Journal articles: 'Iron Age; South Africa'

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Huffman, Tom, and J. O. Vogel. "Great Zimbabwe: The Iron Age in South Central Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 51, no. 164 (December 1996): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3888852.

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Huffman, Thomas N., Gavin Whitelaw, John A. Tarduno, Michael K. Watkeys, and Stephan Woodborne. "The Rhino Early Iron Age site, Thabazimbi, South Africa." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 55, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 360–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2020.1792196.

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Bradfield, Justin, and Annie R. Antonites. "Bone hoes from the Middle Iron Age, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Quaternary International 472 (April 2018): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.028.

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Evers, T. M., and N. J. Van Der Merwe. "Iron Age Ceramics from Phalaborwa North Eastern Transvaal Lowveld, South Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 42, no. 146 (December 1987): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3888735.

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le Roux, Andreas, and Shaw Badenhorst. "Iron Age fauna from Sibudu Cave in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 51, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2016.1213576.

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Huffman, Thomas N. "Intensive El Niño and the Iron Age of South-eastern Africa." Journal of Archaeological Science 37, no. 10 (October 2010): 2572–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.05.017.

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Huffman, T. N., and S. Woodborne. "Cultural proxies for drought in the Iron Age of South-eastern Africa." Quaternary International 404 (June 2016): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.148.

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Maggs, Tim. "Three Decades of Iron Age Research in South Africa: Some Personal Reflections." South African Archaeological Bulletin 48, no. 158 (December 1993): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3888944.

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Morris, Alan. "A McMaster retrospective: how publishing in a student journal shaped my career." NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 22 (November 11, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v22i1.898.

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Alan G. Morris is Professor in the Department of Human Biology at the University of Cape Town. A Canadian by birth and upbringing, Professor Morris is also a naturalised South African. He has an undergraduate degree in Biology from Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo Ontario, and a PhD in Anatomy from the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. Professor Morris has published extensively on the origin of anatomically modern humans, and the Later Stone Age, Iron Age and Historic populations of Kenya, Malawi, Namibia and South Africa. In more recent years he has extended his skeletal biology knowledge to the field of forensic anthropology. Professor Morris’ book ‘Missing and Murdered’ was the winner of the WW Howells Prize for 2013 from the American Anthropological Association. He has an additional interest in South African history and has published on the history of race classification, the history of physical anthropology in South Africa and on the Canadian involvement in the Anglo-Boer War. Professor Morris was selected as a visiting Fulbright Scholar in 2012-2013 and spent 9 months at The Ohio State University where he worked with American scholars on the ‘Global History of Health’ project. He is a council member of the Van Riebeeck Society for the Publication of Southern African Historical Documents, an associate editor of the South African Journal of Science and an elected member of the Academy of Science of South Africa.

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Zink, Antoine J. C., George J. Susino, Elisa Porto, and Thomas N. Huffman. "Direct OSL dating of Iron Age pottery from South Africa – Preliminary dosimetry investigations." Quaternary Geochronology 8 (April 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2011.11.008.

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Miller, Duncan, and Gavin Whitelaw. "Early Iron Age Metal Working from the Site of Kwagandaganda, Natal, South Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 49, no. 160 (December 1994): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889226.

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Steyn, Maryna, and Maciej Henneberg. "Skeletal growth of children from the Iron Age site at K2 (South Africa)." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100, no. 3 (July 1996): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199607)100:3<389::aid-ajpa6>3.0.co;2-p.

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Silubonde, Takana Mary, Jeannine Baumgartner, Lisa Jayne Ware, Linda Malan, Cornelius Mattheus Smuts, and Shane Norris. "Adjusting Haemoglobin Values for Altitude Maximizes Combined Sensitivity and Specificity to Detect Iron Deficiency among Women of Reproductive Age in Johannesburg, South Africa." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030633.

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In South Africa, haemoglobin (Hb) is measured to screen for iron deficiency (ID). However, low levels of Hb are only a late stage indicator of ID. Furthermore, Hb values are generally not adjusted for altitude even though recommended by WHO. We determined the Hb threshold with the highest combined sensitivity and specificity for detecting ID among South African women living at 1700 m above sea level. In a cross-sectional study of 492 18–25-year-old women, we measured Hb and iron status biomarkers. Using receiver operating characteristic curves, we determined the Hb threshold with maximum Youden Index for detecting ID. This threshold of <12.35 g/dL resulted in a 37.2% anaemia prevalence (20.9% IDA), and sensitivity and specificity of 55.7% and 73.9%, respectively. The WHO altitude-adjusted threshold of <12.5 g/dL resulted in a 39% anaemia prevalence (21.3% IDA), and sensitivity and specificity of 56.8% and 70.8%, respectively. In contrast, using the unadjusted Hb cut-off of <12 g/dL resulted in a 18.5% anaemia prevalence (12.6% IDA), and sensitivity and specificity of 35.1% and 88.6%, respectively. In this sample of South African women of reproductive age an Hb threshold <12.35 g/dL had the highest combined sensitivity and specificity for detecting ID. The diagnostic performance of this Receiver operating characteristic curve-determined threshold was comparable to the altitude-adjusted threshold proposed by WHO. Thus, clinical and public health practice in South Africa should adopt adjustment of Hb for altitude to avoid underestimation of ID and missing women in need for intervention.

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Thompson, Leonard, and Paul Maylam. "A History of the African People of South Africa: From the Early Iron Age to the 1970s." American Historical Review 94, no. 4 (October 1989): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906723.

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FYFE, CHRISTOPHER. "A History of the African People of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s." African Affairs 87, no. 346 (January 1988): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097990.

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Crush, Jonathan. "A history of the African people of South Africa: From the early iron age to the 1970s." Journal of Historical Geography 15, no. 4 (October 1989): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(89)90027-3.

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Smuts, Eckard. "J. M. Coetzee’s Age of Iron and the poetics of resistance." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 52, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989415589832.

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Since the beginning of his career, J. M. Coetzee’s writing has occupied an uneasy threshold between the literary ideals of European modernism, with its emphasis on aesthetic autonomy, and the demands of socio-historical accountability that derives from his background as a South African novelist. This article revisits one of Coetzee’s novels in which these tensions come to the fore most explicitly, namely Age of Iron, to argue that it is precisely from the generative friction that arises between these two opposing fields that his writing draws its singularly affective force. I begin by considering the agonistic relationship between transcendent ideals and socio-material demands that marks Coetzee’s account of the classic (“What is a Classic?: A Lecture”), describing it as a defining feature of his literary sensibility. The article then moves on to a reading of Age of Iron that focuses on the protagonist Mrs Curren’s efforts, in the midst of the violent political struggle in apartheid South Africa, to speak in her own voice. My thoughts conclude with the suggestion that Coetzee’s perennial staging of the conflict between a desire for autonomous expression and a socio-historical milieu that is indifferent to that desire can be read as an imaginative form of resistance, in the field of literary expression, to both the pressures of historical determinism and the dangers of postmodern insularity.

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Schalkwyk, J. A. Van. "A Late Iron Age Smelting Furnace South-East of Pietersburg in the Transvaal, Republic of South Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 42, no. 146 (December 1987): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3888738.

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Magoma, Munyadziwa, Shaw Badenhorst, and Innocent Pikirayi. "Feasting among Venda-speakers of South Africa: the Late Iron Age fauna from Mutokolwe." Anthropozoologica 53, no. 1 (December 7, 2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a17.

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Sadr, Karim. "The Late Iron Age Type N stonewalled structures on the highveld of South Africa." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 54, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 245–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2019.1619283.

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Fowler, Kent D. "Ceramic discard and the use of space at Early Iron Age Ndondondwane, South Africa." Journal of Field Archaeology 36, no. 2 (May 2011): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/009346911x12991472411286.

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Badenhorst, Shaw, and Munyadziwa Magoma. "The size of indigenous Venda cattle during the Late Iron Age in South Africa." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 24 (April 2019): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.01.013.

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23

Lucas, Gavin. "Archaeology at the edge. An archaeological dialogue with Martin Hall." Archaeological Dialogues 13, no. 1 (May 15, 2006): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203806001814.

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Archaeology in South Africa has always been political and no one has articulated this relationship better than Martin Hall in a career that has spanned both the political upheavals in South Africa and the theoretical transformations in archaeology over the past four decades. In research that has traversed the Iron Age to the Internet, he has explored the multifarious ways in which material culture operates in everyday life and how power is mobilized through materiality. He is also an example of a scholar who thoroughly embodies the very modern duality of the local and the global through his work, which is both highly engaged within the context of South Africa (and Africa in general), while also clearly international in its scope and relevance.

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Bandama, Foreman, Shadreck Chirikure, and Simon Hall. "Ores Sources, Smelters and Archaeometallurgy: Exploring Iron Age Metal Production in the Southern Waterberg, South Africa." Journal of African Archaeology 11, no. 2 (November 11, 2013): 243–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10240.

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The Southern Waterberg in Limpopo Province is archaeologically rich, especially when it comes to evidence of pre-colonial mining and metal working. Geologically, the area hosts important mineral resources such as copper, tin and iron which were smelted by agriculturalists in the precolonial period. In this region however, tin seems to be the major attraction given that Rooiberg is still the only source of cassiterite in southern Africa to have provided evidence of mining before European colonization. This paper reports the results of archaeological and archaeometallurgical work which was carried out in order to reconstruct the technology of metalworking as well as the cultural interaction in the study area and beyond. The ceramic evidence shows that from the Eiland Phase (1000–1300 AD) onwards there was cross borrowing of characteristic decorative traits amongst extant groups that later on culminated in the creation of a new ceramic group known as Rooiberg. In terms of mining and metal working, XRF and SEM analyses, when coupled with optical microscopy, indicate the use of indigenous bloomery techniques that are widespread in pre-colonial southern Africa. Tin and bronze production was also represented and their production remains also pin down this metallurgy to particular sites and excludes the possibility of importing of finished tin and bronze objects into this area.

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Leslie, Joanne, Elizabeth Ciemins, and Suzanne Bibi Essama. "Female Nutritional Status across the Life-Span in Sub-Saharan Africa. 1. Prevalence Patterns." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 18, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659701800105.

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This article reviews and synthesizes existing nutritional studies that provide gender-disaggregated data from sub-Saharan Africa. The analytic focus is on female nutritional status across the life-span. However, it was found that available data are biased towards preschool children and women of reproductive age. As in other economically disadvantaged parts of the world, the two most prevalent nutritional deficiencies among females in sub-Saharan Africa are iron-deficiency anaemia and protein-energy malnutrition. In comparison with other regions of the world, sub-Saharan African females seem to be nutritionally better off than females in South Asia, but as malnourished as, or more malnourished than, females elsewhere. Indirect indicators of nutritional status, such as birthweight and maternal mortality, suggest that the nutritional situation of women in Western Africa is poorer than that of women in Eastern and Southern Africa. In comparison with males in sub-Saharan Africa, however, no consistent pattern of female nutritional disadvantage was found.

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Bader, Gregor D., Jörg Linstädter, and Maria H. Schoeman. "Uncovering the Late Pleistocene LSA of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa: Early Results from Iron Pig Rock Shelter." Journal of African Archaeology 18, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20200003.

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Abstract South Africa is one of the best-studied regions in terms of Stone Age research in the last few decades. Considerable progress has been made, especially for the Middle Stone Age (MSA). Recently the late Pleistocene Later Stone Age (LSA) has come back into focus. However, there are still large understudied areas such as northeastern South Africa. Here we present the first data from an archaeological site containing late Pleistocene occupations associated with the Robberg techno-complex in this region. Iron Pig rock shelter provides a well-dated sequence spanning from >16000 cal BP to <9000 cal BP. A lithic analysis of the Robberg occupations of the lowermost layers 5 and 6 provided here implies gradual temporal shifts in technology indicating short-term changing traditions. A comparative review of other LSA sites in the wider region suggests considerable research gaps and the necessity of intensified work in this area.

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Klapwijk, Menno. "A Late Iron Age Furnace Excavation on the Farm Longridge, Agatha, North-Eastern Transvaal, South Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 41, no. 143 (June 1986): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3887714.

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Greenfield, Haskel J., Kent D. Fowler, and Leonard O. van Schalkwyk. "Where are the gardens? Early Iron Age horticulture in the Thukela River Basin of South Africa." World Archaeology 37, no. 2 (June 2005): 307–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438240500095496.

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Whitelaw, Gavin. "Pollution Concepts and Marriage for the Southern African Iron Age." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 23, no. 2 (June 2013): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774313000279.

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This article draws on the ethnography of South African Bantu speakers to model an archaeologically useful relationship between pollution beliefs and marriage. Typically, pollution beliefs intensify with more complex marital alliances, first with the increasing significance of relations between wives and their cattle-linked siblings, and then with a shift towards a preference for cousin marriage. The article applies the model to the Early Iron Age (ad 650–1050) record and concludes that Early Iron Age agriculturists practised non-kin marriage, but that a high bridewealth, and possibly hypogamous marriage, generated considerable structural tension in Early Iron Age society.

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Labadarios, D., NP Steyn, E. Maunder, U. MacIntryre, G. Gericke, R. Swart, J. Huskisson, et al. "The National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS): South Africa, 1999." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 5 (August 2005): 533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005816.

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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) in South Africa was to determine the nutrient intakes and anthropometric status of children (1–9 years old), as well as factors that influence their dietary intake.DesignThis was a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of all children aged 1–9 years in South Africa. A nationally representative sample with provincial representation was selected using 1996 Census information.SubjectsOf the 3120 children who were originally sampled data were obtained from 2894, a response rate of 93%.MethodsThe sociodemographic status of each household was assessed by a questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed by means of a 24-hour recall and a food-frequency questionnaire from the caregivers of the children. Food purchasing practices were determined by means of a food procurement questionnaire. Hunger was assessed by a modified hunger scale questionnaire. Nutritional status was determined by means of anthropometric measurements: height, weight, head circumference and arm circumference.ResultsAt the national level, stunting (height-for-age below minus two standard deviations (< -2SD) from the reference median) was by far the most common nutritional disorder, affecting nearly one in five children. The children least affected (17%) were those living in urban areas. Even with regard to the latter, however, children living in informal urban areas were more severely affected (20%) compared with those living in formal urban areas (16%). A similar pattern emerged for the prevalence of underweight (weight-for-age < -2SD), with one in 10 children being affected at the national level. Furthermore, one in 10 (13%) and one in four (26%) children aged 1–3 years had an energy intake less than half and less than two-thirds of their daily energy needs, respectively. For South African children as a whole, the intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamins A, D, C and E, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and folic acid were below two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. At the national level, data from the 24-hour recalls indicated that the most commonly consumed food items were maize, sugar, tea, whole milk and brown bread. For South African children overall, one in two households (52%) experienced hunger, one in four (23%) were at risk of hunger and only one in four households (25%) appeared food-secure.ConclusionThe NFCS indicated that a large majority of households were food-insecure and that energy deficit and micronutrient deficiencies were common, resulting in a high prevalence of stunting. These results were used as motivation for the introduction of mandatory fortification in South Africa.

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Mkhize, Princess Z., T. Naicker, O. A. Onyangunga, and J. Moodley. "Adherence to iron prophylactic therapy during pregnancy in an urban regional hospital in South Africa." South African Family Practice 61, no. 5 (October 28, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v61i5.4937.

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Background: Iron and folic acid supplementation plays a major role in the prevention and control of iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy. Therefore, this study assesses adherence to prophylactic iron supplementation during the antenatal period in South Africa.Methods: An observational study was conducted in a regional hospital from January to December 2016. HIV-uninfected (n = 100) and HIV-infected (n = 100)] women were enrolled and subdivided into three groups: (a) ≤ 34 weeks (n = 33), (b) 34–36 weeks (n = 34) and (c) ≥ 37 weeks (n = 33) gestational age respectively. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were coded and statistically analysed using SPSS software. Pill count and self-reported data from women (n = 24) at ≤ 34 weeks and 34–36 weeks reflected 50% adherence and 46% non-adherence, being higher in the HIV-infected women (75%). Nausea was the commonest side effect across all trimesters (79. 2%). Adherence (27.8%) and non-adherence (72.1%) to iron, folic acid and calcium supplementation were found in 88% of women.Conclusion: This study found that adherence to micronutrient supplementation is low in pregnancy, albeit higher in HIV-infected women receiving antenatal care at a regional hospital in Durban, South Africa.Abbreviations: Haemoglobin (Hb), Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV), antiretroviral therapy (ARV), zidovudine (ZDV), tuberculosis (TB), low to middle- income countries (LMICs), World Health Organization (WHO), antenatal clinic (ANC).

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Mokgoro, Y. "Ubuntu and the law in South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 1, no. 1 (July 10, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/1998/v1i1a2897.

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The new constitutional dispensation, like the idea of freedom in South Africa, is also not free of scepticism. Many a time when crime and criminal activity are rife, sceptics would lament the absence of ubuntu in society and attribute this absence to what they view as the permissiveness which is said to have been brought about by the Constitution with its entrenched Bill of Rights. Firstly, I would like to take this opportunity and (attempt to) demonstrate the irony that the absence of the values of ubuntu in society that people often lament about and attribute to the existence of the Constitution with its demands for respect for human rights when crime becomes rife, are the very same values that the Constitution in general and the Bill of Rights in particular aim to inculcate in our society. Secondly, against the background of the call for an African renaissance that has now become topical globally, I would like to demonstrate the potential that traditional African values of ubuntu have for influencing the development of a new South African law and jurisprudence. The concept ubuntu, like many African concepts, is not easily definable. In an attempt to define it, the concept has generally been described as a world-view of African societies and a determining factor in the formation of perceptions which influence social conduct. It has also been described as a philosophy of life. Much as South Africa is a multicultural society, indigenous law has not featured in the mainstream of South African jurisprudence. Without a doubt, some aspects or values of ubuntu are universally inherent to South Africa’s multi cultures. The values of ubuntu are therefore an integral part of that value system which had been established by the Interim Constitution. The founding values of the democracy established by this new Constitution arguably coincide with some key values of ubuntu(ism). Ubuntu(-ism), which is central to age-old African custom and tradition however, abounds with values and ideas which have the potential of shaping not only current indigenous law institutions, but South African jurisprudence as a whole. Ubuntu can therefore become central to a new South African jurisprudence and to the revival of sustainable African values as part of the broader process of the African renaissance.

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Joyson, Roshni, and Dr Cynthia Catherine Michael. "Racial Identity in Post-Apartheid South Africa: J.M. Coetzee’s Disgrace." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 3 (March 28, 2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i3.10943.

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J.M. Coetzee is a South African novelist, critic and an active translator of Dutch and Afrikaans literature. His novels are conspicuous for their well- crafted composition, pregnant dialogues and analytical brilliance. Coetzee’s earlier novels question the apartheid regime, while his later works offer an apocalyptic vision of post- apartheid South Africa. His major works include Disgrace, Waiting for the Barbarians, Life and Times of Michael K, Boyhood, Age of Iron and The Childhood of Jesus. In 1999, Coetzee has been the recipient of numerous awards throughout his career, although he has a reputation for avoiding award ceremonies. Coetzee became the first author to be twice awarded the Booker Prize, winning it as second time for Disgrace which portrays the post-apartheid society. Coetzee went on to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 2003 for his entire body of works. During the years of apartheid, he was at the forefront of the anti-apartheid movement among writers. Scholar Isadore Dalia labelled J.M Coetzee as one of the most distinguished white writers with an anti-apartheid sentiment. Coetzee’s earlier novels question the apartheid regime, while his later works offer an apocalyptic vision of post- apartheid South Africa. Disgrace can be analyzed as a representative work of the new south Africa where the social problems relating binary oppositions such as black- white, white- immigrant, powerless- powerful, are stressed. This paper attempts to show through the protagonist, David Lurie, that the way to adapt to the changes in the country is to make a fresh start, a way to adapt to the new times, where no ideas of the old are retained. Frantz Fanon’s concepts within the field of post colonialism which he articulated in Black Skin, White Masks (1967) and The Wretched of the Earth (1963) have much relevance in Disgrace. The objective of this paper is to stretch his new ideas in a new direction by applying his theories on nation and culture onto a white subject Lurie, a white native South African. In the light of Fanon’s text, The Wretched of the Earth it can be argued that following the revolutionary political changes in South Africa in 1994, the former colonizer can be seen in the same way as the colonized usually is: a powerless native, regardless of racial identity.

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Neukirch, Levi P., John A. Tarduno, Thomas N. Huffman, Michael K. Watkeys, Cecilia A. Scribner, and Rory D. Cottrell. "An archeomagnetic analysis of burnt grain bin floors from ca. 1200 to 1250 AD Iron-Age South Africa." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 190-191 (January 2012): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2011.11.004.

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Pistorius, Julius C. C., Shaw Badenhorst, and Ina Plug. "Late Iron Age Sites on Mmatshetshele Mountain in the Central Bankeveld of the North West Province, South Africa." South African Archaeological Bulletin 56, no. 173/174 (December 2001): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3889027.

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Oldewage-Theron, Wilna, and Christa Grobler. "Vitamin D Status of a Low-Income Elderly Community in South Africa." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_080.

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Abstract Objectives Previous studies in the same elderly community found poverty, food insecurity and a double burden of malnutrition (iron, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies and chronic non-communicable diseases), however, a paucity of data exists about vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency for South African elderly. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency among the elderly and its relationship to food insecurity, dietary diversity and common symptoms associated with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Methods This was a quantitative, cross-sectional study in a convenience sample of 79 independently living elderly voluntarily attending an elderly care center in Sharpeville, South Africa. Measurements included socio-demographic (age, gender) and health (symptoms of VDD), physical activity-, dietary diversity- and food insecurity (validated household food insecurity access score) data, as well as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D3) levels ascertained by electrohemiluminescence immunoassay. The respondents were divided into VDD (<25 nmol/L), vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) (≥25 < 50 nmol/L) and vitamin D adequate (VDA) (≥50 nmol/L) groups. IBM SPSS Software, version 26.0 was used for descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Results VDD and VDI was observed in 3.8% and 32.9% of elderly respectively. Of the total sample, 11.4% were moderately and 21.5% severely food insecure. The mean(±SD) dietary diversity score was 5.88(±3.95). Only 3.8% of the elderly were not physically active. Significant differences were observed between the VDA, VDI and VDD groups for gender (P = 0.004), age (P = 0.011), back/joint pain (P = 0.035), and the dairy food group diversity score (P = 0.008). No other significant differences were observed. Conclusions Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency is a problem in these elderly community and associated with back/joint pain that may result in impaired functionality/mobility that can exacerbate food access and food insecurity. This study further supports the importance of dairy consumption to prevent VDI and VDD. Funding Sources National Research Foundation (South Africa).

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Rohner, Fabian, Michael B. Zimmermann, Rita Wegmueller, Andreas B. Tschannen, and Richard F. Hurrell. "Mild riboflavin deficiency is highly prevalent in school-age children but does not increase risk for anaemia in Côte d'Ivoire." British Journal of Nutrition 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 970–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507665180.

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There are few data on the prevalence of riboflavin deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa, and it remains unclear whether riboflavin status influences the risk for anaemia. The aims of this study were to: (1) measure the prevalence of riboflavin deficiency in children in south-central Côte d'Ivoire; (2) estimate the riboflavin content of the local diet; and (3) determine if riboflavin deficiency predicts anaemia and/or iron deficiency. In 5- to 15-year-old children (n281), height, weight, haemoglobin (Hb), whole blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient (EGRAC), serum retinol, C-reactive protein (CRP) and prevalence ofPlasmodiumspp. (asymptomatic malaria) andSchistosoma haematobium(bilharziosis) infections were measured. Three-day weighed food records were kept in twenty-four households. Prevalence of anaemia in the sample was 52 %; 59 % were iron-deficient based on an elevated ZPP concentration, and 36 % suffered from iron deficiency anaemia.Plasmodiumparasitaemia was found in 49 % of the children. Nineteen percent of the children were infected withS. haematobium. Median riboflavin intake in 5- to 15-year-old children from the food records was 0·42 mg/d, ~47 % of the estimated average requirement for this age group. Prevalence of riboflavin deficiency was 65 %, as defined by an EGRAC value >1·2. Age, elevated CRP and iron deficiency were significant predictors of Hb. Riboflavin-deficient children free of malaria were more likely to be iron deficient (odds ratio; 3·07; 95 % CI 1·12, 8·41). In conclusion, nearly two-thirds of school-age children in south-central Côte d'Ivoire are mildly riboflavin deficient. Riboflavin deficiency did not predict Hb and/or anaemia, but did predict iron deficiency among children free of malaria.

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Greenfield, Haskel J., and Duncan Miller. "Spatial patterning of Early Iron Age metal production at Ndondondwane, South Africa: the question of cultural continuity between the Early and Late Iron Ages." Journal of Archaeological Science 31, no. 11 (November 2004): 1511–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2004.03.014.

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Fuller, Dorian Q., Nicole Boivin, and Ravi Korisettar. "Dating the Neolithic of South India: new radiometric evidence for key economic, social and ritual transformations." Antiquity 81, no. 313 (September 1, 2007): 755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095715.

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The Neolithic period in South India is known for its ashmounds, superseded (in its Iron Age) by megalith builders with craft specialisation. Thanks to a major radiocarbon dating programme and Bayesian analysis of the dates, the authors have placed this sequence in a new chronological framework: the ashmounds, formed by burning cattle dung, are created by a few generations of people. In many cases the mounds are then succeeded by villages, for which they may have acted as founding rituals. The new tightly dated sequence also chronicles the cultivation of particular crops, some indigenous and some introduced from Africa.

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Portia Msomi, Mbali, Musawenkosi Ngibe, and Luyanda Loraine Bingwa. "The integration of Management Accounting Practices as an innovative strategy towards sustaining small businesses operating in eThekwini metropolitan, South Africa." Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, no. 3 (September 21, 2020): 268–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.23.

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The adoption of Management Accounting Practices (MAPs) has been acclaimed for providing positive administrative and strategic influence on large organizations, and are understood to play an integral part in decision-making. However, SMEs are operating in a turbulent environment, they are now challenged to effectively utilize the embedded MAPs to strengthen their strategic business approaches to maintain their sustainability and survival. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the challenges of integrating the adopted MAPs as an innovative strategy towards sustaining small businesses. The research sample consisted of 120 manufacturing SMEs operating in eThekwini metropolitan South Africa. A nonprobability convenience sampling technique and a quantitative questionnaire were utilized to identify and collect the data from the sampled population. The results of the study indicated that amongst other critical factors, lack of education and training of owner/manager and shortage of skills were the contributory factors influencing the integration of MAPs as an innovative strategy towards SMEs’ sustainability. The study results further revealed that there are a variety of other challenges hindering SMEs from utilizing MAPs as an innovative strategic tool and those were the enterprise age and years in operation, lack of government business incubation and technology adoption. These contributory factors were identified as necessary aspects that SMEs needed to align and iron out before integrating MAPs as an innovative strategic tool.

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Bandama, Foreman. "The Archaeology and Technology of Metal Production in the Late Iron Age of the Southern Waterberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 49, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2014.891873.

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Hare, Vincent J., John A. Tarduno, Thomas Huffman, Michael Watkeys, Phenyo C. Thebe, Munyaradzi Manyanga, Richard K. Bono, and Rory D. Cottrell. "New Archeomagnetic Directional Records From Iron Age Southern Africa (ca. 425–1550 CE) and Implications for the South Atlantic Anomaly." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 3 (February 15, 2018): 1361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076007.

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Macdonald, F. A., J. V. Strauss, C. V. Rose, F. O. Dudas, and D. P. Schrag. "Stratigraphy of the Port Nolloth Group of Namibia and South Africa and implications for the age of Neoproterozoic iron formations." American Journal of Science 310, no. 9 (November 1, 2010): 862–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/09.2010.05.

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Mathoho, Eric. "Archaeology and archaeometallurgy in Limpopo Province, South Africa: case studies of the Early Iron Age sites of Mutoti and Thomo." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 56, no. 2 (March 17, 2021): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2021.1900638.

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45

Salih, Suadah Jasim, and Lajiman Janoory. "The Voice of the Black Female Other: A Post-Colonial Feminist Perspective in J. M. Coetzee’s Age of Iron." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 5, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v5i10.524.

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As a beacon in a storm, John Maxwell Coetzee has established himself through his intellectual contribution to the post-colonial feminism literature in general and South African slavery epoch in particular. Accordingly, this study has been devoted to critically reflect how Coetzee confined his pen to support the oppressed black South Africans against injustice, oppression and deprivation. Moreover, the paper reveals the South African inextricable components and haw the writer has deeply perceived both apartheid and post-apartheid history by his naked eyes. Coetzee’s Age of Iron reveals his unique ability to aptly penetrate his readers based on contradiction where pessimism is shifted to optimism and, therefore, the readers’ mindset is directly shifted from atrocity to love. The study then delves deeply to show how Coetzee provides a solution to bring two parted races, black and white South Africans, together through the role of women characters in his fiction based on both gender and racial schism. Specifically, this study critically scrutinizes Coetzee’s Age of Iron. The study applies the post-colonial feminism theory using discursive strategy based on sociological and anthropological analyses to reveal how colonization destroyed South Africans’ cultures resulting in a crisis of human segregation which is depicted through white women characters in the novel. By drawing the post-colonial black women’s treatment by the colonisers and the forms of resisting their hegemony, the findings of this study are expected to significantly contribute to the researchers whose concern is on black women in Coetzee’s fiction.

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Semo, Armando, Magdalena Gayà-Vidal, Cesar Fortes-Lima, Bérénice Alard, Sandra Oliveira, João Almeida, António Prista, et al. "Along the Indian Ocean Coast: Genomic Variation in Mozambique Provides New Insights into the Bantu Expansion." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 2 (September 26, 2019): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz224.

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Abstract The Bantu expansion, which started in West Central Africa around 5,000 BP, constitutes a major migratory movement involving the joint spread of peoples and languages across sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the rich linguistic and archaeological evidence available, the genetic relationships between different Bantu-speaking populations and the migratory routes they followed during various phases of the expansion remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze the genetic profiles of southwestern and southeastern Bantu-speaking peoples located at the edges of the Bantu expansion by generating genome-wide data for 200 individuals from 12 Mozambican and 3 Angolan populations using ∼1.9 million autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms. Incorporating a wide range of available genetic data, our analyses confirm previous results favoring a “late split” between West and East Bantu speakers, following a joint passage through the rainforest. In addition, we find that Bantu speakers from eastern Africa display genetic substructure, with Mozambican populations forming a gradient of relatedness along a North–South cline stretching from the coastal border between Kenya and Tanzania to South Africa. This gradient is further associated with a southward increase in genetic homogeneity, and involved minimum admixture with resident populations. Together, our results provide the first genetic evidence in support of a rapid North–South dispersal of Bantu peoples along the Indian Ocean Coast, as inferred from the distribution and antiquity of Early Iron Age assemblages associated with the Kwale archaeological tradition.

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Smuts, Cornelius M., Tonderayi M. Matsungo, Linda Malan, Herculina S. Kruger, Marinel Rothman, Jane D. Kvalsvig, Namukolo Covic, et al. "Effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on growth, psychomotor development, iron status, and morbidity among 6- to 12-mo-old infants in South Africa: a randomized controlled trial." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy282.

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ABSTRACT Background Evidence on the effect of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) on early child growth and development is mixed. Objective This study assessed the effect of daily consumption of 2 different SQ-LNS formulations on linear growth (primary outcome), psychomotor development, iron status (secondary outcomes), and morbidity in infants from age 6 to 12 mo within the context of a maize-based complementary diet. Methods Infants (n = 750) were randomly assigned to receive SQ-LNS, SQ-LNS-plus, or no supplement. Both SQ-LNS products contained micronutrients and essential fatty acids. SQ-LNS-plus contained, in addition, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid (important for brain and eye development), lysine (limiting amino acid in maize), phytase (enhances iron absorption), and other nutrients. Infants’ weight and length were measured bimonthly. At age 6 and 12 mo, psychomotor development using the Kilifi Developmental Inventory and South African Parent Rating Scale and hemoglobin, plasma ferritin, C-reactive protein, and α1-acid glycoprotein were assessed. WHO Motor Milestone outcomes, adherence, and morbidity were monitored weekly through home visits. Primary analysis was by intention-to-treat, comparing each SQ-LNS group with the control. Results SQ-LNS-plus had a positive effect on length-for-age zscore at age 8 mo (mean difference: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.22; P = 0.032) and 10 mo (0.16; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.27; P = 0.008) but not at 12 mo (0.09; 95% CI: −0.02, 0.21; P = 0.115), locomotor development score (2.05; 95% CI: 0.72, 3.38; P = 0.003), and Parent Rating Score (1.10; 95% CI: 0.14, 2.07; P = 0.025), but no effect for weight-for-age zscore. Both SQ-LNS (P = 0.027) and SQ-LNS-plus (P = 0.005) improved hemoglobin concentration and reduced the risk of anemia, iron deficiency, and iron-deficiency anemia. Both SQ-LNS products reduced longitudinal prevalence of fever, coughing, and wheezing but increased incidence and longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea, vomiting, and rash/sores. Conclusions Point-of-use fortification with SQ-LNS-plus showed an early transient effect on linear growth and improved locomotor development. Both SQ-LNS products had positive impacts on anemia and iron status. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01845610.

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Dittmar, K., and M. Steyn. "Paleoparasitological Analysis of Coprolites from K2, an Iron Age Archaeological Site in South Africa: The First Finding of Dicrocoelium Sp. Eggs." Journal of Parasitology 90, no. 1 (February 2004): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3224rn.

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Prinsloo, Linda C., and Philippe Colomban. "A Raman spectroscopic study of the Mapungubwe oblates: glass trade beads excavated at an Iron Age archaeological site in South Africa." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 39, no. 1 (2007): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1816.

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Peires, J. B. "South Africa without the Whites - A History of the African Peoples of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s. By Paul Maylam. London: Croom Helm; Cape Town and Johannesburg: David Philip, 1986. Pp. 259. R18.00 (Paperback)." Journal of African History 28, no. 3 (November 1987): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030139.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron Age; South Africa'

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