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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iron-Carbon

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Academic literature on the topic 'Iron-Carbon'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 February 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Iron-Carbon"

1

Kulnitskiy, B. A., and V. D. Blank. "Iron Carbide Formation inside Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials & Technologies, no. 3 (2017): 034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/amt.2017.03.pp.034-039.

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Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. "Carbon–carbon interactions in iron." Journal of Materials Science 39, no. 12 (June 2004): 3949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jmsc.0000031476.21217.fa.

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Meyers, G. J. "IRON CARBON ALLOYS.*." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 26, no. 4 (March 18, 2009): 1127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1914.tb00344.x.

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Bradley, John R., and Sooho Kim. "Laser transformation hardening of iron-carbon and iron- carbon- chromium steels." Metallurgical Transactions A 19, no. 8 (August 1988): 2013–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02645205.

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Marukovich, E. I., V. Yu Stetsenko, and A. V. Stetsenko. "Nanostructured recrystallization of iron‑carbon alloys." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (October 14, 2022): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2022-3-27-29.

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Recrystallization of iron-carbon alloys has been shown to be a nanostructured process. Microcrystals of secondary cementite of steels and cast iron are formed from elementary nanocrystals of iron and graphite, free atoms of graphite and iron-carbon complexes. Microcrystals of primary α-ferrita steels are formed from elementary nanocrystals of iron and graphite, free iron atoms. Microcrystals of cast iron secondary graphite are formed from elementary nanocrystals and free graphite atoms. Eutectoid microcrystals are formed from elementary nanocrystals of iron and carbon, free atoms of iron and carbon, iron-carbon complexes.

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Blodau, Christian, Charlotte L. Roehm, and Tim R. Moore. "Iron, sulfur, and dissolved carbon dynamics in a northern peatland." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 154, no. 4 (August 7, 2002): 561–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/154/2002/561.

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Wang, Cui, Jianliang Zhang, Wen Chen, Xiaolei Li, Kexin Jiao, Zhenping Pang, Zhongyi Wang, Tongsheng Wang, and Zhengjian Liu. "Comparative Analysis on the Corrosion Resistance to Molten Iron of Four Kinds of Carbon Bricks Used in Blast Furnace Hearth." Metals 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2022): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12050871.

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The corrosion resistance to molten iron of four kinds of carbon bricks used in blast furnace hearth were investigated to elaborate the corrosion mechanism through the macroscopic and microscopic analysis of carbon bricks before and after reaction and thermodynamic analysis. The macroscopic analysis showed that brick A had the lowest degree of corrosion and highest uniformity at different heights, attributing to its moderate carbon content of 76.15%, main phases of C, Al2O3, SiC, and Al6Si2O13 (mullite), and lower resistance to molten iron infiltration, etc. The microscopic analysis showed that all the carbon bricks had more and larger pores than the original carbon bricks. The phenomena of the iron beads adhering to carbon brick and iron infiltration were observed between the interface of carbon brick and molten iron. In addition, the obvious corrosion process was presented that the carbon matrix was broken and peeled off during the iron infiltration process. For the carbon brick being corroded, the dissolution of carbon was the predominant reaction. The higher the carbon solubility of the molten iron, the easier the corrosion on the carbon brick. Al2O3 and SiC enhanced the corrosion resistance to molten iron of carbon bricks, and SiO2 could react with carbon to form pores as channels for the penetration of molten iron and increase the corrosion on carbon bricks. A higher graphitization degree of carbon bricks was beneficial to lessen their corrosion degree. The corrosion on carbon bricks by molten iron could be attributed to three aspects: carburization, infiltration, and scouring of molten iron. The carburization process of molten iron was the main reaction process. The molten iron infiltration into the carbon bricks facilitated the dissolution of carbon and destroyed the structure and accelerated the corrosion of the carbon bricks. The scouring of molten iron subjected the iron–carbon interface to interaction forces, promoting the separation of the exfoliated fragmented carbon brick from the iron–carbon interface to facilitate a new round of corrosion process.

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Van Genderen, M. J., M. Isac, A. Böttger, and E. J. Mittemeijer. "Aging and tempering behavior of iron-nickel-carbon and iron-carbon martensite." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 28, no. 3 (March 1997): 545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-997-0042-5.

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Al-Haik, M., C. C. Luhrs, M. M. Reda Taha, A. K. Roy, L. Dai, J. Phillips, and S. Doorn. "Hybrid Carbon Fibers/Carbon Nanotubes Structures for Next Generation Polymeric Composites." Journal of Nanotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/860178.

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Pitch-based carbon fibers are commonly used to produce polymeric carbon fiber structural composites. Several investigations have reported different methods for dispersing and subsequently aligning carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a filler to reinforce polymer matrix. The significant difficulty in dispersing CNTs suggested the controlled-growth of CNTs on surfaces where they are needed. Here we compare between two techniques for depositing the catalyst iron used toward growing CNTs on pitch-based carbon fiber surfaces. Electrochemical deposition of iron using pulse voltametry is compared to DC magnetron iron sputtering. Carbon nanostructures growth was performed using a thermal CVD system. Characterization for comparison between both techniques was compared via SEM, TEM, and Raman spectroscopy analysis. It is shown that while both techniques were successful to grow CNTs on the carbon fiber surfaces, iron sputtering technique was capable of producing more uniform distribution of iron catalyst and thus multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) compared to MWCNTs grown using the electrochemical deposition of iron.

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Klein, Johannes E. M. N., and Bernd Plietker. "Iron-catalysed carbon–carbon single bond activation." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 11, no. 8 (2013): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ob27159a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iron-Carbon"

1

Long, Christopher Allen. "Kinetics and morphological study of interdiffusion in iron-carbon/iron-vanadium or iron-molybdenum couples /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148759680782343.

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Dustman, John M. "Carbon sequestration by Iron seeding of phytoplankton /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Minett, Daniel. "Conversion of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons using iron nanoparticle-carbon nanotube catalysts." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636515.

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Dealing with carbon dioxide waste is an on-going societal and technological challenge. One attractive proposition is to chemically convert waste carbon dioxide into useful chemical products. One possible route is to combine two well-known chemical processes, reverse water gas shift and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, to make a catalyst capable of converting carbon dioxide directly into hydrocarbons. Iron nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (CNT) have shown promise in the Fischer-Tropsch process. In this thesis, iron nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (Fe@CNT) are shown to be effective catalysts for the coupled reverse water gas shift and Fischer-Tropsch reactions. Controlled oxidation of synthesised CNT can remove the graphitic shell from residual iron nanoparticles, activating them for catalysis. This process removes the need for expensive purification of CNT prior to use. Carbon nanotube powders generated in this way are difficult to handle, and could be difficult to scale-up. A method has been developed to grow long, aligned carbon nanotubes on a commercial cordierite monolith support, which has potential for scale up. The developed method does not require pre-treatment of the monolith prior to CNT synthesis. Using the same oxidation method these Fe@CNTs-monoliths have been demonstrated to act as catalysts for carbon dioxide conversion. The monolithic catalysts demonstrate improved mass transfer capabilities, leading to higher activities for the monolithic catalyst over a similar powder catalyst.

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Barati, Sedeh Mansoor Coley Kenneth S. "Kinetics of carbon monoxide-carbon dioxide reaction with iron oxide containing slags." *McMaster only, 2005.

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5

Lin, Che-Hung [Verfasser], and Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Plietker. "Iron-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond activation / Che-Hung Lin ; Betreuer: Bernd Plietker." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2018. http://d-nb.info/120618387X/34.

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Tapasa, Kanit. "Computer simulation of solute effects in model iron-copper and iron-carbon alloys." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426141.

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Hudziak, Stephen. "Iron-filled carbon nanotubes : Synthesis, characterisation and applications." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528419.

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Clarke, Howard W. J. "Reinforcing wrought iron with carbon fibre reinforced polymers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438037.

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Bok-Badura, J., A. Jakóbik-Kolon, M. Turek, S. Boncel, K. Karoń, J. Laskowski, and P. Ceglarski. "Differences in Iron Removal from Carbon Nanoonions and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Analytical Purpose." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/42517.

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The paper describes the differences between wet iron removal from carbon nanoonions and from multiwall carbon nanotubes for analytical purpose. Nowadays, both carbon nanoonions and multiwall carbon nanotubes are one of the most interesting materials with applicability in electronics, medicine and biotechnology. Medical applications of those nanomaterials require not only recognition of their structure but also measurement of metal impurities concentration. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry as a method for Fe-determination requires liquid samples. Hence, we propose various protocols for leaching of iron from studied materials. Our results proved that structure of nanomaterials have an impact on the efficiency of iron removal.

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Alenezi, Khalaf. "Electrochemical transformation of alkanes, carbon dioxide and protons at iron-porphyrins and iron-sulfur clusters." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/47965/.

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The work contained in this thesis focuses on (i) chemical and electrochemical alkane oxidation using Fe-porphyrin complexes as catalysts (ii) electrochemical and photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction using Fe-porphyrin complexes (iii) electrochemical and photoelectrochemical generation of hydrogen using iron-sulfur cluster. Chapter 1 gives a general overview of the electrochemical techniques which underpin the work presenedt in this thesis. Chapter 2 reports the chemical and electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons to alcohols and epoxides by using iron (III) porphyrins as catalysts. A series of new basket-handle thiolate Fe (III) porphyrins have been used to mediate anodic oxidation of hydrocarbons, specifically adamantane hydroxylation and cyclooctene epoxidation. The electrocatalytic and chemical catalytic activity oxidation of the thiolate porphyrins are benchmarked against Fe (III) tetraphenyl porphyrin chloride and its tetrapentafluorophenyl analogue. Chapter 3 describes the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide. This chapter shows that iron (III) porphyrin complexes are capable of carrying out electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide at both vitreous carbon and illuminated p-type silicon surfaces, with reasonable current efficiencies. At illuminated p-type silicon photovoltages of ca 500mV are obtained. 7 Chapter 4 describes the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reduction of proton to H2 using [Fe4S4 (SPh)4]2- as an electrocatalyst at both vitreous carbon and at illuminated p-type Si electrodes.

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Books on the topic "Iron-Carbon"

1

Fasoro, Abiodun Adekunle. Lustrous carbon defect in grey cast iron. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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Knocke, William R. Impacts of dissolved organic carbon on iron removal. Denver, CO: The Foundation and American Water Works Association, 1993.

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3

Kunze, Joachim. Nitrogen and carbon in iron and steel thermodynamics. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1990.

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Shang, Rui. New Carbon–Carbon Coupling Reactions Based on Decarboxylation and Iron-Catalyzed C–H Activation. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3193-9.

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5

Wilhelmus Leonardus Timotheus Maria Ramselaar. Carbon-supported iron and iron-molybdenum sulfide catalysts: A combined Mössbauer and hydrodesulfurization activity study. Leiden: Line Out Network, 1988.

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6

Zhou, Xiaozhou. Sustainable Iron and Steel Making Systems Integrated with Carbon Sequestration. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2015.

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7

Commission, United States International Trade. Cut-to-length carbon steel plate from China, Russia, South Africa, and Ukraine. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1996.

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United States International Trade Commission. Cut-to-length carbon steel plate from China, Russia, South Africa, and Ukraine. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1996.

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United States International Trade Commission. Cut-to-length carbon steel plate from China, Russia, South Africa, and Ukraine. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1996.

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United States International Trade Commission. Cut-to-length carbon steel plate from China, Russia, South Africa, and Ukraine. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iron-Carbon"

1

Rogl, Peter. "Boron – Carbon – Iron." In Iron Systems, Part 1, 349–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69761-9_15.

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Watson, Andy, and Lesley Cornish. "Carbon – Cobalt – Iron." In Iron Systems, Part 1, 587–608. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69761-9_28.

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Ghosh, Gautam. "Aluminium – Carbon – Iron." In Iron Systems, Part 1, 20–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69761-9_4.

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Gasik, Mikhail, Viktor Dashevskii, and Aitber Bizhanov. "Iron–Carbon Alloys." In Ferroalloys, 307–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57502-1_18.

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Watson, Andy, and Lesley Cornish. "Carbon – Cobalt – Iron." In Refractory metal systems, 230–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02700-0_18.

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6

Angelo, P. C., and B. Ravisankar. "Iron-Carbon Diagram." In Introduction to Steels, 1–10. New York, NY : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429423598-1.

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Lebrun, Nathalie, and Pierre Perrot. "Carbon – Iron – Nickel." In Iron Systems, Part 2, 267–303. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74196-1_10.

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Perrot, Pierre. "Carbon – Iron – Phosphorus." In Iron Systems, Part 2, 304–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74196-1_11.

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Lebrun, Nathalie. "Carbon – Iron – Silicon." In Iron Systems, Part 2, 322–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74196-1_12.

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Lebrun, Nathalie, and Pierre Perrot. "Carbon – Iron – Titanium." In Iron Systems, Part 2, 383–423. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74196-1_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Iron-Carbon"

1

Rohmund, Frank. "Iron catalyzed growth of carbon nanotubes." In The 14th international winterschool on electronic properties of novel materials - molecular nanostructures. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1342507.

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2

Ciupina, V., G. Prodan, F. Dumitrache, I. Morjan, R. Alexandrescu, E. Popovici, I. Soare, et al. "Iron/iron carbides/carbon core-shell nanostructures synthesized by laser pyrolysis." In Optics & Photonics 2005, edited by Martin W. McCall, Graeme Dewar, and Mikhail A. Noginov. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.620633.

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Lange, H., O. Łabędź, M. Bystrzejewski, Vladimir Yu Nosenko, Padma K. Shukla, Markus H. Thoma, and Hubertus M. Thomas. "Synthesis of Carbon Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles by Carbon Arc Discharge." In DUSTY∕COMPLEX PLASMAS: BASIC AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH: Sixth International Conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3659804.

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Higashi, R., D. Maruoka, Y. Iwami, and T. Murakami. "Reduction and melting behaviours of carbon – iron oxide composite using iron carbides and free carbon obtained by vapour deposition." In 12th International Conference of Molten Slags, Fluxes and Salts (MOLTEN 2024) Proceedings, 1387–95. Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62053/wewm2079.

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The ironmaking industry consumes a large amount of fossil fuel derived carbon as heat source, reducing agent of iron ores and carburising agent of reduced iron. Although the demand for drastic decrease of carbon dioxide emission, carbon is an essential element for smelting process of molten iron. The carbon recycling ironmaking process by circulating CO has been already proposed to achieve carbon neutrality. However, the production of molten hot metal is not considered in this process because sufficient amount of carbon does not dissolve in reduced iron by CO. Therefore, our group has suggested a new carbon recycling ironmaking process which can produce hot metal. In this process, free carbon and iron carbides produced by carbon deposition reaction using metallic iron as a catalyst are used. It is known that only Fe3C is obtained as iron carbide by using CO gas, however, Fe5C2 is also produced by adding H2 gas. The composite agglomerated with these carbonaceous materials and fine iron ore (Deposited Carbon-Iron oxide Composite: DCIC) is reduced and melted in a furnace. It is reported that Fe3C in DCIC accelerates the reduction reaction and melting of the composite. In this study, the effects of iron carbides and free carbon on the melting behaviour of DCIC are investigated. Fe3C, Fe5C2 and free carbon were produced by vapour deposition using porous iron whiskers and CO-CO2-H2 gas. These were agglomerated with hematite reagent at a certain ratio to prepare DCIC samples with and without Fe5C2. The samples were heated up to 1300°C in inert atmosphere. The DCIC containing Fe5C2 completely melted and iron nuggets were obtained after the experiment. This behaviour was not observed in the composite without Fe5C2. This indicates that using Fe5C2 is more preferable than Fe3C for molten iron production using DCIC.

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Bruk, M. A., E. N. Zhikharev, E. I. Grigoriev, A. V. Spirin, V. A. Kalnov, and I. E. Kardash. "Electron-beam-induced deposition of iron carbon nanostructures from iron dodecacarbonyl vapor." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Kamil A. Valiev and Alexander A. Orlikovsky. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.558349.

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Sadhanala, Hari Krishna, and Karuna Kar Nanda. "Air stable iron/iron carbide magnetic nanoparticles embedded in amorphous carbon globules." In NANOFORUM 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4918247.

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Kim, D. U., J. S. Hong, B. H. Chung, J. H. Jeon, and K. O. Lee. "Low carbon process development for iron production." In 2008 IEEE 35th International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2008.4590901.

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Ovsiienko, I. V., T. L. Tsaregradskaya, D. O. Shpylka, L. Yu Matzui, G. V. Saenko, Uwe Ritter, T. A. Len, and Yu I. Prylutskyy. "Magnetoresistance of Carbon Nanotubes Filled by Iron." In 2021 IEEE 11th International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties (NAP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap51885.2021.9568395.

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Jamieson, B., P. Reinhardt, and E. Young. "Carbon-Negative Ironmaking – Carbon Dioxide Removal and Fossil-Free Iron Units." In AISTech 2024. AIST, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/388/195.

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Tenelanda-Osorio, Laura, Muammar Mansor, and Andreas Kappler. "Iron-carbon interactions and size distribution in biogenic iron oxides as potential biosignature." In Goldschmidt2023. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2023.14136.

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Reports on the topic "Iron-Carbon"

1

Bartholomew, C. H. Deactivation by carbon of iron catalysts for indirect liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6154234.

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Bartholomew, C. Deactivation by carbon of iron catalysts for indirect liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5719686.

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Bartholomew, C. Deactivation by carbon of iron catalysts for indirect liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5590023.

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Bartholomew, C. H. Deactivation by carbon of iron catalysts for indirect liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6568801.

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Bartholomew, C. H. Deactivation by carbon of iron catalysts for indirect liquefaction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6540326.

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Buesseler, K. Does iron fertilization lead to enhanced carbon sequestration? Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/805471.

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Seidl, P. A. Measurement of pion double charge exchange on carbon-13, carbon-14, magnesium-26, and iron-56. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5885340.

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Kawatra, S. K., T. C. Eisele, S. J. Ripke, and G. Ramirez. High-carbon fly-ash as a binder for iron ore pellets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/781805.

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Schumacher, Katja, and Jayant Sathaye. India's iron and steel industry: Productivity, energy efficiency and carbon emissions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/753016.

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Buesseler, Buessele, Daniele Bianchi, Fei Chai, Jay T. Cullen, Margaret Estapa, Nicholas Hawco, Seth John, et al. Paths forward for exploring ocean iron fertilization. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/67120.

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We need a new way of talking about global warming. UN Secretary General António Guterres underscored this when he said the “era of global boiling” has arrived. Although we have made remarkable progress on a very complex problem over the past thirty years, we have a long way to go before we can keep the global temperature increase to below 2°C relative to the pre-industrial times. Climate models suggest that this next decade is critical if we are to avert the worst consequences of climate change. The world must continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and find ways to adapt and build resilience among vulnerable communities. At the same time, we need to find new ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to chart a “net negative” emissions pathway. Given their large capacity for carbon storage, the oceans must be included in consideration of our multiple carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. This report focused on ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine CDR. This is by no means a new scientific endeavor. Several members of ExOIS (Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions) have been studying this issue for decades, but the emergence of runaway climate impacts has motivated this group to consider a responsible path forward for marine CDR. That path needs to ensure that future choices are based upon the best science and social considerations required to reduce human suffering and counter economic and ecological losses, while limiting and even reversing the negative impacts that climate change is already having on the ocean and the rest of the planet. Prior studies have confirmed that the addition of small amounts of iron in some parts of the ocean is effective at stimulating phytoplankton growth. Through enhanced photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can not only be removed from the atmosphere but a fraction can also be transferred to durable storage in the deep sea. However, prior studies were not designed to quantify how effective this storage can be, or how wise OIF might be as a marine CDR approach. ExOIS is a consortium that was created in 2022 to consider what OIF studies are needed to answer critical questions about the potential efficiency and ecological impacts of marine CDR (http://oceaniron.org). Owing to concerns surrounding the ethics of marine CDR, ExOIS is organized around a responsible code of conduct that prioritizes activities for the collective benefit of our planet with an emphasis on open and transparent studies that include public engagement. Our goal is to establish open-source conventions for implementing OIF for marine CDR that can be assessed with appropriate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, going beyond just carbon accounting, to assess ecological and other non-carbon environmental effects (eMRV). As urgent as this is, it will still take 5 to 10 years of intensive work and considerable resources to accomplish this goal. We present here a “Paths Forward’’ report that stems from a week-long workshop held at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in May 2023 that was attended by international experts spanning atmospheric, oceanographic, and social sciences as well as legal specialists (see inside back cover). At the workshop, we reviewed prior OIF studies, distilled the lessons learned, and proposed several paths forward over the next decade to lay the foundation for evaluating OIF for marine CDR. Our discussion very quickly resulted in a recommendation for the need to establish multiple “Ocean Iron Observatories’’ where, through observations and modeling, we would be able to assess with a high degree of certainty both the durable removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide—which we term the “centennial tonne”—and the ecological response of the ocean. In a five-year phase I period, we prioritize five major research activities: 1. Next generation field studies: Studies of long-term (durable) carbon storage will need to be longer (year or more) and larger (>10,000 km2) than past experiments, organized around existing tools and models, but with greater reliance on autonomous platforms. While prior studies suggested that ocean systems return to ambient conditions once iron infusion is stopped, this needs to be verified. We suggest that these next field experiments take place in the NE Pacific to assess the processes controlling carbon removal efficiencies, as well as the intended and unintended ecological and geochemical consequences. 2. Regional, global and field study modeling Incorporation of new observations and model intercomparisons are essential to accurately represent how iron cycling processes regulate OIF effects on marine ecosystems and carbon sequestration, to support experimental planning for large-scale MRV, and to guide decision making on marine CDR choices. 3. New forms of iron and delivery mechanisms Rigorous testing and comparison of new forms of iron and their potential delivery mechanisms is needed to optimize phytoplankton growth while minimizing the financial and carbon costs of OIF. Efficiency gains are expected to generate responses closer to those of natural OIF events. 4. Monitoring, reporting, and verification: Advances in observational technologies and platforms are needed to support the development, validation, and maintenance of models required for MRV of large-scale OIF deployment. In addition to tracking carbon storage and efficiency, prioritizing eMRV will be key to developing regulated carbon markets. 5. Governance and stakeholder engagement: Attention to social dimensions, governance, and stakeholder perceptions will be essential from the start, with particular emphasis on expanding the diversity of groups engaged in marine CDR across the globe. This feedback will be a critical component underlying future decisions about whether to proceed, or not, with OIF for marine CDR. Paramount in the plan is the need to move carefully. Our goal is to conduct these five activities in parallel to inform decisions steering the establishment of ocean iron observatories at multiple locations in phase II. When completed, this decadal plan will provide a rich knowledge base to guide decisions about if, when, where, and under what conditions OIF might be responsibly implemented for marine CDR. The consensus of our workshop and this report is that now is the time for actionable studies to begin. Quite simply, we suggest that some form of marine CDR will be essential to slow down and reverse the most severe consequences of our disrupted climate. OIF has the potential to be one of these climate mitigation strategies. We have the opportunity and obligation to invest in the knowledge necessary to ensure that we can make scientifically and ethically sound decisions for the future of our planet.

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