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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron founding'
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1
Korchmit, Anton Viktorovich, Nikita V. Martyushev, and Yuriy Yu Drozdov. "Casting Quality Enhancement of Bushings Made of Foundry Aluminium Bronzes." Key Engineering Materials 685 (February 2016): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.685.459.
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The paper is devoted to the establishment of the technology of castings manufacture out of multicomponent aluminium bronzes for oil and gas producing equipment. Aluminium bronze containing iron has been chosen as a material for casting manufacture. Founding into sand mixtures has been chosen as a manufacturing method. It has been shown that this type of founding allows obtaining the castings with minimal subsequent treatment and high quality surface. The use of the coke furnace at metal melting allows obtaining the castings with high performance characteristics due to gas protection of the melt.
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Zavertkin, A. S., and V. V. Shchiptsov. "The current status and industrial perspectives of the kyanite application in the refractory and foundry facing materials." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 7 (December 25, 2018): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2018-7-7-12.
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The investigating results are given for the kyanite concentrate using in both the refractory and the facing materials for the iron founding and for the stone casting, as well as for the Investment shells in the precision steel casting.Ill.2. Ref. 20. Tab. 2.
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Baron, James N., Michael T. Hannan, and M. Diane Burton. "Building the Iron Cage: Determinants of Managerial Intensity in the Early Years of Organizations." American Sociological Review 64, no. 4 (August 1999): 527–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400404.
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We examine how founding conditions shape the proliferation of management and administration in a sample of young technology start-up companies in California's Silicon Valley. Analyzing quantitative and qualitative information, we examine the enduring imprint of two aspects of founding conditions: (1) the initial gender mix in start-ups and (2) the founder's employment model. Both factors influence the extent of managerial intensity that develops over time. In particular, firms with bureaucratic-model founders subsequently became more administratively intense than otherwise similar companies, particularly when compared with companies with “commitment-model” founders. Also, firms with proportionately more women during the first year subsequently bureaucratized less than otherwise similar firms. Our analyses thus support notions of path-dependence in the evolution of organizational structures and underscore the importance of the “logics of organizing” that founders bring to new enterprises.
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Ding, Liang, and Suxiao Li. "A Study of the Early Construction of the Wuhan Iron and Steel Company." Journal of Industry and Engineering Management 1, no. 1 (March 2023): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.62517/jiem.202303111.
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In 1954, the construction of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company started, which is one of the large-scale iron and steel enterprises invested and constructed by the state after the founding of New China. The construction of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company was carried out under the policy of state-owned national construction. The site of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company was determined by experts. New China planned to allocate people, money and materials as the basis for the construction of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company. In 1956, WISCO planned to start a total of 17 projects, and in 1957, a total of 23 system projects, 136 projects and 313 individual projects were under construction at Wuhan Iron and Steel Company. In 1958, WISCO No.1 Blast Furnace went into operation, and No.1 Blast Furnace is the first modernized blast furnace for iron production built by Wuhan Iron and Steel Company. The brilliant construction achievements of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company fully demonstrated the inevitability of exploring the development of iron and steel business in a state-owned and nationalized way in the Chinese society since the modern times.
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Zimmerman, Sabrina A., Jean-Francois Tomb, and James G. Ferry. "Characterization of CamH from Methanosarcina thermophila, Founding Member of a Subclass of the γ Class of Carbonic Anhydrases." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 5 (December 18, 2009): 1353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01164-09.
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ABSTRACT The homotrimeric enzyme Mt-Cam from Methanosarcina thermophila is the archetype of the γ class of carbonic anhydrases. A search of databases queried with Mt-Cam revealed that a majority of the homologs comprise a putative subclass (CamH) in which there is major conservation of all of the residues essential for the archetype Mt-Cam except Glu62 and an acidic loop containing the essential proton shuttle residue Glu84. The CamH homolog from M. thermophila (Mt-CamH) was overproduced in Escherichia coli and characterized to validate its activity and initiate an investigation of the CamH subclass. The Mt-CamH homotrimer purified from E. coli cultured with supplemental zinc (Zn-Mt-CamH) contained 0.71 zinc and 0.15 iron per monomer and had k cat and kcat /Km values that were substantially lower than those for the zinc form of Mt-Cam (Zn-Mt-Cam). Mt-CamH purified from E. coli cultured with supplemental iron (Fe-Mt-CamH) was also a trimer containing 0.15 iron per monomer and only a trace amount of zinc and had an effective k cat (k cat eff) value normalized for iron that was 6-fold less than that for the iron form of Mt-Cam, whereas the k cat/Km eff was similar to that for Fe-Mt-Cam. Addition of 50 mM imidazole to the assay buffer increased the k cat eff of Fe-Mt-CamH more than 4-fold. Fe-Mt-CamH lost activity when it was exposed to air or 3% H2O2, which supports the hypothesis that Fe2+ has a role in the active site. The k cat for Fe-Mt-CamH was dependent on the concentration of buffer in a way that indicates that it acts as a second substrate in a “ping-pong” mechanism accepting a proton. The k cat/Km was not dependent on the buffer, consistent with the mechanism for all carbonic anhydrases in which the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3 − is separate from intermolecular proton transfer.
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Evans, E. Raymond. "Henton Morrogh CBE FRS FREng. 29 September 1917 – 20 September 2003." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 51 (January 2005): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2005.0019.
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Henton Morrogh devoted the whole of his working life to the study of cast iron, its structure, properties, applications and aspects of its production. He was particularly responsible for the development of techniques for preparing microspecimens to a state of perfection, which enabled him to study the morphology of the graphite phase, and he played a major role in the development of the revolutionary as–cast spheroidal graphite irons.He progressed from apprenticeship with British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA) to becoming its Director and was primarily responsible for the success of this Association and in establishing its worldwide reputation. He was a modest man, generous in the encouragement of his staff to perform research and to apply the results to the benefit of the iron founding industry. In short, it could be said that Henton Morrogh was the BCIRA and the BCIRA was Henton Morrogh–such was his unique character.
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Wróbel, T., and J. Szajnar. "Bimetallic Casting: Ferritic Stainless Steel – Grey Cast Iron." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 2361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0385.
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Abstract The paper presents the problem of obtaining a permanent diffusional joint between the working surface layer and the base part in a bimetallic casting. The studied bimetallic casting was obtained as a result of using the founding method of layer coating directly in the cast process. The casting prepared using this method consists of two fundamental parts, i.e., the grey cast iron base and the working surface layer which constitutes of X6Cr 13 high-chromium stainless steels plate. Based on the obtained results it was confirmed that the decisive phenomena that are needed to create a permanent joint between the two components of the bimetallic casting are carbon and heat transport from the high-carbon and hot base material which was poured into the mould in the form of liquid metal to the low-carbon and cold material of the working layer which was placed in the mould cavity in the form of a monolithic insert.
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Tatyana, Vasina. "Structure of the Territorial Administrative Complex of Izhevsk Factories in the Pre-Reform Period (the End of the XVIII – First Half of the XIX Centuries)." TECHNOLOGOS, no. 4 (2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.kipf/2021.4.03.
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The purpose of the article is to study the structure of the territorial administrative complex of Izhevsk arms and iron works founded in Sarapul district of Vyatka province in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. Under administrative and economic complex it is implied a district with factory landholdings under the jurisdiction of the factory management.The chronological framework of the study includes the pre-reform period which was characterized by the formation and development of the factory district from the founding of Izhevsk iron-making factory in 1760 to the 1850s.The research is based on such historical sources as archival documents and publications in the regional press, some of them are published for the first time.The article is also based on the historiographic tradition, in particular, on research devoted to the scientific problem of mining districtsformation. The author studied the history of the founding of iron and weapons production in Izhevsk, paid attention to the management system of factories which were initially a part of the mining and then the military department.The working settlement of the Izhevsk factorieswas analyzed as the administrative and economic center of the works district.The internal structure of the factory settlement and the zoning of the territory were determined.The types of land holdings on the periphery of the factory district, their purpose and size of the area were clarified.As a result of study, it was concluded that the factory district of Izhevsk workswas a complex system.The factory district included industrial buildings, administrative and public institutions, trading establishments and religious buildings, settlements (factory settlement and workers villages), large landholdings with land for various purposes, transport hubs, etc.The structural elements of the factory district performed the function of ensuring the productivity of the Izhevsk factories.
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Fuller, Dorian Q., Nicole Boivin, and Ravi Korisettar. "Dating the Neolithic of South India: new radiometric evidence for key economic, social and ritual transformations." Antiquity 81, no. 313 (September 1, 2007): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095715.
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The Neolithic period in South India is known for its ashmounds, superseded (in its Iron Age) by megalith builders with craft specialisation. Thanks to a major radiocarbon dating programme and Bayesian analysis of the dates, the authors have placed this sequence in a new chronological framework: the ashmounds, formed by burning cattle dung, are created by a few generations of people. In many cases the mounds are then succeeded by villages, for which they may have acted as founding rituals. The new tightly dated sequence also chronicles the cultivation of particular crops, some indigenous and some introduced from Africa.
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López-Cachero, F. Javier. "Cremation Cemeteries in the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula: Funeral Diversity and Social Transformation during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages." European Journal of Archaeology 14, no. 1-2 (2011): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146195711798369382.
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This article investigates the evolution of cremation rites during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Spectacular finds during the last decade have shed much light on this subject; for example, the discovery and excavation of the largest cremation cemetery to date (Can PiteuCan Roqueta with more than 1000 graves); or the restudy of other sites (Can Bech de Baix or Roques de Sant Formatge). Additionally, relevant material has been obtained from studies of: excavations of settlements with exceptional defensive systems (Vilars d'Arbeca); the preceding and founding layers of the Greek colony of Emporion; and the development of political territories in the River Ebro region and surroundings. A detailed analysis of information from these sites has considerably increased knowledge about the social transformations that occurred over the 600 to 700 year timescale of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages.
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Srour, Batoul, Sylvain Gervason, Beata Monfort, and Benoit D’Autréaux. "Mechanism of Iron–Sulfur Cluster Assembly: In the Intimacy of Iron and Sulfur Encounter." Inorganics 8, no. 10 (October 3, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8100055.
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Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are protein cofactors of a multitude of enzymes performing essential biological functions. Specialized multi-protein machineries present in all types of organisms support their biosynthesis. These machineries encompass a scaffold protein on which Fe–S clusters are assembled and a cysteine desulfurase that provides sulfur in the form of a persulfide. The sulfide ions are produced by reductive cleavage of the persulfide, which involves specific reductase systems. Several other components are required for Fe–S biosynthesis, including frataxin, a key protein of controversial function and accessory components for insertion of Fe–S clusters in client proteins. Fe–S cluster biosynthesis is thought to rely on concerted and carefully orchestrated processes. However, the elucidation of the mechanisms of their assembly has remained a challenging task due to the biochemical versatility of iron and sulfur and the relative instability of Fe–S clusters. Nonetheless, significant progresses have been achieved in the past years, using biochemical, spectroscopic and structural approaches with reconstituted system in vitro. In this paper, we review the most recent advances on the mechanism of assembly for the founding member of the Fe–S cluster family, the [2Fe2S] cluster that is the building block of all other Fe–S clusters. The aim is to provide a survey of the mechanisms of iron and sulfur insertion in the scaffold proteins by examining how these processes are coordinated, how sulfide is produced and how the dinuclear [2Fe2S] cluster is formed, keeping in mind the question of the physiological relevance of the reconstituted systems. We also cover the latest outcomes on the functional role of the controversial frataxin protein in Fe–S cluster biosynthesis.
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Blackhawk, Ned. "The Iron Cage of Erasure: American Indian Sovereignty in Jill Lepore’s These Truths." American Historical Review 125, no. 5 (December 2020): 1752–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa515.
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Abstract This AHR Roundtable features four short essays on Jill Lepore’s widely read synthesis of American history, These Truths: A History of the United States (2018). Lepore’s framework insists that the “self-evident” truths of the nation’s founding were anything but. The driving force of her narrative is the struggle of those excluded from this magic circle—really, the majority of the country’s population—to extend those truths beyond their narrow core of elite white men. The four reviewers—Ned Blackhawk, Matt Garcia, Mary Beth Norton, and Paul Ortiz—appreciate the “shared sense of national destiny” that clearly informs Lepore book. At the same time, they chide her for what they regard as significant omissions. These critical essays invite further consideration of how best to write a fully inclusive (and therefore dramatically reconfigured) national narrative
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Witte, Hans. "La Quête Du Sens Dans Le Symbolisme Yoruba: Le Cas D'Erinle." Numen 38, no. 1 (1991): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852791x00042.
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AbstractThe article shows that in Yoruba mythology Erinle is a male hunter who is named after (or associated with) an elephant and who-for diverse reasons-is finally transformed into a water-spirit. In his cult Erinle is mainly venerated as a river-god who, like the river goddesses Qsun and Yemoya, blesses his followers with children. In the iconography of his cult, however, the material symbols of a Yoruba water-spirit (terra-cotta pots with water and pebbles from the river: fans) are mixed with those that refer to the hunter and the symbol-complex of the god of iron and of the wilderness (iron chains; fly whisks; wrought iron staffs topped by birds). Outside his cult Erinle is sometimes symbolized by the image of an elephant with reference to his name. In the cult of his close friend Sango, the Oyo god of thunder, Erinle is figurated as a mudfish or a human being with mudfish legs, symbolizing him as a water-spirit. Comparison with mudfish symbolism in other Yoruba cults suggests that this mudfish symbolism refers to Erinle only when he is assimilated to Sango as the founding ancestor of the Qyo kingdom.
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Trytek, A., A. W. Orłowicz, M. Tupaj, M. Mróz, O. Markowska, G. Bąk, and T. Abram. "The Effect of a Thin-Wall Casting Mould Cavity Filling Conditions on the Casting Surface Quality." Archives of Foundry Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2016-0113.
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Abstract The paper presents results of metallographic examination of faults occurring in the course of founding thin-walled cast-iron castings in furan resin sand molds. A non-conformance of the scab type was Observed on surface of the casting as well as sand buckles and cold shots. Studied the chemical composition by means of a scanning electron microscope in a region of casting defects: microanalysis point and microanalysis surface. Around the observed defects discloses high concentration of oxides of iron, manganese and silicon. A computer simulation of the casting process has been carried out with the objective to establish the cause of occurrence of cold shots on casting surface. The simulation was carried out with the use of NovaFlow & Solid program. We analyzed the flowing metal in the mold cavity. The main reason for the occurrence of casting defects on the surface of the casting was gating system, which caused turbulent flow of metal with a distinctive splash stream of liquid alloy.
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Sadrijaj, Xhavit. "NATO in Balkan’s Late Twenties Tide." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v2i2.p135-141.
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NATO did not intervene in the Balkans to overcome Yugoslavia, or destroy it, but above all to avoid violence and to end discrimination. (Shimon Peres, the former Israeli foreign minister, winner of Nobel Prize for peace) NATO’s intervention in the Balkans is the most historic case of the alliance since its establishment. After the Cold War or the "Fall of the Iron Curtain" NATO somehow lost the sense of existing since its founding reason no longer existed. The events of the late twenties in the Balkans, strongly brought back the alliance proving the great need for its existence and defining dimensions and new concepts of security and safety for the alliance in those tangled international relations.
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Sadrijaj, Xhavit. "NATO in Balkan’s Late Twenties Tide." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v4i2.p135-141.
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NATO did not intervene in the Balkans to overcome Yugoslavia, or destroy it, but above all to avoid violence and to end discrimination. (Shimon Peres, the former Israeli foreign minister, winner of Nobel Prize for peace) NATO’s intervention in the Balkans is the most historic case of the alliance since its establishment. After the Cold War or the "Fall of the Iron Curtain" NATO somehow lost the sense of existing since its founding reason no longer existed. The events of the late twenties in the Balkans, strongly brought back the alliance proving the great need for its existence and defining dimensions and new concepts of security and safety for the alliance in those tangled international relations.
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White, Malcolm F. "Structure, function and evolution of the XPD family of iron–sulfur-containing 5′→3′ DNA helicases." Biochemical Society Transactions 37, no. 3 (May 20, 2009): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0370547.
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The XPD (xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D) helicase family comprises a number of superfamily 2 DNA helicases with members found in all three domains of life. The founding member, the XPD helicase, is conserved in archaea and eukaryotes, whereas the closest homologue in bacteria is the DinG (damage-inducible G) helicase. Three XPD paralogues, FancJ (Fanconi's anaemia complementation group J), RTEL (regular of telomere length) and Chl1, have evolved in eukaryotes and function in a variety of DNA recombination and repair pathways. All family members are believed to be 5′→3′ DNA helicases with a structure that includes an essential iron–sulfur-cluster-binding domain. Recent structural, mutational and biophysical studies have provided a molecular framework for the mechanism of the XPD helicase and help to explain the phenotypes of a considerable number of mutations in the XPD gene that can cause three different genetic conditions: xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy and Cockayne's syndrome. Crystal structures of XPD from three archaeal organisms reveal a four-domain structure with two canonical motor domains and two unique domains, termed the Arch and iron–sulfur-cluster-binding domains. The latter two domains probably collaborate to separate duplex DNA during helicase action. The role of the iron–sulfur cluster and the evolution of the XPD helicase family are discussed.
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Antonio, Margaret L., Ziyue Gao, Hannah M. Moots, Michaela Lucci, Francesca Candilio, Susanna Sawyer, Victoria Oberreiter, et al. "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean." Science 366, no. 6466 (November 7, 2019): 708–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay6826.
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Ancient Rome was the capital of an empire of ~70 million inhabitants, but little is known about the genetics of ancient Romans. Here we present 127 genomes from 29 archaeological sites in and around Rome, spanning the past 12,000 years. We observe two major prehistoric ancestry transitions: one with the introduction of farming and another prior to the Iron Age. By the founding of Rome, the genetic composition of the region approximated that of modern Mediterranean populations. During the Imperial period, Rome’s population received net immigration from the Near East, followed by an increase in genetic contributions from Europe. These ancestry shifts mirrored the geopolitical affiliations of Rome and were accompanied by marked interindividual diversity, reflecting gene flow from across the Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa.
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Griffiths, A. J. "Monitoring, Targeting and the Use of Statistical Process Control within the Energy Profile of the Iron Founding Industry." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 5, no. 3 (March 1988): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb002908.
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Loma, Aleksandar. "The origin of the word mazija ‘steel’." Juznoslovenski filolog 77, no. 1 (2021): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi2101009l.
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The word mazija ?steel; forging ingot; a kind of ordeal which required plucking red-hot iron from a cauldron of boiling water? is common in the western part of the Shtokavian dialect continuum. Its area includes the Zeta-Raska, the Eastern Herzegovinian and the Younger Ikavian dialect, the first of the Old Shtokavian and the other two of the Neo-Shtokavian type. There are no attestations of this word earlier than the first half of the 18th century. So far, it has been mainly believed to share a common origin with the homonymous mazija ?oak gall? from Turkish maz? id. This stance is hardly acceptable in view of the fact that not only the meanings of the two words but also their geographical distributions strongly diverge, mazija in the oak gall sense being limited to the Kosovo-Resava and Timok-Prizren dialect areas of southern Serbia. The comparison with French maz?e ?refined iron?, is even more doubtful, because this term has been attested only since 1824 and with no known etymology, The true origin of m?zija < maz?ja (gvozdja) should be sought in the late Greek (5th century AD) ????(?)? ??? ??????? ?iron mass shaped by a blacksmith?; the plural form ????? ??????? occurs in a Greek charter issued in 1347 by the Serbian tsar Dusan to the Great Lavra on Mt Athos. Curiously enough, in two Serbian founding charters of the same epoch there is a parallel passage where among other yearly incomes granted to the monastery iron ingots are mentioned, designated here by the gen. pl. nad'('), with complements gvozd(i)ja ?of iron? and m?r?nyh' ?of a standard weight?. The term is Slavic nada or nado, derivative from
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Tzfadya, Ezra. "Modern Shia Islamic and Jewish Political Theosophy: An Elective Affinity?" Religions 14, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14020176.
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The present study will focus on core parallels and nodes of theopolitical exchange between the two most politically and theologically consequential jurist “theosophers” of the twentieth century, the Religious Zionist founding father, the Jewish Rav Avraham Yitzchak Hacohen Kook (1865–1935), and the Shia Islamic Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1900–1989). Unquestioned masters of the tradition of both medieval philosophy and mysticism, as well as the theosophies of the early-modern and modern eras, both Kook and Khomeini attempted to embed the rhetoric of theosophy within revolutionary notions of both clerical religious authority and the necessity of their respective nomoi to assume political form. The study will also correlate contemporary Shia reformist theosophies undergirded with anti-theocratic exoteric postures with pre-WW2 German-Jewish “existence philosophies” as represented by Franz Rosenzweig, noting a common appreciation for what the study will term “theopolitical risk”. It argues that the retrieval of medieval Judeo-Islamic political philosophy for the successful negotiation of reason and revelation in modernity against both theocratic juridical extremism and the iron cages of positivistic-realist secularism must be rethought in light of the theopolitics coursing through Iran and Israel, two states at the geographic periphery though fully within the horizons of the Modern West.
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Nurhayati, Siti. "SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS (SIG) UNTUK PEMANTAUAN ANEMIA IBU HAMIL (STUDI DI DINAS KESEHATAN KABUPATEN (DKK) BREBES)." Kesmas Indonesia 1, no. 2 (February 17, 2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.ki.2008.1.2.88.
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A main task of Section of Founding Society’s Nutrient at the District Health Office of Brebes is to plan, to conduct, to develop a program of improving society’s nutrient and coping with nutrient problem. Anemia because of iron defeciency on the pregnancy woman is one of the nutrient problems in District of Brebes. The aim of research was to devolep an information system based on Geographical Information System (GIS) for monitoring anemia of pregnancy woman. This research had two steps. First step was a qualitative research that was used seven methodology steps of FAST development (Framework for the Application of System Techniques). Second step was a quantitave research using pre-exprmental one group posttest only/the one shot case study design. In this design, the treatment that had been done was measured and observed (pottest). Data of observation was analyzed by a descriptive method using a considered average. Subjects were the head of the district health office of Brebes, the head of sub-departement of the public health empowerment, the head of section, and the staffs of section of founding society’s nutrient. Information system has overall considered average equal to 4,05. It means that user generally has apporved it. The considered average for accessibility, completeness of information,relevancy, and speed is equal to 4, for ease is equal to 4,25, and for management of data basis is equal to 4,08. It means that accessibilty, completeness of information, revalancy, speed, ease, and management of data basis for an information system that has been devoleped, is approved by respondent and has a good value.
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Dueppen, Stephen A. "From Kin to Great House: Inequality and Communalism at Iron Age Kirikongo, Burkina Faso." American Antiquity 77, no. 1 (January 2012): 3–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.1.3.
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AbstractArchaeological models of increasing sociopolitical complexity have over-privileged processes of centralization in comparison to decentralization. In western Burkina Faso, ethnologists have long been intrigued by several “village societies,” with complex communities characterized by heterogeneous populations (in kin and ethnicity), endogamous socioeconomic specialist groups, diverse ritual systems, and strong village autonomy. Rather than structured by a hierarchical sociopolitical organization, these multifaceted communities are defined by village communalism and an intricate horizontal organization. This paper presents the developmental trajectory of a community ancestral to a modern “village society,” through an exploration of the dynamic political strategies of multifamily houses at the Iron Age archaeological site of Kirikongo, located in Burkina Faso (ca. A.D. 100–1700). Extensions of power by Kirikongo’s founding house in the 1st millennium A.D. led gradually to increasing inequalities and a subversion of common descent. However, in the early 2nd millennium A.D. these developments were rejected through an egalitarian revolution that transformed the identity of the house, leading to an increased importance of the village community and civic institutions. In addition to exclusionary power strategies, I stress the transformative role of egalitarian behaviors in shaping the nature of power and leadership, particularly when derived from collective action by the community.
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Garcia, Pierre Simon, Frédéric Barras, and Simonetta Gribaldo. "Components of iron–Sulfur cluster assembly machineries are robust phylogenetic markers to trace the origin of mitochondria and plastids." PLOS Biology 21, no. 11 (November 8, 2023): e3002374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002374.
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Establishing the origin of mitochondria and plastids is key to understand 2 founding events in the origin and early evolution of eukaryotes. Recent advances in the exploration of microbial diversity and in phylogenomics approaches have indicated a deep origin of mitochondria and plastids during the diversification of Alphaproteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, respectively. Here, we strongly support these placements by analyzing the machineries for assembly of iron–sulfur ([Fe–S]) clusters, an essential function in eukaryotic cells that is carried out in mitochondria by the ISC machinery and in plastids by the SUF machinery. We assessed the taxonomic distribution of ISC and SUF in representatives of major eukaryotic supergroups and analyzed the phylogenetic relationships with their prokaryotic homologues. Concatenation datasets of core ISC proteins show an early branching of mitochondria within Alphaproteobacteria, right after the emergence of Magnetococcales. Similar analyses with the SUF machinery place primary plastids as sister to Gloeomargarita within Cyanobacteria. Our results add to the growing evidence of an early emergence of primary organelles and show that the analysis of essential machineries of endosymbiotic origin provide a robust signal to resolve ancient and fundamental steps in eukaryotic evolution.
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Millar, Melissa A., David J. Coates, Margaret Byrne, and J. Dale Roberts. "An integrated genetic approach to provenancing and establishment of founding individuals for restoration in the semiarid midwest region of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 3 (2019): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18096.
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An increasingly important practical application of the analysis of spatial genetic structure and life history traits of plant species is to aid the design of seed sourcing scenarios that provide for long-term successful restoration. Despite this, there are few practical recommendations on how to use empirical knowledge of genetic structure and life history traits to design appropriate seed sourcing regimes and planting designs. We identified potential divergent lineages within species as an important first step in determining appropriate areas in which to source seeds. We then used a modelling approach for restoration based on patterns of genetic structure and life history traits that affect demography, dispersal and gene flow to inform the impact of number and spatial positioning of founder individuals, as well as different seed sourcing scenarios, on population growth and the initial capture and long-term maintenance of genetic diversity for restored populations. The approach is illustrated using datasets for four perennial plant species associated with the Banded Iron Formations of the semiarid midwest region of Western Australia. The approach can be tailored to any restoration site and applied to a range of species with differing patterns of genetic structure and differing life history traits.
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Lee, Soo Hong. "The Appearance and Extinction of Triangular Clay-Stripe Pottery and the End of Plain-Pattern Pottery: With a focus on the downstream section of the Nakdong River including the Daho-ri site." Yeongnam Archaeological Society 96 (May 31, 2023): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47417/yar.2023.96.37.
Full textAbstract:
Triangular clay-stripe pottery is the last type of plain-pattern. In the Yeongnam region, it appeared at the end third century~middle second century B.C. Triangular clay stripes themselves were made in the process of pressing round ones to solidify the adherence of clay bands. Many different elements made complex appearances in the pottery that accompanied triangular clay-stripe pottery, the emergence of whose culture was related to the spread of the iron culture in the Yeongnam region. Pottery at the stage of triangular clay-stripe pottery became diverse in terms of type and size, which meant that the methods of occupation and cooking also became diverse based on the increased productive capacity. The increase of surplus products became the background of founding a “Kuk(國)”, and this social background was manifested in the diversification of pottery in type and size. In the first century B.C., grey pottery appeared and was buried in tombs. Triangular clay-stripe pottery was buried in tombs at the Daho-ri relic until the first century A.D. It was used at the living relics in the downstream section of the Nakdong River until the second century A.D. and replaced with reddish brown soft pottery. It meant that plain-pattern pottery was replaced with reddish brown soft pottery. The beginning of triangular clay-stripe pottery meant the beginning of the full-blown iron culture. Its end meant the end of plain-pattern pottery, which signified the end of the traditional production system that was home-based and non-full time. The end of triangular clay-stripe pottery and the appearance of soft pottery meant that even life pottery was made in the new ceramic art involving a pottery wheel and the beating technique. It means the end of an old era and the opening of a new era.
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Ritter, Clemens. "Neutrons Not Entitled to Retire at the Age of 60: More than Ever Needed to Reveal Magnetic Structures." Solid State Phenomena 170 (April 2011): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.170.263.
Full textAbstract:
In 1949 Shull et al. [1] used for the first time neutrons for the determination of a magnetic structure. Ever since, the need for neutrons for the study of magnetism has increased. Two main reasons can be brought forward to explain this ongoing success: First of all a strong rise in research on functional materials (founding obliges) and secondly the increasing availability of easy to use programmes for the treatment of magnetic neutron diffraction data. The giant magnetoresistance effect, multiferroic materials, magnetoelasticity, magnetic shape memory alloys, magnetocaloric materials, high temperature superconductivity or spin polarized half metals: The last 15 years have seen the event of all these “hot topics” where the knowledge of the magnetism is a prerequisite for understanding the underlying functional mechanisms. Refinement programs like FULLPROF or GSAS and programs for magnetic symmetry analysis like BASIREPS or SARAH make the determination of magnetic structures accessible for non specialists. Following a historical overview on the use of neutron powder diffraction for the determination of magnetic structures, I will try to convince you of the easiness of using magnetic symmetry analysis for the determination of magnetic structures using some recent examples of own research on the rare earth iron borate TbFe3(BO3)4 and the rare earth transition metal telluride Ho6FeTe2.
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Priksha, Narendra Swaroop, Arun A. David, Tarence Thomas, and Satya Ranjan Mohanta. "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil from Different Villages of Sundar Nagar Block of Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 9 (June 26, 2023): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92203.
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One of the most popular phrases in agriculture is the term “Soil Health and Soil Quality.” Agricultural sustainability is being dependent on soil health. Soil quality assessment is of paramount importance to know the appropriate management practices to be adopted for sustainable crop production. Soil samples were collected from Sunder Nagar block of Mandi district on Oct. 2022 in three depths viz. 0-15,15-30 and 30-45 cm and analysed for their Physico-chemical parameters by using standard laboratory techniques. Soil health parameters were analyzed and the founding state that, texture of soil is sandy loam. Soil reaction was neutral to slightly alkaline with soil EC mostly below <1.0 dS m-1 significantly affect for better crop production. In the case of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content of research area was found to be slightly low to medium while the range of potassium range was medium to high. The concentration levels of certain micronutrients were analyzed and the results indicate that zinc levels were low to slightly medium, copper levels were low to medium, iron levels were medium to high and manganese levels were medium to slightly high. For promoting the soil health and soil quality use of organic manure is recommended for fertilizer management.
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Pokrovskii, A. I., B. B. Khina, and O. A. Tolkacheva. "Ausferritic (bainitic) cast iron: Harmonization of international standard ISO 17804 in application to the conditions of Belarus." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2021-1-56-72.
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The experience of the Physico-technical Institute (PhTI) of the National Acdemy of Sciences of Belarus in the harmonization of international standard ISO 17804 (Founding – Ausferritic spheroidal graphite cast irons – Classification) and development of the Belorussian analogue STB ISO is described. The reasons for the choice of austempered ductile iron (ADI) as an object for standard harmonization are presented: it is the most promising cast iron in comparison with gray and classical ductile iron. The work procedure on harmonization is described: how to include the task into the State Plan on standardization, specificity of translation of the text, peculiarities of with state organizations responsible for approbation of standards such as Belorussian Institute for Standardization and Certification (BelGISS) and State Committee on Standards (Gosstandart), writing a summary of external reviews, working with critical comments from potential users. It is outlined that any foreign standard does not exists independently but is closely connected with at least 10 to 20 other standards. Thus, harmonization necessitates coordination with other standards and sometimes even with handbooks by adding annexes to the main text. The importance of a proper choice of the standard status is outlined: identical (ID) or modified (MOD). Developing an identical standard is prestigious but difficult because is requires harmonization of all the referenced standards, which is a very labor-consuming procedure. It is argued that the most suitable is ‘intermediate’ variant: adopting the authentic text of the international standard (in high-quality translation) but with annexes reflecting national specificity in this area. As a result, a harmonized standard is developed which, for the first time in Belarus, standardize the tensile strength of 800 MPa in combination with the elongation of 10 % and the tensile strength of 1400 MPa in combination with the elongation of 1 % for cast irons.The annual demand for ADI in Belarus is estimated as about 10,000 ton. It is shown that in Belarus, where about 60 industrial enterprises have a foundry and almost every engineering plant has a heat-treatment shop, austempered ductile cast (ADI), which features a high strength, can successfully compete with rolled steel in certain applications.
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Войтовська, В. І. "TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY OF STARCH OF DIFFERENT HYBRIDS OF CORN AND VARIETIES OF GRAIN SORGHUM BY ITS BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENT." Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture 1 (August 2022): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2310-0478-2022-1-77-81.
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The technological quality of starch of different hybrids of corn and varieties of grain sorghum according to its biochemical component is determined. It was founding that the product contains 81.5–83.7% of starch + dextrin. In addition, it contains protein at the level of 1.0–1.1%, dietary fiber – 1.5–1.7%, depending on the maize hybrid. Cornstarch contains vitamins B3 and B4. The technological quality of grain sorghum starch was similar to that of corn. However, sorghum starch contains a higher content of protein and dietary fiber. In terms of moisture and ash content, cornstarch and grain sorghum meet the current requirements. Studies have shown that cornstarch contained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), saturated fatty acids (PFA), ash, protein, dietary fiber, water. The main part of it consisted of carbohydrates, represented by starch and dextrin – 82.5–83.7%. The lowest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) – 0.02–0.03%, depending on the hybrid. In addition, the protein content of starch was in the range of 1.0–1.1%, and the content of dietary fiber was 1.5–1.7%, depending on the maize hybrid. The moisture content of starch was 12.1–13.4%, and the ash content was 0.2%, which met the requirements of the standard SSTU 3976–2000 Dry cornstarch. Specifications. Cornstarch contained two B vitamins and 11 mineral elements. Among the vitamins of corn grain in starch, the content of B4 and B3 was determined – 0.4–0.7 mg/kg. Of the mineral elements, sodium contained the most – 25–30 mg/kg of starch. Selenium was the least – 0.002–0.003 mg/kg. The content of copper, zinc and manganese varied from 0.048 to 0.07 mg/kg of starch. Iron content – from 0.43 to 0.48 mg/kg. The content of magnesium and sulfur was in the range of 1.0–2.6 mg/kg. The content of potassium, calcium and phosphorus is 13–20 mg/kg, depending on the maize hybrid. The biochemical component of grain sorghum starch was similar to that of corn. Thus, the starch + dextrin content was at the level of 81.0–83.8% depending on the variety. The content of PUFA was in the range of 0.03–0.04, and the content of NFA was 0.2%. In terms of moisture and ash content, sorghum starch complied with the standards of SSTU 4380: 2005. The starch is modifying. The fat content was 0.8–1.5%; the protein content was 1.8–2.7%, depending on the variety of grain sorghum. It should be noted that the origin of sorghum varieties did not affect the formation of technological quality of starch. Only the content of vitamin B3 – 0.67–1.00 mg/kg was founding in grain sorghum starch. Only nine minerals have been identified. The highest content of phosphorus was 20–28 mg/kg of starch. The content of potassium and sodium was in the range of 20.0–25.0 mg/kg of starch. The copper content was the lowest – 0.003–0.005 mg/kg of product. The manganese content was 0.084–0.098 mg/kg. The content of iron varied from 0.18 to 0.25 mg/kg, magnesium, sulfur and calcium – from two to 6 mg/kg of grain sorghum starch.
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Klepikov, Valeriy. "Sarmatian Burials of the Kovalevka Burial Mound: Strangers Among Friends?" Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2019): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.1.3.
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Introduction. The Nomads of early Sarmatian time is a complex conglomerate of constantly growing groups of new population in the Volga-Don interfluve area. Determining their location is becoming a relevant problem in the current research. The early Sarmatian burials of the Kovalevka burial mound are significantly different from the synchronous array of similar monuments. It makes possible to clarify the historical situation in the final stage of the early Sarmatian culture in the studied region. Methods. The method of cross-dating and comparative-typological analysis of 12 burials of 8 barrows of the Kovalevka burial mound, located in the southern part of the Volga-Don interfluve area, allow clarifying the chronology of materials and identify the specifics of the funeral rite. Analysis. The ceramic complex as a part of the North Caucasian antiquities of the 3rd - 1st centuries BC, can be identified through the presence of iron stemmed arrowheads, common for the period 2nd - 1st centuries BC. The tradition of the ancestral mounds-cemeteries with multiple burials under one mound dominated during this time period. However, the analyzed complexes represented a new tradition of individual burial places, more common in the latter period. Besides, the horse bones, iron bits and a few iron spearheads were found in the burial mound. This is a rarity in the funeral rite of the early Sarmatian culture. All of these innovations are known in the controversial Sarmatian complexes of the turn of eras when the change from early Sarmatian culture to middle Sarmatian culture took place. Another common feature of all the burials under study is a ritual robbery of buried people. The burials were destroyed, mostly for the purpose of their desecration. The bones of the buried were found at the bottom of the grave, and the remaining parts of the skeleton were thrown out of the pit. Results. It can be assumed that at the end of the 1st century BC a group of well-armed nomads entered the territory uder study and was not accepted by the local population. The attempt to settle in the place led migrants to founding their own cemetery in the floodplain of the Esaulovsky Aksai river (local Sarmatians chose watersheds for this). However, this action caused discontent of natives, which led to the desecration of strangers’ graves by the local population.
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Ghildiyal, Sneha, Manjari Baluni, D. Himanshu Reddy, and Alok Kumar. "Comprehensive Assessment of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid for Protein Bio-Marker Identification Following Japanese Encephalitis Viral Infection." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2662.
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Identifying potential biomarkers, which can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, is urgently needed for successful Japanese encephalitis (J.E.) viral infection disease management. In the present study, we identified key CSF protein biomarkers of J.E. patients. We compared them to those from non-JE acute encephalitis syndrome and other neurological non-infectious patients to determine their discriminatory potential to detect JEV infection. Demographic and clinical information including fever, headache, vomiting, altered sensorium, behavioral abnormalities, neck stiffness, and GCS score were recorded for all patients. CSF protein biomarkers were analyzed using 2D gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Total 22 CSF based protein biomarkers were identified and a out of them three protein spots were further processed for biomarkers identification on the basis of size and density. Functional enrichment analyses of Gene Ontology (G.O.) were performed using Cytoscape software to explore the biological functions and relevant pathways. G.O. enrichment analysis showed that the G.O. terms were mainly enriched in immune responses, inflammatory and apoptotic cell death pathways, autophagy regulation, cellular organization, cellular protein modification, lipid transportation, fatty acid metabolism and iron regulation specifically associated with JEV disease. Taken together, it showed that a combination of multiple CSF protein biomarkers constitutes a founding set for the discrimination of JEV infection individuals, which can be used for diagnosis and therapeutic targets; however, it demands further extensive independent cohorts study.
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Moskovchuk, Liudmyla. "Educational activity of the Rev. Iov Pochaivsky as a factor in the development of Ukrainian self-consciousness, ethics and culture of future teachers." IVAN OHIIENKO AND CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE AND EDUCATION SCHOLARLY PAPERS PHILOLOGY, no. 17 (December 1, 2020): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-7086.2020-17-2.138-146.
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The educational activity of a prominent fi gure in Ukraine – a preacher and writer, statesman, public, church and cultural fi gure – St. Iov Pochaivsky has been analyzed in this article. Its main directions has been outlined. The role of the personality of St. Iov Iron in the development of Ukrainian self-consciousness, ethics and culture of future teachers has been revealed. Our society will not be able to solve complex educational problems without overcoming its moral and spiritual crisis. Entering the professional activity of a teacher requires from the individual not only persistent eff orts aimed at mastering professional competencies, but also at humanizing the inner world, fi lling it with moral content, values and ideals. Given this, the educational process in higher education institutions of Ukraine should be aimed at the spiritual growth of students. The modern education system must build an educational ideal that corresponds to the mental and natural properties of the Ukrainian man. One of the spiritual beacons of the Ukrainian nation is St. Iov Pochaivsky.The main areas of educational activity of St. Job Iron were moral and ethical, tran-scendent, national defense, educational (publishing), management and labor. The monk was distinguished by Christian virtues and spiritual perfection. He directed all his life to the service of God, people and the Motherland. He cared about the education of the monks and laity. He made many eff orts to rewrite and distribute books of spiritual and religious content, to protect the Orthodox faith in Ukraine, to fi ght the union. Pastoral wisdom, determination, fi rmness of will, strength of spirit, extraordinary diligence of St. Iov contributed to the prosperity not only of Pochaiv Monastery, but also the founding and development of other churches and monasteries of Kremenets County. Acquaintance of future teachers with the historical fi gure of St. Iov Pochaivsky and his educational activity is an eff ective psychological and pedagogical means of develping their self-awareness, ethics and culture, will promote the education of a holistic inner personality, a full-fl edged subject of culture with full harmony of words, feelings and deeds, moral assessment of the world and seeks to make it better by his actions.
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Arch. Dennis L Estacio. "Bulacan capitol building: A reconnaissance survey of art deco heritage structure designed by Arch. Juan M. Arellano." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 10, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 052–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2022.10.3.0056.
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The Capitol building of the Province of Bulacan in the town of Malolos, erected in 1930. Bulacan Capitol Building is an Art Deco Style Architecture. The entrance of the building has Portico with Octagonal Concrete Columns with decorative concrete torch. It has three entrances of wooden frame door accentuated with wrought iron grills with design of rising Sun. Upon entering the lobby, you will be welcomed by Grand double return staircase. The façade of the building is of massive walls and columns with simplistic design painted with purely white color. The Bulacan Capitol Building was designed by Architect Juan Marcos Arellano. JUAN MARCOS ARELLANO (y de Guzman), one of the Philippines' founding fathers of architecture, was born on this day in Tondo, Manila. Among his most famous works are Manila's Metropolitan Theater (1935), Legislative Building (1926) (now the National Museum of the Philippines), the Manila Central Post Office Building (1926), and Jones Bridge. The researcher utilized Reconnaissance Survey Methodology, an extensive study of an entire area that might be used for analysis. Its purpose is to eliminate those buildings or site elements which are impractical or unfeasible and to identify the more promising buildings or site elements. The result showed that one of the famous landmarks in Bulacan is its Provincial Capitol Building. The building, erected in 1930, was destroyed during the Second World War. It was rebuilt in 1950 with the assistance of the American government. During the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino, the building was renovated and expanded. The building is a Cultural Heritage Property.
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Ejarque, Ana, Ramon Julià, Pere Castanyer, Hector A. Orengo, Josep Maria Palet, and Santiago Riera. "Landscape footprints of peopling and colonisation from the Late Bronze Age to Antiquity in the coastal hinterland of Emporion-Emporiae, NE Iberia." Holocene 32, no. 4 (January 6, 2022): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09596836211066597.
Full textAbstract:
The Empordà plain attests to a remarkable mixture of Late-Holocene cultural exchanges and colonial processes. This includes the founding of Emporion, the earliest Greek colony in Iberia, and of the Roman city of Emporiae. This study aims at assessing landscape changes related to indigenous and colonial settlement in this unique scenario where the shaping of cultural landscapes occurred within a dynamic coastal ecosystem. We carried out a high-temporal resolution palaeoenvironmental study in Els Estanys, a palaeowetland located in the vicinity of Emporion-Emporiae. Palynological, sedimentological and geochemical indicators were coupled with available archaeological and archaeobotanical data-sets. Between 1100 and 800 cal BC, the settling of Urnfield Late Bronze societies resulted in the sustained clearance of woodlands and moderate agropastoral exploitation of coastal ranges. During this period, marine-influenced lagoonal areas were poorly exploited. During the Iron Age (800–450 cal BC), a threshold in the landscape construction of the area occurred with the first pastoral exploitation of lagoonal areas, intensified cereal cultivation, controlled burning, and enhanced deforestation following the settlement of Iberian groups. Greek colonisation (580–200 cal BC), did not trigger intensified farming exploitation or landscape clearance, nor did it imply the introduction of new land uses or crops in the hinterland. Exploitation of the latter continued relying on cereal cultivation and grazing, as before, suggesting the permanence of indigenous landscapes and practices in the hinterland. To the contrary, urban and periurban landscapes played a significant role in the construction of the colonial landscape with the introduction of olive groves likely as ornamental trees. Roman conquest and colonisation of the area constituted a new threshold in the occupation and management of the hinterland with (1) intensified rural settlement; (2) expansion of wet pastures and removal of littoral woodlands; (3) development of diversified cropping activities; and (4) development of mining and smelting activities.
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Cha, Soon-chul, and Sun Kim. "A Study on Temple Workshop in Hanam Region." Bukak History Academy 17 (January 30, 2023): 99–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.37288/bukak.2023.17.2.99.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the types and characteristics of workshops found in the Cheonwangsa Temple Site and Dongsa Temple Site among the temples of the Three Kingdoms and Goryeo Dynasty periods in the Hanam region. In the workshop of Cheonwangsa Temple Site, a tile kiln, a charcoal kiln, a copper furnace, and remains of bell-casting facilities can be found in the space between the main hall and the lecture hall. From these remains, it is presumed that the workshop inside the temple's precinct during the temple's founding period was moved outside the temple site after the remodeling but continued to supply tile and charcoal. The Dongsa Temple Site workshop was constructed by digging the ground where buildings were built during the Unified Silla Period. A furnace presumed to have been used for iron production and remains of bell casting facilities were found. These workshops were operated temporarily to make roof tiles and dharma crafts needed at the temple's foundation. There is no trace that they were continued afterward. Considering the workshops' location, type, and operation, Cheonwangsa Temple shows the characteristics of a government office. It is presumed that Dongsa Temple was founded as a memorial temple sponsored by nobles. The workshops inside and around the two temple spaces are presumed to be auxiliary facilities that directly produce and supply items needed by the temples. It is deemed that professional craftsmen operated them. The operation of these workshops was related to the size of the temples. It shows the characteristic of a government office supported by the central or local government at the time, like the Seongjeon Sawon (temple with the government office in charge of construction, repair, and operation of temples) during the Unified Silla Dynasty.
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Park, Hye Jeong. "European Integration Viewed through the Postwar Transnational ‘Abendland’ Movement: With Special Reference to the Centre Européen de Documentation et d'Information(CEDI) of the 1950s and 1960s." Korean Society For German History 51 (November 30, 2022): 97–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.17995/kjgs.2022.11.51.97.
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The central piece of the postwar Abendland movement was European integration. The historical origin of this European vision can be found in the idea of Abendland itself, which departs from the ideal of the Sacrum Imperium of the Middle Age. However, the path, on which the postwar Abendland movement had walked down as an organization in the process of its transformation into an European integration movement was extremely rugged. The so-called CEDI was cast to European stage when it was launched, and thereafter had to switch its partners multiple times in order to survive as an organization in the middle of the stormy conjuncture of the Cold War era. Its agenda was much more transnational, compared to another European movement organization based in West-Germany, i.e. Europa-Union, which belonged to the main stream movement aiming at founding a United States of Europe. The clearest transnationality of the CEDI lies in its persistent focus on the Central and Eastern Europe and the political goal of setting this region free from the Soviet’s claw.
The decisive move of the CEDI towards this ultimate goal was the organizational merge with Paneuropean Union in 1972. The CEDI already restored its ancient pivot of the Abendland, i.e. the Central and Eastern Europe, as its main agenda through the collaboration with De Gaul France government, and it did not lose sight of this pivot again even after they split. Eventually since the CEDI merged with PEU, it properly start collaborating with the expellee’s association in West-Germany and its efforts to realize the agenda of ‘christliches Großeuropa’ led to the historical event, the Paneuropean Picnic in 1989, which made the first kick to tear down the iron curtain.
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Furdova, Alena, and Zoltan Olah. "The Beginnings of the Development of Ophthalmology in Slovakia Region Bratislava." Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny 86 (December 8, 2023): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/ahifm.86.2023.86.02.
Full textAbstract:
The first hospital was founded in Bratislava in the territory of today’s Slovakia, but probably also in the whole of Hungary, already in 1307. One of the very serious disease states, threatening the eyes with blindness, was an infectious eye disease – trachoma. According to preserved historical sources, the large spread of trachoma in the territory of Slovakia occurred during the Turkish wars. A fundamental and extremely important moment for ophthalmology was the construction and opening of the new landscape “State” Hospital in Bratislava in the years 1857-1864 (still within Austria-Hungary). The landscape “State” Hospital was built and equipped very modernly for the given period. The fact that among its first “founding” departments: internal, skin-genital, surgical-obstetrical, psychiatric was also ophthalmic department is extremely important, because this made Bratislava one of the first cities in Europe to have a separate inpatient unit for the treatment of eye diseases. Dr. Kanka in 1882-1892 was also the director of the landscape “State” Hospital, as a royal councilor in Bratislava, he also served as regional ophthalmologist and was awarded the 3rd degree of the Iron Crown. Scientifically he dealt with the problems of accommodation of the eye, operating instruments and eye operations, the effect of poisonous substances on the eyes, but also general problems of health care in Bratislava and in some counties of Hungary. Dr. Kanka was among the doctors who were also very active in publishing. The landscape “State” Hospital in Bratislava, which at the time of its foundation was the largest not only in Upper Hungary, but in Hungary as a whole, became, together with the activities of the “Medical and Natural Science Society” in Bratislava, a center of intensive medical-professional and scientific life.
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Clayson, David B. "IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. Volume 34, polynuclear aromatic compounds, part 3. Industrial exposures in aluminium production, coal gasification, coke production and iron and steel founding." Cancer Letters 28, no. 2 (September 1985): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(85)90081-3.
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Yi, Yang-Su. "The Study on the Wooden Coffin Tombs in Tap-dong, Gyeongju and What the Finds Disclose Regarding the Characteristics of the Deceased and their Roles in Foreign Relations." Central Institute of Cultural Heritage 39 (October 31, 2022): 55–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20292/jcich.2022.39.55.
Full textAbstract:
The wooden coffin tombs at Tap-dong are the first tombs of outstanding elites to have ever found in downtown Gyeongju, the capital of Silla. This is also where Oreung(五陵) - the tomb of Park Hyeokgeose, who is the founding monarch of Silla - is located. The Tap-dong burial sites consist of 3 wooden coffin tombs dated in different periods, numbered 1 - 3, respectively.
There are hints from the digs at the Tap-dong site that: 1. the kind of wooden coffin tomb appeared around 57 BCE, exactly at the same time when Silla started off as a small city-state by the name of Saro-guk.
2. the bronze and iron artifacts and other ornaments from this site suggest that the ruling class of Saro-guk was the association of native Jin people and displaced people whose expansionist attitudes served militarily and socio-economically as intermediators between China and northern peoples and Silla, and even further Japan.
3. all of these findings could be archaeological evidence that the earlier historical records of the origin of Silla in Samguk Sagi proves plausible.
The three tombs at the Tap-dong site were built in three differentiated periods and occupied by three differentiated owners in terms of social status, but they all represented early phases of the emergence of a centralized monarchy at the heart of the capital of Silla, not in the neighboring place. The tombs were numbered 1 - 3 as they were found, and yet Tomb No. 3 is the oldest of the three, followed by Tomb No. 2. and Tomb No. 1 backwards chronologically.
Tomb No. 3 produced no distinguished prestige goods of bronze except some earthenware, by the chronological dating of which this tomb is presumed to have been built around 57 BCE. It marks the beginning of the construction of wooden coffin tombs in this area.
Tomb No. 2 can be thought of a prelude to a new political entity of Gyeongju beginning its journey to the Unified Kingdom. It is the first of a series of tombs where the Chinese bronze mirrors were deposited by those who ruled downtown Gyeongju in the late 1st century AD, about the same time as Tomb No. 38 at Joyang-dong, Gyeongju. Tomb No. 38 at Joyang-dong, however, produced 4 Chinese bronze mirrors and a fragment of a reprocessed Chinese bronze mirror, which means that the deceased as a stronger manager who boasted his financial power capable of possessing valued items, such as Chinese bronze mirrors, was competing against the Tap-dong tomb owner nearby, about 8 km or only a 2-hour walk apart in Gyeongju at the time.
The finds from Tomb No. 1 at Tap-dong can be interpreted that at least two groups of separate interests had a rational division of function along the supply chain of iron artifacts in present-day Gyeongju around the mid 1st century AD: One was in charge of producing ironwork and the other was responsible for trading them, organizing guild-like professional associations; The first group consisted of people who were able to bury their leader with a good number of highly valued iron artworks in his grave. On the other hand, the second group consisted of people who boasted their prestige and authority by placing multiple decorative bronze items, such as swords, buckles, buttons, and bracelets, in their leader’s burial. Sarari people as locals would have settled down here in Gyeongju from the beginning of the Bronze age and been familiar with dealing with iron. Alternately, Tap-dong people could be the displaced refugees who had fled from the Northern part of Korea after the fall of Wiman Joseon. That’s why they could have been flashily dressed like one of them and engaged in foreign trade with Northern nomadic people.
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Fatic, Aleksandar. "NATO enlargement and relations between Serbia and Montenegro and Bulgaria and Romania." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 2 (2003): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0302223f.
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The discussion of bilateral relations in modern international relations is usually in the shadow of the new character of global international politics, which is mediated through the large international relations. Bilateral diplomacy is slowly giving way to multilateral diplomacy in the solving of most international issues, including those that have been traditionally perceived as belonging exclusively to the domain of state sovereignty. However, bilateral relations remain crucial in situations where integration processes into large international bodies encounter obstacles and problems. The current development of bilateral diplomacy between Serbia and Montenegro on the one, and Bulgaria and Romania, on the other hand, serves predominantly the purposes of regional harmonisation that will eventually lead to NATO and EU accession, and this process also serves to iron out not so infrequent problems and dissonances in the recent history of bilateral relations, especially between Bulgaria and the former FRY, and particularly during the NATO bombing of FRY in the Spring of 1999. Today, however, all three countries have proclaimed the EU and NATO accession projects as the top priorities of their foreign policies. In the course of pursuit of their accession policies, Bulgaria and Romania have realised that the so-called ?beauty contest? approach, namely the countries' insistence on their own qualifications for membership in the EU and NATO, as opposed to the qualifications of the other countries of the region, is largely futile, and they have opted instead for a regional cooperation approach. The latter approach is consistent with the founding principle of regionalism in the internal organisation of the European Union, and this principle includes, among others, the sub-principle of subsidiarity, whereby all decisions are made on the lowest hierarchical level possible, preferably on the level of European regions. This approach implies that countries that are candidates for membership in the EU must first demonstrate the ability to cooperate and integrate regionally, and this is why Romania and Bulgaria, as well as Serbia and Montenegro, have now refocused their efforts on mutual bilateral relations within the context of NATO (and EU) accession.
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Kim, Yunjeong. "The Introduction of North China’s Ceramic Culture to 15th Century Joseon and the Influence on Buncheong Ware." Korean Journal of Art History 312 (December 31, 2021): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31065/kjah.312.202112.001.
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This paper is a study on Korean Buncheong ware in relation to the ceramic culture of North China. The focus on drawing connections between the ceramic industries of Korea and North China expands on views presented in previous scholarship. Research thus far has traditionally ascribed the origin of Buncheong forms and decoration techniques to the influences of inlaid celadon from the late Goryeo Dynasty and the Cizhou ware of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The ceramic culture of North China was quickly transmitted to Korea due to the naturalization of the Jurchen people, who took part in founding the early Joseon Dynasty. Another factor was the migration and settlement of immigrants from North China, which began from the late Goryeo Dynasty and continued into the Joseon Dynasty or the fifteenth century. Therefore, the influence of North China is evident in various aspects of Buncheong ware from the early fifteenth century as observed in the forms of inlaid examples produced during this period. In the latter half of the fifteenth century, increased cultural exchange between the two regions and the growing number of migrants from North China were two important factors in the development of Buncheong in Korea. This is particularly true for examples featuring underglaze iron-brown (cheolhwa), sgraffito (bakji), slip-brushed (gwiyal), and slip-coated (deombeong) decorations fired in kilns populating the region of Chungcheong-do and parts of Jeolla-do. Traces of ‘Bunjang (粉粧)’ ceramics, which served as the transition from celadon to White Porcelain, is detected not only in the fifteenth century Buncheong ware of Joseon, but also in the porcelain of North China produced in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. Though South China also experienced a quick transition from celadon to White Porcelain, the inclusion of ‘Bunjang’ ceramics is unique to North China. In conclusion, early Joseon Buncheong originated and developed from the inlaid celadon of late Goryeo–a progression that occurred under the ceramic culture of North China, whose influences prompted innovations in form and technique vital to the development of Buncheong ware.
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Rothschild, Miriam. "Tadeus Reichstein. 20 July 1897 — 1 August 1996." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 45 (January 1999): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1999.0030.
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Tadeus Reichstein was born on 20 July 1897 in Wloclawek (in Russian Poland), the eldest of five sons of Jewish parents, Isidor Reichstein and Gustava Brochman (7)*. In Russia, in those days, only a small number of Jews were allowed to study at the technical high school in St Petersburg, and Tadeus's father, Isidor, considered himself extremely fortunate to have been selected. He received virtually no financial support, and in order to survive embarked on an austere self-disciplined routine, limiting his daily meal to one herring, black bread and water. After a while, he managed to earn a meagre pittance giving lessons in physics and mathematics to children of wealthy citizens. Despite hard times, he won a medal for his brilliant examination papers. After leaving school, Isidor moved to Kiev in the Ukraine, where he succeeded in founding his own business as a sugar-processing engineer and was able to marry. In 1904 the youngest brother, Paul, was born and the flat in Kiev proved too small to accommodate five boys, so Tadeus, as the eldest, was sent to live temporarily with his aunt, who was married to a Lublin pharmacist. Although only eight years old, Tadeus took a lively interest in the chemist shop, and his uncle encouraged him to assist in making pills, by rolling them by hand. On rejoining his family he turned his sleeping quarters into a ‘laboratory’ and he and a young friend spent all their spare time attempting to create silver from iron filings. It was his first attempt at alchemy. In 1905, violent pogroms occurred in Russia and the little boy heard the screams of the victims outside in the street and saw the wounded and dying, streaming with blood, dragged into their shop, while the mounted cossacks galloped past heedlessly. Tadeus recalled the atmosphere of terror, but he had never seen blood before and he remembered he found that very interesting.
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Sztyma, Tamara. "JEWISH MUSEUMS IN EUROPE: GENESIS AND PROFILE." Muzealnictwo 60 (May 15, 2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2023.
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In the last decades of the 20th c. and following 2000, a real 'boom' in founding Jewish museums throughout Europe could be observed. A lot of new institutions were established, and old ones were modernized. All this resulting from the growing urge to overcome silence over the Holocaust, to square up with the past, and to open the debate on the multiethnicity of the history of Europe. This, in turn, was favoured by the occurring phenomena: Europe’s integration, the fall of the Iron Curtain, and the development of democratic civil societies. New Jewish museums established in Europe, though inevitably making a reference to the Shoah, are not Holocaust museums as such, and they do not tell the story of the genocide. Their goal is mainly to restore the memory of the centuries of the Jewish presence in a given country, region, and town: they tell this story as part of the history of the given place, and aim at having it incorporated into the official national history. Moreover, their mission is to show the presence and importance of the Jewish heritage in today’s world, as well as to ask questions related to Jewish identity in contemporary Europe. The civilizational conflicts that arose after the relatively peaceful 1990s, outlined a new framework for the activity of Jewish museums which, interestingly, gradually go beyond the peculiar Jewish experience in order to reach a universal level. With such activities they try to promote pluralism and multicultural experience, shape inclusive attitudes, give voice to minorities, speak out against all the manifestations of discrimination and exclusion. Since these museums deal with such sensitive challenging issues, they have to well master the structure of their message on every level: that of architecture, script, exhibition layout, and accompanying programmes, thanks to which they unquestionably contribute to creating new standards and marking out new trends in today’s museology as well as in museum learning.
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Hartley, Benjamin L. "The 1921 Founding of the International Missionary Council in the Life of John R. Mott." International Review of Mission 111, no. 2 (November 2022): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irom.12431.
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Kim, Byung Nam. "The status of Mahan culture in Northeast Asian history and Iksan." RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE MAHAN-BAEKJE CULTURE 43 (June 30, 2024): 64–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34265/mbmh.2024.43.64.
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Iksan’s historical and cultural status and source in the history of Northeast Asia occupy a very important position. Iksan had already attracted attention as a center of Bronze Age culture based on the recovery of a large amount of archaeological relics in the 1970s. The ruins of Buyeo, Iksan and Jeonju(Wanju) within a 60km radius of Iksan were set as the ‘Iksan Cultural Area’. It is presumed that technological innovations were achieved in regions including Iksan by residents who came down from the political upheaval in Liaodong and the northwest region. Archaeologically, the founding period of Mahan is believed to be between the 3rd and 1st centuries B.C. in connection with the introduction of iron culture. In this case, the Mahan small states of Iksan is likely to be the Geonma states that appears in China's records of the 『Samkukji』. This small state’s name is connected to Jimomilji in the 「Gwanseumeungheomgi」 and Jimohyeon, Jimamaji, Geummajeo, Geumma in the geography of the 『Samguksagi』, showing regional historicity. Also, considering the spatial scope of Mahan as the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula in Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla regions, Iksan small states is considered to encompass the Geum River and Mangyeong River areas such as Okgu, Impi, Hamyeol and Geumma. In the late 4th century, the Iksan region was subordinated to Baekje along with the western regions of Jeollabuk-do, including Gunsan, Jeonju(Wanju), Gimje, Buan, Jeongeup and Gochang, and was incorporated into the local system after the transfer of the capital to Ungjin. After the 5th century, the Ipjeom-ri and Ungpo-ri tombs and the Sanwol-ri ruins in Daeya-myeon in the Geum River area related to Iksan show that they came under the control of central political forces. Even in the 6th century, Iksan was an important area through the fact that even Baekje’s Geummajeo, Geumma-gun, and Geumma-san were continuously mentioned in the literature records. Even in the 7th century, the theory of Iksan as the capital and separate capitals means that it had the same weight and importance as Sabi, the capital of Baekje at the time.
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Agersnap Larsen, Lars. "Muldfjælsplovens tidlige historie – Fra yngre romersk jernalder til middelalder." Kuml 64, no. 64 (October 31, 2015): 165–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v64i64.24220.
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The early history of the mouldboard plough – from the Late Roman Iron Age to the Middle AgesUntil quite recently, the introduction of the mouldboard plough to Denmark was seen as being closely linked to a new efficient Medieval cultivation system, the open-field system, which was considered to be the foundation for dynamic social changes evident in the area from c. AD 1000-1300. The open-field system is often explained in the context of a Medieval agricultural and technological revolution, whereby the mouldboard plough, ridge-and-furrow cultivation and crop rotation were introduced as a kind of package solution. Studies of Danish Medieval written sources suggest that these agrarian changes took place in AD 1000-1200, with use of the mouldboard plough consequently not being thought of as much older.Until the late 1990s, this idea was not contradicted by the significant body of evidence in the Danish archaeological record relating to the mouldboard plough, which in many ways is unique in a European perspective. Subsequently, new archaeological finds of well-preserved furrows made by a mouldboard plough have been discovered which clearly show that this implement was introduced to Denmark about 700-800 years earlier than previously thought, i.e. in the Late Roman Iron Age, c. AD 200-400. This challenges our understanding of the introduction of the mouldboard plough and the history of cultivation systems in Denmark prior to the Middle Ages and the evidence has therefore been subjected to new investigations.Archaeological finds of plough componentsThe archaeological record contains the only known finds of wooden plough components such as the beam, sheath, sole and mouldboard, as well as finds of the coulter, draught chains and shares (fig. 1). These finds can be dated to the period from the Late Viking Age to the Late Middle Ages or Renaissance.The archaeological record, together with pictorial representations on frescoes and seals from Denmark, provides a relatively tangible picture of the plough as basically a quadrilateral construction with the mouldboard attached to the right side. How far back in time this plough construction was used is not known for sure, but it is possible that it was developed by farmers as far back as the Iron Age, possibly being best suited to the asymmetrical function of the plough. It is obviously unlikely that an implement which was used for more than 1500 years remained static and unchanged in every way. As a consequence, the possibility cannot be ruled out that other versions of the mouldboard plough, either simpler or more complex, have existed over time.Ploughing tracesArchaeological investigations have unearthed several minor occurrences of fossil ploughing traces dated to between the Late Iron Age and the Middle Ages. These take the form of ridge-and-furrow systems, turned furrows and furrow strips possibly correlated with the plough (fig. 6).In the light of the traces found at Tating-Haferacker, St. Peter-Ording, Joldelund and Danevirke, it must be assumed that the mouldboard plough was known and used across larger parts of South Schleswig in the Late Roman Iron Age. It may be possible to show that the plough was used even further north Jutland at this time, as the ploughing traces found in Henneby may date from the Late Roman Iron Age rather than the Germanic Iron Age. Notwithstanding the uncertainty regarding Henneby, the traces from Dommerhaven in Ribe and Klinkerne (figs. 2 and 3) show that the plough was known and used in significant parts of western Jutland by the Late Germanic Iron Age at the latest. There are presently no ploughing traces from other parts of Denmark dating from this period, although the furrows found beneath the burial mound Grydehøj on Zealand could have been produced by this plough. Similarly, the traces dated to the Viking Age, found at Hedeby, Fjand, Viborg (fig. 4), Lindholm Høje and Löddeköpinge, show that the plough must have been known and used across significant parts of Jutland and in Scania before the end of the Viking Age. Early Middle Ages ploughing traces have been found at Filsø and some other locations in Jutland and on Funen, but so far no definite ploughing traces are known from Zealand and Scania. There are only a few localities with ploughing traces dating from the rest of the Middle Ages: Ringkøbing, Puggårdsgade in Ribe, Amrum and Südfall in the western part of Denmark. The traces found at Ulbjerg Klint are unlikely to be later than the 15th-16th centuries (fig. 5).At first sight, this review of the fossil ploughing traces can be broadly interpreted as showing that the introduction of the plough to Denmark was an extended process, which began in South Schleswig no later than the Late Roman Iron Age and continued into the western parts of Denmark no later than the Germanic Iron Age, and reached the remaining parts of Denmark no later than the Viking Age. The question is, however, whether the review has given a better basis for determining when and how the mouldboard plough became a regular implement in various parts of Denmark. All things considered, the archaeological record only shows where the conditions for preservation have been particularly good for these specific types of finds, and where excavators happen to have found turned furrows when carrying out archaeological investigations. In western Jutland, peaty/boggy soils and sand drift have given good conditions for the preservation of fossil turned furrows, while the same conditions seldom exist in other parts of Denmark. This is emphasised by the fact that the finds of turned furrows dating from the Middle Ages have almost exclusively been found in western Jutland, even though the plough is considered to have been common across most of Denmark at this time. Consequently, the absence of fossil turned furrows cannot be used as evidence of the plough not having been known and used in the area in question. It would therefore be irresponsible to make dogmatic unambiguous statements about regional variations in the introduction of the plough to Denmark.Rye cultivation as an indicator of the use of the ploughThe problem can be addressed indirectly by turning to another source material. Perhaps the the more widespread cultivation of rye may be used as an indicator of the presence of the plough in a given area.Rye, as known from historical times, does not make great demands as to the type of soil, but it does require that the soil has been loosened and is not waterlogged; surface water can also destroy the rye. The mouldboard plough has therefore been considered as a prerequisite for more widespread and systematic cultivation of rye, especially winter rye, on the wet northwest European lowlands. This is because the plough could efficiently loosen the soil and gather it into ridged strips, facilitating field drainage.General developments clearly show that, after a cautious start in Late Roman Iron Age, rye was found increasingly during the Germanic Iron Age and subsequent periods. It would be irresponsible to draw too far-reaching conclusions with respect to relations between rye and the plough. However, if we accept the idea of a connection between the mouldboard plough and the more widespread and systematic cultivation of rye – especially winter rye, then it is tempting to claim that the results of the present review reflect a form of agriculture in which the mouldboard plough was in use across most of Denmark during the Germanic Iron Age.Perspectives on the early introduction of the mouldboard ploughThe mouldboard plough is interesting in both an ecological and a socio-economic context, because it was of major significance for tillage and prompted a reorganisation of field structures that, with time, had a knock-on effect on the structures of settlements and properties.The idea of a technological revolution around AD 1000 acting as a catalyst for dynamic social changes is no longer tenable. The earlier dates now established for the mouldboard plough, the ridged strips and crop rotation clearly show that these significant agricultural prerequisites for a new and effective Medieval system of cultivation, the open-field system, were very well-known in Denmark before this form of agriculture took shape at the beginning of the Early Middle Ages, AD 1000-1200. There is, therefore, no reason to stick to the idea of a technological revolution at this time. The dynamic changes evident in the Middle Ages are, instead, more likely to be a consequence of a general economic expansion, which saw expression for example in an increase in new villages and an associated expansion of the cultivated landscape during the Early Middle Ages.The context in which the earlier introduction of the mouldboard plough should be understood is as yet far from clear. Our knowledge of the plough is still very inadequate and unevenly distributed in time and space, and the archaeological record relating to the cultivation systems of the Late Iron Age, AD 200-1050, is similarly very sporadic.It seems that the introduction of the plough was very likely associated with the significant changes that took place at the transition between the Early and Late Roman Iron Age, c. AD 200, and which characterised society in the subsequent centuries.The earlier introduction of the plough and of ridged- and/or flat-field systems of cultivation must have influenced the organisation of the infield and gradually rendered it impractical to move the settlement around within the resource area, as had been the case since the last centuries BC. Estimates of the percentage of cultivated land at different locations in Denmark show that some settlements must have had cultivated areas corresponding to those of Medieval times as early as the Germanic Iron Age, while other settlements had far smaller areas. This could be one of the reasons that some villages clearly became fixed at their present location already in Late Germanic Iron Age, and not exclusively at the transition between the Viking Age and Middle Ages, c. AD 900-1100, as was previously thought.There are a number of indications that the agrarian society of the Late Iron Age was increasingly able to generate a surplus, which could mobilise an ever more complex social structure: For example, the establishment of large, rich productive sites, especially in the 6th and 7th centuries AD, the founding of the earliest towns, such as Ribe, Aarhus and Hedeby in the 8th and 9th centuries, the emergence of regional kingdoms and the waging of several wars for resources in the period AD 200-600. The earlier introduction of the effective mouldboard plough fits well into this sequence of developments – as one of several significant factors.Lars Agersnap LarsenViborg Museum
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Tosic, Gordana, and Dusan Raskovic. "Early-Christian monuments on the eastern slopes of the Kopaonik mountain." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 44 (2007): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0744027t.
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Significant Early-Christian localities referring to the rich mining activities of this region were found on the Kopaonik Mountain or in the Silver Mountain, as it was named by Roman, Venetian, and Turkish sources. From broader point of view, even from the times of Roman provinces settlement on the Balkan, the area of Serbia with very thick settlements? net was used as a logistic and strategic support of the Roman Empire. The territory being the subject of our research is the zone where provinces Moesia Prima Mediterranean Dacia (Dacia Mediterranea) and Dardania meet. The sites that offer new data for the process of settlement and Christianization of these regions are CELESTIAL CHAIRS on the top of Kopaonik at the altitude of 1,800 m, DUB in Mala Vrbnica in the bottom of the Mountain and Gradac in Gornje Levice at 1,089 m altitude. They are in the northern part of Dardania, in the Province where silver with lead were dug as well as golden silver together with exploitation of iron, copper and mercury ores. The zone of these findings gravitates to Roman administrative center Municipium Dardanorum near to Socanica at Kosovo. Thus, it may be assumed that still non-referred northern border of Dardania could have covered eastern slopes of Kopaonik up to the bottom and border with Aleksandrovac Zupa. On the eastern slopes of Kopaonik three early-Christian basilicas were found; one in Celestial Chairs with floor mosaic; another in Gradac site in Gornje Levi}e within the fortress and the third one in the Dub site in a village Mala Vrbnica, with stone decorative plastic. All these buildings date from the period of 5-6th century based on archeological material. Sites in Celestial Chairs and the one in Gornje Levice have, as many castles in broader vicinity, continuity of 4-6th century proved by founding of secular objects like fibula with bent legs, cross-like fibulas, money, ceramic fragments with rake ornaments. Porkpie stated that Dardania had reconditioned 68 fortresses out of 70 original ones, and only 8 were new-built. Celestial Chairs visually dominate the whole area. From this place, one can see as on his palm Early-Byzantine fortresses on Vojetin, Cucaica and in Gornje Levice, as well as the mines in Zaplanina and Belo Brdo. Having in mind natural features of the terrain historical surrounding, and, first of all, archeological finding, we think that Celestial Chairs and Gornje Levice could be the spot to look for spiritual and administrative center of the northern part of Roman province Dardania.
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Henrika, Fify, T. Silangit, and Riadi Wirawan. "ANEMIA DAN DEFISIENSI BESI PADA SISWA SLTP NEGERI I CURUG, TANGERANG." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY 15, no. 1 (August 23, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v15i1.943.
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A research was conducted to 69 female students from a junior high school (SLtP) Negeri I Curug, tangerang aged 12–14 yearsto obtain percentages of anemia and iron deficiency in female adolescents. Anemia was found on 10.2% of the students, with 4.3%of normocytic normochromic anemia and 5.8% of microcytic hypochromic anemia. Microcytic hypochromic erythrocytes was foundon 21.7% of the subjects which consist of 2.9% iron deficiency anemia, 1.4% phase 2 iron deficiency (latent) with possibility ofhemoglobinopathy, and 2.9% phase 1 iron deficiency (pre-latent) with possibility of hemoglobinopathy. Anemia without iron deficiencywith possibility of chronic diseases and/or hemoglobinopathy was 2.9%, and without anemia nor iron deficiency but with possibility ofhemoglobinopathy was 11.6%. Iron deficiency was found among 26.1% of subjects which consist of 11.6% pre-latent iron deficiency,8.7% latent iron deficiency, and 5.8% iron deficiency anemia with 2.9% and 2.9% were normocytic normochromic anemia andmicrocytic hypochromic anemia, respectively.
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Chaqueri, Cosroe. "Did the Soviets play a role in founding the Tudeh party in Iran?" Cahiers du monde russe 40, no. 40/3 (April 1, 1999): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/monderusse.22.
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