed at determining the applicability of the casting process of selected iron alloys with the technology of wax pattern, for making precise castings with a wall thickness of less than 3 mm. The article presents the results of tests carried out for experimental castings with the shape of steps, characterized by different wall thicknesses: 1 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 25 mm. The castings were made of LH14, Gs42crMo4, L35H7MP2, LH26N9, 316L cast steel, and a new alloy marked “0”. The metal was smelted in an induction furnace with a capacity of 150 kg. The technology of ceramic shell mould used in the plant was used to make the experimental castings. Ceramic shell moulds were heated in a chamber furnace at a fixed temperature. The time of annealing the ceramic mould was constant in a ceramic form. The following parameters were variable during the tests: iron alloy, pouring temperature, and annealing temperature of the ceramic shell mould.

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Craddock, P. T., M. L. Wayman, and A. J. T. Jull. "The Radiocarbon Dating and Authentication of Iron Artifacts." Radiocarbon 44, no. 3 (2002): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200032173.

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The continuing improvements in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating technology mean that it is possible to work on ever smaller samples, which in turn, make an ever wider range of sample potentially available for dating. This paper discusses some of the difficulties arising with the interpretation of AMS dates obtained from carbon in iron. The overriding problem is that the carbon, now in chemical combination with the iron, could have come from a variety of sources with very different origins. These are now potentially an iressolvable mixture in the iron. For iron made over the last millennium, there are the additional problems associated with the use of both fossil fuel and biomass fuel in different stages of the iron making, leading to great confusion, especially with authenticity studies.

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Soedarsono, Johny Wahyuadi, Vita Astini, Fahmi Fazri, Adji Kawigraha, Rianti Dewi Sulamet-Ariobimo, Andi Rustandi, and Seto Tjahyono. "Effect of Carbon Content in Direct Reduction Process of Limonite Iron Oxide to Produce Pig Iron Substitute for Thin Wall Ductile Iron Process." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.281.

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Quality molten metal needed to produce thin wall ductile iron (TWDI). Pig iron, as the major base material to produce quality molten metal, due to its high price, has been change with scraps. The use of scrap as major base material associates with more cleaning and chemical composition adjustment. The ITmk3 technology in iron making has successfully produced iron nugget. Iron nugget can be use to substitute pig iron due to its quality that is comparable to pig iron but lower in price. This research conducted to see the effects of carbon content in producing iron nugget. Limonite iron ores used in this research are part of laterite rocks taken from Sebuku Island in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Variation made to weight of carbon mixed with laterite. Heating temperatures of direct reduction process are 700°C, 900°C, and 1000°C. The process times are 10, 20, and 30 minutes. XRF used in analysing Fe content in laterite and XRD is used in analysing result of direct reduction process. The result shows that increasing carbon content to certain condition will increase the rate of gasification process during direct reduction. The increase of gasification rate will result to higher Fe formation.

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Rączka, M., K. Gandurski, and B. Isendorf. "Casting Ductile Iron in Layer Moulds Made from Ecological Sands." Archives of Foundry Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10266-012-0090-1.

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Abstract The article contains the results of tests performed under the target project in Hardtop Foundry Charsznica. The objective of the tests and studies was to develop a technology of making high-quality ductile iron castings, combined with effective means of environmental protection. The studies presented in this article related to castings weighing from 1 to 300 kg made from ductile iron of grades 400-15 and 500-7, using two-layer moulds, where the facing and core sand was the sand with an alkaline organic binder, while backing sand was the sand with an inorganic geopolymer binder. A simplified method of sand reclamation was applied with possible reuse of the reclaim as an addition to the backing sand. The cast iron spheroidising treatment and inoculation were selected taking into account the specific conditions of Hardtop Foundry. A pilot batch of castings was made, testing the gating and feeding systems and using exothermic sleeves on risers. The study confirmed the validity of the adopted concept of making ductile iron castings in layer moulds, while maintaining the content of sand with an organic binder at a level of maximum 15%.

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Taveira, Igor, Dennis A. Bazylinski, and Fernanda Abreu. "Release the iron: does the infection of magnetotactic bacteria by phages play a role in making iron available in aquatic environments?" Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 39, no. 6 (May 19, 2021): 2063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-021-1072-3.

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Gmyzina, N. V., N. A. Sedinkina, and O. E. Gorlova. "Study of BOF slags properties with the purpose of their utilization technology perfection." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 5 (June 20, 2019): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-5-623-631.

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Actuality of steel-making slags utilization is stipulated not only by the necessity to improve ecology situation at the sites of slag piles, but also by a possibility to obtain additional raw materials for metallurgical production. Increase of the domestic iron-containing raw materials at Magnitogorsky steel-works can be done by more effective processing of steel-making slags. To improve the technology of BOF slags processing, a work done to study their chemical and mineral composition. It was established, that primary and secondary BOF slags are attributed to basic and ultra-basic, since the SiO2 mass share is less than 25–40%. Petrographic study results and data of IR-spectroscopy showed, that larnite, alite, monticellite and oxide RO-phase (Fe2+, Mn2+, Mg2+)O are main mineral components of the BOF slags. In many cases, the structure of the secondary BOF slags has middle-size grains, and the structure of primary slags is fine-grained. The texture of the secondary and primary slag is more often massive. The BOF slags have globules of iron, the size of which varies from sub-millimeters up to 5 mm. Study of influence of various methods of BOF slag particles destruction on the degree of globules disclosure showed, that application of centrifugal-striking crushing facilities provides more selective globules disclosure comparing with other methods. It was proved, that dry magnetic separation in suspended state, due to its peculiarities, provides higher technological indices comparing with drum separator when separating fine slags even at increase material moisture up to 5%.

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Hu, Yichao, Yinxuan Qiu, Jian Chen, Liangyuan Hao, Thomas Edward Rufford, Victor Rudolph, and Geoff Wang. "Integrating a Top-Gas Recycling and CO2 Electrolysis Process for H2-Rich Gas Injection and Reduce CO2 Emissions from an Ironmaking Blast Furnace." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15062008.

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Introducing CO2 electrochemical conversion technology to the iron-making blast furnace not only reduces CO2 emissions, but also produces H2 as a byproduct that can be used as an auxiliary reductant to further decrease carbon consumption and emissions. With adequate H2 supply to the blast furnace, the injection of H2 is limited because of the disadvantageous thermodynamic characteristics of the H2 reduction reaction in the blast furnace. This paper presents thermodynamic analysis of H2 behaviour at different stages with the thermal requirement consideration of an iron-making blast furnace. The effect of injecting CO2 lean top gas and CO2 conversion products H2–CO gas through the raceway and/or shaft tuyeres are investigated under different operating conditions. H2 utilisation efficiency and corresponding injection volume are studied by considering different reduction stages. The relationship between H2 injection and coke rate is established. Injecting 7.9–10.9 m3/tHM of H2 saved 1 kg/tHM coke rate, depending on injection position. Compared with the traditional blast furnace, injecting 80 m3/tHM of H2 with a medium oxygen enrichment rate (9%) and integrating CO2 capture and conversion reduces CO2 emissions from 534 to 278 m3/tHM. However, increasing the hydrogen injection amount causes this iron-making process to consume more energy than a traditional blast furnace does.

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Singh, Surinder, Christopher C. Berndt, R. K. Singh Raman, Harpreet Singh, and Andrew S. M. Ang. "Applications and Developments of Thermal Spray Coatings for the Iron and Steel Industry." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 5, 2023): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020516.

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The steel making processes involves extreme and harsh operating conditions; hence, the production hardware is exposed to degradation mechanisms under high temperature oxidation, erosion, wear, impact, and corrosive environments. These adverse factors affect the product quality and efficiency of the steel making industry, which contributes to production downtime and maintenance costs. Thermal spray technologies that circumvent surface degradation mechanisms are also attractive for their environmental safety, effectiveness and ease of use. The need of thermal spray coatings and advancement in terms of materials and spray processes are reviewed in this article. Application and development of thermal spray coatings for steel making hardware from the molten metal processing stages such as electric arc and basic oxygen furnaces, through to continuous casting, annealing, and the galvanizing line; to the final shaping process such as cold and hot rolling of the steel strips are highlighted. Specifically, thermal spray feedstock materials and processes that have potential to replace hazardous hard chrome plating are discussed. It is projected that novel coating solutions will be incorporated as awareness and acceptance of thermal spray technology grows in the steel making sectors, which will improve the productivity of the industry.

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GEORGAKELLOS, DIMITRIOS A. "TECHNOLOGY SELECTION FROM ALTERNATIVES: A SCORING MODEL FOR SCREENING CANDIDATES IN EQUIPMENT PURCHASING." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 02, no. 01 (March 2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877005000393.

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This paper presents a technique to aid decision-making in certain technology selection projects. It describes a scoring model for screening and selecting candidates, suitable for simple cases such as equipment purchase projects. This model considers for each possible alternative its technological performance together with commercial aspects, and analyzes the results on a single "score". The main advantage of the proposed technique is that it is easy to understand and use, while not very time and effort consuming. An example of a real technology selection project from the iron and steel industry is also presented to illustrate the proposed framework.

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Retiaty, Fifi, Ade Nugraheni, and Astuti Lamid. "SEAWEED AS MICRONUTRIENTS INGREDIENT FOR FOOD SUPPLEMENT." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v1i0.79.

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In some part of Indonesia seaweed has been used as vegetables dish. The most important component of seaweed isiodine and iron. Gracillariasp is one species of seaweed that can be used as a source of the mikronutrients such as iron, iodine and calcium. Iron Deficiency Anemia and Iodine Deficiency Disorder can cause several diseases also known low haemoglobin level and iodine level in the blood. This preparation of Gracillariasp could supplement micro-nutrients in the diet. This study was to develop appropriate local technology of Gracillariaspcontainedas an ingredient in the making of food supplement for imorovement of micronutrients intake.The experimental study uses optimum formulated comosition from seaweed.Based on the practical in the area (Bali), the formula of seaweed compose of seaweed of Gracillaria with additional of 20 % salty fish extract, 5 % dextrin. The seaweeds contains high of carbohydrate, iodine, calcium and iron but low in protein and lipid. Appropriate technology of dried seaweed supplement could be prepared at home. Theseseaweed supplements could be advocated in rural arealevel or posyandufor combating under nutrition status of the children.The formula of direct seaweed inclusion inthe supplement is preferred due to green colour and acceptable taste compared to dried seaweed. The serving sice of 25 g of this product could be cover children’s need about 23 % in iodine, 100 % in iron and 22- 35 % in calcium. Keywords: seaweed, Gracillariasp, iodine, iron, food supplement

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Xia, Shi Rong, and Hong Zhen Sun. "The Production Practice on Digesting Solid Wastes in Blended Material for Sinter." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 1707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.1707.

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To comprehensive utilize the large amount of solid wastes from the production process, Iron making plant gradually increases solid wastes proportion in blended material for sinter by a series of process improvement and equipment upgrading. These approaches optimize technology index of blended material and provide refined material for blast furnace. Thus it creates considerable economic and social benefits the environmental via economizing the resources and reducing the environmental burden.

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Haruta, S., T. Takahashi, and T. Nishiguchi. "Basic Studies on Phosphorus Removal by the Contact Aeration Process Using Iron Contactors." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 4-6 (February 1, 1991): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0514.

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The authors have developed what we call the submerged iron contactor process as a simple and inexpensive phosphorus removal method for small-scale plants disposing of domestic wastewater and household wastewater treatment tanks. In this method iron contactors are submerged in biological treatment tanks, where phosphate anions in wastewater are combined with iron cations produced through corrosion of the contactors, and the compound thus produced is precipitated and removed together with biological sludge. In these studies, laboratory experiments were made on the contact aeration process combined with the above-mentioned method, and the following findings were obtained. (1) It is desirable to treat wastewater by making use of corrosion by sulfate-reducing bacteria instead of corrosion by oxygen dissolved in wastewater, to conduct a stable phosphorus removal by this combined method. (2) The corrosion rate of iron contactors is affected by the volumetric loading of BOD in the tanks where they are submerged. (3) Assuming that an iron contactor continues to suffer corrosion evenly all over the surface when our combined method is applied, it is estimated that the corrosion rate is about 1mm or less in 30 years.

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Mahjouri, Maryam, Mohd Bakri Ishak, Ali Torabian, Latifah Abd Manaf, Normala Halimoon, and Jamal Ghoddusi. "Optimal selection of Iron and Steel wastewater treatment technology using integrated multi-criteria decision-making techniques and fuzzy logic." Process Safety and Environmental Protection 107 (April 2017): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.01.016.

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Aslan, Özgür, Aytaç Altan, and Rıfat Hacıoğlu. "Level Control of Blast Furnace Gas Cleaning Tank System with Fuzzy Based Gain Regulation for Model Reference Adaptive Controller." Processes 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2022): 2503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122503.

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Iron making processes and automation systems are mostly controlled by logical rules and PID controllers. The dynamic behavior of these processes varies due to factors such as raw materials, outdoor conditions, and equipment aging. Changes in system dynamics necessitate re-determination of PID controller parameters. Model reference adaptive controllers (MRACs) are used in many industrial application areas with their adaptability to variable conditions. In this study, an MRAC is applied in the gas cleaning tank system level control problem in the blast furnace facility, which is at the center of the iron making processes. In addition, fuzzy based gain regulation is proposed to improve MRAC performance. MRAC and PID controller system control results are observed and compared. The fast response and adaptation performance of the proposed fuzzy MRAC approach along with external disturbance effects are analyzed. Fuzzy based gain regulation MRAC performances show better performance especially in level change as well as disturbance effect.

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Wei, De Qiang, Yun Qing Zhao, Rong Wang, and Hu Cheng Chen. "Numerical Simulation of Temperature Field of Low Alloyed Bainite Ductile Iron in Austempering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.116.

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It has an great significance for making heat treatment technology by researching the law of temperature variations of ductile iron in austempering. Based on the three-dimensional finite element method (FEM), the temperature variations of low alloyed bainite ductile iron in austempering are studied in this paper. The temperature relativity of the thermal physical parameters is considered during building the model. The simulation result demonstrates that during the stage of rapid cooling, the cooling speed of the surface is faster than that of the center, and the whole cooling speed increases firstly, then decreases. During the stage of isotherm, the surface temperature of the sample increases to the isothermal temperature directly, while the center temperature decreases firstly, then increases, until to the isothermal temperature.

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Aritonang, Sovian, Jupriyanto Jupriyanto, and Riyadi Juhana. "ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF IRON SAND PROCESSING INTO SPONGE IRON IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY OF STEEL RAW MATERIALS." Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara 9, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v9i1.514.

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The number of iron sand reserves is mostly spread in the coastal waters of Indonesia, from the coast of Sumatra, the southern of Java to Bali, the beaches of Sulawesi, beaches in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and the northern coast of Papua. Total reserves for ore are 173,810,612 tons and metal as much as 25,412,652.62 tons. But its utilization was not optimal because PT. Krakatau Steel, and PT. Krakatau Posco has produced steel plates only 24,000 to 36,000 tons per year. While the need for steel plates for the shipping industry each year requires 900,000 tons per year. With the need for raw material for steel plates in the form of iron sponges with Fe ≥ 60%, PT. Krakatau Steel is still imported from abroad. The proof is PT. Krakatau Steel before and during the year 2000 still imported Iron Ore Pellets from the countries of Sweden, Chille and Brazil for 3,500,000 tons per year. This condition is the cause of the national steel industry unable to compete with the foreign steel industry because imported raw materials are subject to import duties. This is an opportunity to build a steel raw material company because all this time the steel raw material industry in Indonesia has only two companies. This condition encourages the manufacture of iron sponges, with the process of making iron sponges with technology adapted to installed production capacity. This study analysed the manufacture of iron sponges using Cipatujah iron sand, as raw material for the manufacture of iron sponges, with the results obtained in the form of iron sponges with the highest levels of Fe ≥60.44%. This can be used for the purposes of raw materials for steel making PT. Krakatau Steel (PT. KS), because so far PT. KS claims that Fe <60% local sponge iron products. This can encourage the independence of steel raw materials, which impacts on the independence of the defence industry. But the government must also protect and prioritize steel raw materials for national production for national steel production. With the national government steel industry, the consortium of vendors supplying raw material (iron sponge) to maintain the quality and supply of continuous sponge iron.Keywords: iron sand, iron pellet, iron sponge

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Sivramkrishna, Sashi. "Production Cycles and Decline in Traditional Iron Smelting in the Maidan, Southern India, c. 1750-1950: An Environmental History Perspective." Environment and History 15, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 163–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734009x437972.

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This paper explores how economics, technology, politics and ecology interacted in causing ups and downs in the production of traditional iron making, and its subsequent decline in the early twentieth century. In the course of this exercise we find many lacunae in the study of Indian environmental history. These include a neglect of the impact of traditional iron and steel smelting industry on forests in pre- and early-colonial times, the possible strategic motive in controlling iron and steel production through control of charcoal production, the institutional mechanism of forest use for industrial purposes and the role of ecology in the decline of traditional industry. Some of these are important questions for those who seek to reintroduce traditional technologies. A study of history throws up interesting clues on how we could correct mistakes made in the past so as to plan more effectively for the future.

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Kwak, Byeong Moon, Ji Sun Han, Rak Hyeon Jeong, and Young Mi Kim. "Study on the Production of Iron-bar through Restoration Experiments and Changes in Products by Process." Journal of Conservation Science 38, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12654/jcs.2022.38.6.07.

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The “smelting-smithing” system is the most frequently applied technology in the ancient iron-making sites of Korea for preparing iron tools via the smithing of the bloomery iron produced by smelting. In this study, using the smelting-smithing method, we conducted a restoration experiment to produce iron bars from iron ore. The characteristics of the iron materials and slag obtained from each process in the method were identified, and the possibility of applying these characteristics to the interpretation of archaeological data was investigated. The shape and compositional hierarchy of the iron materials could be determined according to the progress of the method by analyzing the hammerscale obtained throughout the experiment. In the case of smithing artifacts within the same ruin, it would be helpful to understand the relative relationship. The effect of improvements in the physical properties of the iron bar as folding proceeded was confirmed. However, a layered structure that was not related to folding was also identified. Thus, checking not only the layered structure but also the elongation or miniaturization of the non-metallic inclusions is necessary when observing the microstructure of iron artifacts to determine their exact manufacturing technique. The linear arrangement of La and Ce, which are rare-earth elements, in the iron ore, iron bar, and slag was confirmed, but additional verification of the iron ore and flux from other sources is necessary. In future work, we will examine the possibility of classifying the lineage of iron materials by obtaining more data.

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Ambiado, K., C. Bustos, A. Schwarz, and R. Bórquez. "Membrane technology applied to acid mine drainage from copper mining." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.556.

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The objective of this study is to evaluate the treatment of high-strength acid mine drainage (AMD) from copper mining by nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) at pilot scale. The performances of two commercial spiral-wound membranes – NF99 and RO98pHt, both from Alfa Laval – were compared. The effects of pressure and feed flow on ion rejection and permeate flux were evaluated. The results showed high ion removal under optimum pressure conditions, which reached 92% for the NF99 membrane and 98% for the RO98pHt membrane. Sulfate removal reached 97% and 99% for NF99 and RO98pHt, respectively. In the case of copper, aluminum, iron and manganese, the removal percentage surpassed 95% in both membranes. Although concentration polarization limited NF performance at higher pressures, permeate fluxes observed in NF were five times greater than those obtained by RO, with only slightly lower divalent ion rejection rates, making it a promising option for the treatment of AMD.

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Butkarev, A. A., and E. A. Butkareva. "Comparative analysis of straight grate machines and combined facilities grate-tubetype kiln-cooler for selection technologies of pellets production." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 8 (October 21, 2021): 957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-8-957-968.

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At present, mainly straight grate machines (SGM) and combined facilities grate-tube-type kiln-cooler (GKC) are used for heat-strengthening induration of iron ore pellets. Their total share in the produced iron ore pellets in the world accounts for 93%, of which SGM takes 60% and GKC – 33%, which speaks about high efficiency of both methods of induration. At the same time, when making decision on construction a pelletizing plant, a question of selection of most effective technology of iron ore pellets production by SGM and GKC often arises. Results of comparative analysis of efficiency of technologies of iron ore pellets production by SGM and GKC presented. Features of various ore types pellets induration considered as well as possibilities of ensuring the required quality of finished pellets at application for induration SGM and GKC. Data on maximum productivity of the considered induration facilities, amount of dust, fines formation, emissions of harmful substances into environment and electric energy consumption presented. Importance of a possibility of accounting of fuel type selection, of heat expenses for heat treatment, of expenses for maintenance, capital and operation costs were noted. It was shown that choice of a particular variant of technology should be done at the stage of elaboration feasibility study accounting existing experience of facilities running, availability of fuel types, cost of energy resources, climate zone and assembling solutions.

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Leslie-Pelecky, Diandra. "Materials at 200 mph: Making NASCAR Faster and Safer." MRS Bulletin 34, no. 8 (August 2009): 602–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2009.160.

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AbstractSpeed is the ultimate goal of racing, and materials are an increasingly important area of research for making race cars faster. The splitter, which produces front downforce, is made from Tegris, a polypropylene composite offering comparable stiffness and improved impact properties at significantly lower cost than alternative materials. Engine blocks must be cast iron, but careful control of microstructure using precision manufacturing methods produces a lighter engine block that generates more horsepower.Speed and excitement must be balanced with safety, and materials are key players here, as well. Energy-dissipating foams in the car and the barriers surrounding the tracks allow drivers to walk away uninjured from accidents. Fire-resistant polymers protect drivers from high-temperature fuel fires, and technology transfer from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) in the form of a low-temperature carbon monoxide catalyst filters the drivers' air.Sports are an outstanding way of showing the public how materials science and engineering are relevant to their lives and interests. Materials science and engineering is just that much more exciting when it's traveling at two hundred miles an hour.

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binti Che Ibrahim, Nurul Syazwina, Sivakumar Ramakrishan, Sheikh Abdul Rezan, Norlia binti Baharun, Reza Alizadeh, and Parham Roohi. "Non-Isothermal Kinetic Modelling for Hydrogen Reduction of Ferric Oxide Using Matlab." Materials Science Forum 819 (June 2015): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.819.3.

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Reduction of iron oxide by hydrogen is important in the production of direct reduced iron. This method of iron production is gaining increasing significance as an alternative route to the blast furnace technology with the many difficult issues facing the latter, the most important being the problem related to environmental. In order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases CO2, particularly for iron making, the production of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) using hydrogen as the reducing gas instead of carbon monoxide is being considered. Reduction of pure hematite by hydrogen was studied at the laboratory scale, varying the experimental conditions like temperature (700oC and 800oC) and porosity (20% and 40%). Then, a Kinetic Modelling was conducted using Matlab software based on independently measured physical and thermodynamic properties of the reaction system and experimentally measured properties of the reactant solid (Fe2O3), gas phase (H2) and reactant product (Fe). There is a gap that occurs between the predicted result and the experimental result although the model explicated the trend and the behaviour of the reduction rate of Ferric Oxide and indicated a good homogeneity to the experimental conditions used in this research.

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Sun, Wen Qiang, Jiu Ju Cai, Da Wei Zhang, and Duo Jiao Guan. "Advanced Low-Carbon Technologies for Steel Manufacturing Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.8.

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A general review was made on research of advanced reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions’ technologies for steel manufacturing process in this paper. Various technologies – ultra low CO2 steelmaking (ULCOS), CO2 ultimate reduction in steelmaking process by innovative technology for cool earth 50 (COURSE50), solar iron-making, CO2 mineral sequestration by slag and active carbon recycling energy system (ACRES), etc. – have been represented respectively. Finally the establishing of an energy flow network from the systematic point of view was recommended.

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Yu, Feng Qin, Jun Wang, and Feng He Wu. "The Design of Rolling Steel Computer Aided Manufacturing System Based on Internet." Key Engineering Materials 621 (August 2014): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.621.543.

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The production of rolling steel is a complicated process which includes management of production operations and production process. The former includes costs accounting, procurement plan of raw materials and auxiliary materials and quality control. The latter includes devices, technology and production rhythm of iron making, steel making, casting and rolling. Nowadays, the departments of these two have adopted the computer managing system to improve the efficiency of management. But the concept of collective design of CIMS is not considered thus the computer control system and operations management computer system are isolated. Furthermore, resources are not shared and information is not integrated among the systems thus enterprise competitiveness decreases. This paper designs the rolling steel computer aided manufacturing system based on internet and introduces the three levels system structure of CIMS technology strategy as well as the key technology. This study is of great significance not only in the integration of rolling steel production systems and the sharing information, but also in upgrading the steel enterprises, reducing costs and increasing enterprise competitiveness.

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Mos, Yvonne M., Arnold C. Vermeulen, Cees N. J. Buisman, and Jan Weijma. "X-Ray Diffraction of Iron Containing Samples: The Importance of a Suitable Configuration." Solid State Phenomena 262 (August 2017): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.262.545.

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X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a commonly used technology to identify crystalline phases. However, care must be taken with the combination of XRD configuration and sample. Copper (most commonly used radiation source) is a poor match with iron containing materials due to induced fluorescence. Magnetite and maghemite are analysed in different configurations using copper or cobalt radiation. Results show the effects of fluorescence repressing measures and the superiority of diffractograms obtained with cobalt radiation. Diffractograms obtained with copper radiation make incontestable phase identification often impossible. Cobalt radiation on the other hand yields high quality diffractograms, making phase identification straightforward.

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Doh, Julia K., Jonathan D. White, Hannah K. Zane, Young Hwan Chang, Claudia S. López, Caroline A. Enns, and Kimberly E. Beatty. "VIPER is a genetically encoded peptide tag for fluorescence and electron microscopy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 51 (December 5, 2018): 12961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808626115.

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Many discoveries in cell biology rely on making specific proteins visible within their native cellular environment. There are various genetically encoded tags, such as fluorescent proteins, developed for fluorescence microscopy (FM). However, there are almost no genetically encoded tags that enable cellular proteins to be observed by both FM and electron microscopy (EM). Herein, we describe a technology for labeling proteins with diverse chemical reporters, including bright organic fluorophores for FM and electron-dense nanoparticles for EM. Our technology uses versatile interacting peptide (VIP) tags, a class of genetically encoded tag. We present VIPER, which consists of a coiled-coil heterodimer formed between the genetic tag, CoilE, and a probe-labeled peptide, CoilR. Using confocal FM, we demonstrate that VIPER can be used to highlight subcellular structures or to image receptor-mediated iron uptake. Additionally, we used VIPER to image the iron uptake machinery by correlative light and EM (CLEM). VIPER compared favorably with immunolabeling for imaging proteins by CLEM, and is an enabling technology for protein targets that cannot be immunolabeled. VIPER is a versatile peptide tag that can be used to label and track proteins with diverse chemical reporters observable by both FM and EM instrumentation.

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Ivanov, Vitalii, Frantisek Botko, Vitalii Kolos, Ivan Pavlenko, Michal Hatala, Katarzyna Antosz, and Justyna Trojanowska. "Locating Chart Choice Based on the Decision-Making Approach." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 3557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103557.

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Modern manufacturing engineering requires quick and reasonable solutions during the production planning stage, ensuring production efficiency and cost reduction. This research aims to create a scientific approach to the rational choice of a locating chart for complexly shaped parts. It is an important stage during the manufacturing technology and fixture design process. The systematization of the designed and technological features of complexly shaped parts and the definition of the features that impact a locating chart create the fundamentals for justification. A scientific approach has been developed using the complex combination of the part’s features and a decision-making approach using the example of bracket-type parts. The matrix of design and technological features of parts was developed including steel AISI 3135 and cast iron DIN 1691. The classification of locating charts for bracket-type parts was defined. A mathematical model of the rational choice of the locating chart according to the structural code of the workpiece was verified in case studies from the practice. As a result, a decision-making approach was applied to the rational choice of the locating chart for any bracket-type part. The proposed solutions improve the production planning stage for machine building, automotive, and other industries.

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BOSTOEN, KOEN. "POTS, WORDS AND THE BANTU PROBLEM: ON LEXICAL RECONSTRUCTION AND EARLY AFRICAN HISTORY." Journal of African History 48, no. 2 (July 2007): 173–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370700254x.

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ABSTRACTHistorical-comparative linguistics has played a key role in the reconstruction of early history in Africa. Regarding the ‘Bantu Problem’ in particular, linguistic research, particularly language classification, has oriented historical study and been a guiding principle for both historians and archaeologists. Some historians have also embraced the comparison of cultural vocabularies as a core method for reconstructing African history. This paper evaluates the merits and limits of this latter methodology by analysing Bantu pottery vocabulary. Challenging earlier interpretations, it argues that speakers of Proto-Bantu inherited the craft of pot-making from their Benue-Congo-speaking ancestors who introduced this technology into the Grassfields region. This ‘Proto-Bantu ceramic tradition’ was the result of a long, local development, but spread quite rapidly into Atlantic Central Africa, and possibly as far as Southern Angola and northern Namibia. The people who brought Early Iron Age (EIA) ceramics to southwestern Africa were not the first Bantu-speakers in this area nor did they introduce the technology of pot-making.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron making technology'

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