Academic literature on the topic 'Iron founding'

The paper is devoted to the establishment of the technology of castings manufacture out of multicomponent aluminium bronzes for oil and gas producing equipment. Aluminium bronze containing iron has been chosen as a material for casting manufacture. Founding into sand mixtures has been chosen as a manufacturing method. It has been shown that this type of founding allows obtaining the castings with minimal subsequent treatment and high quality surface. The use of the coke furnace at metal melting allows obtaining the castings with high performance characteristics due to gas protection of the melt.

The investigating results are given for the kyanite concentrate using in both the refractory and the facing materials for the iron founding and for the stone casting, as well as for the Investment shells in the precision steel casting.Ill.2. Ref. 20. Tab. 2.

We examine how founding conditions shape the proliferation of management and administration in a sample of young technology start-up companies in California's Silicon Valley. Analyzing quantitative and qualitative information, we examine the enduring imprint of two aspects of founding conditions: (1) the initial gender mix in start-ups and (2) the founder's employment model. Both factors influence the extent of managerial intensity that develops over time. In particular, firms with bureaucratic-model founders subsequently became more administratively intense than otherwise similar companies, particularly when compared with companies with “commitment-model” founders. Also, firms with proportionately more women during the first year subsequently bureaucratized less than otherwise similar firms. Our analyses thus support notions of path-dependence in the evolution of organizational structures and underscore the importance of the “logics of organizing” that founders bring to new enterprises.

In 1954, the construction of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company started, which is one of the large-scale iron and steel enterprises invested and constructed by the state after the founding of New China. The construction of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company was carried out under the policy of state-owned national construction. The site of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company was determined by experts. New China planned to allocate people, money and materials as the basis for the construction of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company. In 1956, WISCO planned to start a total of 17 projects, and in 1957, a total of 23 system projects, 136 projects and 313 individual projects were under construction at Wuhan Iron and Steel Company. In 1958, WISCO No.1 Blast Furnace went into operation, and No.1 Blast Furnace is the first modernized blast furnace for iron production built by Wuhan Iron and Steel Company. The brilliant construction achievements of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company fully demonstrated the inevitability of exploring the development of iron and steel business in a state-owned and nationalized way in the Chinese society since the modern times.

ABSTRACT The homotrimeric enzyme Mt-Cam from Methanosarcina thermophila is the archetype of the γ class of carbonic anhydrases. A search of databases queried with Mt-Cam revealed that a majority of the homologs comprise a putative subclass (CamH) in which there is major conservation of all of the residues essential for the archetype Mt-Cam except Glu62 and an acidic loop containing the essential proton shuttle residue Glu84. The CamH homolog from M. thermophila (Mt-CamH) was overproduced in Escherichia coli and characterized to validate its activity and initiate an investigation of the CamH subclass. The Mt-CamH homotrimer purified from E. coli cultured with supplemental zinc (Zn-Mt-CamH) contained 0.71 zinc and 0.15 iron per monomer and had k cat and kcat /Km values that were substantially lower than those for the zinc form of Mt-Cam (Zn-Mt-Cam). Mt-CamH purified from E. coli cultured with supplemental iron (Fe-Mt-CamH) was also a trimer containing 0.15 iron per monomer and only a trace amount of zinc and had an effective k cat (k cat eff) value normalized for iron that was 6-fold less than that for the iron form of Mt-Cam, whereas the k cat/Km eff was similar to that for Fe-Mt-Cam. Addition of 50 mM imidazole to the assay buffer increased the k cat eff of Fe-Mt-CamH more than 4-fold. Fe-Mt-CamH lost activity when it was exposed to air or 3% H2O2, which supports the hypothesis that Fe2+ has a role in the active site. The k cat for Fe-Mt-CamH was dependent on the concentration of buffer in a way that indicates that it acts as a second substrate in a “ping-pong” mechanism accepting a proton. The k cat/Km was not dependent on the buffer, consistent with the mechanism for all carbonic anhydrases in which the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3 − is separate from intermolecular proton transfer.

Henton Morrogh devoted the whole of his working life to the study of cast iron, its structure, properties, applications and aspects of its production. He was particularly responsible for the development of techniques for preparing microspecimens to a state of perfection, which enabled him to study the morphology of the graphite phase, and he played a major role in the development of the revolutionary as–cast spheroidal graphite irons.He progressed from apprenticeship with British Cast Iron Research Association (BCIRA) to becoming its Director and was primarily responsible for the success of this Association and in establishing its worldwide reputation. He was a modest man, generous in the encouragement of his staff to perform research and to apply the results to the benefit of the iron founding industry. In short, it could be said that Henton Morrogh was the BCIRA and the BCIRA was Henton Morrogh–such was his unique character.

Abstract The paper presents the problem of obtaining a permanent diffusional joint between the working surface layer and the base part in a bimetallic casting. The studied bimetallic casting was obtained as a result of using the founding method of layer coating directly in the cast process. The casting prepared using this method consists of two fundamental parts, i.e., the grey cast iron base and the working surface layer which constitutes of X6Cr 13 high-chromium stainless steels plate. Based on the obtained results it was confirmed that the decisive phenomena that are needed to create a permanent joint between the two components of the bimetallic casting are carbon and heat transport from the high-carbon and hot base material which was poured into the mould in the form of liquid metal to the low-carbon and cold material of the working layer which was placed in the mould cavity in the form of a monolithic insert.

The purpose of the article is to study the structure of the territorial administrative complex of Izhevsk arms and iron works founded in Sarapul district of Vyatka province in the late 18th – early 19th centuries. Under administrative and economic complex it is implied a district with factory landholdings under the jurisdiction of the factory management.The chronological framework of the study includes the pre-reform period which was characterized by the formation and development of the factory district from the founding of Izhevsk iron-making factory in 1760 to the 1850s.The research is based on such historical sources as archival documents and publications in the regional press, some of them are published for the first time.The article is also based on the historiographic tradition, in particular, on research devoted to the scientific problem of mining districtsformation. The author studied the history of the founding of iron and weapons production in Izhevsk, paid attention to the management system of factories which were initially a part of the mining and then the military department.The working settlement of the Izhevsk factorieswas analyzed as the administrative and economic center of the works district.The internal structure of the factory settlement and the zoning of the territory were determined.The types of land holdings on the periphery of the factory district, their purpose and size of the area were clarified.As a result of study, it was concluded that the factory district of Izhevsk workswas a complex system.The factory district included industrial buildings, administrative and public institutions, trading establishments and religious buildings, settlements (factory settlement and workers villages), large landholdings with land for various purposes, transport hubs, etc.The structural elements of the factory district performed the function of ensuring the productivity of the Izhevsk factories.

The Neolithic period in South India is known for its ashmounds, superseded (in its Iron Age) by megalith builders with craft specialisation. Thanks to a major radiocarbon dating programme and Bayesian analysis of the dates, the authors have placed this sequence in a new chronological framework: the ashmounds, formed by burning cattle dung, are created by a few generations of people. In many cases the mounds are then succeeded by villages, for which they may have acted as founding rituals. The new tightly dated sequence also chronicles the cultivation of particular crops, some indigenous and some introduced from Africa.

This article investigates the evolution of cremation rites during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Spectacular finds during the last decade have shed much light on this subject; for example, the discovery and excavation of the largest cremation cemetery to date (Can PiteuCan Roqueta with more than 1000 graves); or the restudy of other sites (Can Bech de Baix or Roques de Sant Formatge). Additionally, relevant material has been obtained from studies of: excavations of settlements with exceptional defensive systems (Vilars d'Arbeca); the preceding and founding layers of the Greek colony of Emporion; and the development of political territories in the River Ebro region and surroundings. A detailed analysis of information from these sites has considerably increased knowledge about the social transformations that occurred over the 600 to 700 year timescale of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages.

Thesis (M.F.A.)--West Virginia University, 2007.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 45 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43).

This thesis describes the origins of the Scottish architectural iron founding industry. It also investigates the underpinning reasons for the proliferation of the Scottish industry in terms of the technological context and the complex inter–relationships of the key figures and firms involved. The founding of Carron in 1759, combined with the discovery of blackband ironstone and the means to smelt it, prompted the rapid growth of the iron founding industry at the start of the 19th century. The influence of Carron in propagating a broader industry and the evolution of the early architectural specialists are discussed. Accounts are given of the key Scottish firms and projects and structures are considered in detail. The Saracen Foundry of Walter Macfarlane and Co is identified as a firm of international importance. The comparative outputs of the key firms in relation to known structures are considered as well as the decline of the industry towards the end of the 20th century. Significant works of innovation are identified which have not previously been appreciated in early iron façade construction at Perth Waterworks, and possibly the earliest iron glasshouse at Fairfield House in Dalkeith.

A well designed runner and feeding system should produce castings with minimal defects and low pour weight. This thesis investigates how the filling regime and solidification of the mould influences defects in the castings produced from that mould. Design guidelines to reduce such defects are proposed and tested. An existing shrinkage fault in a Grey Iron disc brake casting is simulated using a commercial finite-difference computer program. Three criteria are used to predict the defect and the effect of changes to the feeder geometry. Critical Fraction Solidification analysis is used to determine whether the feeder remains in liquid contact with the casting during solidification and this approach is shown to correctly predict the presence or absence of porosity* The feeder block is extended below the ingate of the casting to improve liquid contact between the casting and feeder without significantly increasing the feeder mass. Plant trials confirm the change to the feeder eliminates the porosity defect. The runner system and mould venting for a thin walled Ductile Iron casting are investigated. Trials show that by setting the total mould vent area to be greater than the net ingate area of the castings, the cold-shut frequency is halved. A method for runner system design based on peak linear flow velocity in the runner during mould filling is proposed. A new pressurised runner system produces castings with significantly fewer defects and reduced pour weight when runner areas are designed to maintain peak velocity below 1 m/s. Peak velocity and magnesium levels are demonstrated to be critical factors in the elimination of cold-shut defects. A pressurised runner system is also shown to isolate inclusion defects from castings more effectively than an unpressurised system. From this work, a technique is proposed which allows the yield of an existing runner and feeder system for iron castings to be improved with confidence in the results.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.
Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed October 25, 2007) Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-83).

Aquesta tesi s’ha dividit en dos blocs principals, el primer bloc tracta de la formació d’escòria durant la producció de les foses amb grafit esferoïdal i el segon bloc de la influència dels paràmetres del procés sobre la formació dels defectes de contracció. En la primera part, dedicada a l’estudi de la formació d’escòria, s’ha analitzat la composició de la mateixa amb FRX, les fases presents amb DRX i s’han inspeccionat les mostres mitjançant SEM i microanàlisi EDS. S’ha comparat l’anàlisi de l’escòria amb les inclusions trobades en les peces produïdes amb fosa nodular i amb els nuclis dels nòduls. S’ha trobat que l’escòria formada en la fosa dels forns d’inducció, conté molta quantitat de fase amorfa, l’òxid majoritari trobat en aquesta escòria és SiO2 en forma de quars i cristobalita. No s’han trobat diferències significatives entre les mostres d’escòria extretes just en acabar de fondre les càrregues metàl·liques i les extretes després de deixar les mostres en contacte amb l’aire durant 45 minuts. Sí que s’han trobat diferències en l’escòria formada depenent de la càrrega metàl·lica utilitzada, després de fondre les càrregues metàl·liques basades en acer, les foses mostren el contingut més alt en zinc i alumini i les mostres d’escòria corresponents, són les úniques en que es detecta la fase cristallina ZnAl2O4, gahnita. En el cas de l’escòria formada després de fondre les càrregues basades en retorns de la foneria, els continguts de zinc i alumini són baixos mentre que el contingut dels elements involucrats en la producció de FGE (Mg, Ce i La) és comparativament elevat. Les anàlisis de DRX fetes en aquestes mostres revela l’existència de quantitats minoritàries de silicats que contenen aquests elements específics a més a més de la fase SiO2. S’ha pogut identificar l’escòria adherida al revestiment dels forns d’inducció com MgAl2O4 (espinel·la) formada per la reacció entre els òxids Al2O3 i MgO. S’ha comprovat que aquesta escòria és molt agressiva i es forma majoritàriament quan s’utilitzen càrregues metàl·liques riques en acer durant la fusió i per tant, s’ha demostrat el rol crític de l’alumini en la formació d’aquestes escòries que s’adhereixen al revestiment. Amb aquest coneixement s’ha pogut minimitzar l’adhesió d’escòria en el revestiment dels forns d’inducció, reduint les fonts d’alumini en les matèries primeres i els additius utilitzats i mantenint un balanç favorable entre els òxids involucrats durant la fusió. Després del tractament amb magnesi, l’escòria formada segueix tenint com un dels òxids majoritaris SiO2, majoritàriament en forma de quars, tot i que, també s’han detectat espinel·la MgAl2O4 i forsterita (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 com a fases cristal·lines majoritàries en aquestes mostres. Al mantenir exposada a l’aire una fosa tractada amb magnesi, la formació de la fase quars, decreix progressivament i el silici es centra en formar part de diferents silicats. Contràriament, la quantitat d’espinel·la, d’altres silicats amb magnesi i de períclasi (MgO) augmenta degut a la oxidació del magnesi i de les terres rares. En l’escòria del forn de colada trobem com a òxids majoritaris, els òxids de silici i magnesi, que combinats entre ells formen la fase cristallina majoritària detectada en aquesta escòria, la forsterita, altres fases amb zinc (silicats, aluminats i ZnO) també estan presents degut a la quantitat de zinc que s’acumula freqüentment en la cavitat pressuritzada dels forns de colada. En el revestiment dels forns de colada es troba adherida escòria de composició significativament diferent depenent de la zona d’extracció i de la freqüència de neteja, les mostres extretes de la paret interna del forn, estan majoritàriament formades per períclasi, sulfur de magnesi, sulfur de ceri (Ce2,664S4) i quantitats minoritàries d’altres fases com compostos amb lantani i sulfur de calci (CaS). Les inclusions d’escòria que s’han trobat en les peces produïdes amb fosa nodular són de dos tipus, partícules amb una forma massiva i partícules amb forma filamentosa, aquestes últimes conegudes com “dross”. Els dos tipus d’inclusions, tenen com a elements més importants el magnesi, el silici i l’oxigen, igual que la fase majoritària que s’ha trobat formant part de l’escòria del forn de colada, la forsterita. En les inclusions més massives, s’han trobat grans de sorra o de restes d’inoculant fet que sembla confirmar que aquest tipus d’escòria s’ha format fora del motlle. En el cas del dross, el seu origen sembla ser la oxidació del magnesi i del silici degut a turbulències durant la colada. També s’han de remarcar les similituds en les composicions de les inclusions d’escòria trobades en les peces i la composició dels nuclis de grafit, molts d’aquests òxids que conformen l’escòria, després de formar-se poden actuar com a punt de nucleació pel grafit o es poden agregar formant l’escòria que es troba reclosa en les peces. El segon bloc de la tesi s’ha dedicat a l’estudi de la formació dels defectes de contracció. S’han fet una sèrie d’experiments amb dues peces test inserides en la part de baix d’una placa model, recopilant totes les dades del procés susceptibles de tenir influència en la formació dels defectes de contracció. Les peces s’han tallat per la zona de la partició per avaluar l’àrea afectada pels defectes de contracció També s’han inspeccionat per FE-SEM els diferents tipus de defectes de contracció observats. S’ha observat que les mostres produïdes amb les foses hipoeutèctiques no inoculades són les que presenten els defectes de contracció més grans i oberts a l’exterior, com cavitats i tibats i també mostren defectes de contracció interns com les macroporositats i les microporositats. Les superfícies internes de les microporositats examinades estan plenes de dendrites amb dipòsits de grafit i arrugues produïdes per la contracció extrema entre els braços de les dendrites. Al inocular, les mostres hipoeutèctiques resultants, ja no presenten les microporositats, però segueixen tenint cavitats obertes a l’exterior amb superfícies internes llises i també s’han detectat tibats de paret i un gran nombre de macroporositats. S’han pogut observar dos tipus de morfologia en les macroporositats, unes amb dendrites cobertes per una capa de grafit i d’altres que contenen dendrites arrodonides i nòduls de grafit agregats sense capa de grafit. Al augmentar la quantitat de carboni en la fosa s’han eliminat els defectes de contracció oberts a l’exterior tipus cavitat, per tant, en les foses hipereutèctiques no inoculades, s’han trobat tibats de paret, microporositats i macroporositats. Tant les superfícies internes de les microporositats com de les macroporositats mostren dendrites cobertes per una capa continua de grafit, tot i que les dendrites trobades en les microporositats són més nombroses i punxegudes. En les foses hipereutèctiques inoculades només s’han detectat macroporositats amb una superfície interna llisa però irregular i amb una capa continua de grafit relacionada amb un contingut de carboni elevat en l’últim líquid en solidificar. L’àrea afectada pels defectes de contracció i les dades dels diferents paràmetres del procés, s’ha analitzat pel Mètode de Pearson, no s’ha trobat que la sorra o els paràmetres d’emmotllament tinguin gaire influència en la mida dels defectes de contracció pel tipus d’emmotllament utilitzat i per les peces estudiades. Com ja s’ha mencionat, s’ha trobat que les peces produïdes amb una composició hipereutèctica mostren uns defectes de contracció més petits que les hipoeutèctiques. Tot i que a partir d’un carboni equivalent determinat, s’observa un augment de la mida dels defectes de contracció sobretot en les peces sobreinoculades. També s’ha pogut observar que la inoculació en un nivell òptim també redueix la mida dels defectes de contracció, tot i que el contingut de carboni equivalent ha demostrat tenir un efecte més potent en la reducció de la mida dels defectes de contracció que la inoculació. S’ha demostrat una forta relació dels paràmetres l’anàlisi tèrmica amb la mida dels defectes de contracció, per exemple, al augmentar la temperatura de liquidus augmenta la mida dels defectes de contracció, sent l’interval més adient 1145 a 1155oC, que coincideix amb un carboni equivalent entre 4.35 i 4.50 % en pes, que s’ha demostrat que és el més adient per minimitzar els defectes de contracció en peces correctament inoculades (0.1% d’inoculació). En relació amb la temperatura eutèctica mínima també té una gran dependència tant amb el carboni equivalent com amb el nombre de nòduls i la mida dels defectes de contracció. Existeix un interval ideal de temperatura eutèctica mínima entre 1140 i 1150oC. Altres paràmetres importants del procés com la temperatura de colada, tot i no tenir un gran efecte, s’ha pogut observar, que al augmentar la temperatura de colada augmenta lleugerament la mida dels defectes de contracció. S’ha obtingut una equació amb els coeficients de correlació de Pearson, per cada tipus de peça test. Per fer-ho s’han utilitzat els paràmetres amb millor coeficient de correlació de Pearson que es poden avaluar abans de la colada de les peces. S’ha avaluat l’eficàcia de les equacions, que no ha sigut gaire satisfactori degut al comportament no lineal de les variables. S’han utilitzat les mateixes variables per elaborar els arbres de decisió i les xarxes bayesianes per les dues peces test, aconseguint un millor resultat amb les xarxes bayesianes de la peça T. Per tant, s’ha desenvolupat un mètode per predir els defectes de contracció en peces produïdes amb foses de ferro amb grafit esferoïdal, que es pot implantar en les zones de producció i que és capaç de predir en un 90% dels casos abans de produir les peces, quan tindran un defecte de contracció inferior a 10 mm2.
This research was divided in two main parts, the first one is related to the slag formation during the production of spheroidal graphite cast iron and the second part is about the influence of the process parameters on the formation of contraction defects. The composition of the slag has been analysed with XRF, the phases presents have been determined with XRD and the samples have been inspected with SEM and microanalyses EDS. Important differences have been detected among samples studied in this work that have revealed the detrimental role of aluminium on refractory linings. The knowledge has been successfully used to minimize the problems caused by adhesion of slags to refractory linings. The composition and phases present in several slag samples obtained from Mg- treated melts have been investigated and discussed. Both slag samples which are floating in the melts surface and those adhered to the refractory lining of the pouring device have been analysed. Finally, two different morphologies of slag inclusions found on cast iron parts have been studied and then compared to the results obtained from the previous slag samples characterization. It has been observed that composition of slag varies along the different steps of the production process as a function of the oxidizing level of the gas which is in contact with the melts and of the remaining time in the ladle. Regarding crystallinity of slag, it has been found that it strongly depends on its composition and formation rate. All the information obtained from the study of slag formed before pouring process has been then used for estimating the origin of the slag inclusions commonly found in manufactured cast parts. Regarding the second part of this research, about the formation of contraction defects in spheroidal graphite cast iron parts, a test part was used to obtain contraction defects using different process parameters, the different defects obtained in each case have been then analyzed by means of metallographic techniques and FE-SEM and their characteristics and size correlated to the selected variables. It has been found that carbon equivalent shows the strongest effect on shrinkage incidence. A discussion about the features found in the internal surfaces of the different closed defects is done and possible explanations for each case are also described. It has been found that hypereutectic test parts show smaller defects than the corresponding hypoeutectic ones. Additionally, inoculation also reduces the size of shrinkage porosities. These results are related to the different graphite expansion levels during solidification. Carbon equivalent content has shown a more potent effect on shrinkage size minimization than inoculation. Inoculant addition exhibited a very small influence on defect size in those alloys with the highest carbon content. Inoculation of both hypoeutectic and hypereutectic test parts avoided the formation of microshrinkage, while pipe defects and caved surfaces were not detected only when additionally, increasing carbon equivalent content. Macroporosities appear in all test parts though their size decreases when increasing carbon equivalent and/or when adding inoculant. Only macroporosities were detected in the hypereutectic inoculated test parts which show smooth but irregular internal surfaces with a continuous graphite layer related to the hypereutectic composition that promotes high carbon contents in the last solidifying liquid. A statistical study using Pearson method was used to obtain an equation in order to predict the contraction defects size before pouring. The correlation was not the expected because of the non-lineal behavior of the different variables selected. To solve the non-lineal correlation problem, multivariable analysis with Bayesian networks and decision tree was used. Finally, a 90% successfully predictive method was obtained to prevent the production of defective parts.

Chow, Wing Hei = 白鑄鐵特殊的微結構--網絡圖案 / 周穎熙.
Thesis submitted in: November 2007.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references.
Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chow, Wing Hei = Bai zhu tie te shu de wei jie gou -- wang luo tu an / Zhou Yingxi.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Background of Thermodynamic --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Nucleation in pure metals --- p.4
Chapter 1.4 --- Introduction of Growth --- p.7
Chapter 1.5 --- Solidification of the Single Phase Binary Alloy --- p.9
Chapter 1.6 --- Solidification of the Binary Eutectic Alloy --- p.12
Chapter 1.7 --- Phase Separation by Nucleation and Growth --- p.15
Chapter 1.8 --- How to obtain large undercooling --- p.19
References --- p.20
Figures --- p.22
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Experiment
Chapter 2.1 --- Experimental Preparation --- p.31
Chapter 2.2 --- Experimental Procedures --- p.32
Chapter 2.3 --- Sample Analysis --- p.33
References --- p.36
Figures --- p.37
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Network patterns in a white cast iron
Result --- p.38
Reference --- p.58
Figures --- p.64

Ho, Ching Man = 可柔韌的白鑄鐵 / 何靜雯.
Thesis submitted in: November 2007.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves ).
Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese.
Ho, Ching Man = Ke rou ren de bai zhu tie / He Jingwen.
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of Composites --- p.1
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Dispersion-Strengthened composites --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.2 --- True Particulate Composites --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Fiber-Reinforced Composites --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Laminar Composites --- p.3
Chapter 1.2 --- Mechanical Properties of Metal Matrix Composites --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Stress-Strain Test --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.2 --- "Stiffness, Strength and Ductility" --- p.4
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Hardness --- p.5
Chapter 1.3 --- Fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites --- p.5
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Liquid ´ؤ´ؤ State Processing --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Infiltration Processes --- p.6
Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Dispersion Processes --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Spray Processes --- p.7
Chapter 1.3.1.4 --- In - Situ Processes --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Solid - State Processing --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Diffusion Bonding --- p.8
Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Deformation Processing --- p.9
Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Deposition Techniques --- p.9
Chapter 1.4 --- Fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites by Spinodal Decomposition --- p.10
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Phase Transformation --- p.10
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Nucleation and Growth --- p.12
Chapter 1.4.2.1 --- Kinetics of Nucleation and Growth --- p.12
Chapter 1.4.2.2 --- Phase Separation by Nucleation and Growth --- p.14
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Spinodal Decomposition --- p.14
Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Phase Separation by Spinodal Decomposition --- p.14
Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- The Diffusion Equation for Spinodal Decomposition --- p.15
Chapter 1.4.4 --- Methods to obtain large undercooling --- p.17
Chapter 1.5 --- Aim of This Project --- p.18
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Experimental --- p.26
Chapter 2.1 --- Preparation of fused silica tube --- p.26
Chapter 2.2 --- Preparation of Sample --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Weighing and Alloying --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Fluxing --- p.27
Chapter 2.3 --- Slow Cooling --- p.28
Chapter 2.4 --- Microstructure Analysis --- p.28
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Optical Microscope (OM) Analysis --- p.28
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Sample Preparation for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis --- p.29
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Analysis --- p.29
Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Specimen Requirement --- p.29
Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- "Cutting, Grinding and Polishing" --- p.30
Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- Ion Milling --- p.31
Chapter 2.5 --- Microstructure Characterization by TEM --- p.31
Chapter 2.5.1 --- Indexing Diffraction Pattern --- p.31
Chapter 2.5.2 --- Energy Dispersive X-Rav (EDX) Analysis --- p.32
Chapter 2.6 --- Mechanical Properties --- p.33
Chapter 2.6.1 --- Hardness Testing --- p.33
Chapter 2.6.2 --- Compression Testing --- p.33
Chapter 2.7 --- Characterizations of Non-spinodal Samples --- p.34
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Study of the Relationship between Microstructures and Undercooling of Fe81C14Si5 --- p.41
Chapter 3.1 --- Abstract --- p.41
Chapter 3.2 --- Introduction --- p.42
Chapter 3.3 --- Experiment --- p.42
Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.44
Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.46
Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.46
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Ductile white cast iron --- p.56
Chapter 4.1 --- Abstract --- p.56
Chapter 4.2 --- Introduction --- p.57
Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental --- p.58
Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.60
Chapter 4.5 --- Discussions --- p.66

Continuing to trace Eliza Orme’s public life from the date of her 1888 LL.B. degree when she was forty years of age, this chapter shows how her public persona was shaped by a commitment to the Liberal Party of William Ewart Gladstone. Crucially, Gladstone and other Liberals opposed women’s suffrage, a circumstance that created difficulties not only for Orme personally, but also for the Women’s Liberal Federation of which she was a founding member. The chapter begins with a newspaper profile of Orme from 1892 that reveals how differently she was seen by allies and antagonists. For allies she was a ‘quick-witted champion, with a convenient appetite for combat’ in debate, while the antagonists saw her as an ‘arch-villain’ and ‘malignant schemer’ prepared to undermine the Federation’s objectives. The latter group, led by Rosalind Howard, Countess of Carlisle, held views of feminist political strategy that came into conflict with Orme’s legally-inflected approaches. Leslie Howsam’s recent discovery of this and other important new evidence is woven into Orme’s story. Sections include: ‘Public Engagement and the Campaign for Irish Home Rule’ (this included editing the a political newspaper, the Women’s Gazette & Weekly News); ‘The Women’s Liberal Federation Splits over the Question of Suffrage’ (a little-known story involving duelling strategies and dirty tricks); ‘Factory Inspection and the Royal Commission’ (Orme’s role as Senior Lady Assistant Commissioner of the Royal Commission on Labour of 1892-3, including her reports on the work of women as barmaids and in the iron industry); and ‘Prison Committee’ (an 1894 political appointment to a government committee investigating the conditions of prisons for women). The chapter concludes by characterizing Orme as ‘An Independent Single Professional Woman in Public Life’ and speculates on the reasons for her relative historical obscurity in the light of what was clearly a period of well-publicized activity. One of these was the dispute with Lady Carlisle, which put her, apparently, on the wrong side of history. Another was the accident of Orme’s longevity. By the time she died in 1937, there was no one to write her obituary, and a new generation of independent, single, and professional women was taking advantage of opportunities that she had missed.

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. Throughout the millennia of culture myths surveyed in this book, the most contentious and frequently mentioned innovation has been ironsmithing, and attitudes toward it were indicative of attitudes toward civilization in general, since it was usually implicated in civilization's rise. But despite the pro- or anticivilization sentiment of the authors of these myths, their attitudes toward technological development did not necessarily dictate the attitudes of those who venerated their texts. Hesiod and the Yahwist wrote myths that decried civilization's dark side, particularly the violence wrought by iron weapons. But the nations that venerated their stories also celebrated civilization's benefits and strove to add to them and claim them as their own. They did so by altering their culture myths in the retelling, emphasizing some myths more than others, or by inventing new ones to complement the old. Muhammad, drawing on more positive scriptural assessments of civilization that grew out of this process, ignored negative culture myths, even crediting God with giving iron and ironsmithing to humans.

This chapter provides the framework for understanding American nationalism, liberal internationalism, and conservative foreign policy approaches in their various forms. The history, premises, and practices of American nationalism are recounted, from the American founding to the beginning of the twentieth century. Then the key elements of liberal internationalism are discussed, including their incorporation into American foreign policy beginning with Woodrow Wilson. Conservative American reactions to liberal internationalist policies are described and delineated into their own distinct categories as well. The context is thus set for a discussion of conservative American nationalism in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

This chapter summarizes the entire book. It argues that a kind of conservative American nationalism long predates the Trump presidency, and goes back to the American founding. Different aspects of conservative American nationalism have been incorporated into the Republican Party from its creation. Every Republican president since Theodore Roosevelt has tried to balance elements of this tradition with global US foreign policy priorities. Donald Trump was able to win his party’s nomination and rise to the presidency in part by challenging liberal internationalist assumptions. Yet in practice, he too has combined nationalist assumptions with global US foreign policy priorities. The long-term trend within the Republican party—predating Trump—is toward political populism, cultural conservatism, and white working-class voters, and this has international implications. Republican foreign policy nationalism is not about to disappear.

The U.S. Coast Survey survived political challenges and the death of its founding director to thrive under a new director, Alexander D. Bache, after 1844. The story of the survey, its expansion into a truly national entity, and the acquisition and work of its expanding fleet including new “experimental” iron steamships, are discussed.

Abstract This chapter complements the last by moving from the practices of history-making in early cities to the agents. Did early Italian urban societies identify and venerate particular figures as “founders” of their respective cities? The practice is well known from the Greek world, including some examples from Magna Grecia in Italy. This chapter argues that parallel, if distinct, practices also existed in Italy before its contact with Greek colonists, although we can usually only reconstruct such practices from the archaeological record. Focus is on a series of cases in which the location of pre-urban burials of individuals singled out in some way was respected within the fabric of early cities. Notable examples considered include Paestum, Tarquinia, Rome, and Veii, where the extraordinary recent discoveries of Piazza d’Armi are discussed at length. The chapter identifies a bundle of practices that resembled Greek founder cult in some ways, but not in others, suggesting a stratum of very early and natively Italian historical practices surrounding the “founding figures” of their cities.

This first chapter describes a 1945 Youth for Christ rally of 75,000 evangelicals at Soldier Field in Chicago. Sponsored by the “Business World” committee, a group of entrepreneurs who manufactured glass, roofing supplies, and iron, the religious event combined the most salient characteristics of postwar evangelicalism: religious piety, free enterprise, anticommunism, and patriotism. These characteristics animated the evangelistic and social activism of member institutions in the National Association of Evangelicals in the years after its 1942 founding and the triumph of World War II. Calling themselves “new evangelicals,” their ambitions became important geopolitically, as missionaries and soldiers sought to free souls, people, and enterprise around the world in the service of Christian Americanism.

This chapter discusses a new stage in the data complex, emerging during the early Cold War through the founding of businesses like the Iron Mountain Atomic Storage Company, and the expansion of Civil Defense architecture and exercises. At that time, the data complex intensified in response to the atomic bomb, and a booming industry of bombproofing and securitization made possible the expansion of “open time capsule” design to a nationwide network of data preservation facilities. Long before the cloud, corporations and state agencies created a backup culture for data that still shapes data preservation practices in the digital age. If the goal of the time capsule was to condense an entire culture into a relatively small amount of data, then the aim of the constellation of open time capsules that emerged during the Cold War was to amass and preserve all the details, all the data that documented individual American lives, that materially grounded identity and certified citizens’ existence by the authority of powerful institutions, and to make it accessible both before and after the end of the world.

In 1971, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the former Shah of Iran, invited the most then-influential individuals of the world to Iran to commemorate the 2,500-year Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great (The Imperial Celebration). To accommodate the guests, Iran set up a city of prefabricated apartments by Persepolis that looked like tents, hence Persepolis Tent City. In the aftermath of the Imperial Celebration, the government proposed or received six different plans to reuse the Tent City. Such attempts were mostly to make the site profitable, hence responding to criticisms of its extravagance. The primary stakeholders in the conception and realisation of these plans were NASCO, an architectural and urban planning consultancy firm; Homa, the National Airline of Iran that owned the Tent City; and the Planning and Budget Organisation, a governmental body that planned and supervised the public budget. There was also a Shah whose orders had to be accommodated. The plans, however, could not bring reconciliation between active stakeholders, leading to their rejection or abandonment. As a result, the Tent City slowly deteriorated to the degree that no more than its steel structures exist today. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the relations between nationalism, heritage conservation, institutional architecture and political disputes manifested in Persepolis Tent City. The paper also offers an account of a remarkable architectural intervention, the largest-ever intervention in the first-level buffer zone of the 2500-year-old site, now a UNESCO World Heritage site, that either because of the content or the (mis)reading of the messages it carried, has remained undervalued. To pursue these objectives, the research draws on previously unexamined archival documents retrieved from the National Archive of Iran and print media published in the 1970s.