Academic literature on the topic 'Irish prison system'
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Journal articles on the topic "Irish prison system"
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Gulati, Gautam, Valerie Murphy, Ana Clarke, Kristin Delcellier, David Meagher, Harry Kennedy, Elizabeth Fistein, John Bogue, and Colum P. Dunne. "Intellectual disability in Irish prisoners: systematic review of prevalence." International Journal of Prisoner Health 14, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-01-2017-0003.
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PurposeWhile individuals with an intellectual disability form a significant minority in the worldwide prison population, their healthcare needs require specialist attention. In Ireland, services for prisoners with intellectual disabilities need development. However, there is little substantive data estimating the prevalence of intellectual disabilities within the Irish prison system. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe authors systematically review published data relating to the prevalence of intellectual disabilities in prisons in the Republic of Ireland. The authors searched four databases, governmental websites and corresponded with experts.FindingsLittle published data were elicited from searches except for one nationwide cross-sectional survey which reflected a higher prevalence than reported in international studies. Studies from forensic mental health populations are narrated to contextualise findings.Originality/valueThis study found that there is little data to accurately estimate the prevalence of intellectual disabilities in the Irish prison system and the limited data available suggests that this is likely to be higher than international estimates. The authors highlight the need for further research to accurately estimate prevalence in this jurisdiction, alongside the need to develop screening and care pathways for prisoners with an intellectual disability.
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Cannon, Aoife, Fiona Nally, Anne Collins, Ronnie Fay, and Suzi Lyons. "Trends in addiction treatment in Irish prisons using national surveillance data, 2009–2014." International Journal of Prisoner Health 15, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-02-2018-0006.
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Purpose Many studies show that incarcerated populations have higher rates of problem drug use than the general population. The purpose of this paper is to analyse trends in addiction treatment demand in prisons in Ireland from 2009 to 2014 using available national surveillance data in order to identify any implications for practice and policy. Design/methodology/approach National surveillance data on treatment episodes for problem drug and alcohol use from 2009 to 2014, collected annually by the National Drug Treatment Reporting System (NDTRS), were analysed. Findings In total, 6 per cent of all treatment episodes recorded by the NDTRS between 2009 and 2014 were from prison services. The number of prison service treatment episodes increased from 964 in 2009 to 1,063 in 2014. Opiates were the main reason for treatment, followed by alcohol, cocaine and cannabis. The majority (94–98 per cent) of treatment episodes involved males (median age of 29 years) and low educational attainment, with 79.5–85.1 per cent leaving school before completion of second level. The percentage of treatment episodes with a history of ever injecting drugs increased from 20.9 per cent in 2009 to 31.0 per cent in 2014. Practical implications This study can help policy development and service planning in addiction treatment in prison as it provides an insight into the potential needs of incarcerated populations. It also provides a baseline from which to measure any changes in provision of treatment in prison over time. Originality/value This is the first study to analyse treatment episodes in prison using routine surveillance data in Ireland. Analysis of these data can provide useful information, not currently available elsewhere.
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Wright, Brenda, Dearbhia Duffy, Katherine Curtin, Sally Linehan, Stephen Monks, and Harry G. Kennedy. "Psychiatric morbidity among women prisoners newly committed and amongst remanded and sentenced women in the Irish prison system." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (June 2006): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700009575.
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AbstractObjectives: To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity, substance misuse problems and related health and social problems among women prisoners newly committed and a cross-section remanded and sentenced in the Irish prison population. In 2002 women represented 10.7% (1043) of all persons committed to the Irish Prison system, and 3.3% (104) of the daily average number of persons in custody. We surveyed psychiatric morbidity in these two groups to assess the need for psychiatric services for women prisoners, and to compare Irish morbidity with an international average.Method: We interviewed 94 newly committed women prisoners within 72 hours of committal, representing approximately 9% of female committals per year. We also interviewed a cross sectional sample of 92 women, representing approximately 90% of all women in custody. Mental illness and substance misuse was measured using the SADS-L, SODQ and a structured interview.Results: Five (5.4%) of the committal and 5 (5.4%) of the cross-sectional sample had a psychotic illness within the previous six months. 8 (8.5%) of the committals and 15 (16.3%) of the women in the cross-sectional sample had a major depressive disorder in the last six months. 8 (8.6%) committals and 14 (15.2%) in the cross-sectional sample had an anxiety disorder within the last six months. 61 (65.6%) of the women interviewed at committal and 61 (65.2%) of the cross-sectional sample had a substance misuse problem in the last six months.Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of mental illness and substance misuse problems amongst women newly committed to prison and in a cross section of those remanded or sentenced in prison in Ireland. We found evidence of a cycle of deprivation and institutionalisation. These findings highlight the need for the integration of community and forensic psychiatric services, and for ongoing collaboration with drug services.
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Byrne, Catherine, Brian Bowe, and Michael Carr. "Identity, Hard Sums and Butterflies." International Journal of Bias, Identity and Diversities in Education 4, no. 1 (January 2019): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbide.2019010103.
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This article examines mathematics education in the Irish prison system, and the impact that learning mathematics and receiving certification has on the identity of those studying so-called ‘hard sums.' It describes the lived experiences of people who have taken classes in prison, reflects on why they came to these classes to begin with, charts their emotions, and how they express their new identities as students. This article draws from earlier studies into the experiences of former prisoners who are currently engaged in higher level education, and who reflected on the effects that learning had on their identities: as parents, as sons or daughters, as citizens, as students. The article looks at how their experiences contrast with the experiences of other mature students returning to education in other higher and further education settings. National certification is available to everyone attending education in prison in Ireland, and this article reflects on the impact that certification has on the identity of the prisoner. It will show that in prison, a small step in the right direction at the right time can lead to identity change, akin to a transformation from cocoon to butterfly. The author has taught for many years in prison education centres, and is currently researching mathematics education in prisons, from different perspectives including mathematical self-efficacy, grit and resilience and the impact of mathematics education on the identity of the individual.
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O'Malley, Sinead, and Carmel Devaney. "Maintaining the mother–child relationship within the Irish prison system: the practitioner perspective." Child Care in Practice 22, no. 1 (September 11, 2015): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2015.1054786.
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Pašeta, Senia. "‘Waging War on the Streets’: the Irish Women Patrol, 1914–22." Irish Historical Studies 39, no. 154 (November 2014): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400019088.
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Female activists across the United Kingdom had insisted from the late nineteenth century that the employment of women police who would deal with problems specific to women and children could help to address pressing social questions, or at least to offer women some protection within the entirely male criminal justice system. Their campaign for women police was connected to similar demands for the employment of female prison visitors and inspectors and, later, jurors and lawyers, and it was predicated on the idea that neither prisons nor courts afforded women fair and equal treatment under the law. Early victories included the appointment of police matrons and searchers, but the resistance of police authorities and most other civil servants to female officers remained solid into the early twentieth century, feminist campaigning notwithstanding. The outbreak of the First World War, however, provided an ideal context for renewed activism on the issue, not least because commentators across the British Isles predicted that the apparent inability of girls and young women to resist the lure of uniformed men would lead to outbreaks of war-induced sexual promiscuity and a decline in standards of public behaviour.
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Grace, Pierce. "Patronage and health care in eighteenth-century Irish county infirmaries." Irish Historical Studies 41, no. 159 (May 2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2017.4.
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AbstractThe creation of a network of county infirmaries was a remarkable achievement in late eighteenth-century Ireland. Supported by grants from parliament and the county grand juries, each hospital was managed by governors whose subscriptions entitled them to appoint the medical staff and decide on the patient population. While the laudable aim of the legislators was that the infirmaries would be ‘a means of restoring the health and preserving the lives of many’, the reality was quite different. In 1788 the prison reformer, John Howard, and the inspector general of prisons, Sir Jeremiah Fitzpatrick, delivered a damning report to parliament on the state of the county infirmaries. They described good care and governance in a minority of institutions, but most were in a very bad state; they noted decayed and broken buildings, dirty or no bedding, poor food, lack of regulation, financial malfeasance, few patients and absent staff. Based on their report, this paper argues that the county infirmaries benefited the governors and the staff considerably, and had little impact on the health of the nation. However, providing a hospital and trained medical professionals in every county was a significant step in the formation of the Irish institutional healthcare system.
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Cullagh, Ciaran Mc. "Unemployment and Imprisonment: Examining and Interpreting the Relationship in the Republic of Ireland." Irish Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (May 1992): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160359200200101.
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There is a tradition in the sociological study of punishment that emphasises the relationship between conditions in the economy, in particular the level of unemployment, and the numbers sent to prison. This paper examines this relationship in the Irish context using data from the period 1951 to 1988. It finds that the relationship only holds in the period from the late 1970s onwards. It suggests that an examination of why this relationship exists needs to look at the ‘vocabulary of motives’ used by key decision-makers in the criminal justice system, and in particular by the judiciary.
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Little, James, and Radvan Markus. "Coercive Confinement and Irish Languages: Ó Cadhain, Behan, Heaney, Okorie." Review of Irish Studies in Europe 5, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32803/rise.v5i2.3073.
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This article explores the consequences that the conditions of incarceration have on the linguistic make-up of literary texts that result from or reflect on them. Due to the island’s colonial history, Ireland has a rich canon of confinement literature, but – largely as a result of this very same history – these literary works have often been studied through a binary cultural lens, reinforcing what Declan Kiberd has termed the ‘quarantine’ of Ireland’s literatures, with English kept on one side of the language fence, Irish on the other. Drawing on Ian O’Donnell and Eoin O’Sullivan’s concept of ‘coercive confinement’ in order to include carceral institutions outside the formal criminal justice system, this article examines four case studies in which Irish writers cross the borders of language quarantine when writing about coercive confinement, focusing on selected works by Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Brendan Behan, Seamus Heaney and Melatu Uche Okorie. Just as the conditions of confinement that gave rise to these works differ widely, so too do the literary strategies employed to represent or respond to these situations of incarceration. While Ireland’s literary languages have historically existed in quarantine, we hope to show that this linguistic confinement is often breached by Irish writers responding to actual instances of imprisonment.
Keywords: coercive confinement; language; internment; prison; borstal; direct provision; heteroglossia; translation
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O’Donnell, Ian, and Eoin O’Sullivan. "‘Coercive confinement’: An idea whose time has come?" Incarceration 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 263266632093644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2632666320936440.
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This article argues in favour of ‘coercive confinement’ as a useful addition to the criminological lexicon. It suggests that to properly understand a country’s level of punitiveness requires consideration of a range of institutions that fall outside the remit of the formal criminal justice system. It also requires a generous longitudinal focus. Using Ireland as a case study, such an approach reveals that since the foundation of the state, the prison has gradually become ascendant. This might be read to imply a punitive turn. But when a broader view is taken to include involuntary detention in psychiatric hospitals, confinement in Magdalen homes and mother and baby homes, and detention in industrial and reformatory schools, the trajectory is strongly downward. This might be read to imply a national programme of decarceration. (In recent years, asylum seekers have been held in congregate settings that are experienced as prison-like and they must be factored into the analysis.) While some of these institutions may have been used with peculiar enthusiasm in Ireland, none are Irish inventions. It would be profitable to extend the idea of ‘coercive confinement’ to other nations with a view to adding some necessary nuance to our understanding of the reach and grip of the carceral state.
Books on the topic "Irish prison system"
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Hughes, Nicola. Accountability and the Irish prison system. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1997.
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O'Donnell, Ian. Justice, Mercy, and Caprice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.001.0001.
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Justice, Mercy, and Caprice is a work of criminal justice history that speaks to the gradual emergence of a more humane Irish state. It is a close examination of what can be learned from the National Archives of Ireland about the decision to grant clemency to men and women sentenced to death between the end of the civil war in 1923 and the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Frequently, the decision to deflect the law from its course was an attempt to introduce a measure of justice to a system where the mandatory death sentence for murder caused predictable unfairness and undue harshness. In some instances the decision to commute a death penalty sprang from merciful motivations. In others it was capricious, depending on factors that should have had no place in the government’s decision-making calculus. The custodial careers of those whose lives were spared repay scrutiny. Women tended to serve relatively short periods in prison but were often transferred to a religious institution, such as a Magdalen laundry, where their coercive confinement continued, occasionally for life. Men, by contrast, served longer in prison but were discharged directly to the community. Political offenders, such as members of the IRA, were either executed hastily or, when the threat of capital punishment had passed, incarcerated for extravagant periods. The issues addressed are of continuing relevance for countries that retain capital punishment as the ultimate sanction.
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Fabbrini, Federico, ed. The Law & Politics of Brexit: Volume II. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848356.001.0001.
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This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the withdrawal agreement concluded between the United Kingdom and the European Union to create the legal framework for Brexit. Building on a prior volume, it overviews the process of Brexit negotiations that took place between the UK and the EU from 2017 to 2019. It also examines the key provisions of the Brexit deal, including the protection of citizens’ rights, the Irish border, and the financial settlement. Moreover, the book assesses the governance provisions on transition, decision-making and adjudication, and the prospects for future EU–UK trade relations. Finally, it reflects on the longer-term challenges that the implementation of the 2016 Brexit referendum poses for the UK territorial system, for British–Irish relations, as well as for the future of the EU beyond Brexit.
Book chapters on the topic "Irish prison system"
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Breathnach, Ciara, and Laurence M. Geary. "Crime and Punishment: Whiteboyism and the Law in Late Nineteenth-Century Ireland." In Crime, Violence and the Irish in the Nineteenth Century. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940650.003.0009.
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This chapter is concerned with the administration of justice and offers a detailed examination of agrarian outrages in south-west Ireland during the first phase of the Land War. The focus is on those convicted of ‘Whiteboy’ offences at the Munster assizes of 1881 and the manner in which they were treated by the justice and penal system. The sentences meted out in these instances of agrarian outrage were often tougher than those given to ‘ordinary’ criminals. The Whiteboys could expect harsh treatment in prison. The conventions of the prison ‘mark’ system were flouted and physical and mental deterioration was common due to inactivity and solitary confinement. ‘Whiteboyism’ was merely a term of convenience by the 1880s, but this essay captures vividly how the draconian treatment handed out to convicted insurgents reflected the state’s fear of agrarian unrest and the threat it posed to the status quo.
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Koß, Michael. "(Non-)Departures from the Legislative State of Nature, 1866–1917." In Parliaments in Time, 114–61. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766919.003.0005.
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Prior to 1917, a centralization of agenda control was successful in the British House of Commons between 1882 and 1902 but failed in the German Reichstag in 1906. In the House of Commons, followers over time accepted that systematic attempts of Irish nationalists to delay the passage of legislation amounted to anti-system obstruction could only be contained procedurally as advocated by leaders. In contrast, the German Social Democrats, despite being deemed anti-system by conservatives, only obstructed legislative business tactically. This explains why centrist legislators refused to support the procedural changes proposed by the extra-parliamentary government. In the absence of any systematic obstruction, followers successfully called for mega-seats on powerful committees in both the French Chamber of Deputies and the Swedish Riksdag.
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Hardiman, Justice Adrian. "The jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights and the case of O’Keeffe v. Hickey." In Judges, politics and the Irish Constitution. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526114556.003.0007.
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The chapter of Mr. Justice Adrian Hardiman positions the European Convention on Human Rights in the context of the Irish domestic legal system and highlights the political motivations behind the decision to give effect to the Convention in Irish law at a sub-constitutional and interpretive level. The chapter argues that the the principle of subsidiarity is under threat in the decision in O’Keeffe, where, in his view, the Strasbourg Court dramatically expanded its jurisdiction and encroached upon national sovereignty. Mr. Justice Hardiman is particularly concerned that the Strasbourg court entertained a claim that was not presented in the High Court or Supreme Court and that the judgment appeared to merge O’Keeffe’s claims under direct State responsibility and vicarious liability. He argues that this reflects a departure from prior case law for the ECtHR. Mr. Justice Hardiman’s second concern centres on the use by the court of language of ‘objective’, ‘core objective’ and ‘core grievance’, suggesting that use of these terms implies that, at the discretion of the ECtHR, the simple word ‘all’ may mean ‘some’ or even ‘at least one’.
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O’Donoghue, Tom, and Judith Harford. "The Church Ascendant, 1831–1967." In Piety and Privilege, 16–40. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843166.003.0002.
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In the latter half of the eighteenth and early decades of the nineteenth century the priests’ leadership role in Ireland increased, aided by the relaxation of the Penal Laws and the eventual granting of Catholic Emancipation throughout the United Kingdom in 1829. Concurrently, a new generation of reforming bishops shook off the approach of caution of their predecessors towards government and became increasingly assertive about Catholic interests, including in education. That assertiveness is central in the considerations of this chapter. Developments in relation to the role of the Catholic Church (the Church) in Irish society from the decades prior to the Great Famine of 1845–48 are outlined. Relations between the Church and the State on education from the establishment of the Irish National School System in 1831 to the advent of national independence in 1922 are then examined. In the third section the activity of ‘the triumphalist Church in Ireland’ for the period from 1922 to the introduction of ‘free second-level education’ in 1967 is detailed.
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Dukelow, Fiona. "No longer ‘fit for purpose’? Consolidation and catch-up in Irish labour market policy." In Labour Market Policies in the Era of Pervasive Austerity. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447335863.003.0009.
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This chapter discusses recent change to Irish labour market policy which, it argues, has been guided by the idea that Ireland’s policy regime prior to the 2008 crisis was no longer ‘fit for purpose’ being overly focused on a passive benefit system and a similarly passive approach to activation. The chapter maps three key changes related to consolidation and catch-up. First, retrenchment is further eroding the already weak social insurance underpinnings of the system. Second, existing activation programmes which focused heavily on direct job creation have been somewhat curtailed; new more market oriented programmes have been introduced and compulsion has been stregthened. Third, major institutional re-design is leading to greater integration of the benefit system with employment services and a turn towards privatisation and marketisation. By assessing these changes against recent labour market dynamics the chapter also considers how they are contributing to a more precarious labour market regime post-crisis.
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Barton, Mary S. "Counterterrorism in British India." In Counterterrorism Between the Wars, 129–51. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864042.003.0006.
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On the night of April 18, 1930, some 100 armed revolutionaries calling themselves the “Indian Republican Army” mobilized in Chittagong, a seaport city in East Bengal near the Burmese border, just prior to launching multiple raids on British colonial sites. The Chittagong Armory Raid of 1930, modelled after the 1916 Irish Easter Rising, sparked a renewed period of terrorist activity in India, along with the increasing involvement of female revolutionaries as assassins. The British Government of India responded with a multipronged approach to counterterrorism that included the pursuit of another international treaty to control gun-running, stricter anti-terrorism legislation, and the ability to arrest and detain militants indefinitely. Whitehall disagreed with the anti-terrorism policies promoted by Delhi policymakers, especially the creation of a vast detention camp system to imprison alleged terrorists, as it embarrassed them internationally and legitimized Gandhi in the eyes of Indians and Britons.
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Wang, Mengdi, Anne Devitt, Juan Gao, and Ciarán Baurer. "Computer mediated communication and task-based learning for adolescent learners of Chinese as a foreign Language in Ireland: An eBook task design under the adaption of Bridge 21 technology-mediated learning model." In Proceedings of the XXIst International CALL Research Conference, 117–25. Castledown Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29140/9781914291050-16.
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The Bridge 21 learning model emphasizes teamwork and technology mediation in the process of activity implementations. With the introduction of Chinese as a Leaving Certificate specification in the Irish secondary education system in 2020, there is a growing interest in Chinese language among schools, parents, as well as students. There are three types of Chinese language courses run through Irish secondary school settings: Junior Cycle (JC) Chinese Short Course, Transition Year (TY) Chinese and Leaving Certificate Mandarin Chinese. However, compared to other Anglosphere countries (e.g., UK, Australia), Ireland is in the early development stages of Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) learning (Osborne et al., 2019). Despite this, the open and flexible principle of Chinese course syllabi in JC and TY not only provides Chinese language teachers with the freedom of selecting contents, but also makes it possible to adapt Bridge 21 model into teaching practice. However, Chinese as a curriculum specification at JC in Ireland has not been explored in depth or been combined with the Bridge 21 model. Therefore, this paper aims to elaborate on the design and implementation of an eBook activity which aligns to the Bridge 21 model in a JC Chinese course. The preliminary findings of participants’ reflections suggest that the majority of participants had a positive experience in this activity and identified language development, especially recognition and production of Chinese characters, while one group of participants highlighted that they felt challenged working as a team. This may suggest there is a need for training of both technological tools as well as teamwork prior to conducting Bridge 21 learning activities in the future.
Conference papers on the topic "Irish prison system"
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Tan, Chun-Wei, and Stella Tabora Domingo. "Accurate Iris Segmentation for at-a-distance Acquired Iris/Face Images under Less Constrained Environment." In PRIS 2020: 2020 International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3415048.3415049.
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Ramachandran, Saravanabalagi, Jonathan Horgan, Ganesh Sistu, and John McDonald. "Fast and Efficient Scene Categorization for Autonomous Driving using VAEs." In 24th Irish Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference. Irish Pattern Recognition and Classification Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56541/suhe3553.
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Scene categorization is a useful precursor task that provides prior knowledge for many advanced computer vision tasks with a broad range of applications in content-based image indexing and retrieval systems. Despite the success of data driven approaches in the field of computer vision such as object detection, semantic segmentation, etc., their application in learning high-level features for scene recognition has not achieved the same level of success. We propose to generate a fast and efficient intermediate interpretable generalized global descriptor that captures coarse features from the image and use a classification head to map the descriptors to 3 scene categories: Rural, Urban and Suburban. We train a Variational Autoencoder in an unsupervised manner and map images to a constrained multi-dimensional latent space and use the latent vectors as compact embeddings that serve as global descriptors for images. The experimental results evidence that the VAE latent vectors capture coarse information from the image, supporting their usage as global descriptors. The proposed global descriptor is very compact with an embedding length of 128, significantly faster to compute, and is robust to seasonal and illuminational changes, while capturing sufficient scene information required for scene categorization.
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Romo-Estrada, Jose A., Brittany Newell, and Jose Garcia. "Mechanical Iris Stretcher for Electroactive Polymers." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-7964.
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An electroactive polymer is a material capable of changing its size and shape when an electric field is present. It is composed of a thin film of dielectric elastomer and two electrodes placed on the top and bottom of the dielectric material. Since the rediscovery of their capabilities, electroactive polymers have been proposed as novel materials for use in numerous fields such as in bioengineering, electronics, hydraulics, and aerospace. It has been demonstrated that the actuation potential of electroactive polymer dielastomers can be significantly enhanced by mechanically pre-straining the material prior to application of an electric field. Application of uniform pre-strain is critical for uniform actuation and is challenging to achieve. This research details methods for constructing an automated uniform stretcher that resulted in the production of a LabView controlled iris stretcher for flexible materials. The high torque stretcher was capable of pre-straining materials with a minimum diameter of 1 inch mm) to a maximum diameter of 16 inches. The stretcher calculates the percent strain and has adjustable speed control through a high torque micro-stepper motor and controller. The stretcher’s capabilities were demonstrated on materials within varying tensile strengths up to 725 psi.
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Aydogan, Fatih. "Quantitative and Qualitative Comparison of Light Water and Advanced Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36415.
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In the recent years, several Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have been developed. These Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) not only offer small power size (less than 300MWe), foot print, compact designs fabricated in factories to transport to the sites but also passive safety features. On one hand, some of the Light Water (LW) SMRs have been aggressively competing to win Department of Energy’s Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOA): NuScale, W-SMR, etc. These new LW-SMRs are mainly inspired by the early LW-SMRs (such as, Process Inherent Ultimate Safety (PIUS), International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS), Small Innovative Reactor (SIR), etc). LW-SMRs employ significantly less number of components to decrease cost and increase simplicity. However, new physical challenges appeared with these changes. On the other hand, advanced SMRs (such as, PBMR, MHR Antares, Prism, 4S, Hyperion, etc.) are dazzled with their improved passive safety features. This paper compares most of the LW and Advanced SMRs in respect to reactors, nuclear fuel, containment, reactor coolant systems, re-fueling and emergency coolant systems quantitatively and qualitatively. The detailed comparisons in this paper show that one reactor is not the absolute winner in this comparison since each reactor is designed to meet different needs.
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Khan, Salah Ud-din, Minjun Peng, Muhammad Zubair, and Shaowu Wang. "A Review on Specific Features of Small and Medium Sized Nuclear Power Plants." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29399.
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Due to global warming and high oil prices nuclear power is the most feasible solution for generating electricity. For the fledging nuclear power industry small and medium sized nuclear reactors (SMR’s) are instrumental for the development and demonstration of nuclear reactor technology. Due to the enhanced and outstanding safety features, these reactors have been considered globally. In this paper, first we have summarized the reactor design by considering some of the large nuclear reactor including advanced and theoretical nuclear reactor. Secondly, comparison between large nuclear reactors and SMR’s have been discussed under the criteria led by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Thirdly, a brief review about the design and safety aspects of some of SMR’s have been carried out. We have considered the specifications and parametric analysis of the reactors like: ABV which is the floating type integral Pressurized water reactor; Long life, Safe, Simple Small Portable Proliferation Resistance Reactor (LSPR) concept; Multi-Application Small Light Water Reactor (MASLWR) concept; Fixed Bed Nuclear Reactor (FBNR); Marine Reactor (MR-X) & Deep Sea Reactor (DR-X); Space Reactor (SP-100); Passive Safe Small Reactor for Distributed energy supply system (PSRD); System integrated Modular Advanced Reactor (SMART); Super, Safe, Small and Simple Reactor (4S); International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS); Nu-Scale Reactor; Next generation nuclear power plant (NGNP); Small, Secure Transportable Autonomous Reactor (SSTAR); Power Reactor Inherently Safe Module (PRISM) and Hyperion Reactor concept. Finally we have point out some challenges that must be resolved in order to play an effective role in Nuclear industry.
Reports on the topic "Irish prison system"
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.