Relevant bibliographies by topics / Iron Age Europe

Academic literature on the topic 'Iron Age Europe'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Iron Age Europe"

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Pare, Christopher, M. L. Stig Sørensen, R. Thomas, and M. L. Stig Sorensen. "The Bronze Age-Iron Age Transition in Europe." American Journal of Archaeology 94, no. 3 (July 1990): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/505815.

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Hunter, Fraser. "The Carnyx in Iron Age Europe." Antiquaries Journal 81 (September 2001): 77–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500072152.

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This paper reviews the evidence for the carnyx, the Iron Age animal-headed horn, in its European setting. The starting point is the head from Deskford, north-east Scotland: the results of recent work are described and a revised dating proposed. Excavations at the findspot strongly indicate it was a votive deposit. The nature of the wider European evidence and its biases are reviewed, to provide a firmer basis for commenting on the date and distribution of the instrument. Finally, attempts to reconstruct the carnyx are described.
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Ralston, Ian. "Iron Age settlement in temperate Europe." Antiquity 64, no. 242 (March 1990): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00077462.

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James, N. "Mediated diffusion in Iron Age Europe." Antiquity 84, no. 325 (September 1, 2010): 880–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00100298.

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Diffusion of Mediterranean traits to central and north-western Europe during the middle Iron Age is a topic well rehearsed now by three generations of archaeologists. The stimulating recent exhibition Golasecca at the Musée d’Archéologie nationale in France, showed that – funds permitting – plenty of scope remains for research.Elaborately made imports, at for instance the Heuneburg, Vix or Hochdorf, have been interpreted as evidence for how aristocrats adopted Greek and Etruscan styles to reinforce their status and regional power between about 600 and 400 BC. Art historians revealed how their bronzesmiths responded selectively to templates from not only states to the south but also eastern nomads. Archaeologists worked out how goods were brought up the Rhône valley by the enterprising Greeks of Marseille or by the northerners themselves exploiting that colony. The ‘trade’ is thought to have encouraged development of social complexity. More recently, to demonstrate the recipients’ ‘agency’, attention has focused on potters’ responses, adoption of coinage and writing and ‘feasts’ for chiefs to show off ‘prestigious’ exotica to rivals, clients or tributaries. Similar models of trade, ‘appropriation’ and sociopolitical development have been developed for the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age and the Roman Iron Age.
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Rast-Eicher, Antoinette, and Lise Bender Jørgensen. "Sheep wool in Bronze Age and Iron Age Europe." Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no. 2 (February 2013): 1224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.030.

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Gosden, Chris. "Gifts and Kin in Early Iron Age Europe." Man 20, no. 3 (September 1985): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2802442.

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Wells, Peter S. "Iron Age temperate Europe: Some current research issues." Journal of World Prehistory 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 437–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00974814.

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Eluère, Christiane. "Goldwork of the iron age in ‘Barbarian’ Europe." Gold Bulletin 18, no. 4 (December 1985): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03214697.

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Sestieri, Anna Maria Bietti. "Italy in Europe in the Early Iron Age." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63 (1997): 371–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00002498.

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In the field of European recent prehistory it is generally agreed that, from the Early Orientalising period, Etruria played a central role in long distance trade, also acting as a link between the Aegean and east Mediterranean and trans-Alpine Europe. A widely acknowledged implication is that this primary status of the Etruscans among the indigenous peoples of Italy was a secondary effect of the Greek and Phoenician colonisation in the central Mediterranean. It is the aim of this paper to show that, as early as the Late Bronze Age, Etruria emerged as a complex territorial, political, and economic entity and was able to participate in an interregional network of trade reaching as far as northern Germany and the Aegean. By the beginnings of the Italian Iron Age, this region was organised as a federation of early states, with important extensions in the southern Po plain, along the Adriatic coast, and in Campania.
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Hutton, Ronald. "Headhunting and the Body in Iron Age Europe." Time and Mind 6, no. 1 (January 2013): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/175169713x13518043516490.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Iron Age Europe"

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Cooney, Elizabeth Myers. "Bronze metallurgy in Iron Age central Europe : a metallurgical study of Early Iron Age bronzes from Stična, Slovenia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39480.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. 375-377).
The Early Iron Age (750-450 BCE) marks a time in the European Alpine Region in which cultural ideologies surrounding bronze objects and bronze production were changing. Iron was becoming the preferred material from which to make many utilitarian objects such as weapons and agricultural tools; this change can be clearly seen in the different treatments of bronze object deposits from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. The Early Iron Age hillfort settlement of Sticna in what is now southeastern Slovenia was one of the first incipient commercial centers to take advantage of the new importance placed on iron, conducting trade with Italy, Greece, the Balkans, and northern Europe. This metallurgical study of bronze funerary objects from Sticna identifies construction techniques, use patterns, and bronze metallurgical technologies from the ancient region of Lower Carniola. This information is then used to explore the cultural importance of bronze at Early Iron Age Sticna and to compare the bronze work of Lower Carniola with that of other regions in central Europe and Italy from this time of great change in Iron Age Europe.
S.M.
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Pare, C. F. E. "Ceremonial wagons and wagon-graves of the early Iron Age in Central Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670349.

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Popa, Cătălin Nicolae. "Uncovering group identity in the Late Iron Age of South-East Europe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648861.

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Vejby, Mara Danielle Fadave. "Reinterpreting the Iron Age and Roman reuse of Megalithic tombs in Atlantic Europe." Thesis, University of Reading, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.578011.

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This thesis analyses the reuse of megalithic tombs in Atlantic Europe, between Scotland and Iberia, during the Iron Age and Roman periods (c. 800 BC--400 AD). Research on megalithic tombs has been dominated by prehistoric studies on megalithic origins, distributions, construction, classification, and use during the Neolithic period (c. 4000-2000 BC). Comparatively little has been done on the later lives of these sites, and such work has lacked a wider geographic context. By exploring the patterns and natures of subsequent interactions with megalithic tombs throughout Atlantic Europe, this thesis attempts to answer three central research questions. Firstly, are there patterns in the presence, or lack, of subsequent activity at megalithic tombs across this study area? Secondly, are there regional differences in the nature of interactions found at these sites? And finally, does the nature and pattern of reuse change between the Iron Age and Roman periods, and might such changes be a reflection of social memory in Roman- occupied versus non-Rom an-occupied territories, where Roman materials functioned within different social contexts?
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Donnelly, Harriet. "The Celtic Question." Thesis, Department of Archaeology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10175.

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The identity of the “Celts” has played an integral role in the understanding of the Iron Age and the more recent socio-political history of Europe. However, the terminology and attitudes which have been in place since the 19th century have created a field of research characterised by assumptions about a ‘people’ and a culture. Study of the “Celts” has been conducted in three main areas - genetics, linguistics and material culture from the archaeological record. Through the reassessment of these three fields, substantial divergence in the patterns and trends, as well as the highly regional nature of the evidence has been revealed within the vast interconnected trade and communication network that developed in Iron Age Europe. As a result the unitary phenomenon identified under the term “Celts” is actually that network. “Celtic” should be redefined as the label for that trade and communication network, not as a label for a group, culture or people, enabling the establishment of new identities for the regional populations of the European Iron Age.
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Cumberpatch, Christopher G. "The production and circulation of late Iron Age slip decorated pottery in Central Europe." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1991. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10356/.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the organisation of production and exchange in the Later Iron Age, or Late La Töne period in part of Central Europe. Although a wide range of goods are considered in relation to this aim (Chapter 2), the focus of the thesis is on the slip decorated pottery which is a characteristic find on the larger settlements. Following a review of current approaches to the archaeology of the period (Chapter 1), the second chapter summarises the current state of knowledge of the Later Iron Age in the study area (Czechoslovakia, Transdanubian Hungary and Poland). The third chapter considers the theoretical frameworks employed in the interpretation of non-capitalist economic systems. These are discussed in relation to the theory and practice of archaeological interpretation. In chapters 4 and 5 the methods of analysis used in the study of the the slip decorated pottery are described. Chapter 4 focuses on the production of the pottery and the technology employed, relating this to the organisation of labour. Chapter 5 is concerned with the circulation of the pottery and the methods (petrological and typological analyses) used to interpret the distribution in terms of the actions which produced it. Chapter 6 draws together the data discussed in the second chapter and that obtained from the analysis of the slip decorated pottery. The picture of the period which emerges is at variance in a number of respects from that traditionally accepted, in that there appears to have been a high degree of continuity with the situation in the Middle la Töne in terms of the economic structures underlyinmg the emergence of sites of central character. The establishment of these sites was certainly associated with changes in economic relationships (some of which are symbolised by the production and circulation of slip decorated pottery), but these appear to be in addition to, rather than in place of, traditional forms of organisation. A number of appendices and tables summarise supporting data.
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Rajwade, Shivani. "Land use in Europa from Bronze to Iron Age reconstructed from pollen data." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29044.

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Introduction: Bronze age is the next phase of human development after Neolithic which ushered in an era of metallurgy. In some parts, copper age is considered as an intermediary between the two, however; there is no consensus among scholars (Pearce, 2019). Bronze Age is considered as the beginning of complex societies and other societal changes for it required transport on a larger scale, calling for specialised labour and eventually stratification of society. It is likely to have a direct impact on subsistence patterns and resource management...
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Johnson, N. "The influence of early Celtic art styles in Northern Europe in Later pre- and Early Roman Iron Age." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377744.

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Wassong, Rémy. "Architectures et métrologie en Europe celtique entre le VIIe et le Ier siècle avant notre ère." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG007.

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Ce travail de recherche propose d'étudier l'architecture celtique sous l'angle de la métrologie et de la géométrie en se concentrant sur un corpus de quinze sites bien connus grâce à des fouilles extensives. Les sites traités dans le cadre de cette étude couvrent une vaste zone géographique, allant de la Grande-Bretagne à la République Tchèque. Ces études systématiques nous permettent de présenter un premier aperçu des techniques et des savoirs utilisés dans la construction des édifices à l'âge du Fer en Europe celtique. Cette thèse s'articule autour de trois chapitres. Le premier d'entre eux est consacré à la présentation des cadres de l'étude, des termes du sujet et des problématiques. Le second chapitre présente la méthodologie employée. Il se poursuit ensuite par l'étude détaillée des unités architecturales site après site et phase par phase. Une synthèse générale concernant la métrologie et la géométrie architecturale de l'âge du Fer constitue le dernier chapitre. Le second volume de ce travail rassemble l'ensemble des plans de sites et d'édifices traités dans le cadre de l'étude
This thesis aims to study celtic architecture with a metrological and geometrical point of view. To do so, fifteen well excavated settlements were selected. These latter cover a large geographical scale, going from Great Britain to the Czech Republic. The systematic studie of these settlements allows us to offer a first glance of the techniques and knowledge used in the making of buildings during the iron Age in celtic Europe.This thesis contains three chapters. The first one presents the history of celtic architecture and metrological research, defines the terms of the study and questions to be answered. The second chapter is dedicated to the detailed analysis of the architectural units site by site and stage by stage after the presentation of the methodological aspects of this work. The third chapter consist in a synthesis about metrology and geometry during the iron Age. The second volume of this work gathers all the plans of each settlement and each building studied
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Taylor, John Walter. "Cross-channel relations in the late Iron Age : relations between Britain and the Continent during the La Tène period." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670370.

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Books on the topic "Iron Age Europe"

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Bourgeois, Jean. Bronze Age and Iron Age communities in North-Western Europe. Brussel: Vlaams Kennis- en Kultuurforum, 2003.

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European Association of Archaeologists. Annual Meeting. Migration in Bronze and Early Iron Age Europe. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2010.

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D, Hill J., and Cumberpatch C. G, eds. Different Iron Ages: Studies on the Iron Age in temperate Europe. Oxford, England: Tempus Reparatum, 1995.

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Philip, Mason. The early iron age of Slovenia. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum, 1996.

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Kristian, Kristiansen. Europe before history. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

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Northover, Jeremy P. (Jeremy Peter), ed. Atlantic cauldrons and buckets of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Western Europe: With a review of comparable vessels from Central Europe and Italy. Stuttgart: Steiner, 2010.

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C, Champion T., and Megaw, J. V. S. 1934-, eds. Settlement and society: Aspects of West European prehistory in the first millenium B.C. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985.

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Stig, Sørensen Marie Louise, and Thomas Roger 1957-, eds. The Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in Europe: Aspects of continuity and change in European societies c.1200-500 B.C. Oxford: B.A.R., 1989.

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Jeannine, Davis-Kimball, Bashilov V. A, and I͡A︡blonskiĭ L. T, eds. Nomads of the Eurasian steppes in the early Iron Age. Berkeley, CA: Zinat Press, 1995.

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Bouzek, Jan. Greece, Anatolia, and Europe: Cultural interrelations during the early Iron Age. Jonsered [Sweden]: Paul Åströms Förlag, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Iron Age Europe"

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Schumann, Robert. "The Distant Past of a Distant Past …: Perception and Appropriation of Deep History During the Iron Ages in Northern Germany (Pre-Roman Iron Age, Roman Iron Age, and Migration Period)." In Bioarchaeology and Social Theory, 113–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03956-0_5.

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AbstractThe reuse of ancient burial grounds in prehistory is a practice that has long been testified through archaeological investigations for several periods in European prehistory. As burial mounds form a distinctive feature in the landscape—to some extent even today—the perception and appropriation of these does not come as a great surprise. Still, this appropriation and reuse for burial or other non-funerary activities offers insights into cultural practices that have only recently been frequently discussed in the field. Normally these reuses are interpreted as ancestor veneration—be it of putative or real ancestors—or the use of these monuments is considered in terms of legitimation of power structures and social distinction by elites. The diversity, frequency, and distribution of such reuses nevertheless indicate that through time older monuments are reused not only by social elites but also by other parts of these societies, and by different forms of communities. This paper will focus on northern Central Europe during the Iron Ages (Pre-Roman Iron Age, Roman Iron Age, Migration Period) and discuss how different societies (‘culture groups’) reused ancient burial places as well as other locations and objects through time and space. These findings show the importance of the long-gone dead in Iron Age Europe and form the basis for a discussion of different possible interpretations of appropriations of the distant past.
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Hill, J. D., and Jonathan Williams. "13. Iron Age Europe." In The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome, 72–77. Edinburgh University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780748627141-017.

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Becker, Katharina. "Iron Age Ireland." In Atlantic Europe in the First Millennium BC, 449–67. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199567959.003.0020.

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Haselgrove, Colin, Katharina Rebay-Salisbury, and Peter S. Wells. "Chronology in Iron Age Europe." In The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age, C22.S1—C22.N17. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.22.

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Abstract This chapter begins by examining how understandings of the duration of the European Iron Age vary and the factors shaping these perceptions, from the date at which iron was adopted, to the divergent trajectories of different regions consequent on the rise of Greece and Rome. An array of chronological schemes and terminologies have developed across Europe, not always compatible with one another. Many periodizations, including the Hallstatt–La Tène system of western and central Europe, are grounded in cultural historical models elaborated over a century ago from basic typological and stratigraphic principles. The chapter examines the methods used to construct relative and absolute chronologies for the Iron Age, from historical cross-dating to modern scientific techniques, and reviews their strengths and weaknesses. Finally it explores how the chronological precision made possible by the increasingly widespread adoption of Bayesian approaches is fast transforming how we study the period.
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Fernández-Götz, Manuel. "Migrations in Iron Age Europe:." In The Arras Culture of Eastern Yorkshire – Celebrating the Iron Age, 179–200. Oxbow Books, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv138wskk.17.

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"Bronze and Iron Age Europe." In World Military History Bibliography, 147–54. BRILL, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047402107_020.

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Ramsl, Peter C. "Iron Age Identities in Central Europe:." In Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to identity in the European Iron Age, 200–208. Oxbow Books, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dv7b.22.

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Raftery, Barry. "Iron-age Ireland." In A New History Of Ireland, 134–81. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198217374.003.0006.

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Abstract Already in the seventeenth and sixteenth centuries b.c. there is evidence from Greece, Slovakia, and elsewhere that meteoric iron was cold-hammered to form rings and other small items, and it now seems that forged iron was already being produced on a small scale in western Europe soon after the middle of the same millennium. The Hittite kingdom of Asia Minor was an important centre of iron-working from about the fourteenth century b.c. onwards, but seems not to have had a monopoly of industrial production as was once believed. Towards the end of the millennium the knowledge began to spread across the west on a significant scale.
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Wells, Peter S. "EUROPE, NORTHERN AND WESTERN | Iron Age." In Encyclopedia of Archaeology, 1230–40. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012373962-9.00167-9.

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Bochnak, Tomasz, and Sabine Rieckhoff. "The Iron Age of Temperate Europe." In Reference Module in Social Sciences. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90799-6.00249-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Iron Age Europe"

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Filipović, Dragana, Ivana Živaljević, and Vesna Dimitrijević. "Food procurement and sustenance in the Mesolithic Iron Gates, southeast Europe." In SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES IN THE STONE AGE, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EVIDENCE OF FISHING AND GATHERING. Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Science, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-00-7-2018-49-51.

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Vretemark, Maria. "Evidence of animal offerings in Iron Age Scandinavia." In Bones, behaviour and belief. The osteological evidence as a source for Greek ritual practice. Swedish Institute at Athens, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/actaath-4-55-06.

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Written contemporary sources of animal sacrificial rituals in Iron Age Scandinavia are almost non-existent. However, we have some rare descriptions about the people of northern Europe from Roman historians. Most famous of these is of course Tacitus who gives us valuable information about life in Scandinavia during the first century AD. Among other things we learn about fertility rituals carried out in sacrificial bogs and we understand the close connection between the goddess and water. Tacitus’ descriptions, as well as younger sources such as the Old Norse religious texts of Scandinavia, also clearly tell us about the magic role of different animals such as birds, wild boar, wolf and horse. In the archaeological material we try to recognize traces of religious acts that once took place. But how can we tell the difference and distinguish between the remains of ritual animal offerings on one hand and the normal kitchen waste on the other? This paper deals with some examples of horse offerings in bogs and ponds and with ritual deposits of animal bones in dry settlement contexts in Sweden. Zooarchaeological analysis gives us valuable data and a key to interpret the animal bone assemblages as evidence of animal offerings.
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Soroceanu, Tudor, and Eugen Sava. "Metal and ceramic vessels of the Middle and Late bronze age — Early Iron age in Eurasia:possible interrelations." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-35-9-200-201.

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CONSTANTINESCU, Dan, and Beatrice CARLAN-SERBAN. "A HISTORY OF THE IRON AND STEEL IN CENTRAL EUROPE BETWEEN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND MIDDLE AGE." In METAL 2022. TANGER Ltd., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2022.4444.

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Vasil‘yeva, Ekaterina, and Sergey Khavrin. "Zoomorphic objects of the Middle bronze age and Early Iron age from the Central Caucasus: metal and chronology." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-35-9-165-168.

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Lhuillier, Johanna, Shapulat Shajdullaev, Julio Bendezu Sarmiento, Odiljon Khamidov, and Julie Bessenay. "New insights on the Early Iron age in bactria: the Kayrit Oasis." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-96-97.

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Sycheva, Ol’ga. "One type of Late bronze — Early Iron age metal daggers from the North-Eastern Caucasus." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-35-9-196-198.

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Alyokshin, Vadim. "On certain terms used in the archaeology of the Central asian southern regions (Neolithic — Early Iron age)." In ntiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-14-16.

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Pelasaeidi, Katayoun. "Cultural relations of Iran with neighboring countries by the example of terracotta anthropomorphic figurines of gilan in the Early Iron age (1st millennium BC)." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-91-94.

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Skakov, Aleksandr, and Мaiya Kashuba. "Some problems and prospects of the archaeological study of the Eastern black Sea coast of the Early Iron age." In Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts). Institute for the History of Material Culture Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-907053-34-2-113-114.

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Reports on the topic "Iron Age Europe"

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Horejs, Barbara, and Ulrike Schuh, eds. PREHISTORY & WEST ASIAN/NORTHEAST AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY 2021–2023. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/oeai.pwana2021-2023.

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The long-established research of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African archaeology (the former Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, OREA) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences was transformed into a department of the »new« Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI) at the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 2021. This merging of several institutes into the new OeAI offers a wide range of new opportunities for basic and interdisciplinary research, which support the traditional research focus as well as the development of new projects in world archaeology. The research areas of the Department of Prehistory and West Asian/Northeast African Archaeology include Quaternary archaeology, Prehistory, Near Eastern archaeology and Egyptology. The groups cover an essential cultural area of prehistoric and early historical developments in Europe, Northeast Africa and West Asia. Prehistory is embedded in the world archaeology concept without geographical borders, including projects beyond this core zone, as well as a scientific and interdisciplinary approach. The focus lies in the time horizon from the Pleistocene about 2.6 million years ago to the transformation of societies into historical epochs in the 1st millennium BC. The chronological expertise of the groups covers the periods Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The archaeology of West Asia and Northeast Africa is linked to the Mediterranean and Europe, which enables large-scale and chronologically broad basic research on human history. The department consists of the following seven groups: »Quaternary Archaeology«, »Prehistoric Phenomena«, »Prehistoric Identities«, »Archaeology in Egypt and Sudan«, »Archaeology of the Levant«, »Mediterranean Economies« and »Urnfield Culture Networks«. The groups conduct fieldwork and material analyses in Austria, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Greece, Cyprus, Türkiye, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Sudan and South Africa.
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2

Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Corriveau, L., J. F. Montreuil, O. Blein, E. Potter, M. Ansari, J. Craven, R. Enkin, et al. Metasomatic iron and alkali calcic (MIAC) system frameworks: a TGI-6 task force to help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329093.

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Australia's and China's resources (e.g. Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag and Bayan Obo REE deposits) highlight how discovery and mining of iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG), iron oxide±apatite (IOA) and affiliated primary critical metal deposits in metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic (MIAC) mineral systems can secure a long-term supply of critical metals for Canada and its partners. In Canada, MIAC systems comprise a wide range of undeveloped primary critical metal deposits (e.g. NWT NICO Au-Co-Bi-Cu and Québec HREE-rich Josette deposits). Underexplored settings are parts of metallogenic belts that extend into Australia and the USA. Some settings, such as the Camsell River district explored by the Dene First Nations in the NWT, have infrastructures and 100s of km of historic drill cores. Yet vocabularies for mapping MIAC systems are scanty. Ability to identify metasomatic vectors to ore is fledging. Deposit models based on host rock types, structural controls or metal associations underpin the identification of MIAC-affinities, assessment of systems' full mineral potential and development of robust mineral exploration strategies. This workshop presentation reviews public geoscience research and tools developed by the Targeted Geoscience Initiative to establish the MIAC frameworks of prospective Canadian settings and global mining districts and help de-risk exploration for IOCG, IOA and affiliated primary critical metal deposits. The knowledge also supports fundamental research, environmental baseline assessment and societal decisions. It fulfills objectives of the Canadian Mineral and Metal Plan and the Critical Mineral Mapping Initiative among others. The GSC-led MIAC research team comprises members of the academic, private and public sectors from Canada, Australia, Europe, USA, China and Dene First Nations. The team's novel alteration mapping protocols, geological, mineralogical, geochemical and geophysical framework tools, and holistic mineral systems and petrophysics models mitigate and solve some of the exploration and geosciences challenges posed by the intricacies of MIAC systems. The group pioneers the use of discriminant alteration diagrams and barcodes, the assembly of a vocab for mapping and core logging, and the provision of field short courses, atlas, photo collections and system-scale field, geochemical, rock physical properties and geophysical datasets are in progress to synthesize shared signatures of Canadian settings and global MIAC mining districts. Research on a metamorphosed MIAC system and metamorphic phase equilibria modelling of alteration facies will provide a foundation for framework mapping and exploration of high-grade metamorphic terranes where surface and near surface resources are still to be discovered and mined as are those of non-metamorphosed MIAC systems.
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Detges, Adrien, André Mueller, and Michelle Helene Reuter. Climate vulnerability and security in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin. Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc026.

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Climate change will affect millions of people in the Euphrates-Tigris basin. It will add to other foreseeable challenges in a region that is undergoing rapid demographic changes and development, that is grappling with political instability, and that struggles to manage its shared water resources sustainably. Resisting and preparing for the adverse impacts of climate change will be essential for the riparian countries Iraq, Turkey, Syria, and Iran. Their chances to do so successfully over the coming years will largely depend on their ability to build and bolster strong institutions and a healthy economy, to provide a safe environment for their citizens, to carefully manage their natural resources, and to maintain peaceful and productive relations among each other. Looking ahead to the year 2050, this paper develops three possible scenarios for the Euphrates-Tigris basin, each one marked by distinct vulnerability conditions and opportunities for the basin countries to withstand the effects of climate change. Based on these distinctions, the paper identifies scenario-specific climate risks for water resources, lives, and livelihoods, as well as possible implications for migration, political stability, and cross-border water cooperation. The paper builds on CASCADES research which examines the impacts of climate change on trade, investments, sustainable development and human security in the European neighbourhood, with a view to inform European policies and improve interregional cooperation. The scenarios presented in this paper have been co-developed with 30 experts from the region, representing the fields of climate change adaptation, natural resource management, conflict prevention, and other relevant areas, to allow for a multidisciplinary perspective on major challenges and possible solutions. The methodological approach is described in the appendix. The scenarios presented here are not exhaustive. Rather, they display a diverse set of possible future challenges and opportunities to inform strategic planning, promote flexible policies, and encourage a range of adaptation measures by the basin countries and their European partners.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. Мова війни і «контрнаступальна» лексика у стислих медійних текстах. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11742.

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The article examines the language of the russian-ukrainian war of the 21st century based on the materials of compressed media texts; the role of political narratives and psychological-emotional markers in the creation of new lexemes is clarified; the verbal expression of forecasts of ukrainian and foreign analysts regarding the course of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine is shown. Compressed media texts reflect the main meanings of the language of the russian-ukrainian war in relation to the surrounding world. First of all, the media vocabulary was supplemented with neologisms – aggressive and sad: “rashism”, “denazification”, “katsapstan”, “orks”, “rusnia”, “kremlins”, “parebrik”, “in the swamps”, “nuclear dictator”, “putinism”, “two hundred” and others. Numerals acquired new expressive and evaluative meanings: “200s” (dead), “300s” (wounded), “400s” (russian military personnel who filed reports for termination of the contract), “500s” (hopelessly drunk russian soldiers, alcoholics who are unable to perform combat tasks). The language of war intensified the slogans of the struggle for state independence and people’s freedom. The scope of the greeting “Glory to Ukraine! – Glory to Heroes!”. New official holidays have appeared in the history of Ukraine since 2014: “Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” Day (February 20), “Ukrainian Volunteer Day” (March 14), “Defenders and Defenders of Ukraine Day” (October 14), “Volunteer Day” (5 December). As you know, the professional holiday of the military is the Day of the Armed Forces of Ukraine” (December 6). A special style is characteristic of media texts on military topics: “Iron Force of Ukraine” (Iron Force of Ukraine), “digitize the Army” (for effective simulation of military operations); “grain corridor” (export of Ukrainian grain to African and European countries); “don’t let Ukraine lose” (the position of the Allies at the first stage of the war), “Ukraine must win!” (the position of the Allies in the second stage of the war); “in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the thinking of the 19th century collided with the thinking of the 21st century”, “a politician is a person who understands time” (Grigori Yavlinskyy, Russian oppositionist); “aggressive neutrality” (about Turkey’s position); “in Russia”, “there, in the swamps” (in Russia), “weak, inadequate evil” (about Russia), “behind the fence”; “a great reset of the world order”; “technology of military creativity”; “they are not Russian and not Ukrainian, they are Soviet”, “people without mentality”, “in Ukraine and without Ukraine” (Vitaly Portnikov about a separate category of Russian-speaking citizens in Ukraine); “information bed of Ukraine” (about combat operations on the front line; “when a descendant asks me what I did in those terrifying moments, I will know what to answer. At the very least, I did not stand aside” (opinion of a Ukrainian fighter). Compressed in media texts is implemented in the headline, note, infographic, chronicle, digest, help, caption for photos, blitz poll, interview, short articles, caricature, visual text, commercial, etc. Researchers add “nominative-representative text (business card text, titles of sections, pages, names of presenters, etc.) to concise media texts for a functional and pragmatic purpose.” accent text (quote, key idea); text-navigator (content, news feed, indication of movement or time); chronotope”. A specific linguistic phenomenon known as “language compression” is widespread in media texts. Language compression is the art of minimization; attention is focused on the main, the most essential, everything secondary is filtered out. Compression uses words succinctly and sparingly to convey the meaning as much as possible. For example, the headline “Racism. What is the essence of the new ideology of the Russian occupiers?”. The note briefly explains the meaning of this concept and explains the difference from “nazism” and “fascism”. Key words: compressed media text, language compression, language of war, emotional markers, expressive neologisms, political journalism.
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