Journal articles: 'Iron Age people'

1

Sellevold, Berit J., and Jenny‐Rita Ræss. "Iron Age people of Norway." Norwegian Archaeological Review 20, no. 1 (January 1987): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.1987.9965448.

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Raninen, S., and A. Wickholm. "THE BROKEN PEOPLE: DECONSTRUCTION OF PERSONHOOD IN IRON AGE FINLAND." Estonian Journal of Archaeology 10, no. 2 (2006): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/arch.2006.2.03.

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Feldman, Michal, Daniel M. Master, Raffaela A. Bianco, Marta Burri, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Alissa Mittnik, Adam J. Aja, Choongwon Jeong, and Johannes Krause. "Ancient DNA sheds light on the genetic origins of early Iron Age Philistines." Science Advances 5, no. 7 (July 2019): eaax0061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0061.

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The ancient Mediterranean port city of Ashkelon, identified as “Philistine” during the Iron Age, underwent a marked cultural change between the Late Bronze and the early Iron Age. It has been long debated whether this change was driven by a substantial movement of people, possibly linked to a larger migration of the so-called “Sea Peoples.” Here, we report genome-wide data of 10 Bronze and Iron Age individuals from Ashkelon. We find that the early Iron Age population was genetically distinct due to a European-related admixture. This genetic signal is no longer detectible in the later Iron Age population. Our results support that a migration event occurred during the Bronze to Iron Age transition in Ashkelon but did not leave a long-lasting genetic signature.

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Davies, Alex. "Objects, Place and People: Community Organization in Southern Britain in the First Millennium bc." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 28, no. 2 (January 16, 2018): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774317000956.

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This paper seeks to understand how identity was constructed and communities were constituted in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age of parts of central and southern Britain. A holistic approach is favoured, finding patterns within each period that cross different types of evidence. These patterns can be related to underlying social and conceptual logic systems. It is argued that in the Late Bronze Age communities were relatively fluid and lineage played only a minor role in defining identity. Early Iron Age society was more concerned with ancestral genealogy and inter-generational inheritance. By the Middle Iron Age, this developed to the stage where smaller groups displayed increasing autonomy from each other. These social differences can account for many of the dissimilarities in the archaeological records of the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age. Despite contrasting methods of community organization, assessing contiguous periods under the same theoretical and methodological frameworks has proved a useful analytical device.

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Kyazike, Elizabeth. "Later Stone and Iron Age Cohabitation at the Nsongezi Open-Air Site, Western Uganda." Africa Review 14, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/09744061-20220001.

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Abstract This research at the Nsongezi open-air site examines the intergenerational artefacts at a site where the first Stone Age artefacts were identified in Uganda. The purpose was to examine the nature and cause of the mixed Later Stone Age (LSA) and Iron Age (IA) artefacts in the same stratigraphic context at Nsongezi. The specific objectives included examining the ceramic assemblage, discussing the nature of interactions between the Later Stone Age and Iron Age people and accounting for why and how the mixture of artefacts occurs at Nsongezi. Using a documentary review, archaeological survey, and excavation, the research re-examines the theories of displacement and coexistence concerning the LSA and IA material mixture, which has always been dismissed as a disturbance of stratigraphic contexts. Guided by the Law of superimposition, the association of archaeological material from different cultural periods such as the Later Stone Age and Iron Age artefacts at Nsongezi is attributed to four phenomena. First is the cultural interaction of distinct LSA and IA populations. Secondly, the LSA populations may have adopted Iron Age technology and pottery while continuing with some of the LSA technology and pottery. Thirdly, the Iron Age populations occupied the LSA sites previously abandoned, and some of the LSA peoples occupied the old Iron Age sites as the two groups crisscrossed the region in shifting agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies. Finally, the mixed LSA and Iron Age deposits might have resulted from post-abandonment taphonomic processes. Therefore, the social interactions between the LSA and IA at Nsongezi challenge the dominant narrative that the IA populations used their metal technology’s superiority to displace and absorb the LSA people.

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Back Danielsson, Lng-Marie. "Engendering Performance in the Late Iron Age." Current Swedish Archaeology 7, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1999.01.

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This paper deals with humanoid figures on gold foils from the Late Iron Age in Scandinavia. Interpreted as figures wearing masks, an effort is made to show the complexity, importance and significance of masking practices. The single Bornholm figures from the 6th century are interpreted as shamans performing rituals. Further, it is proposed that a restriction of masked appearances and performances to certain people (shamans) and places in the long run created stricter and more rigid gender roles in everyday life. The later gold-foil couples are seen as signs of divine communication, cosmological movement and seasonality, making up a mythology that legitimised political domination —the sacred lineage of rulers pivoting around an apical, ancestral cross-sex pair.

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Tabuteau, Emily Zack, and J. G. Pounds. "The Culture of the English People: Iron Age to the Industrial Revolution." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27, no. 2 (1996): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205173.

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Theilmann, John M. "The Culture of the English People: Iron Age to the Industrial Revolution." History: Reviews of New Books 23, no. 3 (April 1995): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1995.9951061.

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Rodger, Richard. "The culture of the English people: Iron age to the industrial revolution." Cities 14, no. 1 (February 1997): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(97)89332-8.

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10

Djazayery, A. "Iron status and socioeconomic determinants of the quantity and quality of dietary iron in a group of rural Iranian women." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 7, no. 4-5 (September 15, 2001): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2001.7.4-5.652.

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Iron intake and status were investigated in 471 mothers [age range: 16-53 years] from rural areas in Khorramabad, Islamic Republic of Iran. Although average total iron intake was acceptable, only 6.4% of women derived at least 4% of their total intake from animal iron. Average energy and protein intakes were inadequate. Low iron status was seen in 8.2%-28.7%, depending on the parameter used, with 28.3% experiencing iron-deficiency anaemia. Significantly higher animal iron intakes were found in literate or employed women, or those of family size fewer than six people. Increasing employment opportunities, income levels and literacy rates for women will result in better iron intake and status and should receive particular attention in national planning.

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11

Huo, Wei. "On the early metal objects and early Metal Age in Tibet." Chinese Archaeology 16, no. 1 (November 27, 2016): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2016-0008.

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AbstractThe studies on the issue of the early making and using of the metal objects in Tibet have long been relying on the textual materials completed in later times, but could not be supported by the archaeologically obtained physical materials. This paper systematically trimmed the results of the Tibetan archaeology in recent years and pointed out that the earliest date of the making of metal objects in Tibet could be as early as 4000 BP or earlier. In 2500–2000 BP, the early Metal Age in Tibet showed a complicated feature; iron wares might have been introduced into the Tibetan Plateau, and the compound objects composed of iron, copper and bronze parts became popular, showing that the people had some knowledge on these metals. The people living in Ngari Plateau in western Tibet and Yarlung Tsangpo Valley in southern Tibet had known to use or make iron weapons and ornaments; the discovery of the large quantity of iron arrowheads proved that the iron production at that time reached a rather high level. It could also be observed from the early metal objects unearthed in Tibet that their making probably referred to the various features of the manufacturing and decorating of the early metal objects in the surrounding areas, and some special metal objects might have been introduced into Tibet through multiple possible approaches.

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Meadows, John, Nicoletta Martinelli, Marie-Josée Nadeau, and Elodia Bianchin Citton. "Este, Padova, Italy: Dating the Iron Age Waterfront." Radiocarbon 56, no. 2 (2014): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/56.16958.

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Two floating tree-ring chronologies were developed from oak timbers recovered during salvage excavations of a pre-Roman wharf in Este, a prominent center of the Veneti people, who lived in northeastern Italy during the Iron Age. Wiggle-match radiocarbon dating shows that one chronology spans the 10th and 9th centuries cal BC, and that the waterfront was probably built ∼800 cal BC. The second chronology apparently spans most of the 7th century cal BC, and is associated with a phase of construction about 2 centuries after the first. One of the samples gave what appeared to be anomalous 14C results that may best be explained as evidence of a short-term fluctuation in atmospheric 14C level, which can be seen in short-lived samples but is not apparent in the decadal or bidecadal calibration data. Both chronologies cover periods for which there are no other tree-ring chronologies in this region, and could become key to refining the local Iron Age chronology.

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Meadows, John, Nicoletta Martinelli, Marie-Josée Nadeau, and Elodia Bianchin Citton. "Este, Padova, Italy: Dating the Iron Age Waterfront." Radiocarbon 56, no. 02 (2014): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200049699.

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Two floating tree-ring chronologies were developed from oak timbers recovered during salvage excavations of a pre-Roman wharf in Este, a prominent center of the Veneti people, who lived in northeastern Italy during the Iron Age. Wiggle-match radiocarbon dating shows that one chronology spans the 10th and 9th centuries cal BC, and that the waterfront was probably built ∼800 cal BC. The second chronology apparently spans most of the 7th century cal BC, and is associated with a phase of construction about 2 centuries after the first. One of the samples gave what appeared to be anomalous14C results that may best be explained as evidence of a short-term fluctuation in atmospheric14C level, which can be seen in short-lived samples but is not apparent in the decadal or bidecadal calibration data. Both chronologies cover periods for which there are no other tree-ring chronologies in this region, and could become key to refining the local Iron Age chronology.

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14

Legrand, Sophie. "The emergence of the Scythians: Bronze Age to Iron Age in South Siberia." Antiquity 80, no. 310 (December 1, 2006): 843–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094461.

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The Minusinsk Basin is located where China, Mongolia, Siberia and Kazakhstan meet. Enclosed, but broad, and rich in copper and other minerals, the valley offers missing links between the prehistory of China and that of the greater Russian steppes. In the late Bronze Age the material from Minusinsk was important for the origins of bronze metallurgy in China, and in the Iron Age the area was a focus for the development of that equestrian mobility which was to become the elite way of life for much of the Eurasian steppe for more than a millennium.We are privileged to publish the following two papers deriving from research at the Institute for the History of Material Culture at Saint Petersburg, which give us the story so far on the archaeology of this remarkable place. In The emergence of the Karasuk culture Sophie Legrand discusses the people who occupied the Minusinsk Basin in the Bronze Age, and in The emergence of the Tagar culture, Nikolai Bokovenko introduces us to their successors, the horsemen and barrow-builders of the first millennium BCE.

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Rodríguez-Hernández, Jesús, Jesús R. Álvarez-Sanchís, Miguel Ángel Maté-González, Carlos Díaz-Sánchez, M. Sheila Fernández-Barrientos, and Gonzalo Ruiz-Zapatero. "Ancient Sites and Modern People: Raising Awareness of Iron Age Heritage in Central Spain." Heritage 6, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 1128–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6020063.

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In the last 30 years, considerable effort has been invested in the public presentation of archaeological sites and, in general, in the dissemination of the heritage bequeathed to us by the pre-Roman communities of the western Iberian Peninsula. In this paper, we critically analyse the most outstanding measures implemented in this area by the different administrations and specialists involved. Similarly, we present the main initiatives undertaken in this regard in recent years by our research team within the framework of the REFIT and VETTONIA projects. Finally, we put forward ten essential proposals for future actions to achieve a more effective dissemination and management of Iron Age heritage.

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16

Oinonen, Markku, Teija Alenius, Laura Arppe, Hervé Bocherens, Heli Etu-Sihvola, Samuli Helama, Heli Huhtamaa, et al. "Buried in water, burdened by nature—Resilience carried the Iron Age people through Fimbulvinter." PLOS ONE 15, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): e0231787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231787.

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M.K, Vasanthi. "The Occupational Principles of the People of the Sangam Age." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-13 (November 28, 2022): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1344.

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Tamil is a language with an ancient literary tradition. Literature is a time mirror that captures the lives of people. In this way, the people who lived during the Sangam period took up various occupations to improve their standard of living. Food and water are essential to human life. Agriculture is the basis of food. The agriculture industry and the equipment (implements) related to it are explained. Clothing is essential for men. The textile industry, which produces garments, is explained. It is also explained by the carpentry industry, which produces the materials necessary for human life. Ornaments are used by man to beautify himself. This article examines the gold industry, the building industry, and the fishing industry through the Sangam literature. The significance of the weaving industry, the techniques used in weaving garments, and the barter system are examined and explained through the Sangam literature. The specialties of carpentry, iron, gold, and building industries and the methods of production of goods have been examined. It is established in the Sangam literary evidence that the people of the Sangam age developed their occupations in the best possible way by doing various occupations such as fishing, salt cultivation, etc., for their needs, for economic development, and for the betterment of life.

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Lodwick, Lisa. "Farming practice, ecological temporality, and urban communities at a late Iron Age oppidum." Journal of Social Archaeology 19, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 206–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605319837766.

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Agriculture is a vital component of social practice, yet it is often overlooked as a key aspect in the social organisation of the communities resident at urban settlements. This paper uses the example of late Iron Age oppida, a type of settlement at the intersection of the Iron Age and Roman worlds where research has focussed upon elites rather than community. Drawing upon studies of human–plant relationships, particularly that of ecological temporalities, this paper shows that considering the capacity of plants to affect people through ‘planty agency’ renders annual rhythms of human–plant relationships perceptible. The utilisation of archaeobotanical data in this novel way provides new insights into social practices and the formation of communities at late Iron Age oppida.

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Jęczmińska, Kinga. "Spiritual and material dimensions of home in J. M.Coetzee’s Age of Iron." Crossroads A Journal of English Studies, no. 36(1) (2022): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/cr.2022.36.1.04.

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The aim of the article is to analyse the living conditions presented in J. M. Coetzee’s novel Age of Iron with reference to differences between the white and black communities of Cape Town in South Africa. It argues that differences in the conditions of living related to social and racial divisions are also reflected in the visions of the afterlife. The protagonist of the novel, Mrs Curren, portrays white people as living in comfort and dying in old age due to natural causes. The moment of their death constitutes a transition from earthly life to spiritual or incorporeal existence. In contrast, black people die young in apartheid fights. The dismal portrayal of the destruction of black people’s housing corresponds to Mrs Curren’s naturalistic descriptions of the dead bodies of young black activists. Their death does not involve a transformation into a spirit that has shed its body; death offers no relief, since their bodies and souls remain in “African hell”.

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Prendergast, Mary E., Mark Lipson, Elizabeth A. Sawchuk, Iñigo Olalde, Christine A. Ogola, Nadin Rohland, Kendra A. Sirak, et al. "Ancient DNA reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into sub-Saharan Africa." Science 365, no. 6448 (May 30, 2019): eaaw6275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw6275.

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How food production first entered eastern Africa ~5000 years ago and the extent to which people moved with livestock is unclear. We present genome-wide data from 41 individuals associated with Later Stone Age, Pastoral Neolithic (PN), and Iron Age contexts in what are now Kenya and Tanzania to examine the genetic impacts of the spreads of herding and farming. Our results support a multiphase model in which admixture between northeastern African–related peoples and eastern African foragers formed multiple pastoralist groups, including a genetically homogeneous PN cluster. Additional admixture with northeastern and western African–related groups occurred by the Iron Age. These findings support several movements of food producers while rejecting models of minimal admixture with foragers and of genetic differentiation between makers of distinct PN artifacts.

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Prociuk, Nadya H. "Protection and Purity: Symbolic Functions of the Iron Age Saunas of the Iberian Northwest." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 1 (September 6, 2018): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774318000422.

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Iron Age saunas, unique to the Castro Culture of northwestern Iberia, have puzzled archaeologists since the nineteenth century. Initially interpreted as kilns, crematoriums, or ovens, their function has since been established as bathing structures; however, the social significance of these saunas has yet to be firmly established. This study provides a new approach to understanding the ways in which Castro communities utilized specialized buildings to serve specific needs related to ritual cleansing and protection. Through an analysis of their placement, structure and decoration, I argue that these buildings functioned to purify and protect people of Castro communities from spiritual and physical danger. Members of Castro society inhabited a world buffeted by the shifting political and economic powers of the Iron Age. The bath structures under study, covered in apotropaic symbols, functioned in liminal spaces to cleanse and prepare Castro people for the dangers that awaited them beyond the walls of their communities and neutralized any potential spiritual contamination they may have acquired upon their return.

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Arnberg, Anna. "Fields, Funerals and Furnaces: On the Use of Fire during the Pre-Roman Iron Age on the Island of Gotland." Current Swedish Archaeology 13, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2005.01.

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By studying the material culture of the island of Gotland, one can conclude that the use of fire was integrated into the lives of the Pre-Roman people. Agricultural land was cleared by fire and cremation was a part of the burial tradition. Fire converted clay into ceramics, wood into charcoal and bog ore into iron. By being subjected to the flames human beings, objects and the landscape were created and/or trans formed. This paper presents fossilized field systems, burial grounds and areas with iron production as places for this physical transformation, as well as places for the creation of bonds between people.

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Hanawalt, Barbara A. "The Culture of the English People: Iron Age to the Industrial Revolution.N. J. G. Pounds." Speculum 72, no. 2 (April 1997): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3041044.

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Korpman, Matthew J. "Dan Shall Judge: The Danites and Iron Age Israel’s Connection with the Denyen Sea People." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 44, no. 3 (March 2020): 490–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309089218778583.

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The Tribe of Dan has always appeared to biblical scholars and archaeologists as something of an enigma. For decades, certain scholars, beginning with Yigael Yadin, have proposed a connection between the Denyen/Danaoi Sea People and the Danites of Ancient Israel, arguing that the former became the latter and were adopted into Israel at a later date than the other 11 tribes. Focusing on recent archaeological excavations at Tel Dan and the connections between Samson and Hercules, with special attention specifically given to Dan’s traditional paired imagery with serpents, this study seeks to present a coherent case for the possibility that Yadin’s theory may soon carry weight.

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Sealey, Paul R. "Where Have All the People Gone? A Puzzle from Middle and Late Iron Age Essex." Archaeological Journal 173, no. 1 (November 18, 2015): 30–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2016.1110782.

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Donald, Moira. "The Culture of the English People: Iron Age to the Industrial Revolution.N. J. G. Pounds." Journal of Modern History 69, no. 3 (September 1997): 573–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/245548.

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Lane, Paul, Ceri Ashley, Oula Seitsonen, Paul Harvey, Sada Mire, and Frederick Odede. "The transition to farming in eastern Africa: new faunal and dating evidence from Wadh Lang'o and Usenge, Kenya." Antiquity 81, no. 311 (March 1, 2007): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094849.

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The exploratory investigation of two sites in Kenya throws new light on the transition from a ‘stone age’ to an ‘iron age’. The model of widespread cultural replacement by Bantu-speaking iron producers is questioned and instead the authors propose a long interaction with regional variations. In matters of lithics, ceramics, hunting, gathering, husbandry and cooking, East African people created local and eclectic packages of change between 1500BC and AD500.

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Jeon, Soyeon, Yeonhee Kim, Sohyun Min, Mina Song, Sungtaek Son, and Seungmin Lee. "Taste Sensitivity of Elderly People Is Associated with Quality of Life and Inadequate Dietary Intake." Nutrients 13, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13051693.

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Aging has been implicated in the alteration of taste acuity. Diet can affect taste sensitivity. We aimed to investigate the types of tastes altered in elderly Korean people and factors associated with taste alteration in relation to dietary intake and other factors. Elderly participants (≥65 years) and young adults were assessed to determine their recognition thresholds (RT) for sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes. Elderly participants were further surveyed for dietary intake and non-nutritional factors. Five taste RTs were correlated with age, but only four taste RTs, except sweetness, differed between the elderly participants and young adults. Inadequate intake of iron, thiamin, folic acid, zinc, and phosphorus among the elderly participants was related to elevated taste RT levels, except for bitter taste. In both correlation and regression analyses, only salty and sour RTs were associated with energy, iron, thiamin, fiber, vitamin C, and riboflavin levels in the elderly participants. The elderly participants’ taste RTs exhibited strong associations with quality of life (QOL) but showed partial relationships with physical activity, number of medicine intakes, social gatherings, and education. Taste sensitivity may decrease with age, which is further influenced by insufficient dietary intake, especially iron and thiamin, and QOL.

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Lock, Gary. "Hillforts, Emotional Metaphors, and the Good Life: a Response to Armit." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 77 (2011): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000724.

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Hillforts have always been central to interpretations of Iron Age society and Ian Armit's paper in this journal (2007) re-introduces the question of whether or not they represent ‘endemic warfare’. This response will critique claims for warfare in the Early and Middle Iron Age of Wessex and present an alternative view of hillforts and how they may have been used. It is argued that within dispersed small scale agricultural societies the communal building, maintenance, and use of hillforts can act to structure the sociality of people whose interests are in creating a harmonious existence. Within this view, hillforts act as metaphors for the managing of emotional relationships within groups of people as they go about their daily lives.

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Muradova, E. "Explorations at Izat-Kuli." Archaeological News 32 (2021): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-32-100-109.

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The paper presents preliminary results of the investigation of the settlement of Izat-Kuli which is one of the important sites of the early Iron Age of South-Western Turkmenistan. Of most interest is building I excavated at the citadel of the settlement and possessing an undoubtedly religious character. Its discovery provides valuable evidence for the history of the cult construction, and social and spiritual life of the people of the region in the early Iron Age.

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Nigade, Ramesh M., and Dhairyashil V. Khambalkar. "Iron deficiency anaemia and its association with febrile seizures." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 5, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20181554.

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Background: As reported by World Health Organization of total world’s population about 500 million to 2 billion people are deficient in iron. Iron deficiency is the most common hematological disease found in age group 6 months to 5 years. This age group generally coincides with the age group of occurrences of febrile seizures. Aim of this study was to study the role of iron deficiency in febrile seizures.Methods: This cross sectional, observational study done in the Pediatrics department of D. Y. Patil Hospital and Research Centre. 170 children of age group between 6months to 5 years will be included in the study over a period of 24 months from May 2015 to May 2017, Presenting with simple and complex febrile seizures to the emergency department and Pediatrics ward of hospital.Results: In the study the mean age of onset of febrile seizures is 21 months. Severity of anemia doesn’t have any correlation with occurrence of febrile seizures. Iron deficient in terms of low HB, low MCH, low MCV, high RDW, low serum Iron, high TIBC and low serum iron and TIBC ratio.Conclusions: From the current hospital based observational study we have concluded that, iron deficiency anemia was more frequent among children with febrile seizures. The result suggests that iron deficiency anemia may be a risk factor for febrile seizures screening for IDA should be considered in children with febrile seizures. All the investigations (Sr Iron, TIBC) carried out to evaluate iron deficiency anemia were significantly lower. This suggests that iron deficient children are more prone for febrile seizures.

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Durakov, I. A., and L. S. Kobeleva. "An Early Iron Age Foundry at Kargat-4, Southwestern Siberia." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 3 (September 21, 2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.3.048-054.

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During the excavations at an Early Iron Age site of Kargat-4 in central Baraba, a foundry was discovered. The complex consisted of a melting furnace in the center of the structure and several utility pits. We give a detailed description of these features, the associated artifacts, and the archaeological context. Among the items from the infi ll are fragments of at least fi ve clay molds, three crucibles, drops of spilt bronze, a fragment of a spout, and bronze tongs. The casting kit included three stone utensils—two whetstones and a hammer. All the molds were destined for casting celts. The best preserved one had two valves, which were found inside a dwelling in a utility pit at the entrance and outside it. For each artifact, a detailed description, results of the analysis, and parallels are provided. Techniques of manufacturing molds and crucibles, such as those found at the site, are reconstructed. They are shown to have originated in areas situated west or southwest of Kargat-4. During the Early Scythian age they were practiced in northern Kazakhstan and eastern Urals, and they were apparently introduced to central Baraba by people associated with the Bolshaya Rechka culture during the Bronze to Iron Age transition, as evidenced by the Berlik and Krasnoye Ozero cultures.

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Maulidya, Tara Titian, Daniel Setiawan Nathan, Endah Tri Widanarti, Eddy Harjadi Soenarso, and Anita Liliana. "Description of Iron Status In Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stadium 5 with Regular Hemodialization at the Hemodialysis Installation of Dustira Hospital." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 26, 2022): 662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22163662.

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Introduction: The number of patients with chronic kidney failure in Indonesia continues to increase and is estimated to grow by around 10% every year. Decreased of haemoglobin (Hb) in patients with CKD almost occurs in 80% of cases. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the iron status of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 undergoing regular hemodialysis. Methods: The study conducted is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design to describe the iron status of stage 5 CKD patients undergoing regular hemodialysis at the Hemodialysis Installation of the Dustira Cimahi Hospital. Data used are secondary data from the medical records of stage CKD patients. 5 at the Hemodialysis Installation. Univariate analysis is performed by presenting data in terms of frequency and percentage or mean and standard deviation. Result: Patients in this study had a mean age of 46.75 years, a median age of 45 years (range: 18-71 years), and as many as 28 people were in the 37-45 year age group (range: 18-71 years) who underwent regular hemodialysis (35.0 percent ). The majority of CKD stage 5 patients who had regular hemodialysis were female, with as many as 44 out of 80 patients being female (55.0 percent ). In this study, 80 patients with CKD stage 5 were found to have decreased serum iron (66.3%) with a normal value range of 65-165 g/dl, TIBC decreased (43.8%) with a normal value range of 300 -360 g/dl, and transferrin saturation decreased (50%) with a normal range of 20-50%. Based on the serum iron, patients with CKD stage 5 who underwent regular hemodialysis had a mean serum iron of 56.53 g/dl)] and most of them had decreased serum iron, as many as 53 people out of 80 people (66.3%). Conclusion: The percentage of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 who underwent regular hemodialysis who experienced iron deficiency was 11.0% and did not have iron deficiency was 89.0%. The mean serum Fe, TIBC and TSAT levels of patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 undergoing regular hemodialysis were 56.53 g/dL, 277.64, g/dL, and 23.10%, respectively. Keyword: Chronic Kidney Disease; Hemodialysis; Iron Status

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Redfern, Rebecca. "Iron Age ‘Predatory Landscapes’: A Bioarchaeological and Funerary Exploration of Captivity and Enslavement in Britain." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 531–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774320000062.

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This paper proposes a multi-disciplinary approach which can be used to identify captives and the enslaved of Iron Age Britain (seventh century bc–ad first century). It uses a ‘poetics of violence’ perspective which recognizes that violence and warfare are created and enacted through social relations, and encompasses violence for which there is often no archaeological trace. Roman primary sources, bog-bodies and other archaeological evidence from Iron Age Britain and Europe suggest that people in these states of ‘social death’ were used to acquire material goods, employed in the agricultural economy, and their deaths played an important role in episodes of ritual violence. Drawing on research from North America, a series of funerary, isotope, archaeothantology and osteological variables have been identified for this period, and when integrated into an osteobiography, allows for the re-interpretation of many burials and structured deposits encountered in Iron Age settlements and hillforts.

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Voigt, Mary M., and Robert C. Henrickson. "Formation of the Phrygian state: the Early Iron Age at Gordion." Anatolian Studies 50 (December 2000): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3643013.

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A brief history of archaeological research at Gordion Piecing together documentary sources from areas to the east and west of Anatolia, historians agree that in the eighth century BC, central Anatolia was dominated by people who spoke an Indo-European language, Phrygian (Mellink 1991: 621; Muscarella 1995: 92 with refs). From historical sources we also know the location of the Phrygians' capital, Gordion: Quintus Curtius (Hist Alex III.1–2) states that the city lay on the Sangarios River ‘equally distant from the Pontic and Cilician Seas’. Using this description, Gustav and Augustus Körte travelled across Turkey more than a century ago looking for the physical remains of Gordion and Phrygia. They eventually focused on a mound lying adjacent to the Sangarios or modern Sakarya. The mound, now called Yassıhöyük, is large relative to others in the region, and lies in the proper geographical setting for ancient Gordion; a series of artificial mounds or tumuli scattered across nearby slopes provides additional evidence of the settlement's importance.

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Lapteff, S. V. "Early Iron Age Burial Practices of the Ancient Khmer People: The Phum Snay Necropolis, Northwestern Cambodia." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 41, no. 2 (June 2013): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeae.2013.11.013.

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Allmäe, Raili. "Demographic data and fi gures derived from Estonian Iron Age graves." Papers on Anthropology 27, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/poa.2018.27.2.02.

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Three Iron Age cremation graves from south-eastern Estonia and four graves including cremations as well inhumations from western Estonia were analysed by osteological and palaeodemographic methods in order to estimate the age and sex composition of burial sites, and to propose some possible demographic figures and models for living communities. The crude birth/death rate estimated on the basis of juvenility indices varied between 55.1‰ and 60.0‰ (58.5‰ on average) at Rõsna village in south-eastern Estonia in the Middle Iron Age. The birth/death rates based on juvenility indices for south eastern graves varied to a greater degree. The estimated crude birth/death rate was somewhat lower (38.9‰) at Maidla in the Late Iron Age and extremely high (92.1‰) at Maidla in the Middle Iron Age, which indicates an unsustainable community. High crude birth/death rates are also characteristic of Poanse tarand graves from the Pre-Roman Iron Age – 92.3‰ for the 1st grave and 69.6‰for the 2nd grave. Expectedly, newborn life expectancies are extremely low in both communities – 10.8 years at Poanse I and 14.4 years at Poanse II. Most likely, both Maidla I and Poanse I were unsustainable communities. According to the main model where the given period of grave usage is 150 years, the burial grounds were most likely exploited by communities of 3–14 people. In most cases, this corresponds to one family or household. In comparison with other graves, Maidla II stone grave in western Estonia and Rõsna-Saare I barrow cemetery in south-eastern Estonia could have been used by a somewhat larger community, which may mean an extended family, a larger household or usage by two nuclear families.

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Yahya, Sheherbano, Ramsha Khan, Sarah Amin, Irum Fatima, and Yasir Qayyum. "Iron Deficiency Anemia and its Relation with Junk Food." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 713–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167713.

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Purpose: Aim of this study was to find iron deficiency anemia and the relationship between people who consumed junk food. Study design: Observational survey base study Method: This study was conducted from March 2022 to May 2022. The data of this study was collected through a questionnaire filled by people of age 18 to 35 years. Consent was attached at the end of the questionnaire that informed the purpose of the data collection and shows the willingness of the participant. The participant who filled out the questionnaire were 200 in number. The data about fast food was gathered using a food frequency checklist that has 25 different fast commonly eaten by people. Body weight and height were used to find the BMI and hemoglobin level was checked using the hematology analyzer at the clinical laboratory of the hospital. The study was approved by the Health Research Ethical Committee of the hospital. Results: Out of 200 participants 50 (25%) were male and 150 (75%) were females. the number of participants having an age greater than 18 years was 136 (68%) and having an age less than 35 years was 64 (32%), most people were educated with a literacy rate of 190 (95%) and 10 (5%) were not educated. Overall anemia awareness was found in 85 (42.5%) people and 115 (57.5%) did not know about anemia. Based on family income, we divided into three groups where the numbers of people from low-income families were 13 (6.5%), the middle class was 40 (20%) and the high income was 140 (73.5%). While checking the hemoglobin level of all we come out with 13(15%) participants with normal hemoglobin levels and 170 (85%) patients were found with anemia having Hb level Anemia<12mg/dL. Out of 170 anemic patients, 20 (11.76%) patients were underweight, 90 (52.94%) patients were of normal weight, 30 (17.65%) were anemic with overweight and 30 (17.65%) were obese. For all measured mean ±, SD = 28.5 ± 2.33. we found a greater number of iron deficiency anemia patients with moderate activity mean ± SD value for physical activity, 54 ±11.76, and fewer people with regular breakfast. Junk food consumption was high in anemic patients 155 (91.17%) and 135 (79.41%) anemic patients with daily junk food consumption. Results of Spearman correlation show mean ± SD was 140 ± 10.11 with a positive correlation of r value 3.05 and significant p-value 0.02. Anemia with 142 ± 9.56 with positive correlation results with r value 1.04 and p-value 0.03. Conclusion: We concluded that a positive correlation shows the direct proportion relationship between junk food and anemia that was higher the consumption of junk food higher the chances of anemia occurrence, lesser the consumption of junk food lower the chances to be anemic. Keywords: Anemia, junk food, iron deficiency

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Howgego, Christopher. "The Monetization of Temperate Europe." Journal of Roman Studies 103 (March 18, 2013): 16–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435813000014.

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AbstractBy considering monetization across the Iron Age and Roman periods and across the whole of Temperate Europe some major developments become apparent. The spread of coinage in the Iron Age bears some relationship to the eventual extent of the Roman Empire. Coins stand in the archaeological record for systems of doing things, for ways people relate to each other and to things, and for ways of conceptualizing the world. They provide a useful way to approach the meeting of the worlds of the Iron Age and of Rome. Material forms of being Roman became increasingly important as a dimension of Roman identity. The commercialization implicit in Rome's ‘Cultural Revolution’ was underpinned by the extension of Roman-style monetization. In this light the monetization of Temperate Europe emerges as a process of considerable importance.

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Gibson, Sigrid. "Micronutrient intakes, micronutrient status and lipid profiles among young people consuming different amounts of breakfast cereals: further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People aged 4 to 18 years." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 8 (December 2003): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003493.

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AbstractObjective:To examine associations between breakfast cereal consumption and the dietary habits, nutrient intakes and nutritional status of young people, considering both nutrient adequacy and safety issues (fortification).Methods:Using archived data from 1688 children in the (British) National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Young People aged 4 to 18 years, nutrient intakes and status were compared across thirds of breakfast cereal consumption (T1 to T3), adjusted for age and energy intake. Cereals provided on average 2%, 6% and 12% of energy in T1, T2 and T3, respectively, for boys; 1%, 4% and 10%, respectively, for girls.Results:Intakes of iron, B vitamins and vitamin D were around 20–60% higher in T3 compared with T1, with significant linear relationships observed for iron, thiamin, riboflavin and folate (T1 < T2 < T3). After excluding low energy reporters and the unwell, 14% of girls had iron intakes below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake and this varied fivefold between T1 and T3 (27%, 12% and 5%;P= 0.0001). High consumers of breakfast cereals (T3) had better folate, vitamin B12and riboflavin status and lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. There was also an association with thiamin and vitamin B6status in girls. However, iron status (haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin saturation) was not significantly different between groups, possibly due to lower meat intakes in T3. Total iron intakes were within tolerable levels (maximum of 32 mg day−1in one girl taking supplements).Conclusions:The nutritional benefits of breakfast cereals are demonstrated in status measurements as well as in nutrient intakes in this study. Concerns about excessive iron intakes from fortification appear unjustified.

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Gleirscher, Paul. "Carinthia and its south-western connections in the Early Iron Age." Arheološki vestnik 73 (July 7, 2022): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/av.73.18.

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The south-western part of the Carinthian (or Frög) group of the Early Iron Age, located between the valley of the Gail/Zilja and Villach/Beljak (Rosegg/Rožek), bordered the Veneti in northern Italy and the Sveta Lucija group in western Slovenia. The relationships with these neighbours, alongside the trade in amber from the Baltic Sea, salt from Hallstatt and Dürrnberg, as well as iron and lead from the Alps, brought to the eastern Alpine areas not only foreign luxury goods, but also people and ideas. One communication with the southern neighbours led across the Predel/Predil Pass, evidence of which can be found in a pin with a moulded neck from Napoleonwiese at Villach that has parallels in Tolmin. Further along the Soča/Isonzo, contacts between Caput Adriae and Carinthia/Kärnten may be reflected in the pottery with lead appliqués. Evidence of such contacts and circulations of ideas can also be seen in the use and development of the Unec type pendants, in the boat fibulae (Kahnfibeln) of the Villach type and the Paularo type of east Alpine animal-headed fibulae (ostalpine Tierkopffibel) that indicate a common artisanal tradition in Posočje and Kärnten in the 5th/4th century BC, as well as in the commonalities that the tumulus from Schmeißer Boden at Gurina shows with the tumuli in Mel near Belluno.

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Ba, Djibril, Paddy Ssentongo, Guodong Liu, Robert Beelman, Xiang Gao, and John Richie. "Association of Meat Consumption and Iron Deficiency Among Women of Reproductive Age in Sub Saharan Africa." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_009.

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Abstract Objectives Globally, it is estimated that about 2 billion people are affected by iron deficiency, with sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) carrying the highest burden. We thus conducted a cross-sectional study to assess whether meat consumption was associated with altered risk of iron deficiency, as assessed by serum transferrin receptor (TfR) levels among women of reproductive aged 15–49 y in Tanzania. Methods This was a weighted population-based cross-sectional study of 3811 women of reproductive aged 15–49 y in Tanzania using 2010 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Iron status was assessed using serum TfR. Iron deficiency was defined if TfR levels were >8.3 µg/mL. Number of days of meat intake in a week was assessed through a questionnaire. Prevalence Ratio was calculated using robust multivariable Poisson regression to identify the association between meat intake and iron deficiency, adjusting for age, fish intake, food insecurity, anemia, education status, married status, wealth index, pregnancy status, and breastfeeding status, place of residence, employment status, and geographic zone. Interactions between meat intake, pregnancy and wealth status were conducted. As a secondary analysis, the association between fish intake and iron deficiency was also examined. Results The overall prevalence of iron deficiency for the present study was 31%. There was a dose-response relation between the number of days/week of meat intake and iron deficiency (P-trend = 0.006). After adjusting for other covariates, women who consumed meat ≥2 times per week were 14% less likely to have iron deficiency [adjusted Prevalence Ratio (aPR): 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.97] compared to those with low meat consumption (<2 times per week). In contrast, we did not find significant association between fish intake and iron deficiency – the aPR was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.18) for ≥2 times of fish vs. (<2 times per week). We did not find significant interaction between meat intake and pregnancy status (P-interaction = 0.80). Lastly, we did not find significant interaction between meat intake and wealth status (P-interaction = 0.09). Conclusions Prevalence of iron deficiency was high in Tanzania women of reproductive age. Greater consumption of meat, but not fish, was significantly associated with low rates of iron deficiency. Funding Sources There was no external or internal funding to support this study.

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Thompson, Leonard, and Paul Maylam. "A History of the African People of South Africa: From the Early Iron Age to the 1970s." American Historical Review 94, no. 4 (October 1989): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906723.

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FYFE, CHRISTOPHER. "A History of the African People of South Africa: from the early Iron Age to the 1970s." African Affairs 87, no. 346 (January 1988): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097990.

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Crush, Jonathan. "A history of the African people of South Africa: From the early iron age to the 1970s." Journal of Historical Geography 15, no. 4 (October 1989): 456–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(89)90027-3.

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Hackl, L. S., A. R. Abizari, C. Speich, H. Zungbey-Garti, C. I. Cercamondi, C. Zeder, M. B. Zimmermann, and D. Moretti. "Micronutrient-fortified rice can be a significant source of dietary bioavailable iron in schoolchildren from rural Ghana." Science Advances 5, no. 3 (March 2019): eaau0790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0790.

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Iron deficiency and anemia are prominent contributors to the preventable disease burden worldwide. A substantial proportion of people with inadequate dietary iron rely on rice as a staple food, but fortification efforts are limited by low iron bioavailability. Furthermore, using high iron fortification dosages may not always be prudent in tropical regions. To identify alternative fortification formulations with enhanced absorption, we screened different iron compounds for their suitability as rice fortificants, measured in vitro gastric solubility, and assessed dietary iron bioavailability using stable isotopic labels in rural Ghanaian children. Isotopic incorporation in red blood cells indicates that in the two age groups of children investigated (4 to 6 and 7 to 10 years), formulations provided 36 and 51% of the median daily requirement in absorbed iron, respectively. We describe approaches to enhancing iron bioavailability from fortified rice, which can substantially contribute to the prevention of iron deficiency in rice-eating populations.

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Parkinson, Alan J., Benjamin D. Gold, Lisa Bulkow, Robert B. Wainwright, Balasubra Swaminathan, Bhawna Khanna, Kenneth M. Petersen, and Mary Anne Fitzgerald. "High Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the Alaska Native Population and Association with Low Serum Ferritin Levels in Young Adults." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7, no. 6 (November 1, 2000): 885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.7.6.885-888.2000.

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ABSTRACT Iron deficiency anemia is a common public health problem in the Alaska Native population. Yet, a clear etiology has eluded researchers for decades. Previous studies suggested a link betweenHelicobacter pylori infection, gastrointestinal blood loss due to hemorrhagic gastritis, and generalized iron deficiency anemia in adult Alaska Natives. Therefore, we examined the association between the prevalence of H. pylori-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and serum ferritin levels, a marker of iron deficiency. A random sample of 2,080 serum samples from Alaska Native residents drawn between 1980 and 1986 from residents in 13 regions was selected, and the samples were stratified by age, sex, and region. Overall, 75% were positive for H. pylori-specific IgG. The rate of H. pylori seropositivity increased with age; by age 14 years, 78% of the residents were positive. There were no gender differences inH. pylori seropositivity. However, marked regional differences were observed. Serum ferritin levels of <12 ng/ml were found most commonly among persons <20 years of age and among women of childbearing age. A significant association between low serum ferritin levels and prevalence of H. pylori-specific IgG was found, particularly for people aged less than 20 years. H. pylorimay be a factor contributing to the iron deficiency anemia in the Alaska Native population.

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Martens, Jes. "Ball Brooches in the Age of Citizen Science." Seria Archaeologica III 10, no. 1 (November 28, 2022): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v10i1_5.

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Ball brooches make a difficult research theme in Denmark. This is mainly because very few of the hitherto published specimens were found in a context or under circumstances that help to shed light on their chronology. The most recently published study is a very brief paper by Jesper Laursen on the chronology and typology of ball brooches (Laursen 1984). Laursen’s paper was published at a time when hobby metal detecting was only at its early stages in Denmark. Therefore, this hobby had not yet had its impact on the material. Metal detecting favors objects with much metal and since cultivated soil contains a lot of iron waste most hobby detectorists tend to screen for iron. Consequently, objects of bronze, silver and gold will have a tendency to dominate the finds brought in by these people, and especially massive objects. Thus, ball brooches, especially the cast bronze specimens, would have a good chance to be detected and collected. As the internet developed, some private sites were established were the finders themselves published their finds. Recently the app named DIME launched by University of Aarhus (in September 2018) and until today (29.09.2021) 121.186 finds have been registered by private users in the database. The newly available information, correlated with the previous ones, offers the possibility of a preliminary study of the ball brooches, which we propose in this article.

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Folorunso, Caleb A. "Archaeology in the Public Space in Nigeria." AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology 10 (March 21, 2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23914/ap.v10i0.300.

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Nigeria, with over 200 million people, covers an area of 923,768 km2 and it occupies the eastern section of the West African region (Figure 1). The regions of Nigeria have prehistoric sites spanning from the Early Stone Age through the Middle Stone Age, the Late Stone Age/Neolithic to the Iron Age and the beginning of urbanization. Several historic empires, states and polities developed within the geographical area now occupied by Nigeria and had left archaeological relics.

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Beran, Roy G. "Sleep Disorders in Older People with Special Focus on Parkinson’s Disease." OBM Geriatrics 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.geriatr.2203204.

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This paper examines sleep disorders in older people, focusing on Parkinson’s disease (PD). It defines PD and explores those conditions associated with sleep disorders and their relationship to PD. It identifies specific conditions which cause sleep disoders in patients with PD, namely: REM sleep behaviour disorder (RDB) which may be a precursor to PD; obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) which is very prevalent amongst people with PD; depression and mood disorders which both increase with age and are more common in people with PD; nocturia which increases with age and has a negative impact on those with PD; restless leg syndrome (RLS) which some argue is an accompaniment but others argue against this, due to the relationship to iron metabolism, although both respond to dopamine medications; and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) which completes the picture. The paper offers suggestions to the approach to these conditions and offers suggestions for therapeutic intervention.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron Age people'

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