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Journal articles on the topic 'Iron Age Europe'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Pare, Christopher, M. L. Stig Sørensen, R. Thomas, and M. L. Stig Sorensen. "The Bronze Age-Iron Age Transition in Europe." American Journal of Archaeology 94, no. 3 (July 1990): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505815.

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2

Hunter, Fraser. "The Carnyx in Iron Age Europe." Antiquaries Journal 81 (September 2001): 77–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500072152.

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This paper reviews the evidence for the carnyx, the Iron Age animal-headed horn, in its European setting. The starting point is the head from Deskford, north-east Scotland: the results of recent work are described and a revised dating proposed. Excavations at the findspot strongly indicate it was a votive deposit. The nature of the wider European evidence and its biases are reviewed, to provide a firmer basis for commenting on the date and distribution of the instrument. Finally, attempts to reconstruct the carnyx are described.

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3

Ralston, Ian. "Iron Age settlement in temperate Europe." Antiquity 64, no. 242 (March 1990): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00077462.

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4

James, N. "Mediated diffusion in Iron Age Europe." Antiquity 84, no. 325 (September 1, 2010): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00100298.

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Diffusion of Mediterranean traits to central and north-western Europe during the middle Iron Age is a topic well rehearsed now by three generations of archaeologists. The stimulating recent exhibition Golasecca at the Musée d’Archéologie nationale in France, showed that – funds permitting – plenty of scope remains for research.Elaborately made imports, at for instance the Heuneburg, Vix or Hochdorf, have been interpreted as evidence for how aristocrats adopted Greek and Etruscan styles to reinforce their status and regional power between about 600 and 400 BC. Art historians revealed how their bronzesmiths responded selectively to templates from not only states to the south but also eastern nomads. Archaeologists worked out how goods were brought up the Rhône valley by the enterprising Greeks of Marseille or by the northerners themselves exploiting that colony. The ‘trade’ is thought to have encouraged development of social complexity. More recently, to demonstrate the recipients’ ‘agency’, attention has focused on potters’ responses, adoption of coinage and writing and ‘feasts’ for chiefs to show off ‘prestigious’ exotica to rivals, clients or tributaries. Similar models of trade, ‘appropriation’ and sociopolitical development have been developed for the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and the Roman Iron Age.

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5

Rast-Eicher, Antoinette, and Lise Bender Jørgensen. "Sheep wool in Bronze Age and Iron Age Europe." Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 2 (February 2013): 1224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.030.

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6

Gosden, Chris. "Gifts and Kin in Early Iron Age Europe." Man 20, no. 3 (September 1985): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802442.

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7

Wells, Peter S. "Iron Age temperate Europe: Some current research issues." Journal of World Prehistory 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 437–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00974814.

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8

Eluère, Christiane. "Goldwork of the iron age in ‘Barbarian’ Europe." Gold Bulletin 18, no. 4 (December 1985): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03214697.

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9

Sestieri, Anna Maria Bietti. "Italy in Europe in the Early Iron Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63 (1997): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002498.

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In the field of European recent prehistory it is generally agreed that, from the Early Orientalising period, Etruria played a central role in long distance trade, also acting as a link between the Aegean and east Mediterranean and trans-Alpine Europe. A widely acknowledged implication is that this primary status of the Etruscans among the indigenous peoples of Italy was a secondary effect of the Greek and Phoenician colonisation in the central Mediterranean. It is the aim of this paper to show that, as early as the Late Bronze Age, Etruria emerged as a complex territorial, political, and economic entity and was able to participate in an interregional network of trade reaching as far as northern Germany and the Aegean. By the beginnings of the Italian Iron Age, this region was organised as a federation of early states, with important extensions in the southern Po plain, along the Adriatic coast, and in Campania.

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10

Hutton, Ronald. "Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe." Time and Mind 6, no. 1 (January 2013): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169713x13518043516490.

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11

Howgego, Christopher. "The Monetization of Temperate Europe." Journal of Roman Studies 103 (March 18, 2013): 16–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075435813000014.

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AbstractBy considering monetization across the Iron Age and Roman periods and across the whole of Temperate Europe some major developments become apparent. The spread of coinage in the Iron Age bears some relationship to the eventual extent of the Roman Empire. Coins stand in the archaeological record for systems of doing things, for ways people relate to each other and to things, and for ways of conceptualizing the world. They provide a useful way to approach the meeting of the worlds of the Iron Age and of Rome. Material forms of being Roman became increasingly important as a dimension of Roman identity. The commercialization implicit in Rome's ‘Cultural Revolution’ was underpinned by the extension of Roman-style monetization. In this light the monetization of Temperate Europe emerges as a process of considerable importance.

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12

Henderson, Julian. "Industrial specialization in late Iron Age Britain and Europe." Archaeological Journal 148, no. 1 (January 1991): 104–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1991.11021373.

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13

Pare, Chris. "Territorial organisation in Iron Age Western and Central Europe." Antiquity 77, no. 297 (September 2003): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00092693.

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14

Davis, Oliver. "Danebury and the Heuneburg: Creating Communities in Early Iron Age Europe." European Journal of Archaeology 22, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.30.

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The Iron Age in temperate Europe is characterized by the emergence of hillforts. While such sites can be highly variable, they also share many characteristics, implying cultural linkages across a wide geographical area. Yet, the interpretation of hillforts has increasingly seen significant divergence in theoretical approaches in different European countries. In particular, Iron Age studies in Britain have progressively distanced themselves from those pursued in continental Europe. This article attempts to address this issue by analysing the evidence from two of the best-known hillforts in Europe: Danebury in Wessex, southern England, and the Heuneburg in Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany. The article highlights a number of key similarities and differences in the occupational sequences of these sites. While the differences indicate that the hillforts are the creation of very different Iron Age societies, the synergies are argued to be a consequence of communities evincing similar responses to similar problems, particularly those resulting from the social tensions that develop when transforming previously dispersed rural societies into increasingly centralized forms.

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15

Görman, Marianne. "Nordic and Celtic: religion in southern Scandinavia during the late bronze age and early iron age." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 13 (January 1, 1990): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67183.

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By means of modern archeological research it is today possible to gain much information even from non-written material, This paper covers the late bronze age and early iron age, ca. 1000 B.C. —O. It is based on material from Denmark, the Southwest of Sweden, and the Southeast of Norway. This region formed a cultural unity since the sea bound the area together. Our main sources of knowledge of Nordic religion during this time span are votive offerings and rock-carvings. During the bronze age and early iron age the Nordic peasant population had intensive contacts with the Southeastern and Centralparts of Europe. A great quantity of imported objects bear evidence of widespread connections. The inhabitants of the Nordic area not only brought home objects, but also ideas and religious conceptions. This is clearly reflected in the iconography. The cultures with which connections were upheld and from which ideas were introduced were those of Hallstatt and La Tène. They were both Celtic iron age cultures prospering in Central Europe at the same time as the late bronze age and early iron age in the Nordic area. This means that the new symbols in the Nordic area come from a Celtic environment. Consequently, Celtic religion such as it may be found in the pre-Roman period, can clarify the meaning of the conceptions, linked with these symbols.

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16

Redfern, Rebecca. "Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe. By IanArmit." Archaeological Journal 170, no. 1 (January 2013): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2013.11021008.

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17

Fernández-Götz, Manuel. "Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns, and Social Dynamics." Journal of Archaeological Research 26, no. 2 (August 17, 2017): 117–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9107-1.

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18

Fitzpatrick, A. P. "The Snettisham, Norfolk, hoards of Iron Age torques: sacred or profane?" Antiquity 66, no. 251 (June 1992): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00081515.

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The remarkable find of Iron Age gold torques from Snettisham (see ANTIQUITY 65: 447–65) was interpreted by the excavator, Ian Stead, as representing a treasury, ‘assigned to the earth for safe-keeping’, rather than a votive deposit. This article argues that these are not mutually exclusive categories, since no clear distinction was made in Iron Age Europe between sacred and profane.

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19

Gräslund, Bo. "Prehistoric Soul Beliefs in Northern Europe." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60, no. 1 (1994): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00003364.

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Prehistoric burial rites and burial finds ought to be studied also in the light of primitive soul beliefs. It is argued that the customs of submitting prestige grave goods in northern Europe during the Neolithic, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age consistently reflect a pluralistic soul idea with a free soul aimed for the next existence.

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20

Sherratt, Susan, and Jan Bouzek. "Greece, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations during the Early Iron Age." American Journal of Archaeology 103, no. 3 (July 1999): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506992.

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21

Moore, Tom, and Manuel Fernández-Götz. "Bringing the Country to Town: ‘Rurban’ Landscapes in Iron Age Europe." Journal of Urban Archaeology 5 (January 2022): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.jua.5.129845.

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22

Arnold, B. "Gender, Temporalities, and Periodization in Early Iron Age West-Central Europe." Social Science History 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01455532-1461677.

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23

Murray, Matthew L. "Viereckschanzen and Feasting: Socio-Political Ritual in Iron-Age Central Europe." Journal of European Archaeology 3, no. 2 (September 1995): 125–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/096576695800703766.

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24

Arnold, Bettina. "Gender, Temporalities, and Periodization in Early Iron Age West-Central Europe." Social Science History 36, no. 1 (2012): 85–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010385.

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Archaeological chronologies tend to conflate temporalities from all cultural contexts in a region without consideration for the different depositional trajectories and life histories of the objects that serve as the basis of those chronologies. Social variables, such as gender, age, status, and individual mobility, act on artifacts in ways that must be identified and differentiated in order for seriations derived from one context to be applicable in another. This article presents evidence from early Iron Age contexts in Southwest Germany to illustrate this phenomenon and discusses its ramifications from the perspective of a case study focusing on the mortuary landscape of the Heuneburg hillfort on the Danube River. Gender in particular is strongly marked in this society and can be shown to affect the depositional tempo of certain artifact categories, which have different social lives and depositional fates depending on context. Artifact assemblages vary not only in terms of archaeological context and temporality but also are impacted by the social personae of the human agents responsible for, or associated with, their deposition.

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25

Giles, Melanie. "Iron Age bog bodies of north-western Europe. Representing the dead." Archaeological Dialogues 16, no. 1 (June 2009): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203809002815.

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AbstractThis paper explores the phenomenon of Iron Age bog bodies which are currently the subject of competing claims over the respectful treatment of the ancient dead. It reviews the problems associated with their discovery, identifies why they attract such attention, and critiques both traditional interpretations of bog bodies and methods of display. The paper defends their archaeological analysis, arguing that this process can radically transform our understanding of past communities: their lifeways and world views. Using British and Irish examples, it discusses how intimate emotions and social bonds are constructed between bog bodies, on the one hand, and, on the other, the professionals and public who engage with them. It contends that a more reflexive approach which foregrounds these complex relationships might help address concerns about the public display of human remains in general. It concludes by advocating broad processes of consultation as well as a contextual approach to the interpretation and display of future bog bodies.

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26

Fernández-Götz, Manuel, and Bettina Arnold. "Internal conflict in Iron Age Europe: methodological challenges and possible scenarios." World Archaeology 51, no. 5 (October 20, 2019): 654–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2020.1723682.

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27

Hill, J. D., Anthony J. Spence, Susan La Niece, and Sally Worrell. "The Winchester Hoard: A Find of Unique Iron Age Gold Jewellery from Southern England." Antiquaries Journal 84 (September 2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500045807.

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An unusual group of gold jewellery was discovered by a metal detectorist near Winchester in southern England in 2000. The hoard included two possibly unique massive necklaces made in a clearly classical style, but different from typical classical necklaces and from the torcs and collars of Iron Age Europe. The hoard also contained extremely rare gold versions of types of brooches commonly made in bronze and iron in north-west Europe during the first century BC, the end of the pre-Roman Iron Age. This paper describes these unique objects and the results of an archaeological investigation of their find spot. Detailed scientific analysis of the objects’ technology has proven crucial for interpreting their origins and broader significance. Finally, the broader consequences of the find for interpreting the significant changes that took place in southern Britain in the century before the Roman conquest are discussed.

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28

S., KOVALEVSKY. "THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN OF CELTS WITH ON THE SIDE EARS OF THE BOLSHELOZHSKY TYPE." Preservation and study of the cultural heritage of the Altai Territory 27 (2021): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/2411-1503.2021.27.33.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of the origin and dating of celts with on the side ears, which originate from the settlements of the Late Bronze Age and transition time from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Kazakh steppe and south of Western Siberia (some of which are accidental finds) and are identified by most experts to be antiquities of the Sargarinsko-Aleekseyevskaya, Begazy-Dandybayevskaya, Irmenskaya and Bolsherechenskaya cultures. Previously, such celts were dated to the beginning of the first millennium, BC. At present, there have been certain quantitative and qualitative changes. In particular, the fund of archaeological resources for the Late Bronze Age and transition time from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age had been significantly replenished, and new research concepts have appeared. This gave us the opportunity to compare the archaeological finds of the Late Bronze Age of remote regions, namely the Eastern Europe and the Kazakh steppe and south of Western Siberia. A significant similarity was revealed between the celts of the ancient cultures of the Eastern Europe and the region located east of the Urals. It is suggested that the celts with on the side ears are of Eastern Europe origin. Their appearance among the artifacts of archaeological cultures of Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia is dated to the 14th - 11/10th centuries BC. Keywords: late Bronze Age, transition time from Bronze to Iron, celts, south of Western Siberia, eastern Europe

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29

Van den Hurk, Youri, and Krista McGrath. "Whaling in Iron Age to post-medieval Scotland." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 150 (November 30, 2021): 451–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.150.1324.

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Cetacean remains have been recovered from archaeological sites all over Europe, but are especially abundant in Scotland. These remains originate from all periods and have often been worked into artefacts or tools, including chopping blocks, plaques, combs, pegs, snecks and perforated vertebral epiphyseal discs. It still remains unclear which species were exploited and to what extent active whaling was undertaken in the region. To address these questions Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) was undertaken on 35 cetacean specimens from five sites in Scotland (Jarlshof, Brough of Birsay, Quoygrew, Deerness and Freswick Links), dating from the Iron Age to the post-medieval period. Furthermore, morphological analysis was performed on the material in order to optimise the ZooMS identifications. A large variety of species were identified, including high numbers of Balaenidae sp and Globicephalinae sp. Comparison with other ZooMS studies in north-western Europe revealed equally high specimen numbers for these species, but also fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), sperm whale (Phy-seter macrocephalus) and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). Moreover, one grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus) was identified in the Scottish specimens, adding to an increasing number of specimens indicating that the grey whale was once abundant in European waters. Furthermore, only one specimen of the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) was identified, despite modern stranding data which suggests this is the most common large whale species in Scottish waters. The large variety of species identified suggests that opportunistic scavenging was likely the primary method of acquiring cetaceans, though historical and ethnographic sources suggest that two distinct forms of active whaling may have occasionally been undertaken. The high number of Globicephalinae specimens from Jarlshof raise the possibility that drive-hunting might have already been undertaken at the site during the Iron Age. View supplementary materials here: Table 1 | Table 2 | Table 3 |

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30

Chytráček, Miloslav, Ondřej Chvojka, Markus Egg, Jan John, Jan Michálek, René Kyselý, and Petra Stránská. "Proměny pohřebních zvyklostí starší a mladší doby železné ve střední Evropě / Changes in the burial customs in the Early and Late Iron Age in Central Europe." Archeologické rozhledy 73, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 578–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.18.

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Burial customs underwent gradual changes during the Iron Age, sometimes revealing significant upheavals occurring in the socio-spiritual sphere of the time. Both commonalities and differences between Western and Eastern Europe can be observed in the development of Iron Age burial practices. Particular attention is paid to the differences between the western and eastern parts of Central Europe, which come to the forefront in LT C2 and are probably related to the radical change in religious ideas in the eastern part of Central Europe. Interdisciplinary investigation of the disturbed princely barrow from the Late Hallstatt period in Rovná near Strakonice (South Bohemia) produced new information that has helped clarify the studied topic.

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31

Bárány, Annamária, and István Vörös. "Iron Age Venetian Horse of Sopron-Krautacker (NW Hungary)." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2018 (November 29, 2021): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2018.89.

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In 1982, a Late Iron Age horse burial was excavated in a large pit at the Iron Age settlement-complex of Sopron-Krautacker. A brief discussion about the horse and its ritual and cultural contexts was published in 1998 by Erzsébet Jerem. A more detailed description of the horse (pit 228) and the sacrificial ritual are the subject of this study. Based on the characteristics of the skull and the postcranial parts, the horse can be classified into a prehistoric type occurring in areas of the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. The nearest comparative horse type is found in the Northern Italian Veneto. Large stature (1.4–1.5 m) Iron Age horses are known at only a few sites in Hungary. According to our present knowledge, large Iron Age horses rarely occur in East-Central-Europe, and are imported from the Eastern-Balkan or the coastal regions of the Eastern Mediterranean.

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32

Jørgensen, Lise Bender. "The question of prehistoric silks in Europe." Antiquity 87, no. 336 (June 1, 2013): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049140.

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Textiles and clothing are among the most visible aspects of human social and symbolic behaviour and yet they have left all too few traces in the archaeological record and it is easy to overlook their importance. Luxury textiles such as silk can additionally provide evidence of long-distance contact, notably between Europe and China during the Han dynasty and the Roman empire. But can these connections be projected back in time to the prehistoric period? The late Irene Good proposed a number of identifications of silk in Iron Age Europe and was instrumental in bringing the issue to wider attention. Closer examination reported here, however, calls those identifications into question. Instead, the case is put that none of the claimed Iron Age silks can be confirmed, and that early traffic in silk textiles to Europe before the Roman period cannot be substantiated.

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33

Kolpakov, Eugen. "Понятие «эпоха раннего металла» в археологии Северной Европы." Prehistoric Archaeology. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2 (2020): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/2658-3925-2020-2-77-88.

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The paper deals with the histo- ry of appearance and usage of the concept of Early Metal Period in the archaeology of Northern Europe. The concept appears to have been conceived in the 1920s by V. I. Ra- vdonikas and A. Ya. Bryusov, but the term it- self was irst introduced into archaeologi- cal literature by N. N. Gurina in the 1940s af- ter the discovery in the Lake Onega region of a number of assemblages seemingly com- bining Late Neolithic pottery with iron- and bronze-making. However, the existence of such assemblages has not been conirmed by subsequent researches, and as early as 1947 the Early Metal Period was redeined as a period comprising the Bronze and Ear- ly Iron Ages. The original basis of the concept disappeared, but the term has become natu- ralized, though with a diferent sense. Thus, as applies to the northern part of Europe, the Three-Age system as if bifurcates in the Neo- lithic and unites again in the Iron Age. The North European Early Metal Period is a pe- ripheral variant of the Bronze Age. Therefore, it would be logical and rational to abandon the concept of the Early Metal Period in favor of the Bronze Age.

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34

Pavliv, Dmytro. "«Sacrificial» cups in burials of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 26 (October 25, 2022): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2022-26-57-83.

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It was established that in exploring the spiritual culture of ancient societies, an important place is occupied by the study of funeral rites, in particular special funeral ceramics, its functions in funeral rituals, and its symbolic meaning. It was found that in the ceramic complexes of several cultures of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in Europe (Urnfield culture of the North Alpine and Middle Danube regions, Lusatian culture, culture of the Hallstatt period of the Northeast Alpine and Middle Danube regions, Villanova, Golasecca and Este in the Central and North Apennines, Bilozerska culture of the North-Western Black Sea region, Ulvivok-Rovantsi group) there was such a form of tableware as a cup (bowl, vase) on a leg. Cups on legs were discovered mainly in cemeteries, inhumation, and cremation burials. Taking into account the context in the burial objects and their unusual shape, they are interpreted as a special kind of funerary ceramics. It was observed that in many cases the bowls were placed in the burials of little girls or young women, less often – in the pair burials of an adult person and a child or a man and a woman. This feature was found in almost all the cultures mentioned in this work, which existed from the XII century BC till VII century BC, and therefore we can talk about stable religious traditions and social rules common to these cultures, which existed in a large area of Europe for about six centuries. It was established that the bowls in burials served as symbolic sacrificial gifts, connected possibly with the cult of «sacred fire». The sacral meaning of such a shape of a vessel as a cup on a leg is also traced in later times, for example, a chalice, which is the main attribute of the Eucharistic liturgical Christian service and a symbol of the Eucharist – an acceptance of the divine sacrifice. It is noted that protrusions on the rims of cups, which occur most often in the burials of women, may be related to astronomy. It is assumed that the cup from the Rovantsi cemetery, where the protrusions on the rims schematically, but quite accurately reflect the directions of the sunrise and sunset during the summer and winter solstices and the autumn equinox and the north-south direction, could serve as a primitive miniature observatory and be the subject of the paraphernalia of the solar cult. Key words: Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, funeral vessels, cup on the leg, sacrificial gift, Rovantsi cemetery.

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35

Piccirilli, Erica, Rita Sorrentino, Federico Lugli, Eugenio Bortolini, Sara Silvestrini, Claudio Cavazzuti, Sara Conti, et al. "New insights on Celtic migration in Hungary and Italy through the analysis of non-metric dental traits." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 18, 2023): e0293090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293090.

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The Iron Age is characterized by an extended interweaving of movements by Celts in Europe. Several waves of Celts from Western and Central Europe migrated southeast and west from the core area of the La Téne culture (between Bourgogne and Bohemia). Through the analysis of non-metric dental traits, this work aims to understand the biological relationship among Celtic groups arrived in Italy and the Carpathian Basin, as well as between local populations and Celtic newcomers. A total of 10 non-metric dental traits were analyzed to evaluate biological affinities among Celts (Sopron-Krautacker and Pilismarót-Basaharc) and Scythians-related populations from Hungary (Tápiószele), Celts from continental Europe (Switzerland and Austria), two Iron Age Etruscan-Celtic sites from northern Italy (Monterenzio Vecchio and Monte Bibele), 13 Iron Age central-southern Italic necropolises, and the northern Italian Bronze Age necropolis of Scalvinetto. Strontium isotopes were measured on individuals from the necropolis of Monte Bibele to infer their local or non-local origin. Results highlight the existence of statistically significant differences between Celts and autochthonous Italian groups. Celtic groups from Hungary and Italy (i.e., non-local individuals of Monterenzio Vecchio and Monte Bibele) share a similar biological background, supporting the historical records mentioning a common origin for Celts migrated to the eastern and southern borders of today’s Europe. The presence of a supposed Steppean ancestry both in Celts from Hungary and Celts from northern Italy corroborates the hypothesis of the existence of a westward migration of individuals and genes from the Steppe towards northern Italy during the Bronze and Iron Age, which contributed to the biological variability of pre-Celtic and later Celtic populations, respectively. Conversely, individuals from central-southern Italy show an autochthonous pre-Iron Age background. Lastly, this work supports the existence of Celtic migratory routes in northern Italy, as shown by biological and cultural admixture between Celts and Italics living together.

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36

Lončarić, Valentina, and Mafalda Costa. "Known Glass Compositions in Iron Age Europe—Current Synthesis and Emerging Questions." Heritage 6, no. 5 (April 24, 2023): 3835–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6050204.

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Ancient glass has been extensively studied from a technological and raw material provenance perspective since the middle of the 20th century. With the rising applications of analytical techniques in the field of Heritage Studies, the last two decades saw an exponential increase in publications on ancient and historical glass technology from around the globe. Given the amount of works on glass chemical composition, it is surprising to note that the long-held production model for Iron Age glasses found in Europe has only recently been challenged by the publication of uncharacteristic glass compositions. Traditionally, LBA glass industries based on plant-ash fluxes/HMG (Egypt and the Levant) and mixed-alkali fluxes/LMHK (Italy) are thought to be supplanted by natron-fluxed/LMG production operating in Egypt and the Levant since around the 9th century BCE. Recently, however, arguments have been put forth for a more diversified network of glassmaking traditions, including small-scale autonomous European workshops. This article reviews the current state of research into Iron Age (1st millennium BCE) glasses in Europe by examining the available published data on glass compositions to critically assess some practical and theoretical issues stemming from this heterogenous field of research. Key questions are addressed, and future lanes of research are proposed.

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Ulanowska, Agata, and Małgorzata Siennicka. "Tradition and Innovation in Textile Technology in Bronze Age Europe and the Mediterranean." Światowit 56, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8449.

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The papers collected in the present volume of the ‘Światowit’ journal examine developments in textile production in Bronze and Iron Age Europe and the Mediterranean by tracing both traditional and innovative elements in textile technology. The issue comprises 11 original contributions that resulted from the session ‘Tradition and Innovation in Textile Technology in Bronze Age Europe and the Mediterranean’ organised in 2016 by Agata Ulanowska and Małgorzata Siennicka during the 22nd Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists in Vilnius. The papers discuss available archaeological evidence of textiles, textile imprints, textile tools and textile iconography, as well as botanical and faunal remains related to textile manufacture and dyeing. The papers examine the types of social relations and cultural and economic processes which may have enhanced developments in textile technology and impacted on cross-cultural transmission of textile knowledge and skills in the Bronze and Iron Ages.

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Wells, Peter S., and C. F. E. Pare. "Wagons and Wagon-Graves of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe." American Journal of Archaeology 98, no. 2 (April 1994): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/506655.

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Hoffmann, Birgitta, and Peter S. Wells. "Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians. Archaeology and Identity in Iron Age Europe." Classics Ireland 9 (2002): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25549959.

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Milman, Nils, Christine L. Taylor, Joyce Merkel, and Patsy M. Brannon. "Iron status in pregnant women and women of reproductive age in Europe." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 106, Supplement 6 (October 25, 2017): 1655S—1662S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.156000.

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Agua, Fernando, Juan Félix Conde, Urzula Kobylińska, Zbigniew Kobyliński, Manuel García-Heras, and María Ángeles Villegas. "Chemical–physical characterisation of Early Iron Age glass beads from Central Europe." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 56, no. 3 (May 2017): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bsecv.2017.03.001.

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Fernández-Götz, Manuel. "Correction to: Urbanization in Iron Age Europe: Trajectories, Patterns, and Social Dynamics." Journal of Archaeological Research 26, no. 2 (March 2, 2018): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10814-018-9116-8.

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Larsson, Lars. "The Iron Age ritual building at Uppåkra, southern Sweden." Antiquity 81, no. 311 (March 1, 2007): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094813.

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Six years ago we reported the discovery of a central place at Uppåkra in southern Sweden which promised to be unusually rich and informative (Hårdh 2000). At 40ha it already stood out as the largest concentration of residual phosphate in the whole province of Scania, with surface finds of Roman and late Iron Age metalwork (second-tenth century AD). Following this thorough evaluation, the project moved into its excavation phase which has brought to light several buildings of the first millennium AD, among them one that has proved truly exceptional. Its tall structure and numerous ornamented finds suggest an elaborate timber cult house. This is the first Scandinavian building for which the term ‘temple’ can be justly claimed and it is already sign-posting new directions for the early middle ages in northern Europe.

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Rönnlund, Robin. "‘Princely seats’ and Thessalian hillforts: pre-urban Greece and the diffusion of urbanism in Early Iron Age Europe." Antiquity 98, no. 399 (June 2024): 743–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.65.

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The origins of Iron Age urbanism in temperate Europe were long assumed to lie in Archaic Greece. Recent studies, however, argue for an independent development of Hallstatt mega-sites. This article focuses on developments in Western Thessaly in mainland Greece. The author characterises the Archaic settlement system of the region as one of lowland villages and fortified hilltop sites, the latter identified not as settlements but refuges. It is argued that cities were rare in Greece prior to the Hellenistic period so its settlements could not have served as the model for urban temperate Europe. Consequently, the social and political development of Greece and temperate Europe followed different trajectories.

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Milman, Nils Thorm. "Dietary Iron Intake in Women of Reproductive Age in Europe: A Review of 49 Studies from 29 Countries in the Period 1993–2015." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (June 13, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7631306.

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Objective. Assessment of dietary iron intake in women of reproductive age in Europe. Design. Review. Setting. Literature search of dietary surveys reporting intake of iron using PubMed, Internet browsers, and national nutrient databases in the period 1993–2015. Subjects. Women of reproductive age. Results. 49 dietary surveys/studies in 29 European countries were included. Belgium, Bosnia, Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Northern Ireland, Serbia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom/England, and Wales reported a median/mean iron intake of 7.6–9.9 mg/day. Finland, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Spain reported an intake of 10.0–10.7 mg/day. Austria, Estonia, France, and Russia reported an intake of 11.0–11.9 mg/day. Latvia and Germany reported an intake of 12.0–12.2 mg/day. Croatia, Lithuania, Portugal, and Slovakia reported an intake of 15.9–19.0 mg/day. The percentage of dietary iron consisting of heme iron, reported in 7 studies, varied from 4.3% in United Kingdom to 25% in Spain. Nutrient density for iron (mg iron/10 MJ, median/mean) varied from 11.8 in Sweden to 23.0 in Lithuania. The correlation between nutrient density and dietary iron was significant (p=0.0006). In most countries, the majority of women had a dietary iron intake below 15 mg/day. In Belgium, Denmark, Hungary, and Sweden, 91–95% of women had an intake below 15 mg/day. In Ireland and Germany, 61–78% had an intake below 15 mg/day. Conclusions. In Europe, 61–97% of women have a dietary iron intake below 15 mg/day. This contributes to a low iron status in many women. We need common European standardized dietary methods, uniform dietary reference values, and uniform statistical methods to perform intercountry comparisons.

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Wells, Peter S. "Identities, Material Culture, and Change: 'Celts' and 'Germans' in Late-Iron-Age Europe." Journal of European Archaeology 3, no. 2 (September 1995): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/096576695800703711.

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Aranda Jiménez, Gonzalo. "The Prehistoric Lives of Prehistoric Monuments in Iron Age, Roman and Medieval Europe." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla, no. 26 (2017): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2017i26.17.

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Thér, Richard, Tomáš Mangel, and Miloš Gregor. "Potter’s Wheel in the Iron Age in Central Europe: Process or Product Innovation?" Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 24, no. 4 (January 13, 2017): 1256–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-016-9312-0.

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González-Ruibal, Alfredo. "House societies vs. kinship-based societies: An archaeological case from Iron Age Europe." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25, no. 1 (March 2006): 144–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2005.09.002.

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Лысенко, С. С. "SOME TYPES OF EARLY IRON AGE KNOBBED RINGS." Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, no. 15 (October 31, 2023): 42–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/7216.2023.69.66.002.

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Статья посвящена некоторым типам колец с выступами раннего железного века центральных, восточных и южных регионов Европы. Рассмотрены кольца с выступами, сгруппированными в розеточку из 2—5 выпуклин, кольца с выступами-ножками, на которых расположены 3—5 шариков, и некоторые кольца с одинарными выступами. В основу работы положена подборка из 188 колец, составлен каталог памятников, включающий 67 пунктов. Предложена типология таких изделий — выделено 2 отряда и 6 типов (с подтипами и вариантами). Рассмотренные типы колец бытовали, в основном, с VI по ІІІ вв. до н. э., крайне редко — во II—I вв. до н. э. Основные ареалы их распространения — Северное Причерноморье и Балкано-Карпатский регион. The paper discusses some Early Iron Age knobbed ring types discovered in central, eastern and southern parts of Europe. Rings with 2 to 5 granules forming a rosette, those with pegs to which 3—5 beads are attached, and some with single knobs are considered. The research sample consists of 188 finds from 67 sites. A typology of the artifacts is proposed, with two orders, six ring types, and a series of subtypes and varieties. The knobbed ring types under study existed mainly from the 6th until the 3rdcentury BCE, while the youngest specimens are extremely rare and date back to the 2nd — 1st century BCE. The main areas of their distribution are the Northern Black Sea region and the Balkan-Carpathian region.

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