Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Iron Age Europe'
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Cooney, Elizabeth Myers. "Bronze metallurgy in Iron Age central Europe : a metallurgical study of Early Iron Age bronzes from Stična, Slovenia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39480.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. 375-377).
The Early Iron Age (750-450 BCE) marks a time in the European Alpine Region in which cultural ideologies surrounding bronze objects and bronze production were changing. Iron was becoming the preferred material from which to make many utilitarian objects such as weapons and agricultural tools; this change can be clearly seen in the different treatments of bronze object deposits from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. The Early Iron Age hillfort settlement of Sticna in what is now southeastern Slovenia was one of the first incipient commercial centers to take advantage of the new importance placed on iron, conducting trade with Italy, Greece, the Balkans, and northern Europe. This metallurgical study of bronze funerary objects from Sticna identifies construction techniques, use patterns, and bronze metallurgical technologies from the ancient region of Lower Carniola. This information is then used to explore the cultural importance of bronze at Early Iron Age Sticna and to compare the bronze work of Lower Carniola with that of other regions in central Europe and Italy from this time of great change in Iron Age Europe.
S.M.
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Pare, C. F. E. "Ceremonial wagons and wagon-graves of the early Iron Age in Central Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670349.
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Popa, Cătălin Nicolae. "Uncovering group identity in the Late Iron Age of South-East Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648861.
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Vejby, Mara Danielle Fadave. "Reinterpreting the Iron Age and Roman reuse of Megalithic tombs in Atlantic Europe." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578011.
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This thesis analyses the reuse of megalithic tombs in Atlantic Europe, between Scotland and Iberia, during the Iron Age and Roman periods (c. 800 BC--400 AD). Research on megalithic tombs has been dominated by prehistoric studies on megalithic origins, distributions, construction, classification, and use during the Neolithic period (c. 4000-2000 BC). Comparatively little has been done on the later lives of these sites, and such work has lacked a wider geographic context. By exploring the patterns and natures of subsequent interactions with megalithic tombs throughout Atlantic Europe, this thesis attempts to answer three central research questions. Firstly, are there patterns in the presence, or lack, of subsequent activity at megalithic tombs across this study area? Secondly, are there regional differences in the nature of interactions found at these sites? And finally, does the nature and pattern of reuse change between the Iron Age and Roman periods, and might such changes be a reflection of social memory in Roman- occupied versus non-Rom an-occupied territories, where Roman materials functioned within different social contexts?
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Donnelly, Harriet. "The Celtic Question." Thesis, Department of Archaeology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10175.
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The identity of the “Celts” has played an integral role in the understanding of the Iron Age and the more recent socio-political history of Europe. However, the terminology and attitudes which have been in place since the 19th century have created a field of research characterised by assumptions about a ‘people’ and a culture. Study of the “Celts” has been conducted in three main areas - genetics, linguistics and material culture from the archaeological record. Through the reassessment of these three fields, substantial divergence in the patterns and trends, as well as the highly regional nature of the evidence has been revealed within the vast interconnected trade and communication network that developed in Iron Age Europe. As a result the unitary phenomenon identified under the term “Celts” is actually that network. “Celtic” should be redefined as the label for that trade and communication network, not as a label for a group, culture or people, enabling the establishment of new identities for the regional populations of the European Iron Age.
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Cumberpatch, Christopher G. "The production and circulation of late Iron Age slip decorated pottery in Central Europe." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1991. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10356/.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the organisation of production and exchange in the Later Iron Age, or Late La Töne period in part of Central Europe. Although a wide range of goods are considered in relation to this aim (Chapter 2), the focus of the thesis is on the slip decorated pottery which is a characteristic find on the larger settlements. Following a review of current approaches to the archaeology of the period (Chapter 1), the second chapter summarises the current state of knowledge of the Later Iron Age in the study area (Czechoslovakia, Transdanubian Hungary and Poland). The third chapter considers the theoretical frameworks employed in the interpretation of non-capitalist economic systems. These are discussed in relation to the theory and practice of archaeological interpretation. In chapters 4 and 5 the methods of analysis used in the study of the the slip decorated pottery are described. Chapter 4 focuses on the production of the pottery and the technology employed, relating this to the organisation of labour. Chapter 5 is concerned with the circulation of the pottery and the methods (petrological and typological analyses) used to interpret the distribution in terms of the actions which produced it. Chapter 6 draws together the data discussed in the second chapter and that obtained from the analysis of the slip decorated pottery. The picture of the period which emerges is at variance in a number of respects from that traditionally accepted, in that there appears to have been a high degree of continuity with the situation in the Middle la Töne in terms of the economic structures underlyinmg the emergence of sites of central character. The establishment of these sites was certainly associated with changes in economic relationships (some of which are symbolised by the production and circulation of slip decorated pottery), but these appear to be in addition to, rather than in place of, traditional forms of organisation. A number of appendices and tables summarise supporting data.
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Rajwade, Shivani. "Land use in Europa from Bronze to Iron Age reconstructed from pollen data." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29044.
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Introduction: Bronze age is the next phase of human development after Neolithic which ushered in an era of metallurgy. In some parts, copper age is considered as an intermediary between the two, however; there is no consensus among scholars (Pearce, 2019). Bronze Age is considered as the beginning of complex societies and other societal changes for it required transport on a larger scale, calling for specialised labour and eventually stratification of society. It is likely to have a direct impact on subsistence patterns and resource management...
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Johnson, N. "The influence of early Celtic art styles in Northern Europe in Later pre- and Early Roman Iron Age." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377744.
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Wassong, Rémy. "Architectures et métrologie en Europe celtique entre le VIIe et le Ier siècle avant notre ère." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG007.
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Ce travail de recherche propose d'étudier l'architecture celtique sous l'angle de la métrologie et de la géométrie en se concentrant sur un corpus de quinze sites bien connus grâce à des fouilles extensives. Les sites traités dans le cadre de cette étude couvrent une vaste zone géographique, allant de la Grande-Bretagne à la République Tchèque. Ces études systématiques nous permettent de présenter un premier aperçu des techniques et des savoirs utilisés dans la construction des édifices à l'âge du Fer en Europe celtique. Cette thèse s'articule autour de trois chapitres. Le premier d'entre eux est consacré à la présentation des cadres de l'étude, des termes du sujet et des problématiques. Le second chapitre présente la méthodologie employée. Il se poursuit ensuite par l'étude détaillée des unités architecturales site après site et phase par phase. Une synthèse générale concernant la métrologie et la géométrie architecturale de l'âge du Fer constitue le dernier chapitre. Le second volume de ce travail rassemble l'ensemble des plans de sites et d'édifices traités dans le cadre de l'étudeThis thesis aims to study celtic architecture with a metrological and geometrical point of view. To do so, fifteen well excavated settlements were selected. These latter cover a large geographical scale, going from Great Britain to the Czech Republic. The systematic studie of these settlements allows us to offer a first glance of the techniques and knowledge used in the making of buildings during the iron Age in celtic Europe.This thesis contains three chapters. The first one presents the history of celtic architecture and metrological research, defines the terms of the study and questions to be answered. The second chapter is dedicated to the detailed analysis of the architectural units site by site and stage by stage after the presentation of the methodological aspects of this work. The third chapter consist in a synthesis about metrology and geometry during the iron Age. The second volume of this work gathers all the plans of each settlement and each building studied
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Taylor, John Walter. "Cross-channel relations in the late Iron Age : relations between Britain and the Continent during the La Tène period." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670370.
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Pydyn, Andrzej. "The social and cultural impact of exchange, trade and interregional contacts in the transition from the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age in central Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363733.
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Pydyn, Andrzej. "Exchange and cultural interactions : a study of long-distance trade and cross-cultural contacts in the late Bronze Age and early iron Age in Central and Eastern Europe /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37199814f.
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Wennerström, Ulrika Yvonne. "Inre och yttre landskap : Tre platser i norra Europa från järnåldern och dessa platsers senare betydelse." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1872.
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This study sets out to investigate the social significance and political use of three historical places, from the theoretical starting points of landscape, objects, society and rituals. The Teutoburger Forest in North Germany has had an international effect, being a german national icon during the reformation and through two world wars, Old Uppsala is a place of great importance for the creation and reproduction of Swedish national identity during several hundred years, and Eketorp ring fort on Öland in Sweden is of more regional importance. All these places have been used for social and political reasons through history. History can be used in a constructive or a destructive way. This study stresses the importance of a critical scientific tradition.
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Anthoons, Greta. "Migration and elite networks as modes of cultural exchange in Iron Age Europe : a case study of contacts between the continent and the Arras culture." Thesis, Bangor University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551199.
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The chariot burials of the Arras Culture reveal a strong link with the Continent, but what precisely is the nature of this connection? Were the chariot burials and other continental features introduced by immigrants from northern Gaul? If so, then why is the local British component so strong and why have features been adopted from different regions in northern Gaul, so that it is impossible to identify the immigrants' homeland? Migration was not the only type of mobility in Iron Age Europe; certain individuals travelled long distances and not necessarily for economic reasons. Social networks, and more specifically elite networks, were created through mechanisms like strategic marriages, clientship, hostageship and perhaps fosterage. When comparing the archaeological data from East Yorkshire with the evidence from various regions in northern Gaul, it becomes clear that these networks offer a more satisfactory explanation. Moreover, the introduction of chariot burials in East Yorkshire, in the early third century BC, coincides with the appearance of the same phenomenon in several regions in northern Gaul (for example in the Paris area). In the Aisne-Marne region, renowned for its rich chariot burials of the fifth and early fourth century BC, the tradition was long waning by this time. In the early third century BC, internationalisation is the keyword: ideas and technologies disseminate rapidly over very long distances; social networks become more complex and the world has become a smaller place. However, the exchanges between East Yorkshire and the Continent primarily took place in the field of ritual, and much less in other aspects of life, like weaponry or art styles. This raises the question to what extent druids and other learned men, and their networks, had a part in the introduction of new funerary practices in East Yorkshire.
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Craven, Pamela Elizabeth. "The final feast : an examination of the significant Iron Age amphora burials in north-west Europe in relation to the Mediterranean symposium and feasting ritual." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402972.
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Cross, Pamela J. "By the Head of a Spirited Horse: A Biocultural Analysis of Horse-Depositions as Reflections of Horseman Identities in Early Britain (Iron Age to Early Medieval Period)." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18396.
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Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC).
Financial support also came from the project partners, particularly author Bernard Cornwell, the Sutton Hoo Society. Additional financial support for equine osteological research was supplied by SYNTHESYS.The full text of the thesis will be available at the end of the embargo: 30th June 2021.
The appendices which accompany the thesis are not available online.
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Mekki, Nadia. "Evaluation du statut en fer de populations d'enfants parisiens presumes bien portants, ages de 10 mois, 2 ans et 4 ans." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066414.
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Clerc, Julie. "Les agglomérations celtiques au IIIe siècle avant notre ère." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOL013.
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La présente étude propose une synthèse des données relatives aux agglomérations celtiques occupées au cours du IIIe siècle avant notre ère sur l’ensemble de l’espace européen. Une approche globale de ce phénomène des agglomérations a été privilégiée, basée sur la relecture des données. Les problématiques d’identification et de caractérisation de ces habitats forment la trame principale de cette étude. Sur quarante-quatre sites pris en compte initialement pour comprendre les modalités d’émergence et les formes d’occupations, dix agglomérations ont été comparées afin de mettre en évidence leurs fonctions et leurs rôles. La mise en perspective des données permet de renouveler nos connaissances concernant l’organisation territoriale et économique de la société celtique au IIIe siècle avant notre ère, mais également de réévaluer les processus d’urbanisation de l’âge du Fer. Ce phénomène mis en évidence à l’échelle européenne renouvelle considérablement l’image de la société celtique du IIIe siècle avant notre ère et de son mode de fonctionnementThis study provides a synthesis of the data issued from Celtic settlements (“agglomération”) of the third century BC in the whole European area. Centered on bibliographical data, a large approach of the phenomenon of agglomeration was considered. This study focuses on identification and characterization of these settlements. Among forty-four sites initially selected to understand the emergence and the forms of these settlements, ten were cross-checked in order to clarify their functions and roles. This consideration of the data allows us to improve our understanding of economic and territorial organization of the Celtic society during the third century BC, but also increase our knowledge of the urbanization process in the Iron Age. Over the European area this phenomenon considerably renews the vision of Celtic society of the third century BC and its organization
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Le, Huray Jonathan. "Dietary reconstruction and social stratification during the Iron Age in Central Europe : an examination of palaeodiet, migration, and the diagenesis using stable isotope and trace element analysis of archaeological bone samples from the Czech Republic." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683934.
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Desplanques, Elsa. "L'usage des textiles dans les pratiques funéraires : le cas des incinération en urne métallique en Europe au Ier millénaire av. J.-C." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL134.
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L’incinération en urne métallique est une pratique funéraire aristocratique mise en œuvre entre le XIVᵉ et le IIIᵉ siècle av. J.-C. dans certains groupes de population européens. Les urnes employées appartiennent au service utilisé lors du symposion et du banquet. Un grand nombre d’entre elles présente des fragments de textiles, sur les parois intérieures ou extérieures, qui signalent l’usage très répandu de ce matériau. La confrontation des occurrences archéologiques et des sources littéraires, iconographiques et anthropologiques prouve l'importance des tissus au sein des pratiques funéraires et invite à interroger leur rôle matériel, social et symbolique. Au-delà d’une synthèse descriptive de la position des fragments sur les urnes, les investigations autour de l’usage des tissus dans la pratique du dépôt, de la couverture ou de l’emballage textile en contexte funéraire offrent de nouvelles perspectives quant aux pratiques funéraires des groupes de population protohistoriques européens. La remarquable régularité de certaines dispositions des tissus souligne l’importance culturelle et symbolique de ces usages funéraires. L’étude de la disposition des tissus dans les tombes conduit à restituer une situation de l’Homme face à la mort, une manière de concevoir, d’exprimer et de surmonter, par le langage visuel et matériel, un processus naturel inévitable et redoutéThe cremation in metallic urns is an aristocratic funerary practice implemented between the XIVth and IIIrd centuries b.c. in some European population groups. The urns employed belong to the service used during the symposium and the banquet. Many of them have textile fragments fixed to their interior or exterior metallic surfaces, which indicates the widespread use of this material. The confrontation of archaeological sources with literary, iconographic and anthropological sources proves the importance of textiles within funeral practices and invites us to question their material, social and symbolic functions. Beyond a descriptive synthesis of the position of the fragments on the urns, investigations about the use of fabrics in the practice of deposit, covering or textile wrapping in the funeral context offer new perspectives on funeral practices of European protohistoric population groups. The remarkable regularity of some layouts of fabrics underlines the cultural and symbolic importance of these funerary uses. The study of the layout of fabrics in tombs leads to the reconstruction of the situation of Man when confronted with death, a way of conceiving, expressing and overcoming, through visual and material language, an inevitable and dreaded natural process
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Trémeaud, Caroline. "La production des " grandes femmes " : la relation des femmes avec la richesse et le pouvoir, dans le monde celtique nord-alpin, pendant les âges du Bronze et du Fer." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010534.
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Ce travail de thèse pose la question des rapports masculin-féminin au sein des sociétés du monde nord-alpin. La réflexion est basée sur un corpus de sépultures réparties sur le nord-est de la France, la moitié sud de l’Allemagne, la Suisse, l’Autriche et la Bohême, du Bronze final au milieu du second âge du Fer. L’étude de quelques nécropoles a mis en évidence l’existence d’une structure hiérarchisée de ces sociétés. Ce préalable permet de poser la question des « grandes femmes » dans ces sociétés à travers l’appréhension d’une élite, définie par des sépultures ostentatoires. Un corpus de plus de 700 de ces sépultures a été analysé, nécessitant la mise en œuvre d’outils méthodologiques permettant d’interpréter le corpus en termes de richesse et de genre puis d’en questionner les relations mutuelles. Les données funéraires ont été enrichies par les apports des données textuelles et iconographiques sur les sociétés nord-alpines mais également par l’étude des rapports de genre dans les sociétés contemporaines, voisines du monde nord-alpin et mieux documentées. Tous ces éléments ont permis de préciser les fluctuations des rapports entre féminin et masculin, de mettre en évidence des moments d’ostentation importante du féminin et d’en tirer des hypothèses interprétatives sur les structures des sociétés nord-alpines envisagéesThis thesis explores male-female relationships within societies of the North Alpine world. The reflection is based on a corpus of more than 1000 graves spread over north-eastern France, Southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Bohemia. This corpus is twofold : a first part is dedicated to cemeteries and reveals the existence of a social hierarchy in these societies ; a second part focuses on the elite’s graves that multiplied from Late Bronze Age to the middle of second Iron Age. The study of these burials required the development of methodological tools for interpreting the corpus in terms of wealth and gender in order to question the relationships between male and female. This funerary data was completed with ancient textual and iconographical data and broadened with a consideration of gender relations in contemporary and neighboring societies of the North-Alpine world. These elements enabled to clarify the development that affected male and female relationships, as well to highlight important periods of emergence of women and finally to draw interpretative hypotheses on the social structures of the considered north Alpine societies
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Cabanillas, de la Torre Gadea. "Arts et sociétés celtiques du second âge du Fer en Europe occidentale : la céramique à décor estampé." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010619.
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L’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser les décors des foyers de création de céramique estampée en Europe occidentale à l’âge du Fer, afin de déterminer quels facteurs sont intervenus dans l’adoption simultanée de ce type de décor dans plusieurs régions éloignées entre elles. La première partie de la thèse consiste dans l’étude des décors estampés de l’âge du Fer dans la péninsule armoricaine, le Rhin moyen, le Sud-Ouest et le Nord-Ouest de la péninsule Ibérique. Pour chaque région, un inventaire et une typochronologie des décors ont été élaborés. L’étude des contextes et l’application de méthodes d’analyse statistique introduisent des nouveautés par rapport aux travaux antérieurs. Dans la deuxième partie, ces données sont exploitées pour construire des hypothèses sur la distribution, l’évolution et les fonctions sociales des décors estampés. La comparaison des répertoires décoratifs, morphologiques et des fonctions pratiques de l’estampage dans chaque région aboutit à la proposition de trois axes de convergences : atlantique, continental et ibérique. Les styles estampés sont interprétés comme des systèmes régionaux connectés par des réseaux multipolaires qui relient aussi la zone d’étude à d’autres espaces. Leur évolution est liée aux changements sociaux perceptibles à travers d’autres indices matériels (habitat, funéraire, autres supports artistiques) dans les Vème- IIème s. av. J.-C. Entre codification et variabilité, ces décors doivent leur succès à leur fonctionnement dans des réseaux où chaque objet sert de référence aux autres et de métaphore à l’emboîtement des appartenances sociales de ses utilisateursThe aim of this work is to analyse the decorative systems of the main stamped pottery production areas in western Europe in order to investigate the factors explaining its simultaneous adoption in several distant regions. The first part of the thesis consists of an analysis of Iron Age stamped decoration in the Armorican peninsula, the Middle Rhine and the south and north-western Iberian Peninsula. Regional inventories and typochronologies of the decorations are presented. The inclusion of context studies and the use of statistical analyses bring new insights to the body of work which has previously engaged with this subject. In the second part, the data are interpreted in order to put forward hypotheses on the distribution, evolution and social function of stamped decoration. The comparison of decorative elements and structures, pottery shapes and practical functions of stamped items in each region suggests three axes of coherence: Atlantic, Continental and Iberian. Stamped styles are interpreted as regional systems connected to multipolar networks reaching far beyond the study area. Their evolution is linked to social changes visible through other material evidence - settlement patterns, funerary customs, other art items – between the 5th and 2nd c. BC. Between codification and variability, stamped decorations owe their success to their inclusion in networks where each object references and stands for its users’ overlapping social identifications
El objetivo de la tesis es analizar los principales focos de creación de cerámica estampillada de Europa occidental en la Edad del Hierro. El trabajo se centra en el estudio de las cuatro zonas donde la densidad de hallazgos es más importante: el Suroeste y el Noroeste de la Península Ibérica, la península armoricana y el valle medio del Rin. El estudio incluye los recipientes cerámicos decorados mediante impresión por estampillas entre mediados del s. V y finales del s. II a. C. Este tipo de hallazgos aparecen prácticamente en toda Europa en este período, siendo los focos más importantes los estudiados en este trabajo, junto con Bohemia y Moravia y el valle medio del Danubio en la actual Baviera. La elección de las cuatro zonas de estudio, por tanto, responde a la importancia cuantitativa y la variedad cualitativa de los conjuntos de cerámica estampillada que de ellas proceden, que las convierten en representativas del fenómeno y su variabilidad geográfica y cronológica. Las cuestiones planteadas por estas observaciones sirven de hilo conductor del trabajo: - La discontinuidad geográfica de los focos de producción de cerámica estampillada sugiere la posibilidad tanto de desarrolos independientes convergentes como de contactos entre las diferentes zonas. Este problema justifica la dimensión a la vez regional y continental del análisis. - La utilización de esta técnica durante prácticamente toda la Segunda Edad del Hierro requiere una revisión de los datos que permita establecer cronologías precisas y sincronías entre las diferentes áreas. - La elección estética y técnica del estampillado como medio de expresión artística distingue a algunas regiones del Occidente europeo. ¿Qué factores técnicos, estéticos y sociales pudieron influir en esta preferencia? Esta pregunta implica plantear la cuestión de la multiplicidad del “arte celta”. El estampillado sobre cerámica se aborda, por lo tanto, como técnica artística. Su desarrollo en la Edad del Hierro europea se encuadra en el denominado “arte celta” en la medida en que todas las zonas pertenecen a dicha familia lingüística y cultural. Sin embargo, la inclusión del mundo de La Tène y de la Península Ibérica plantea preguntas sobre esta categoría. Adoptando una definición del arte como una categoría funcional, el estudio de la función social del estilo estampillado debe permitir aclarar esta y otras cuestiones
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Adroit, Stéphanie. "Pratiques funéraires et sociétés de la Garonne à l'Èbre (Xe s. - Ve s. av. J.-C.)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20129.
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Les communautés du Bronze final et du Premier âge du Fer (Xe s.-Ve s. av. J.-C.), situées entre Garonne et Èbre, sont essentiellement connues par leurs nécropoles à crémation. Cette recherche, qui repose sur une abondante documentation de plus de 400 nécropoles, entend aborder la question des pratiques funéraires sous un nouvel angle, en réalisant une synthèse des données archéologiques sur une vaste échelle géographique afin d’avoir une vision d’ensemble des pratiques funéraires et de leurs dynamiques dans le temps. Après avoir introduit des notions historiographiques importantes et discuté les éléments relatifs au cadre chronologique de l’étude (proposition d’un système chronologique inter-régional), nous proposons d’étudier une sélection de nécropoles bien documentées. Ces nécropoles seront analysées suivant une grille d’analyse précise qui permettra de réaliser des analyses statistiques afin d’étudier d’éventuels groupes funéraires. Les résultats de ces analyses sont exposés de manière chronologique ce qui nous donnera l’occasion, dans un second temps, de discuter la répartition géographique de ces groupes funéraires et leur évolution dans le temps et l’espaceFinal Bronze Age and First Iron Age communities (10th - 5th century B. C.), situated between the Garonne and the Ebro Rivers are essentially known though their cremation burial cemeteries. This work, based on an abundant documentation of more than 400 cemeteries, intends to approach the question of the funeral practices under a new point of view, by realizing a synthesis of the archaeological data on a large geographical scale to get an overall view of the funerary practices and their dynamics throughout time. After introducing the important background notions and discussing the chronological elements (proposal of an inter-regional chronological system), we suggest studying a selection of cremation burial cemeteries well documented. These cemeteries will be studied according to a grid of analysis which will allows us to realize statistical analyses to study possible funeral groups. The results of these analyses are explained in a chronological way which give us the opportunity, in a second time, to discuss the geographical distribution of these funeral groups and their evolution in time and space
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Adroit, Stéphanie. "Pratiques funéraires et sociétés de la Garonne à l'Èbre (Xe s. - Ve s. av. J.-C.)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20129.
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Les communautés du Bronze final et du Premier âge du Fer (Xe s.-Ve s. av. J.-C.), situées entre Garonne et Èbre, sont essentiellement connues par leurs nécropoles à crémation. Cette recherche, qui repose sur une abondante documentation de plus de 400 nécropoles, entend aborder la question des pratiques funéraires sous un nouvel angle, en réalisant une synthèse des données archéologiques sur une vaste échelle géographique afin d’avoir une vision d’ensemble des pratiques funéraires et de leurs dynamiques dans le temps. Après avoir introduit des notions historiographiques importantes et discuté les éléments relatifs au cadre chronologique de l’étude (proposition d’un système chronologique inter-régional), nous proposons d’étudier une sélection de nécropoles bien documentées. Ces nécropoles seront analysées suivant une grille d’analyse précise qui permettra de réaliser des analyses statistiques afin d’étudier d’éventuels groupes funéraires. Les résultats de ces analyses sont exposés de manière chronologique ce qui nous donnera l’occasion, dans un second temps, de discuter la répartition géographique de ces groupes funéraires et leur évolution dans le temps et l’espaceFinal Bronze Age and First Iron Age communities (10th - 5th century B. C.), situated between the Garonne and the Ebro Rivers are essentially known though their cremation burial cemeteries. This work, based on an abundant documentation of more than 400 cemeteries, intends to approach the question of the funeral practices under a new point of view, by realizing a synthesis of the archaeological data on a large geographical scale to get an overall view of the funerary practices and their dynamics throughout time. After introducing the important background notions and discussing the chronological elements (proposal of an inter-regional chronological system), we suggest studying a selection of cremation burial cemeteries well documented. These cemeteries will be studied according to a grid of analysis which will allows us to realize statistical analyses to study possible funeral groups. The results of these analyses are explained in a chronological way which give us the opportunity, in a second time, to discuss the geographical distribution of these funeral groups and their evolution in time and space
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Vannier, Émilie. "Pratiques funéraires au second âge du Fer dans la "province médio-atlantique"." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG007/document.
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Cette thèse doctorale présente les principaux aspects des pratiques funéraires d’un vaste territoire « transmanche » dit « province médio-atlantique ». Ce travail s’intéresse au second âge du Fer continental ou période de La Tène (milieu du Ve – dernier quart du Ier siècle avant J.-C.) et au Iron Age britannique (fin Ve avant – milieu du Ier siècle après J.-C.). Les analyses des données relatives aux traitements des corps, à l’architecture des sépultures et au mobilier funéraire, mettent en évidence six groupes funéraires « médioatlantiques» et révèlent leurs évolutions spatio-temporelles. Cette étude permet d’appréhender les territoires « transmanches » via leurs particularités du domaine funéraire, mais aussi de visualiser celles des régions voisines de ses marges orientalesThis doctoral thesis presents the funerary practices of a large cross-Channel area, called “Medio-Atlantic province”. This work focuses on the second Iron Age or La Tène period (mid-5th century – last quarter of the 1st century BC) and the British Iron Age (late 5th century BC – mid-1st century AD). The analyses of the data on the treatments of the bodies, the funerary architecture and the grave-goods highlight six “Medio-Atlantic” funerary groups and expose their spatial and temporal evolution. This study allows to understand the main funerary features of Cross-Channel areas, as well as other funerary groups in theirs eastern margins
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Bertaud, Alexandre. "Des guerriers au contact : transferts de technologie et évolutions tactiques en Europe occidentale du IIIème au Ier s. a.C." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30002.
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Durant les derniers siècles avant notre ère, les sociétés protohistoriques d’Europe occidentale sont successivement aux prises avec les grandes puissances méditerranéennes. Cette proximité a pu engendrer des modifications de l’armement qui sont souvent analysées dans une optique bilatérale, entre une population et Rome. Nous proposons une étude des interactions guerrières en Europe occidentale qui ne se contente pas d’analyser les échanges entre puissances méditerranéennes et populations protohistoriques mais qui prend en compte l’ensemble des armes échangées et qui essaye d’en déterminer les mécaniques. Après avoir introduit les grands groupes culturels présents dans la zone étudiée et discuté des principaux apports historiographiques, nous proposons de déterminer la place de l’armement dans les sociétés protohistoriques. En nous fondant sur une documentation abondante des contextes de découvertes fiables (environ 900), nous proposons d’analyser les dynamiques socio-culturelles inhérentes à chaque société dans leurs rapports à la guerre. Ce rapport des sociétés au fait guerrier est observé dans le temps : les modifications de ce rapport peuvent être liées à des changements propres aux groupes protohistoriques ou peuvent être mises en lien avec des bouleversements imposés par Rome. En analysant un corpus abondant d’armes (plus de 3500), nous pouvons mettre en évidence des choix particuliers à chaque groupe culturel mais également des emprunts et des adoptions. Les techniques de combats jouent un rôle essentiel dans les choix d’adopter ou non certaines armes. Cette analyse nous pousse à proposer de nouveaux moyens d’appréhender certaines problématiques depuis longtemps débattues comme le cas du glaive romain. Traiter des interactions guerrières en Europe occidentale implique d’analyser une grande variabilité de données. Ces analyses permettent de resituer plus précisément la place du fait guerrier dans les sociétés protohistoriques et de comprendre les moteurs des échanges d’armes. Elles permettent également de rendre compte et de relativiser l’impact de Rome dans le rapport des sociétés protohistoriques à la guerre ainsi que des techniques de combats des populations protohistoriques dans le système militaire romainDuring the last centuries BC, late prehistorical societies were struggled against great Mediterranean Powers. With this proximity, some weapon modifications has been seen as a one way exchange: between one people and Rome. We want to study the warfare interactions in Western Europe in a large range of possibility by the analyses of all the warlike artefacts exchanged without focusing on the Mediterranean Powers against the prehistorical peoples. Through this we can understand the warfare interactions mechanisms. Introducing the main cultural groups and discussing the history of weaponry research, we propose to understand the place of the weapon in the late prehistorical societies. Through the trustworthy discovery contexts (around 900), we want to understand the socio-cultural dynamics of each group in relation to warfare behavior. This relation will be seen during the long time to approach the modifications that are strictly from the prehistorical people or that are deliberate conducted by Rome. Through analyses of several weapons (more than 3500), we can highlight the choices of each cultural group and the adoptions. The fighting techniques are essential in the choices to adopt some weapons. This analyses leads us to propose some new ways to think about ancient issues as the roman gladius. We must use several kind of data to apprehend the warfare interaction in Western Europe. These analyses are useful to understand the warlike behavior in the societies and so the mechanics of weapon exchanges. They also permit to realize and relativize the impact of Rome, as in the rapport of the prehistorical societies to warfare, as the fighting techniques in the roman military system
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Cicolani, Veronica. "Diffusion du mobilier de Golasecca au nord des Alpes au premier âge du Fer : des éléments vestimentaires aux réseaux de circulations à moyenne et à longue distance." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR2006.
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À partir du récolement critique de plus de cinq cents accessoires vestimentaires sud-alpins découverts au nord des Alpes, le présent travail vise à caractériser la participation de la culture de Golasecca dans l’accroissement des réseaux de circulation reliant la Méditerranée occidentale aux sociétés celtiques. Les objets personnels découverts dans de nombreux habitats et sépultures alpins et transalpins indiquent une implication directe du domaine de Golasecca dans les échanges à moyenne et longue distance. Elle se traduit par des phénomènes de métissage culturel, de transfert technologique et de mixité de population, lisibles dans certains sites du massif alpin, mais aussi à travers des déplacements et des fréquentations relativement longues des nombreux sites hallstattiens, de nature et statut différents. Phénomène en partie lié avec l’émergence des sociétés aristocratiques, la circulation de ces objets et de biens plus luxueux illustre le rôle d’intermédiaire privilégié joué par Golasecca dans les circuits à très longue distanceBased on the critical inventory of more than five hundred clothing accessories from the southern-Alps discovered in the northern-Alps, the present work aims at characterising the role of the Golasecca civilisation in the growth of circulation networks linking up the western Mediterranean to Celtic civilisations. Personal belongings discovered in many alpine and transalpine settlements and burial places bear witness of a direct implication of the Golasecca culture in medium and long-distance trades. This implication results in phenomena of cultural mix, technological transfer and mixed nature population, that are perceptible in certain areas of the alpine massif as well as through some displacements and relatively long-time frequenting of the main Hallstattian local settlements of varied kind and status. As a phenomenon which is partly linked to the emergence of aristocratic societies, the circulating of luxurious objects and ornaments illustrates the fact that Gollasecca has been a major go-between in the trade and communication networks between Mediterranean cultures and Hallstatt chiefs
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Mills, Tim. "A study of European cereal frequency change during the Iron Age and Roman periods." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14499/.
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This study addresses cereal frequency shifts throughout the Iron Age and Roman Periods in seven European countries. A database of charred archaeobotanical assemblages was compiled and sample-based correspondence analysis employed to reveal chronological patterning. Findings were evaluated with respect to a range of archaeological, ancient textual and modem agronomic evidence and in relation to economic suppositions about cereal production, consumption and exchange. Three types of cereal shifts/trends were documented, which were not necessarily universal and, which varied spatially, temporally and in magnitude. These shifts/trends were: (1) an increase in the proportion of wheat relative to barley which was chronologically associated with the Roman period; (2) an increase in proportion of spelt wheat relative to emmer wheat which, having begun during the Bronze Age in central European regions, continued into the Iron Age and Roman periods; and (3) an increase in the proportion of free threshing wheat relative to spelt and/or emmer, which appears to gain momentum in some countries during the Roman Period. It is argued that social and economic factors were driving cereal change in the direction of greater choice, quality, yield, productivity and refinement. Farmers were reaching for taxa which might accommodate new and old demands in a better and more efficient manner. Differences between the timing and extent of these shifts suggest that farmers crossed over to different taxa when they had exhausted the developmental potential of traditional types. Cereal shifts were enabled by technical innovations which ameliorated environmental stress factors and market developments, which compensated farmers for taking greater risks. The shifts were driven by demands for taxa with increased versatility and the need to specialize in types of wheat which offered profitability. A hypothesis is offered which posits that there was a tendency to shift towards higher level allopolyploid wheat taxa wheat because these conferred naturally high levels-of functional elasticity.
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Back, Danielsson Ing-Marie. "Masking Moments : The Transitions of Bodies and Beings in Late Iron Age Scandinavia." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6737.
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Hervé, Gwenaël. "Datation par archéomagnétisme des terres cuites archéologiques en France au premier millénaire av. J.-C. : étalonnage des variations du champ géomagnétique en direction et intensité." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00738129.
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L'objectif de ce travail est l'amélioration des courbes de variation séculaire de la direction (inclinaison I et déclinaison D) et de l'intensité (F) du champ magnétique terrestre en Europe occidentale durant le premier millénaire av. J.-C. 47 fours, foyers et lots de tessons céramiques ont été étudiés pour constituer de nouvelles structures de référence. La datation du moment d'acquisition de l'aimantation a été définie en analysant l'ensemble des informations archéologiques et chronométriques disponibles sur les sites. 39 nouvelles archéodirections ont été obtenues après désaimantations thermique et par champ alternatif. Les 18 archéointensités ont été déterminées par le protocole de Thellier-Thellier et généralement corrigées des effets de l'anisotropie et de la vitesse de refroidissement. Les courbes de variation séculaire françaises, construites par moyenne mobile et par la statistique hiérarchique bayésienne, ont été étendues jusqu'en 1500 av. J.-C. pour la direction et jusqu'en 800 av. J.-C. pour l'intensité. L'inclinaison a une variation non monotone entre 65 et 75° entre 1500 et 0 av. J.-C. Les variations de la déclinaison et de l'intensité sont très fortes avec un maximum en 800 av. J.-C. (30° pour D et 90 µT pour F) et un minimum (-5° pour D et 60µT pour F) en 250 av. J.-C. L'interprétation géomagnétique de la variation séculaire est difficile en raison des lacunes des jeux de données de référence hors Europe. Ces nouvelles courbes plus fiables améliorent la datation archéomagnétique au premier millénaire av. J.-C. et étendent son application à l'âge du Bronze final. Du fait de la forte variation séculaire, le premier âge du Fer est la période la plus propice.
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Jackson, Emma Louise. "Oppida : a settlement phenomenon of the later Iron Ages in Britain and temperate Europe : an analysis of Colchester, Titelberg, and Canterbury." Thesis, University of Kent, 2017. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/61912/.
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The later Iron Age was a time of considerable change in both Britain and Temperate Europe, with this period ultimately culminating in many areas of these regions coming under Roman rule. Much of the evidence attributed to the c.200 years this period spanned, (150/100 BC - AD 43), has received considerable attention from archaeologists over the years; however, there are certain bodies of this evidence that remain, by and large, a mystery. Arguably one of the most enigmatic entities ascribed to this period of prehistory are the oppida; a class of settlement said to have spanned from Hungary in the East to northern Gaul and Britain in the West. Initially the term oppida, Latin for town, was applied to large fortified settlements of later Iron Age date said to display evidence of urbanism. Over the years this definition has altered in light of studies designed to ponder the functions of these sites; meaning that today there are multiple characteristics sought in, and applied to, potential oppida. Since the 1990s pre-existing interpretations of this term, and those sites labelled thus, have been the subject of papers designed to reassess the functions of so-called oppida and question whether existing suppositions of these are correct; a process that has led some to conclude that this term may no longer be fit for purpose. This thesis aims to explore this notion further, and in doing so ascertain whether the term oppida continues to be one of relevance today. In doing this the author explored, in depth, the morphological and artefact records of three oppida, (Colchester, Titelberg, and Canterbury), using a pre-determined methodology in order to establish these sites' functions. The inferences borne from this process were then compared to those for a number of contemporaneous oppida and non-oppida settlements in order to broaden the scope of the study and strengthen the conclusions drawn. These conclusions suggest that we do indeed need to reconsider our use of the term oppida today; as the characteristics sought in sites labelled thus fail to be reflected at the sites considered herein. This reconsideration is necessary, because, as the author argues, at present a site's characterisation as an oppidum ultimately lies in the hands of those responsible for its archaeological examination and subsequent publication, irrespective of whether the parameters of the term are met.
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Falk, Therese. "En Rituell Vardag? : Rumslig strukturering och deponeringsmönster vidjärnåldersbosättningar i centrala Södra England,800-100 BC." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2380.
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This paper deals with the question of whether the symbolic language of the late Neolithic and middle Bronze Age was transferred from ceremonial monuments and barrows into the domestic sphere in the late Bronze Age. I will consider such elements as doorway orientation, the significance of boundaries and depositional practices to see if Early-Middle Iron Age settlements were indeed a major scene for ritual behaviour.
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Gustavsson, Anders. "Gravar i stenskepp : Osteologisk analys av brända och obrända ben från skeppssättningar på Gotland." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1060.
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In this study bone material from six stone ship settings and a total of seven deposits of bones from two sites on the island of Gotland have been analyzed. Four ship settings from the burial site at Gålrum in Alskog parish and two from Tängelgårda in Lärbro parish. The ships contained both cremated remains and inhumations. Human remains were identified in five of the analyzed ship settings and a minimum of six individuals was identified in total. Animals were found in three of the ship settings, where one of them contained only the burned remains of a dog. Two of the ships contained inhumations, one in Gålrum and one in Tängelgårda. The one from Gålrum was determined to 17-19 years of age but of undetermined sex. The inhumation from Tängelgårda was determined to a male of 35-64 years of age. Of the cremated remains none could be determined to sex but all were determined as adult individuals. The temperature that the cremated bones had been exposed to during the cremation was similar between the different ship settings, with one exception which had been exposed to a slightly higher temperature. The results of the material have also been compared with those of other osteological analysis from ship settings on Gotland. The interpretation of this has been that the amount of bone and the number of individuals that has been buried in stone ship settings vary from different sites. Some ship settings have contained several burials and have been interpreted as family graves (Pettersson 1982) which do not fit with the results from this analysis where all the ship settings contained a maximum of one or two human individuals, so the results from the ship settings on Gålrum and Tängelgårda differ from earlier interpretations of ship settings on Gotland.
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Engerdahl, Tomas. "A world apart? : An Investigation of the Roman Influence on Rural Settlements in Britain compared to Sweden during the Roman Iron Age." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-715.
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Den här studien gäller Romersk järnålder i Sverige och Storbritannien med fokus på den senare. Det är en komparativ analys av utvalda delar av den materiella kulturenfrån ett antal olika lokaler i Sverige och Storbritannien med intentionen att skapa vidare förståelse rörande romersk influens i dessa regioner. Vidare är intentionen att uppsatsen skall undersöka möjliga likheter eller skillnader och därigenom dra slutsatser om romerska influensen var stark eller svag i de utvalda bosättningarna i Storbritannien och Sverige. Var den så kallade Romaniseringen för samtliga invånare eller var den enbart reserverad för eliten?This is a study of the Roman Iron Age in both Sweden and Britain but with a focus on the latter. The study includes a comparative analysis of selected goods in the material culture at a number of different sites in Sweden and Britain in the aim of understanding the extent of the Roman influence at these sites. The aims of the essay is to investigate if we can notice similarities between the Swedish and British setting and thereby draw conclusions regarding the Roman influence or lack of it in the Rural setting of Britain as well as the chosen settlements in Sweden. Was the Romanization of Britain for everyone or was it reserved for the elite?
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Trollklint, Emil. "Förfädernas berg? : en tolkning av fornborgen på Halleberg." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1067.
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The essay deals with the hill-fort on the mountain Halleberg, Sweden, its wall design, functionality, dating and its possible function as a central location and a place of worship of the ancestors. The Halleberg hill-fort consists of a 1500 meters long at times cohesive stonewalls which together blocked the mountain from its surroundings. Hallberg's natural vertical scree and cliffs along with the masonry blocked the whole mountain from the surroundings. The hill-forts, with few exceptions are largely not investigated archaeologically and its functionality and role in the ancient society is based on outdated research on the subject. The current archaeological interpretation is that hill-forts served as temporary defense in times of unrest or served as center of power for a social elite. The prevailing view in the archaeological sphere is that the hill-forts had a variety of functions and that its functionality and role in ancient society has varied. Halleberg´s strongest wall sections are at the mountain's south-eastern part where the natural driveway, Storgårdsklev is located. Along with the massive masonry of the walls in Bokedalen Storgårdsklev functioned as the hill-forts main entrance. At places along the walls are the remains of what could be interpreted as stacked rocks and possible fire cracked stone. These structural features indicate that the walls were built during the early Iron Age. Very likely has its function like other hill-forts have been varied and changed based on the community, organization and internal and external disturbances. The essay's main interpretation is that the hill-fort served as a defensive fortress. Moreover it is possible that walls of the hill-fort had a symbolic role as a border between two separate rooms in the landscape. The fencing of Halleberg turned the whole mountain to a closed landscape, separated from the surroundings. It may have been a place where people worshiped their ancestors, a place where life's events, life and death was the focus point.
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Nilsson, Ola. "Är kämpagravarna på Gotland ett tecken på tidig statsbildning? : ett försök till tolkning av gravfynd, stengrundshus, stensträngar och fornborgar." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1048.
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Jag har gjort en jämförande studie mellan utvecklingen i Danmark och utvecklingen på Gotland under romersk järnålder. Som underlag har jag framförallt använt Lotte Hedeagers avhandling Danmarks jernalder – Mellem stamme og stat (Hedeager 1992) och Kerstin Cassels redovisning av det arkeologiska källmaterialet från Gotland i hennes avhandling Från grav till gård – romersk järnålder på Gotland (Cassel 1998). Syftet med studien var att undersöka om Hedeagers slutsats att det etablerades en centralmakt med territoriell kontroll, en tidig stat, i Danmark redan i övergången mellan äldre och yngre romersk järnålder, även skulle gå att dra vad gäller Gotland baserat på det gotländska källmaterialet, och i så fall om detta kunde förklara uppkomsten av stengrundsbebyggelse och fornborgar. Jag har jämfört det arkeologiska källmaterialet från Danmark och Gotland avseende gravfynd och offerfynd, bebyggelseutveckling och landskapsutnyttjande samt vapenoffer och försvarsanläggningar. Vad gäller gravfynden går det att se stora likheter både i hur gravgodset ser ut och i de förändringar som sker mellan äldre och yngre romersk järnålder. Det går också att se stora likheter i kulturlandskapets utveckling med en övergång från ett extensivt åkerbruk med kollektivt brukande till familjejordbruk med intensiv odling. Både på Gotland och i Danmark kan man datera storskaliga försvarsanläggningar till slutet av äldre eller yngre romersk järnålder. Exempel på detta är Olmerdiket och Torsburgen. En väsentlig skillnad mellan Danmark och Gotland är hur praktföremål fördelas mellan offerfynd och gravar övertiden från förromersk järnålder till folkvandringstid. Det jag kommit fram till är att likheterna är så stora att man genom att tillämpa Hedeagers analysmodell kan dra slutsatsen att omläggning av jordbruket, uppkomst av stengrundshus och stensträngar, och anläggande av försvarsborgar gjorts på initiativ av en centralmakt med kontroll över det gotländska territoriet.
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Sunding, Emelie. "Mosslikens vara eller inte vara : Om mosslikens relevans som en egen fyndkategori och forskares sätt att skapa en sådan." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2502.
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Is it relevant to treat bog bodies as its own category within the archaeological research? This paper examines how scholars and researchers, through their publications and depictions of the preserved prehistoric individuals, are helping to create such a category. What has changed in the way scholars look at and describe these astounding finds? Also examines the various theories researchers provide regarding bog bodies and how they are deposited.
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Holmblad, Peter. "Coastal Communities on the Move : House and Polity Interaction in Southern Ostrobothnia 1500 BC-AD 1." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35857.
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This work attempts to seek new insights in understanding the archeological phenomena traditionally labelled as the western Bronze Age and the coastal Pre-Roman cultures of Finland (1500 BC-AD 1), by studying the phenomena from a socioeconomic interaction and practice oriented community perspective. The basic line of thought is that it was the everyday life of the local agents and their interactions that constituted the local communities. Communities are seen as built from the bottom up by the interaction of various local agents. The organised agents, their practices and their mutual interaction on various scales of social organisation are regarded as the central factors that created and shaped the history of the communities. Problems that are addressed concern the interrelationship between the subsistence practices, habitation practices and the social organisation of the coastal communities. Houses and local polities are regarded as two basic social institutions that were essential for the structuration of the coastal communities and for their relation to external networks. I also address the issue of the various spatial and temporal scales that can be considered as essential for the structuration of the coastal communities, and furthermore how the coastal communities managed change over time. The geographical scope of this thesis is limited to the former province of Vaasa (Vaasan lääni/Vasa län) in western Finland, with a special emphasis on the coastal southern part of Ostrobothnia. A suggested high-rank House from the Late Bronze Age is studied in Laihia. Methodologically a broad perspective with a comparative, diachronic and a multi-proxy approach is conducted in the study of the structuration of communities. The constitution of the communities is largely approached through themes that are related to landscape and settlement archaeology. Contextual analyses of the combinations of various subsistence and habitation practices form the basis for the identification of different community constituting subgroups of agents.
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Nilsson, Ola. "Stengrunder och gränser : en studie av kontinuitet från äldre järnålderns stengrundsbygd till nutid." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1047.
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This thesis studies settlement continuity on Gotland between approximately AD 200 and AD 1700. The method used is to calculate correlation between the geographical distribution of all known Iron Age stone-wall-houses (on Gotland known as "kämpagravar") and all farms included in the detailed taxation maps from approximately 1700. The number of remaining house foundations is between 1800 and 1900. A model to estimate the number of removed foundations is presented. It is based on the assumption that the settlement density was proportional to land use around 1700, and that the rate of removal is related to the current land use. Based on similarity with contemporary farms on Öland and in Denmark, it is also proposed that Iron Age farms on Gotland were less dispersed. The common view in archaeological literature is that Iron Age farms on Gotland often had their buildings spread more than 200 meter apart. It is estimated that the remaining 1800+ foundations represents more than 2700 Iron Age farms with a total of more than 4700 houses. Compared to previous studies, the fluctuation in number of farms between maximum expansion during Late Roman Iron Age and Viking Age, and maximum contractions during the Migration Period and Late Middle Ages, also is much larger. By parish, the number of farms per km2 and the average farm size have been calculated, both for the stone-wall houses and for the farms as they were represented around 1700. Using regression analysis, the correlation between the two datasets was estimated. No significant correlations were identified. The distribution of the remaining stone foundations and/or the estimated distribution before removal have also been compared to known borders and corresponding administrative districts – since the Middle Ages, Gotland has been divided in tredingar (third parts), settingar (sixth parts), 20 thing/court districts and 95 parishes. The tredingar and partly the settingar correlate with the stone foundation distribution, but not the thing districts or parishes. The correlation and lack of correlation might be explained by input errors or confounding factors, but the historical records supports the interpretation that the tredingar and settingar has been in continuous use since before the Middle Ages, and that the thing districts and the parishes were introduced during the Middle Ages. At least 24 farms with the name "Stenstugu" are known in Gotland. "Stenstugu" distribution coincides with centrums of stone foundation concentrations in a way that cannot be explained by coincidence or confounding factors. Probably, the name "Stenstugu" originates from the Roman Iron Age and is related to stone foundations settlements.Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera kontinuitet från gotländsk stengrundsbebyggelse på äldre järnålder till bebyggelsen ca år 1700. Detta har skett genom en statistisk-geografisk jämförelse av alla kända stengrunder på Gotland med 1700-talsbygden sådan den framträder i skattläggningskartan från ca år 1700. Antal kvarvarande stengrunder på Gotland är drygt 1800. En bortodlingsmodell har tagits fram som är baserad på antagandena att ursprunglig stengrundskoncentration är beroende på ägoslag år 1700 och att bortodling är beroende av nutida markanvändning. Dessutom har en ny tolkning av vad som motsvarar en gård i stengrundsmaterialet föreslagits. Den baseras på att stengrundsgårdar liksom samtida gårdar på Öland och i Danmark var tätt grupperade. Det innebär att gårdsantalet blir mycket högre än tidigare beräkningar som baserades på gårdar med byggnader som ibland låg mer än 200 meter ifrån varandra. Med den nya bortodlingsmodellen och det nya gårdsbegreppet har bortodlingen skattats till ca 60 %, vilket innebär att antalet stengrundshus skattats till drygt 4700 och antalet stengrundsgårdar till drygt 2700. En konsekvens av det betydligt större antalet gårdar än tidigare beräkningar är att fluktuationerna i antal gårdar mellan höjdpunkterna under yngre romersk järnålder och vikingatid, och lågpunkterna under folkvandringstid och senmedeltid också varit betydligt större än tidigare beräkningar. För varje socken har antal gårdar per km2 och genomsnittliga storleksmått per socken beräknats, och använts för jämförelser mellan äldre järnålder och 1700-tal. Regressionsanalyser har inte påvisat någon korrelation mellan bevarade stengrunder och 1700-talsbebyggelse. Eftersom beräkning av järnåldersbebyggelsen före bortodling bygger på just 1700-talsbebyggelse är det inte meningsfullt att söka korrelation mellan dem. Fördelning av bevarade stengrunder och beräknad fördelning av stengrunder före bortodling har jämförts med historiskt kända administrativa indelningar på Gotland – tredingar, settingar, ting och socknar. Tredingarna och i någon mån settingarna korrelerar med stengrundernas fördelning, men inte tingen och inte socknarna. Dess statistiska samband kan naturligtvis bero på att stengrunder och tredingar var samtida, men inte de övriga indelningssystemen. Det skulle också kunna förklaras med att det finns felkällor i mätningarna och samvarierande faktorer snarare än ett direkt orsakssamband. Även de historiska källorna går att tolka som att tredingar och settingar har hög ålder, och inte de andra indelningarna, vilket innebär att det finns visst stöd för att tolka korrelationen mellan stengrunder och tredingsindelning, som att de existerade samtidigt. Det finns minst 24 gårdsnamn med "Stenstugu" jämnt fördelade över Gotland. "Stenstugu" visar ett tydligt samband med förekomsten av stengrundskoncentrationer, vilket inte kan förklaras med slumpen eller andra samvarierande faktorer. Namnet bör därmed kunna kopplas till stengrundsbebyggelsen från romersk järnålder.
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Peck, Joshua J. "THE BIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CULTURE CONTACT: A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF ROMAN COLONIALISM IN BRITAIN." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1237945824.
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Käck, Jenny. "Samlingsboplatser? : En diskussion om människors möten i norr 7000 f Kr - Kr f med särskild utgångspunkt i data från Ställverksboplatsen vid Nämforsen." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-18750.
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This thesis deals with meetings between peoples during prehistoric times in the northern part of Norrland, Sweden. Particular attention is paid to the possible occurrence of more temporary meetings between people in larger groups at aggregation camps during the period ca 7000 – 0 BC. The study has had the aim of increasing our understanding of how peoples’ meetings and contact networks may have been framed. Thirteen sites that previous research has interpreted to be aggregation camps within our field of study have been analysed and interpreted. These are: Jokkmokk, Purkijaur, Nelkerim, Porsi, Lundfors, Norrfors, Överveda, Rappasundet, Hälla, Lillberget, Glösa, Sörånäset and Ställverksboplatsen (the Ställverket site). The Ställverket site at Näsåker (Nämforsen) has been the object of particular study. It has also been viewed in a broader context by analysis and interpretation of other ancient remains in the neighbouring area. I have argued that some interpretations arrived at in earlier research are problematical and that none of the thirteen sites can be said with certainty to have been an aggregation camp. Thus aggregation camps seem not usually to have been a part of the contact network in the area of study. Instead of using aggregation camps as meeting-places, the people involved seem, at certain times and places, to have maintained contact with each other by means of meetings at the base camps, notably the winter sites. These sites seem to have been rather sedentary and are positioned at fairly even distances from one another. I call this model the base camp model. Some grounds for applying the base camp model seem to exist at certain places in the inland region from the end of the Mesolithic era up to 0 BC. After that contact networks seem to change. In the coastal district it seems possible to apply it to some places from the transition between the Mesolithic – Neolithic Age up to about 2500 BC. Thereafter the picture is unclear. The study does also emphasise however that more in-depth studies are needed to strengthen the viability of the base camp model’s applicability, that there are still big gaps in the material and that much work still remains to be done in order to solve the problems of how aggregation camps can best be defined and how they can be identified archaeologically.
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Nilsson, Ola. "Hackerör på Sydsvenska höglandet : vad skiljer röjningsröseområden från celtic fields, stensträngsområden och bandparcellområden?" Thesis, Gotland University, Department of Archeology and Osteology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-294.
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From the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, a number of different fossil agrarian landscapes can be found in southern Sweden - clearance cairn areas, celtic fields, stone-wall complexes and geometrically laid-out strip fields. With two different comparative analyses, this paper tries to explain some of the differences between clearance cairn systems and the other fossil field systems
The shape of the early Iron Age agrarian landscape varies between different provinces of southern Sweden. At Gotland, celtic field systems were laid-out before 500 BC. In Småland at the same time, areas with clearance cairns were created. How can the difference be explained? The different physical appearance of clearance cairn areas and celtic fields can be explained by the different ways to handle the ard in till and in sandy soil. In sandy soils, and other fine soils, the ard will at each turn deposit small amounts of roots, soil and debris at the edge of the field, which over the years will build up the walls of the celtic fields. But in boulder-rich soil the ard will constantly have to be lifted and tilted, which means that the material will be released before the ard reaches the edge of the field. Since crops, vegetation, houses, field system areas, etc. are identical or at least similar in both landscape types, they most likely represent the same farming system with hay-meadow – stabling – manure – intensely cultivated fields
In most provinces in southern Sweden, the pre-roman celtic fields and clearance cairn areas were replaced by geometrically laid-out strip fields or different kinds of stone-wall complexes enclosing the fields and farms, around AD 200, but not in Småland. There, the clearance cairn areas were used and extended throughout the Iron Age. How can this regional variation be explained? A comparison between the different landscape types reveals no significant differences in tools, crops, houses, etc. that would support that the difference is explained by a shift in farming systems. A more likely hypothesis is that the difference is due to regional pre-state or early-state political structures with an ambition to control land-use. This is based on the observations that 1) within each region the physical appearance of the fossil landscape is very coherent; 2) between the different regions there are significant differences, and; 3) the different systems were introduced approximately simultaneously in the regions Gotland, Öland, Östergötland, Uppland and Västergötland. This hypothesis implies that Småland either had a separate political structure which chose to keep the old clearance cairn land-use system, or lacked a corresponding regional structure.
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Mellquist, Danielson Bente. "Om stenar kunde tala : arkeologiska rön och bebyggelsehistorisk kontext av kvarnstensbrottet Östra Utsjö i Malung." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1070.
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This paper deals with village history around millstone quarry Eastern Utsjö in Malung, Sweden, in the hope of finding deposits that could date the quarry, in that the quarry in the current situation is dated only by the millstone fragments outside the resort. My purpose was to conduct a discussion on the quarry alone can be dated by deposits outside the resort. I have used FMIS RAÄ:s fornsök and a lot of literature to identify village history. The results showed that it is not possible to date the millstone quarry from village history, but through deposits outside the resort of Malung, which have been found around Mälardalen, Sweden through archaeological excavations, and derived from the millstone quarry Eastern Utsjö, can put an age on the quarry.
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Armit, Ian, H. Potrebica, M. Črešnar, P. Mason, and Lindsey S. Büster. "Cultural Encounters in Iron Age Europe." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15639.
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noCultural encounters form a dominant theme in the study of Iron Age Europe. This was particularly acute in regions where urbanising Mediterranean civilisations came into contact with ‘barbarian’ worlds. This volume presents preliminary work from the ENTRANS Project, which explores the nature and impact of such encounters in south-east Europe, alongside a series of papers on analogous European regions. A range of theoretical perspectives and methodological approaches are offered in an effort to promote dialogue around these central issues in European protohistory.
HERA
Only the cover and contents pages are available on Bradford Scholars.
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Armit, Ian. "Headhunting and the body in Iron Age Europe." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5813.
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Armit, Ian, H. Potrebica, M. Črešnar, P. Mason, and Lindsey S. Büster. "Encounters and transformations in Iron Age Europe: the ENTRANS Project." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9514.
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YesThe Iron Age in Europe was a period of tremendous cultural dynamism, during which the values and constructs of urbanised Mediterranean civilisations clashed with alternative webs of identity in ‘barbarian’ temperate Europe. Until recently archaeologists and ancient historians have tended to view the cultural identities of Iron Age Europeans as essentially monolithic (Romans, Greeks, Celts, Illyrians etc). Dominant narratives have been concerned with the supposed origins and spread of peoples, like ‘the Celts’ (e.g. COLLIS 2003), and their subsequent ‘Hellenisation’ or ‘Romanisation’ through encounters with neighbouring societies. Yet there is little to suggest that collective identity in this period was exclusively or predominantly ethnic, national or even tribal. Instead we need to examine the impact of cultural encounters at the more local level of the individual, kin-group or lineage, exploring identity as a more dynamic, layered construct.
HERA, European Commission
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Armit, Ian. "Celtic Scotland: Iron Age Scotland in its European Context." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9517.
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NoWho are the Celts? Where did they come from? Did the tribes of Iron Age Scotland really belong to a 'European Community' of Celts? What did it mean to be Celtic? In this fascinating book, the results of modern archaeology are used, alongside earlier finds and the historical sources, to illuminate this important but surprisingly neglected period of Scottish history. In this new edition of a classic work, Ian Armit explores the prehistoric world of the Celts, from around 1000 BC to AD 500. Fully illustrated with colour photographs, maps and diagrams, the book covers ethnicity and identity, daily life, Celtic art, the Druids, brochs, hillforts and Celtic warfare and the clash with Rome.
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Trefný, M., and Benjamin R. Jennings. "Inter-regional contacts during the first millenium B.C. in Europe." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13526.
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Armit, Ian, H. Potrebica, C. Črešnar, and P. Mason. "Encounters and transformations in Iron Age Europe: perspectives on the ENTRANS Project." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9530.
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NoThe aim of this session was to explore the nature and impact of cultural encounters in Iron Age Europe. In particular, our focus was on those regions occupying the boundaries between the urbanising centres of Mediterranean Europe and the ‘barbarian’ societies to the north. The session drew on a core of papers from the current ENTRANS Project, funded by HERA and the European Commission, which is examining Iron Age cultural encounters in the East Alpine region from the perspectives of art, landscape and the body: these presentations outlined some of the new approaches and techniques being applied by the ENTRANS Project team, and discussed preliminary results.
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Büster, Lindsey S., Adrian A. Evans, Ian Armit, and Rachael Kershaw. "Developing the 3D imaging of Iron Age art in the ENTRANS Project." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10099.
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NoAlthough 3D imaging is increasingly used in archaeology as a presentational tool, advances in technology are such that its analytical potential is beginning to be realised. As part of the ENTRANS Project, 3D imaging has been undertaken on a range of Iron Age objects from museums in Slovenia and Croatia, including several items of situla art. This paper reviews the potential and limitations of various imaging techniques in relation to both presentational and analytical objectives. It considers such variables as time and resource constraints, the size and portability of objects and equipment, and the potential problems caused by past conservation. It concludes that 3D imaging, appropriately utilised, has great potential in both the analysis and presentation of Iron Age art.
HERA