Journal articles: 'Iron and steel Testing'

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Sabiniak, Henryk G. "Testing worm gears with cooperating elements made of different materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 231, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650116656982.

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The author tested the efficiency, load-carrying capacity, and the type of friction in a meshing of a worm gear having the same parameters as worms made of carburized and quenched steel and worm-wheels made of steel, cast iron, and bronze. The type of friction was identified in case of worm gears with steel and cast iron worm-wheel at a volume temperature of the worm-wheel of 100 ℃; these gears did not demonstrate the tendency to seizure. The value of resistance of an oil film formed between the worm and the worm-wheel was accepted as the criterion of the existing type of friction in the meshing during mating of these two elements. The resistance of the oil film in the worm meshing was measured twice each time for two directions of the passage of electric current to avoid the effect of possibly occurring polarization phenomenon. Obtained values were averaged. During the course of the experiments, the image of friction was observed on the screen of an oscilloscope. Obtained values of the oil film resistance prove the low participation of fluid friction in the worm meshing with the worm-wheel made of steel as well as of cast iron. In case of the gear with the steel worm-wheel, the decrease of resistance in comparison with the bronze worm-wheel amounted to approximately 10 times and that of cast iron to almost 100 times. On the basis of the tests one can state that the application of steel worm-wheels and in particularly cast iron worm wheels makes it difficult for the fluid friction to occur while the application of a traditional material mating pair (a steel worm–a bronze worm-wheel) forms conditions for the occurrence of a mixed friction with a very high (approximately 99%) participation of fluid friction.

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Medvedovski, Eugene, Gerardo Leal Mendoza, and Giovanny Vargas. "Influence of Boronizing on Steel Performance under Erosion-Abrasion-Corrosion Conditions Simulating Downhole Oil Production." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 293–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2020016.

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Downhole heavy oil production and oil sand processing are associated with severe damage and failures of production equipment components, e.g., production tubing and pumping systems, due to erosion-corrosion resulting in processing losses, production downtime, high maintenance and replacement cost. Protective coatings (layers) on the production components mostly fabricated from low-alloy steels can be applied to minimize these problems. In the present work, the performance of hard boronized coating on carbon steel obtained through the thermal diffusion process and consisted of two iron boride layers (FeB and Fe2B) was studied in synergistic erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions simulating oil production environment in comparison with bare steel. Special wear testing equipment was designed and fabricated. In this testing, the inner surface of tubular sections was subjected to high velocity erosive flows of water-oil slurries containing silica sand and salts combined with rotating and oscillating motions of steel pony rods. Structural examination of the studied materials’ surfaces and their profilometry after wear testing were conducted. The iron boride coating demonstrated significantly higher performance in abrasion and erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions compared to bare carbon steel due to its high hardness, high chemical inertness, dual-layer architecture and diffusion-induced bonding with the substrate. The boronized steel tubing and casing with inner surface protection can be effectively employed in the most critical operation conditions.

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Pertek-Owsianna, Aleksandra, Karolina Wiśniewska-Mleczko, Dominika Panfil, and Aneta Bartkowska. "TESTING THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF STEELS AFTER HARDFACING AND LASER TREATMENT." Tribologia 284, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4154.

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This paper analyses the structure, hardness, and frictional wear resistance of surface layers formed on steels after hardfacing by means of the SSA arc method with self-shielded flux cored welding wire, with a content of carbon 5% and chromium 30% as well as boron alloying with the CO2 laser. S355J2 steel after being hardfaced with one up to three layers is characterized by the martensitic structure with chromium carbides and its surface hardness is 50–55HRC. In the weld deposit zone, with a thickness of up to approx. 2 mm, there is a constant distribution of hardness with the average value of 700 HV0.1, and then the hardness decreases to approx. 160 HV0.1 in the steel substrate. After hardfacing, the carbon content in S355J2 steel (0.23% wt.) increases to a similar content as in steel C90U in the initial state (0.96% wt.). After laser alloying with boron and after rapid cooling, C90U steel obtains distinctive paths with a zone structure and thickness reaching up to approx. 380 μm. In the remelted zone, there is a eutectic structure consisting of a mixture of iron borides and martensite with a hardness of approx. 1200–1800 HV0.1, and beneath it, there is heat affected zone with a martensitic-bainite structure with a hardness of approx. 700HV0.1. Hardfacing and laser heat treatment significantly decrease the frictional wear of the tested steels.

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Liu, Pei Yue, Jun Fen Wang, and Bao Qiu Ma. "Application of Wavelet Analysis in Nondestructive Testing of Steel and Iron Materials and DSP Implementation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 1270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.1270.

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Aiming at improving the unideal testing result by means of analog signal processing, wavelet analysis is introduced in the nondestructive testing of steel and iron materials, based on the characteristics of electromagnetic nondestructive testing signal. According to the requirement of wavelet algorithm for hardware, the advantages of DSP, digital signal processing function and high calculating speed, design scheme of the steel electromagnetic nondestructive testing device is proposed in this paper. Experiments show that this method can extract detection signal effectively.

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Danilov, V. N., and L. V. Voronkova. "SOME FEATURES OF ULTRASONIC TESTING OF CAST IRON OBJECTS WITH FLAKE AND GLOBULAR GRAPHITE USING NORMAL LINEAR PROBES WITH PHASED ARRAYS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 261 (March 2020): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.03.pp.004-019.

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Computer modelling of the acoustic characteristics of signals of direct normal probe with phased array (PFR) in the cast iron with flake and globular graphite was performed. As a result the form of acoustic pulses of a longitudinal wave, depending on the passed by wave distance and the values of attenuation coefficient for different models of cast iron was calculated. The main modeled characteristics of the probe include the directivity characteristic and the change in the amplitude of the signal along the acoustic axis. It is shown that the difference in the PFR directivity characteristics for cast iron with flake graphite of different models and steel is due to two factors – significantly lower longitudinal wave velocities in cast iron compared to steel and a decrease in its operating frequency due to attenuation. In this case, for cast iron with globular graphite, a small change in the width of the diagrams is due only to the lower speed of longitudinal waves in cast iron compared to steel. For cast iron with flake graphite model 3, the phenomenon of nonlinear attenuation due to a decrease in the frequency of the maximum of the signal spectrum during the propagation of a longitudinal wave in cast iron with a corresponding decrease in the frequency – dependent attenuation coefficient is established. Evaluation of the nonlinearity of attenuation for cast iron with globular graphite showed that it is very small. The influence of calculation of initial signal delays on the velocity of longitudinal waves in steel on the directivity characteristics in cast iron, decreasing with increasing focus distance, is established. It is shown that for cast iron with flake graphite there are cases when the direction of transmitting of PFR in cast iron is practically absent.

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D’Ans, Pierre, and Marc Degrez. "Sliding Wear Behavior of Friction Couples Primarily Selected for Corrosion Resistance: Iron Boride/Iron Boride and Iron Boride/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia." Metals 8, no. 12 (December 16, 2018): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8121071.

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Wear mitigation in a sliding couple is challenging if wear has to be minimized on both surfaces. In this paper, ball-on-disk testing is performed on sliding couples where both surfaces (ball and disk) are treated for wear resistance. Studied materials are pack borided H13 tool steel (ASTM A681), pack borided AISI 420 stainless steel (ASTM A276) and plasma sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Borided H13 steel exhibits a single phase Fe2B layer, while AISI 420 has a double phase layer, with FeB on the outer surface. Both FeB/Fe2B and FeB/YSZ couples generate three-body abrasion. In the latter case, mass transfer occurs from the ball to the disk as well. Friction coefficient is ~0.6 for the AISI 420/Fe2B and FeB/Fe2B sliding pairs, with less vibration on the latter and wear rates close to 10−3 mm³·(N·m)−1 for both the ball and the disk. In comparison, the FeB/YSZ pair has a friction coefficient of ~0.65, a similar total mass loss, but a much higher wear rate for YSZ than for FeB.

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Danilov, V. N., and L. V. Voronkova. "ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE PARAMETERS OF GLOBULAR GRAPHITE INCLUSIONS ON THE ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CAST IRON AND ULTRASONIC LONGITUDINAL WAVE SIGNALS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 285 (March 2022): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2022.03.pp.004-016.

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Based on analytical models, the dependence of the velocity and attenuation coefficient of the longitudinal ultrasonic wave in cast iron with globular graphite on the average size of graphite elements and its volume content is shown. Computer modeling of acoustic paths for a medium – cast iron with globular graphite for standard normal probes was carried out to assess the influence of such a medium on the characteristics of the transmitted and recorded signals during ultrasonic testing. Calculations of directivity characteristic of probes with normalization of each directivity characteristic to its maximum for steel and cast iron with globular graphite, a slight change in the width of the directivity characteristics due to the lower velocity of longitudinal waves in cast iron compared to steel. It is established that the amplitude of the bottom signal in cast iron with globular graphite can exceed its values for structural steel. Evaluation of the nonlinearity of attenuation for cast iron with globular graphite showed that it is very small. The features of DGS-diagrams for cast iron with globular graphite are noted, associated with higher attenuation of longitudinal waves than in steel, as well as with lower velocities of their propagation.

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Myszka, D., and A. Wieczorek. "An Assessment of the Applicability of Austempered Ductile Iron Containing Mo and Ni for Mining Machines Parts." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 953–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0108.

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Abstract The research described in this article is a fragment in the series of published works trying to determine the applicability of new materials for parts of the mining machinery. Tests were carried out on the - very popular in mining applications - 36HMN steel and three types of the austempered ductile iron, using special stand for the controlled abrasion testing of samples subjected to the effect of loose abrasive. Tests carried out with the use of corundum showed the competitive properties of cast iron as compared with the examined steel. Microscopic evaluation, hardness measurements and magnetic tests showed that the surface layer of austempered ductile iron undergoes a strong work hardening, resulting in abrasion wear indices superior to those of the steel for heavy-duty use.

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Jihan Shofa, Mohamad, and Hadi Gunawan. "Implementasi Six Sigma untuk Perbaikan Produk Nickel Pig Iron." Jurnal Sistem dan Manajemen Industri 1, no. 1 (August 5, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/jsmi.v1i1.171.

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PT. INF is a steel mining company. It produce such as nickel pig iron. Nickel pig iron used raw materials stainless steel factory, nickel and steel mill rolls. The number of defective products for nickel pig iron in a few months getting on upward trend. This research will analyze the cause of the increasing defect product by using Six Sigma methode. Furthermore, the proposed improvement is done by using the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach. The results shows the main problems are the higher value of Silica (Si) and phospor (P), the sigma level is obtained from the annual pig iron making process in 1.6 sigma, process improvement need to be done are monitoring and scheduling of burnlime powder orders, checking new materials by testing the formula against new materials, and making a repair schedule as well as focusing on changes in pressure on the monitor screen

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Olei, Adrian, Sorin Savu, and Iulian Stefan. "The Tribological Behavior of some Steel Samples Prepared by Powder Metallurgy Sintered in Microwave Field." Advanced Engineering Forum 13 (June 2015): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.13.114.

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The objective of this research is to observe the influence of the sintering temperature on the wear testing for some steel samples elaborated by powder metallurgy technology. For obtaining the steels there were used iron powders and graphite powders. The powders were homogenized in a high energy ball mill Pulverisette 6, cold compacted and then sintered using a Muegge type microwave heating installation. The influence of the sintering technique on the samples’ wear behavior is studied using both a tribometer and a profilometer.

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Zhang, Hao, Jia He Zhang, De Bin Wang, and Xu Li. "Experimental Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Galvanized Iron Wire under Seismic Strain Rate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 1435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1435.

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This paper focuses on the mechanical properties of galvanized iron wire under various conditions of earthquake-type strain rate. The dynamic tensile test of galvanized iron wire was conducted on MTS New 810 electro-hydraulic servo-controlled testing system. The dynamic tensile constitutive relationship of galvanized iron wire was proposed under seismic strain rate. The accuracy of the proposed constitutive relationship of galvanized iron wire was verified by comparing with reinforcing steel.

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Chi, Jen Hao, and Peng Chi Peng. "A Study on Metallographic Microstructure of Steel Materials Subjected to Fire." Solid State Phenomena 263 (September 2017): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.263.72.

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In view of the fact that construction of modern buildings tends to use a high ratio of iron materials, this study aimed to obtain the ratio of components of steel’s microstructure under different test conditions by heating a A36 steel sheet commonly used in buildings, and applying metallographic replication testing. When the steel sheet was heated above 800°C and then rapidly cooled by water, the ratio of components of the structure were changed dramatically: components such as pearlite disappeared, ferrite was reduced from 90% to a low of 20%, bainite was increased to a maximum of 35%, and martensite was increased to a maximum of 45%. Since the substantial increase of martensite phase in this study led the microstructure of iron material to become thinned out and scattered, the ductility of such material was significantly reduced accordingly, thereby making the steel sheet easily broken. This study expected to provide the test findings of the mechanical behavior and metallographic structure of steel, after being heated to a high temperature and then naturally cooled, to other relevant units of construction engineering to serve as reference for their evaluation of non-destructive testing of steel structures.

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Namazov, S. N., G. Abdalla, M. Dalgic, H. W. Gudenau, and P. Beiss. "Mean stress sensitivity of sintered iron and steel." International Journal of Materials Research 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 737–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2003-0127.

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Abstract There is a well-based correlation between the pulsating amplitude σ A(R = 0) and the alternating amplitude σ A(R = – 1) in fatigue testing of sintered iron and steel which permits to predict the mean stress sensitivity and the pulsating amplitude if the alternating endurance limit σ A(R = – 1) has been measured. Without loss of precision the relationship can be extended from smooth unnotched specimen geometries to notched geometries if only the stress concentration factor is known. The coefficients of the predictive equation depend on the brittleness of the material, a systematic approach to take the brittleness into account is still missing. In Haigh diagrams, the slope of the σ A–σ m diagram with tensile mean stresses can be linearly extrapolated also into the compressive mean stress range σ m < 0.

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Adlina Harun, Syafiqa Putri, and Fauziah Sulaiman. "Preparation of solenoid probe for Eddy Current Testing technique probe." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2314, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012018.

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Abstract The most crucial components in the system of eddy currents are the sensitivity of the probe to deliver a signal to detect a defect on the material efficiently. When the turns are closely spaced and the length is substantially more than the radius of the turns, the solenoid is perfect. This paper presents a development of a solenoid probe for the eddy current testing (ECT) technique probe to detect defects. The objectives of this research are to design and construct a high sensitivity rod-shaped solenoid probe, to find the optimal frequency for each metal testing (i.e., Copper (Cu), Aluminium (Al), and Stainless Steel) for this solenoid probe, and to obtain the output testing signals defects with vary of thickness (i.e., 1.5 mm, 3.0mm, and 5.0 mm). In addition, a hole of an artificial defect (i.e., 7.0 mm, 14.0 mm, 21.0 mm) has been drilled on each of the metal testings. This rod-shaped solenoid coil was designed with an iron core with 65 mm length, 5 mm area, and 200 turns. It demonstrates how the rod-shaped solenoid coil may be used to detect various flaws in copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and stainless steel. The optimal frequencies for copper were 7.850 MHz, Aluminium was 7.383 MHz, and Stainless-Steel metal was 7.956 MHz.

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Tsukada, Keiji, Minoru Hayashi, Taisei Kawakami, Shoya Adachi, Kenji Sakai, Toshihiko Kiwa, Toshiyuki Ishikawa, et al. "Magnetic thickness measurement for various iron steels using magnetic sensor and effect of electromagnetic characteristics." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000250.

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The diagnosis and prevention of the deterioration of iron-steel infrastructure has become an important social issue in recent years. The thickness measurement technique (extremely low-frequency eddy current testing (ELECT)) using a magnetic sensor for detecting steel corrosion at extreme frequency ranges has been previously reported. Using the calibration curves based on the correlation between the phase of the detected magnetic signal and the plate thickness, the plate thickness reduction caused by corrosion can be estimated from the detected phase signal. Iron-steel materials have large changes in electromagnetic characteristics; therefore, the reference calibration data for each type of iron-steel are required for plate thickness estimation. In this study, the effect of electromagnetic characteristics on the magnetic thickness measurement was investigated to improve the thickness estimation. Four types of iron-steel plates (SS400, SM400A, SM490A, and SMA400AW) with thicknesses ranging from 1 mm to 18 mm were measured by ELECT, and the phase change at multiple frequencies of each plate were analyzed. The shift in the phase and linearity regions of the calibration curves for each type of steel plate was observed. To analyze this shift phenomenon, the electromagnetic characteristics (permeability μ and conductivity σ) of each type of steel were measured. Compared with the permeability μ and conductivity σ of each steel plate in the applied magnetic field strength range, the product ( σμ) for various steel plates decreased in the following order: SM400 > SS400 >SMA400AW > SM490A. The product of μ and σ is related to the skin depth, indicating the electromagnetic wave attenuation and eddy current phase shift in the material. Therefore, each shift in the calibration curve of each type of iron steel is explained by the changes in the parameters σ and μ.

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Olei, Bebe Adrian, Iulian Ştefan, and Nicoleta Popescu. "The Influence of the Sintering Temperature on the Wear Testing for Some Steels Samples Obtained by Powder Metallurgy." Solid State Phenomena 216 (August 2014): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.216.216.

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The objective of this research is to observe the influence of the sintering temperature on the wear testing for some steel samples elaborated by powder metallurgy technology. For obtaining the steels there were used iron powders and graphite powders. The powders were homogenized in a high energy ball mill Pulverisette 6, cold compacted and then sintered in a furnace. The sintering parameters are: the sintering temperature, T = (1050, 1100, 1150)°C and the maintaining time, t = 60 minutes. The influence of the sintering parameters on the samples wear behavior is studied using both a tribometer and a profilometer.

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Hooper, Jennifer J., Tim Foecke, Lori Graham, and Timothy P. Weihs. "Metallurgical Analysis of Wrought Iron From the RMS Titanic." Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, no. 02 (April 1, 2003): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.2.73.

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The discovery of the RMS Titanic has led to a number of scientific studies, one of which addresses the role that structural materials played in the sinking of the ship. Early studies focused on the quality of the hull steel as a contributing factor in the ship's rapid sinking, but experimental results showed that the material was "state-of-the-art" for 1911. Instead, it was suggested that the quality of the wrought iron rivets may have been an important factor in the opening of the steel plates during flooding. Here the quality of RMS Titanic wrought iron is examined and compared with contemporary wrought iron obtained from additional late 19th-/early 20th-century buildings, bridges, and ships. Traditional metallurgical analysis as well as compositional analysis, mechanical testing, and computer modeling are used to understand the variation in the mechanical properties of wrought iron as a function of its microstructure.

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Gorkunov, E. S., V. V. Kharlamov, L. Kh Kogan, and S. M. Zadvorkin. "Analysing the applicability of eddy current non-destructive technique for testing the wear of ‘steel—steel’ and ‘cast iron—cast iron’ tribological situations." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 222, no. 5 (May 2008): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet379.

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Ahmad, Arfah, Ahmad Tarmizi Azily, Anis Niza Ramani, Intan Azmira Wan Abdul Razak, and Suziana Ahmad. "Experimental Study on the Ground Resistance Reduction Based on Different Types of Grounding Rod." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.105.

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Grounding of electrical installation is primarily concerned with ensuring safety. The main purpose of grounding is to channel the fault current straightly to the earth. To produce a good grounding system, the value of earth resistance must be reduced as low as possible. Otherwise, current may flows through to those who touch the damage electrical equipment instead of flowing through grounding system. In this project, a 3 meter length of copper, galvanized iron and pure steel rod were installed in formatting of grounding system. The installation of the grounding rods was based on the fall of potential method. Both single rod testing and parallel rod testing were performed in this project. A comparison on grounding resistance value for copper rod, steel rod and galvanized iron rod was examined and the selection of the best grounding rod was determined from the experimental data. Result shows that different types of rod will produce different value of resistivity in which depend on installation technique and soil condition.

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Shilyaev, P. V., V. L. Kornilov, L. S. Ivanova, A. A. Demidova, P. A. Stekanov, V. N. Urtsev, F. V. Kaptsan, and D. M. Khabibulin. "Track Record of Nondestructive Testing Methods Applied to Steel Plate Quality Indexes at Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company." Metallurgist 64, no. 11-12 (March 2021): 1234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-021-01109-w.

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Tu, Xiaohui, Jun Quan Liu, Wei Li, and Jun Yi Su. "Corrosion Behavior of Chromium Cast Iron and Steel in Hot Concentrated Alkaline." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.174.

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Abstract. Hot concentrated alkaline corrosion and wearing corrosion environment exists in alumina metallurgical industry. Iron and steel materials with outstanding alkaline corrosion resistance are strongly demanded for their fabrication equipments. In this paper, corrosion resistance in static hot concentrated alkaline solution of several kinds of martensite chromium cast iron and steel was studied through polarization curves, potential-time curves, weight loss in the corrosion, and corrosive morphology analysis. Experimental results indicated that corrosion processes can be divided into three stages: dissolving of passivating films, exposed surface corrosion, and corrosion beneath the corroded product. Protection effect of the passivating films was transitory, and the corrosion rate during the exposed surface corrosion reached the maximum. Corrosion of the testing materials was composed of active dissolving corrosion of the metal matrix and caustic embrittlement cracking of the matrix, as well as grain boundary corrosion for the cast iron. Dissolving corrosion of the metal matrix was the main cause that induced the weight loss, while severe caustic embrittlement cracking of the metal matrix was disadvantageous. With an increase of the chromium content in the cast iron or steel, active dissolving corrosion of the metal matrix increased. However, the tendency of caustic embrittlement cracking decreased.

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IBA, Keiji. "Non-destructive Testing Personnel Education, Training and Qualification System in Iron and Steel Industries." Tetsu-to-Hagane 73, no. 10 (1987): 1316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.73.10_1316.

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Ershov, R. E., A. Ja Betenkova, and T. G. Ivanenko. "Testing cast-iron and steel by the upper harmonics magnetic method with simultaneous heating." NDT International 18, no. 4 (August 1985): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-9126(85)90071-9.

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Tjahjanti, Prantasi Harmi, Wibowo Harso Nugroho, and Hana Catur Wahyuni. "Physics and Chemistry Test on Aluminum-Based Composite Materials as an Alternative Material for the Manufacture of Brake Drum." Advanced Materials Research 789 (September 2013): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.789.449.

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One of the components of the vehicle are of particular interest is the brake system , because its main function is to stop the rotation axis, set the axis of rotation and to prevent unwanted rotation. One classification system is the brake drum that has been widely made of cast iron, cast iron and cast steel special. This study makes brake drum of composite materials aluminum-based, with reinforcement is silicon carbide (SiC), obtained optimum composition of 15%, so it is written (Al-Si)-SiC/15%. Physics testing includes testing of thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient, and Chemistry testing the corrosion penetration rate when the test material was coating with regular polish, with chrome, with nickel and with nickel + chrome. The final results showed that the value of conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient of the composite material is lower than cast iron, aluminum and other alloys. That is pretty good heat resistance when applied to brake drum material. The lowest of corrosion penetration rate on coating material with a layer of Ni-Cr.

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Zimmermann, Martina, Jörg Bretschneider, Gunter Kirchhoff, Uwe Stamm, Jens Standfuss, and Berndt Brenner. "Fatigue Behaviour of Laser Beam Welded Circular Weld Seams under Multi-Axial Loading." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 1397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1397.

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With modern laser beam sources welding processes can be developed, that allow the joining of otherwise barely realisable material and geometrical constellations such as dissimilar welded, thick-walled shaft-hub joints for powertrain systems. Current design recommendations do not offer solutions to account for the cyclic strength under torsional loading for welded structures. In order to bridge the gap between cost and time consuming prototype testing and laboratory tests of basic homogeneous material samples, a test system combining axial and torsional loading was used. For this purpose application oriented test parts are designed to mimic the weld seam geometry, stiffness and heat dissipation conditions of the real structural part at its best. The dissimilar joints were realised for two material combinations: cast iron GJS-600-3 with case hardened steel 16MnCr5 and 42CrMo4 with 16MnCr5. The latter combination showed only a slightly higher cyclic strength compared to the cast iron/steel combination. A systematic optimization of the laser beam welding process leads to a fatigue behaviour under multi-axial loading conditions, where the cast iron/case hardened steel combination still met the strength specification required.

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Zainal, Farah Farhana, Muhammad Faiz Fazill, Kamarudin Hussin, Azmi Rahmat, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Warid Wazien. "Effect of Geopolymer Coating on Mild Steel." Solid State Phenomena 273 (April 2018): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.273.175.

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This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of geopolymer coating on mild steel. Geopolymer is synthesis of a fly ash and alkaline activators which are sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) and sodium silicate solution (Na2SiO3). Fly ash is one of residue produced during the combustion of coal in coal power plant. In this study, fly ash class F based geopolymer was used as a source material. The alkaline activators then were mixed with fly ash to produce the geopolymer paste which acts as a coating material. The mixture was placed in molds and reinforcement bar were embedded in geopolymer paste. After that, the corrosion behavior of reinforcement bars for all samples were observed by using Open Circuit Potential (OCP) testing. Referring the pourbaix diagram regarding OCP testing, samples are in passivity region. Besides that, mild steel also were coated with geopolymer paste for adhesion test. Elcometer 108 was used for adhesion strength test. Morphology analysis also been used to determine the microstructure of fly ash and geopolymer paste. Phase analysis was used for the analysis phase between fly ash, geopolymer paste and mild steel coated with geopolymer paste. From OCP test, pourbaix diagram shows that samples is placed in the passivity region, iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3) which is in stable phase and iron (II, III) oxide same results as in phase analysis. The minimum potential value for OCP is 0.015 V and the maximum potential value is 0.133 V. For adhesion strength, day 14 got the highest results compared day 7 and day 3 which the results are 2.0 Mpa, 1.9 Mpa and 1.5 Mpa respectively. It is because from day 3 until day 14, the structure of geopolymer paste becomes more compact, denser and better crystallization as shown in morphological analysis.

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Danilov, V. N., and L. V. Voronkova. "INVESTIGATION OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF ULTRASONIC TESTING OF CAST IRON WITH LAMELLAR GRAPHITE USING STANDARD NORMAL PROBE." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 259 (2020): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.01.pp.004-018.

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Computer simulation of acoustic paths for medium – cast iron with lamellar graphite for standard normal probe of several types was carried out in order to study the effect of such medium on the characteristics of transmitted and received signals during ultrasonic testing. In the course of studies to calculate the attenuation coefficient of longitudinal waves in cast iron with lamellar graphite, due to their Rayleigh and phase scattering by graphite inclusions, the previously developed model was used. Comparison of the results of calculations of spectra and pulses of the recorded signals for two samples of cast iron with lamellar graphite confirmed the possibility of using the developed calculation model for a description of real physical phenomena adequate for the practice of ultrasonic testing. The ratio of the recorded signal and structural noise levels for different models of transducers, reflectors and characteristics of the controlled cast iron is estimated. Shown that increased attenuation of the longitudinal wave in cast iron in comparison with steel as a result of scattering by inclusions leads to higher level of this noise and can greatly reduce the signal-to-noise ratio in the detection of the reflected from the defect signals.

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Pribulová, Alena, Peter Futaš, and Marcela Pokusova. "Influence of Charge Composition on EN-GJS-500-7 Ductile Iron Properties in Foundry Operating Conditions." Materials Science Forum 998 (June 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.998.42.

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Worldwide production of ductile iron castings reached in year 2017 26,428,148 metric tons, which is 34% of the total weight of all castings made from cast iron. The most significant increase in ductile iron castings was recorded in Slovakia, up to 78.6%. Castings from ductile iron have a very huge utilization thanks their very good foundry and mechanical properties. The current economic situation in all industries forces entrepreneurs and producers to rationalize production and reduce production costs, with a worldwide trend to increase the share of steel scrap, a technology for the production of ductile cast iron. The paper describes the results of research focused on the effect of charge composition, mainly the share of scrap steel on the final properties and structure of ductile iron EN-GJS-500-7 under the operating conditions of foundry. Six melts with different charge composition were made. The samples from all melts were taken and chemical analysis, microstructure analysis and testing on mechanical properties were made on them. The mechanical properties of produced globular cast irons were according with the relevant standard. It is important to mention that there has been a significant increase in strength characteristics in melts in which the carbon content exceeded 4% (CE = 4.7 and 4.8%, respectively).

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H. Humaish, Asad, Mohammed S. Shamkhi, and Thualfiqar K. Al-Hachami. "Design, Manufacturing and Testing of Small Shaking Table." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.26237.

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The seismic performance and the dynamic response of concrete gravity dams can be verified by several techniques. Both geotechnical centrifuge apparatus (under N-g values) and shaking table (under 1-g) are the commonly used techniques in the world. This paper deals with designing, manufacturing, and testing of small shaking table to investigate different geotechnical and engineering problems. The main body of the designed shaking table consists of steel frame (local iron) manufactured as a hollow box with steel plate, 6mm in thickness and one-direction movable platform (as a basket carrying the container of the model). Inside this main box, all the mechanical parts that work as one system to generate the motion of the seismic wave with an acceleration that needed to the test. The facilities of this shaking table, the movable base has a dimension of 0.8m x1.2m and the platform mass approximately 2 kN, the maximum allowable model weight of 10kN, the range of frequency from 0 to 20 Hz, the maximum acceleration amplitude of 1.2g and maximum displacement of 14mm. It can simulate only the single frequency motion (i.e. sinusoidal wave). The measured accelerations at different soil model level for the tested shaker under 0.6g sinusoidal waveform gave a reasonable prediction for the dynamic response and the amplification characteristics.

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Vasková, I., M. Hrubovčáková, J. Malik, and Š. Eperješi. "Influence of Technological Parameters of Furane Mixtures on Shrinkage Creation in Ductile Cast Iron Castings." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 59, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2014-0174.

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Abstract Ductile cast iron (GS) has noticed great development in last decades and its boom has no analogue in history humankind. Ductile iron has broaden the use of castings from cast iron into areas, which where exclusively domains for steel castings. Mainly by castings, which weight is very high, is the propensity to shrinkage creation even higher. Shrinkage creation influences mainly material, construction of casting, gating system and mould. Therefore, the main realized experiment was to ascertain the influence of technological parameters of furane mixture on shrinkage creation in castings from ductile iron. Together was poured 12 testing items in 3 moulds forto determine and compare the impact of various technological parameters forms the propensity for shrinkage in the casting of LGG.

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Li, Qian, Sai Nan Wei, and Ji Ming Yao. "The Development of Double Composite Flexible Radar Absorbing Fabrics Based on Iron Fibers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.144.

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Double composite flexible absorbing fabrics were fabricated according to the resistance matching principle and electromagnetic spreading regulation. The surface layer, composed of stainless steel core-spun yarn, easily realized matching to the free space. The under layer made up of iron fiber which had significant microwave absorbing effects. The reflectivity of fabrics were measured by the means of "arch testing method" in the range from 2~18 GHz with the change of fabric specifications. The results showed that the reflectivities of 12 groups can below-15 dB in the 20 groups testing and the second group which below-20dB was thin and only 440g/m2with the optimized fabric specifications.

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Yan, Yan Hong, Yu Lin Yang, and Dan Zhang. "Influence on Tribology Characteristic of the Steel-Cast Iron Friction Pair under Different Concentration of the Self-Repairing Additive and Mechanism Analyzing." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1085.

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The influence of frictional wear characteristics were investigated under the Self-repairing Additive condition with different concentration by using MMU-5G end-face friction and wear testing machine. The surface images of friction pair and their chemical composition were detected by using SEM and EDS. The result indicates different concentration has a great influence on frictional wear characteristics of friction pair. The Self-repair coatings are formed on the 45#steel worn surface while nothing on the cast-iron worn surface, study considers that metallographic structure and mechanical performance of cast iron are the prime causation resulting in no Self-repair coatings. Self-repairing Additive of the right concentration has remarkable effect on antifriction and wearing of cast iron.

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33

Велев, Борис, Иван Иванов, and Владимир Каменов. "Автоматизированная система комплексного неразрушающего контроля структуры и механических свойств материалов машиностроения." Дефектоскопия 3 (March 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0130308221030027.

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An automated system with two optimized modular devices is presented — MULTITEST-MC010 for research of ferromagnetic materials with the methods for measuring magnetic noise and magneto acoustic emission of Barkhausen and MULTITEST — CD010 for research of mechanical engineering materials with the methods of velocity measurement of longitudinal waves C and attenuation coefficient δof ultrasound. The main approaches and principles for the automated data processing of complex non-destructive testing are presented, as well as the setup of the modular devices of the automated system. For approbation of the system the influence of the heat treatment (hardness) in structural steel 40X on the non-destructive information parameters of the magnetic noise and the magneto acoustic emission — magnetic noise voltage EBN and voltage of the magneto acoustic emission EMAE was studied. The mechanical properties in foundry cast iron samples with complex measurement of the information parameters , C, by simultaneous use of the two modular devices of the system were also studied. The possibility for the complex application of these parameters for non-destructive testing of the mechanical properties after heat treatment in structural steel 40X and the tensile strength in cast iron specimens has been proven.

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Sumiati, Ruzita, Genta Ramadeto, Rakiman Rakiman, and Fardinal Fardinal. "Pembuatan Dan Pengujian Mesin Bending Rotary Baja Untuk Aplikasi Stand Pot Bunga Diameter 8 dan 10 Inch." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jtm.13.1.363.

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In this day and age people decorate homes with flower pots and many models of flower pot place creations. Usually the place to put flower pots in the form of a circle and to make a circular iron is made manually requires energy and a long time. A bending machine is needed to make concrete iron circle creations. The aim of this research is to produce a rotary bending machine that is able to work efficiently in forming a concrete steel circle. The method used in this study is a practical method that is doing machine design and continued with the manufacture and field testing. The working principle of this machine is to use a motor that functions to move the Gearbox and continue the rotation to the shaft, then the shaft rotates and the bending mall rotates and makes the steel concrete come round and circular. The conclusion is (a). This concrete steel rotary bending machine has dimensions of 550 mm x 550 mm x 1000 mm with an electric motor drive power source (b). The results of the bending process using a concrete steel rotary bending machine are far more efficient than doing manual bending

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35

Mohd Sani, Mohd Syahrul Hisyam, Fadhluhartini Muftah, Ahmad Rasidi Osman, and Cher Siang Tan. "Mechanical Behaviour for Connection of Cold-Formed Steel Channel Section with Intermediate Web Stiffener." Key Engineering Materials 792 (December 2018): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.792.153.

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Cold-formed steel (CFS) is a popular steel-based material for building such as roof truss system and wall frame panel. CFS with a variety of shapes, cross-sections and thickness produce a lot of advantages such as ease of production, corrosion resistance and high strength to weight ratio. Connection of the CFS sections between them uses screw, bolt and nut, rivet or weld. But, the detail information for the connector in standard either by Eurocode 3 or American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) is still incomplete especially methods for testing and also lack in the basic knowledge of testing for the connector or combination of connectors. The connector that was used in this study was a self-drilling screw. The objective of the study is to provide the mechanical behaviour information of self-drilling screws from shear and pull-out tests. Both tests utilised Universal Testing Machine with 100 kN capacity to determine the ultimate load and load-deformation behaviour of the self-drilling screws with different numbers. As a result, the ultimate load of the specimen was found to increase with increasing number of the self-drilling screws for shear and pull-out connection tests.

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36

Li, Diyuan, Mohammad Reza Moghaddam, Masoud Monjezi, Danial Jahed Armaghani, and Amirhossein Mehrdanesh. "Development of a Group Method of Data Handling Technique to Forecast Iron Ore Price." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072364.

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Iron is one of the most applicable metals in the world. The global price of iron ore is determined based on demand and supply. There are numerous parameters (e.g., price of steel, steel production, oil price, gold price, interest rate, inflation rate, iron production, and aluminum price) affecting the global iron ore price. Considering the high number of effective parameters and existence of complex relationship among them, artificial intelligence-based approaches can be employed to predict iron ore price. In this paper, a new intelligence system namely group method of data handling (GMDH) was developed and introduced to predict the price of iron ore. For comparison purposes, four other techniques i.e., autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), support vector regression (SVR), artificial neural network (ANN), and classification and regression tree (CART) were developed for prediction of monthly iron ore price. Then, using testing datasets, the developed models were validated and their performance capacities were compared. The results showed that performance prediction of the GMDH model is significantly better than other predictive models based on four performance indices i.e., root mean square error, variance account for (VAF), mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error. Results of VAF (97.89%, 90.81%, 80.95%, 55.02%, and 23.87% for GMDH, SVR, ANN, CART, and ARIMA models, respectively) revealed that the GMDH technique is able to predict iron ore price with higher degree of accuracy compared to the other techniques.

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37

LEPIARCZYK, Dariusz, Wacław GAWĘDZKI, and Jerzy TARNOWSKI. "A STUDY OF TRIBOLOGICAL LOAD CAPACITY OF VARIOUS FRICTION PAIRS." Tribologia 272, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.6310.

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The paper presents and experimentally verifies a testing method of friction pairs between various materials: steel-cast iron, cast iron-cast iron, and cast iron-ferodo. The applied methodology for the evaluation of tribological mating of a friction part allows for determining the time series of friction torque and mechanical power transmitted by a friction pair at slippage. Time series of parameters variability in the investigated friction process after the loss of contact are presented. In addition, relationships are presented that allow for determining the basic friction pair parameters: friction torque, friction coefficient, and mechanical power. This is a basis for determining the tribological load capacity of a friction pair whose measure has been assumed as the maximum value of torsional torque and mechanical power transmitted by the tested specimens.

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38

Keddam, Mourad, R. Kouba, Redoune Chegroune, and B. Bouarour. "Surface Characterization of a Nitrided Low Alloy Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 312-315 (April 2011): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.312-315.70.

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The 32CrMoV13 low alloy steel was gas nitrided at 550°C, for three time durations (6.5, 13 and 20 h) and under a variable nitriding potential (1, 2.2 and 6 atm-0.5). The generated nitride layers were characterized by SEM observations, XRD and GDOS analyses as well as microhardness testing. The XRD analysis indicates that the compound layer was composed of and iron nitrides and CrN phase. The surface hardness (inside the compound layer) was found to be dependent on the nitriding potential value, its value increases as rises. It was shown by GDOS analysis that the upper and lower nitrogen concentrations at the (compound layer / diffusion zone) interface are approximatively: 4 and 0.88 wt. % N, respectively.

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39

Deng, Biao, and Hong Liang Yi. "Effects of Initial Material Conditions on the High Temperature Surface Oxidation of Press-Hardening Steels." Advanced Materials Research 1063 (December 2014): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1063.100.

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The 22MnB5 steel of Wuhan Iron with three early treatment (pickling, cold-rolling and cold-rolled annealing), then high-temperature oxidation, surface morphology and element of the oxide layer were observed after oxidation testing. The result shows that the oxide layer thickness of cold-rolled annealed sheet is maximal, followed by cold rolled sheet, the pickling sheet is minimum; The surface roughness is associated with degree of oxidation; Si and Cr content increase sharply in oxide layer of 22MnB5 steel after annealing, annealing and cold rolling have little effect of Mn content in the oxide layer.

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Zhang, Ke Ping, Jing Feng Wu, Jian Long Huang, and Xiao Peng Huang. "Study on Changes of Metal Chemical Composition by Abrasive Wear of Alfalfa Powder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 2762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.2762.

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The abrasive wear of 45 steel and HT200 iron which are usually used on agriculture machine was tested by alfalfa powder on a grinding abrasion testing machine. The chemical composition on both wear metal surface and original surface were analysed with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results indicated that metal element contents on the metal wear surface were decreased, while the nonmetallic element contents were increased.

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41

Ahmad, Sazzad, and Wahidur Rahman Sajal. "An Experimental Investigation of Relationship between surface Hardness and Strength of Locally produced TMT 500W bar in Bangladesh." Journal of Engineering Science 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2020): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jes.v11i1.49554.

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The high-strength mild steel bars (usually low carbon steel) are widely used for structural purposes throughout the world including Bangladesh. The strength of these deformed barsis measured through a sample decimation process via Universal Testing Machine (UTM), after which the broken pieces are discarded as scrap for recycling. Therefore, measuring the hardness of steel could be a good indication of strength and will involve less sample and short time for testing. The strength–hardness relationship for steel and cast iron is well defined. However, the TMT 500W deformed bar using in Bangladesh has different structural phenomena due to its unique fabrication technique. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how the strength varies with hardness for this grade of steel. The current research aims to explore the hardness–strength relationship for TMT (Thermomechanical Treatment) 500W bar as an alternate of the tensile test to minimize the wastage, cost and time of testing. Several TMT 500W bars were collected from the local market and measured the Rockwell Hardness B (HRB), strength and other relevant macroscopic/microscopic parameters. Finally, two empirical relationships of yield and tensile strength have been established using rim hardness, core hardness, and rim thickness data. The actual strength data shows a good agreement with present findings and the result variation is found less than 2% and 3% in the case of yield strength and tensile strength respectively. Journal of Engineering Science 11(1), 2020, 113-122

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42

Joshi, Gaurav R., Martien Duvall Deffo Ayagou, C. Mendibide, Thi Tuyet Mai Tran, Bernard Tribollet, and Jean Kittel. "Corrosion and Hydrogen Permeation in H2S Environments with O2 Contamination, Part 3: The Impact of Acetate-Buffered Test Solution Chemistry." Corrosion 77, no. 9 (May 24, 2021): 961–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3805.

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This paper highlights the importance of considering the magnitude of acetate (ethanoate) species concentration on corrosion and hydrogen permeation rates, important factors associated with cracking initiation in steels for sour service qualification. Materials selection relies on standards, such as NACE TM0177 and NACE TM0284, which stipulate that oxygen pollution should be avoided during testing in H2S-containing media. The 5% NaCl test solutions in current standards are buffered using acetic acid (CH3COOH)/sodium acetate (CH3COONa) to fix the solution pH over long periods. In this third paper, as part of a series of articles that evaluate how oxygen entry modifies the corrosion of (and hydrogen permeation across) low alloy steel membranes in H2S-containing solutions, the effect that changing the solution chemistry has through testing X65 steel in different concentrations of acetic acid and sodium acetate in H2S-saturated 5% NaCl solutions, i.e., Solutions A and B (NACE TM0177-2016) and the high-strength line pipe (HLP) solution of NACE TM 0284-2016, is investigated. Increasing the total acetic acid + acetate concentration encourages a higher average X65 corrosion rate and longer-sustained hydrogen charging flux, assigned to the cathodic reaction rate enhancement by acetic acid and the iron solubilizing effects of acetates. Introducing 300 ppb of dissolved oxygen does not push the solution pH outside of the permitted error range but increases average X65 corrosion rates and, again, helps sustain hydrogen permeation flux for longer. Through an evaluation of the surface structure and electrochemical data, this appears to be due to an increase in the permeability and protectiveness of the troilite FeStroilite dominant scale and a possible acetic acid buffering of local pH increase at surface cathodic sites during corrosion. The HLP solution (at pH 3.5), with the highest acetic acid and acetate concentration, is the most aggressive. In this electrolyte, an iron sulfide overlayer structure is attained with an oxygen-rich inner layer between the metal substrate and a thick iron sulfide film.

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Naipinij, Sun, Sasapan Sukieum, Ravinupha Namprai, and Thanasak Nilsonthi. "Formation of thermal oxide scale and its adhesion to hot-rolled low carbon steels with different final strip thicknesses." E3S Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235502008.

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Currently, the steelmaking industry produces iron oxide waste scale resulting in pollution to the environment. It was necessary to have a good understanding of the composition, characteristics and properties of the oxide scale. This study focused on the formation of scale and its adhesion to the hot-rolled steel strip with different thicknesses. The oxide scale formed on an as-received hot-rolled steel strip was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDS). Magnetite, hematite and iron were found from the XRD results of all samples, which had the thickness strip of 8, 10 and 12 mm. The scale was thinner for the thinner strip. The adhesion test was conducted by a tensile testing machine adapted with an observation set. The strain initiating the first spallation and mechanical adhesion energy was lowest for the sample with the highest thickness (12 mm). These results indicate that the waste scale produced by hot rolled steel industry can be controlled by the final strip thickness. There was a need to control the scale of waste in a reasonable way to protect the environment.

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44

Fu, Hongge, Xibin Wang, Lijing Xie, Xin Hu, Usama Umer, Ateekh Ur Rehman, Mustufa Haider Abidi, and Adham E. Ragab. "Dynamic Behaviors and Microstructure Evolution of Iron–Nickel Based Ultra-High Strength Steel by SHPB Testing." Metals 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10010062.

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Iron–nickel based ultra-high strength steel (wt. 18~20% Ni) is characterized by its high strength and low thermal conductivity, and is normally used to make key components by forming and machining processes. The optimization of these processes is based on a deep understanding of the mechanical and dynamic behaviors under high strain, high strain rate, and high temperature. In this paper, the relationship of stress to strain, strain rate, and temperature is systematically investigated by the dynamic compression tests combined with quasi-static compression tests, and the hardening and softening is associated with the transformation in microstructures. According to the analysis, dynamic recrystallization around 600 °C is assumed to be one important influencing factor, hence hot deformation equations are established and the critical strain for dynamic recrystallization and the volume fraction of the dynamic recrystallized grains are defined.

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45

Kogdenko, V. G. "Developing the stress testing algorithms for companies: A metal industry case study." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 8 (August 28, 2020): 1458–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.8.1458.

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Subject. The article addresses the development of stress testing algorithms for companies operating in the real economy. Objectives. The study generalizes stress-testing algorithms and assesses the hypothesis about the resistance of steel companies to external shocks. Methods. I employ general scientific principles and methods of research, like abstraction, generalization of approaches of domestic and foreign authors to stress testing and industry analysis. Results. I developed methods of aggregated direct single-factor historical stress testing based on the top-down approach. The methodology includes three stages. First, I identify stress-testing parameters: stress factors, variables and constant model parameters. Revenue, which is influenced by market risk, is defined as a stress factor. At the second stage, I substantiate the algorithms for predicting stress-testing parameters, then I calculate the predictive values of variable and permanent parameters of the model, assess the volatility of the stress factor, calculate confidence intervals and justify stress-testing scenarios. At the final stage, the results of stress testing are analyzed. The methodology was tested on the investigation of data of 454 metallurgical enterprises. Conclusions. The companies assigned to the first group (20% of companies that account for 80% of revenue) have a high degree of resilience in the short term, owing to their operational efficiency, which ensures continuity of operations. In the long term, iron and steel companies have insufficient resilience due to the high loan debt burden offsetting the aggressive dividend policy, and inadequate investment in production capacity and safety.

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46

Nicholas, D., M. Heathcote, and G. Moore. "Practical condition assessment options for critical trunk watermains." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0079.

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A review, originally carried out for Sydney Water Corporation, of a complete range of direct and indirect methodologies used to assess the condition of buried cast iron and steel water pipelines is presented. These techniques include pipe sampling, pit depth measurement, soil testing using various parameters, as well as other non-destructive testing (NDT) based on various electromagnetic principles. Both the literature and comprehensive field trials have shown that soil testing using linear polarisation resistance (LPR) methodologies as an input to statistical analysis packages is a cost-effective technique. Direct evaluation using remote field eddy current intelligent pigs can also be very useful for the direct examination of critical watermains but is limited to smaller sizes of DN 150-DN 375.

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Madej, M. "Copper infiltrated high speed steel skeletons." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 98 (July 1, 2019): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3391.

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Purpose: This article is a monographic summary of the most important research results from the last 10 years regarding HSS based materials. This materias were produced with powder metallurgy technology using spontaneous infiltration. The presented results answer the question of how iron, tungsten carbide and copper additives influence the final properties of these materials and present additional microstructural phenomena revealed during their manufacture. Design/methodology/approach: Materials were produced by spontaneous infiltration. Porous skeletons for infiltration were produced by pressing and pressing and sintering of mixed powders. Copper was used as the infiltrant. Findings: The molten copper was drawn into the porous skeletons, through a capillary action, and filled virtually the entire pore volume to get the final densities exceeding 97% of the theoretical value. Research limitations/implications: As part of further research, microstructures of M30WC composites obtained by direct infiltration of copper into as-sintered porous skeletons using TEM are planned. Practical implications: Efficiant mechanical strength, high hardness, adequate heat resistance and good wear resistance of M3 type 2 HSS powder produced by woter atomisation make it an attractive material for manufacture of valve train components, for example valve seat inserts. Originality/value: The novelty in the article are the results of research on the microstructure made using TEM, the results of testing materials after heat treatment, untypical for high- speed steels. The article attempts to explain the influence of iron addition on properties - such a slight loss of mass as a result of its addition. The second aim of this work is to analyse the microstructural changes during sintering porous skeletons made from HSS with WC additions.

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48

Iqbal, Amjad, Ayesha Iqbal, Grzegorz Moskal, Muhammad Yasir, Abdullah Al-Mansour, Mohammad Khan, Shamshad Alam, Muhammad Shahbaz, Adeel Zia, and Ahsan Ejaz. "Long-Term Potentiodynamic Testing and Tribometric Properties of Amorphous Alloy Coatings under Saline Environment." Molecules 27, no. 4 (February 19, 2022): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041421.

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Protective coatings for harsh environments are always welcome, but they must overcome profound challenges, including corrosion and wear resistance. The purpose of this study is to look into the long-term potentiodynamic polarization measurements and dry tribometric behavior of plasma-sprayed amorphous coatings on AISI 1035 mild steel. To investigate the impact of unique active polarization potentials on the electrochemical studies of the iron-based amorphous layer, which compares favorably to AISI 1035 mild steel, the active potential polarization curve and friction coefficient tests were performed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses were used to investigate the coating’s corrosion behavior. Their mechanical (Tribometric tests at higher sliding speeds) and chemical properties (electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization investigations) have also been thoroughly investigated. There is enough validation that these protective coatings can be used in hostile environments. The effects of long-term corrosion for 24 and 48 h were thoroughly examined. Tribometric examinations revealed that amorphous layers are highly resistant under dry conditions, as they offered a very low and stable friction coefficient less than 4 μ with micro Vickers hardness 1140 ± 22.14 HV, which is more than twice as compared to mild steel AISI 1035. The corrosion resistance of coatings in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution displays active transition characteristics of activation, passivation, over passivation, and pitting, as shown by the potentiodynamic polarization curves.

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Wolter, Bernd, Yasmine Gabi, and Christian Conrad. "Nondestructive Testing with 3MA—An Overview of Principles and Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061068.

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More than three decades ago, at Fraunhofer IZFP, research activities that were related to the application of micromagnetic methods for nondestructive testing (NDT) of the microstructure and the properties of ferrous materials commenced. Soon, it was observed that it is beneficial to combine the measuring information from several micromagnetic methods and measuring parameters. This was the birth of 3MA—the micromagnetic multi-parametric microstructure and stress analysis. Since then, 3MA has undergone a remarkable development. It has proven to be one of the most valuable testing techniques for the nondestructive characterization of metallic materials. Nowadays, 3MA is well accepted in industrial production and material research. Over the years, several equipment variants and a wide range of probe heads have been developed, ranging from magnetic microscopes with µm resolution up to large inspection systems for in-line strip steel inspection. 3MA is extremely versatile, as proved by a huge amount of reported applications, such as the quantitative determination of hardness, hardening depth, residual stress, and other material parameters. Today, specialized 3MA systems are available for manual or automated testing of various materials, semi-finished goods, and final products that are made of steel, cast iron, or other ferromagnetic materials. This paper will provide an overview of the historical development, the basic principles, and the main applications of 3MA.

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Adachi, Shoya, Minoru Hayashi, Taisei Kawakami, Yuto Ando, Jin Wang, Kenji Sakai, Toshihiko Kiwa, Toshiyuki Ishikawa, and Keiji Tsukada. "Thickness Measurement at High Lift-Off for Underwater Corroded Iron-Steel Structures Using a Magnetic Sensor Probe." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010380.

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Infrastructure facilities that were built approximately half a century ago have rapidly aged. Steel sheet piles, the inspection object in this study, are severely corroded, resulting in cave-in damages at wharfs. To solve such a problem, non-destructive inspection techniques are required. We previously demonstrated plate thickness measurement using extremely low-frequency eddy current testing. However, when the steel sheet piles are located in water, shellfish adhere to their surface, causing a lift-off of several tens of millimeters. Therefore, this large lift-off hinders the thickness measurement owing to fluctuations of magnetic signals. In this study, sensor probes with different coil diameters were prototyped and the optimum size for measuring steel sheet piles at high lift-off was investigated. Using the probes, the magnetic field was applied with a lift-off range from 0 to 80 mm, and the intensity and phase of the detected magnetic field were analyzed. Subsequently, by increasing the probe diameter, a good sensitivity was obtained for the thickness estimation with a lift-off of up to 60 mm. Moreover, these probes were used to measure the thickness of actual steel sheet piles, and measurements were successfully obtained at a high lift-off.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron and steel Testing'

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