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1
Smith, Dennis. A Song for Mary an Irish- (Oeb) American Memory. Oxmoor House, 1999.
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2
Haslett, Moyra. The Rise of the Irish Novel. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199580033.003.0029.
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This chapter turns to Irish fiction and the ambivalence of the term. ‘Irish fiction’ may be so called by virtue of various factors: an author's birth or place of domicile; the identification of an Irish edition only; or a specifically Irish theme or setting. But the difficulty of defining the ‘Irish novel’ is compounded by the way in which such apparent demarcations — of birth, domicile, setting — are themselves refused within fiction of this period, refused particularly as ‘demarcations’. For example, Jonathan Swift, whose Gulliver's Travels (1726) stands as one of the most famous Irish novels, is himself ambivalent about his Irish birth. Swift's ambivalence about his Irish birth is marked in the fictionalizing of his own life, in which he used the anecdote of his nurse's kidnap of him to Whitehaven, for example, to imply that he was born in England.
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Torrance, Isabelle, and Donncha O'Rourke, eds. Classics and Irish Politics, 1916-2016. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864486.001.0001.
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This collection addresses how models from ancient Greece and Rome have permeated Irish political discourse in the century since 1916. The 1916 Easter Rising, when Irish nationalists rose up against British imperial forces, was almost instantly mythologized in Irish political memory as a turning point in the nation’s history and an event that paved the way for Irish independence. Its centenary has provided a natural point for reflection on Irish politics, and this volume highlights an unexplored element in Irish political discourse, namely its frequent reference to, reliance on, and tensions with classical Greek and Roman models. Topics covered include the reception and rejection of classical culture in Ireland; the politics of Irish language engagement with Greek and Roman models; the intersection of Irish literature with scholarship in Classics and Celtic Studies; the use of classical allusion to articulate political inequalities across hierarchies of gender, sexuality, and class; meditations on the Northern Irish conflict through classical literature; and the political implications of neoclassical material culture in Irish society. As the only country colonized by Britain with a pre-existing indigenous heritage of expertise in classical languages and literature, Ireland represents a unique case in the fields of classical reception and postcolonial studies. This book opens a window on a rich and varied dialogue between significant figures in Irish cultural history and the Greek and Roman sources that have inspired them, a dialogue that is firmly rooted in Ireland’s historical past and continues to be ever-evolving.
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Sanders, James W. Irish vs. Yankees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681579.001.0001.
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As a social historian, James W. Sanders takes a new look at a critical period in the development of Boston schools. Focusing on the burgeoning Irish Catholic population and framing the discussion around Catholic hierarchy, Sanders considers the interplay of social forces in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that led to Irish Catholics’ emerging with political control of the city and its public schools. The latter reduced the need for parochial schools; by at least the 1920s, the public and parochial schools had taken giant steps toward one another in theory and practice under the leadership of the Catholics who presided over both systems. The public schools taught the same morality as the Catholic ones, and, in the generous use of Catholic saints and heroes as moral exemplars, they came dangerously close to breaching the wall of separation between religion and the public school. As a result, despite the large Irish Catholic population, Boston’s parochial school system looked very different from parochial schools in other American cities, and did not match them in size or influence. The book begins in 1822 when Boston officially became a city and ends with the Irish Catholic takeover of the Boston public school system before the Second World War.
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Turner, Alicia, Laurence Cox, and Brian Bocking. The Irish Buddhist. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190073084.001.0001.
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The Irish Buddhist tells the story of a poor Irishman who worked his way across America as a migrant worker, became one of the very first Western Buddhist monks, and traveled the length and breadth of Asia, from Burma and present-day Thailand to China and Japan, and from India and Sri Lanka to Singapore and Australia. Defying racial boundaries, he scandalized the colonial establishment of the 1900s. As a Buddhist monk, he energetically challenged the values and power of the British empire. U Dhammaloka was a radical celebrity who rallied Buddhists across Asia, set up schools, and argued down Christian missionaries—often using Western atheist arguments. He was tried for sedition, tracked by police and intelligence services, and “died” at least twice. His early years and final days are shrouded in mystery, despite his adept use of mass media. His story illuminates the forgotten margins and interstices of imperial power, the complexities of class, ethnicity, and religious belonging in colonial Asia, and the fluidity of identity in the high Victorian period. Too often, the story of the pan-Asian Buddhist revival movement and Buddhism’s remaking as a world religion has been told “from above,” highlighting scholarly writers, middle-class reformers, and ecclesiastical hierarchies. By contrast, Dhammaloka’s adventures “from below” highlight the changing and contested meanings of Buddhism in colonial Asia. They offer a window into the worlds of ethnic minorities and diasporas, transnational networks, poor whites, and social movements, all developing different visions of Buddhist and post-imperial modernities.
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Cronin, Michael G. In the Wake of Joyce: Irish Writing after 1939. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0013.
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This chapter maps the mid-century period of the Irish novel in terms of the various aesthetic choices which Irish writers took as they contended imaginatively with the contradictions and conundrums of modernity, and the specific form which these took in a postcolonial society. After all, James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake (1939) destroyed the conventions of literary realism in a carnivalesque conflagration. He also dismantled the linguistic structures of intelligibility that uphold this mode of representation, yet he simultaneously produced an interfusion of Irish history with world history and of world history with global myth. Thus, this chapter conceives of a distinction between experimentation and realism as a performative rather than a constative assertion. The advantage of this model is that it not only recalibrates the distinction between realism and modernism in Irish writing, but also dissolves any clean division between Irish writers critically surveying the condition of modern Ireland.
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Adams, R. J. C. Shadow of a Taxman. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192849625.001.0001.
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Shadow of a Taxman investigates how the unrecognized Irish Republic’s money was solicited, collected, transmitted, and safeguarded, as well as who the financial backers were and what might have influenced their decision to contribute. The Republic’s quest for funds took its emissaries as far afield as New York, Buenos Aires, Cape Town, and Melbourne, as well as to the Irish community in Britain and virtually every parish in Ireland. By selling ‘war bonds’ to supporters, it raised £370,165 from 140,000 people in Ireland and nearly $6m from 300,000 in the United States. These bonds promised a return to subscribers when British forces had left Ireland and an independent Irish Republic was internationally recognized. Exploiting newly uncovered documents, Shadow of a Taxman reveals the identities of these subscribers. Cross-referencing with census returns, intelligence reports, memoirs, and IRA membership rolls, it provides the first demographic analysis of non-combatant supporters of Irish independence on the eve of its realization. It also shows how access to funds shaped the course of the Irish War of Independence and, ultimately, Irish republicans’ negotiating position with the British government in 1921.
8
O’Hogan, Cillian. Irish Versions of Virgil’s Eclogues and Georgics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810810.003.0028.
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Irish versions of the Eclogues and Georgics serve as another salient example of how culture and nationhood define themselves through Virgil. This chapter explores how Virgil has provided a way of navigating Irish identity and looks at the language choices in Irish translations that lead away from British classically infused literature and towards an alternative classical tradition. In particular, by examining Seamus Heaney’s translation of Eclogue 9 and Peter Fallon’s translation of the Georgics, O’Hogan argues that both provide two aspects of Virgilian ‘repossession’: poets relocate Virgilian poems into familiar Irish landscapes replete with grim realities of rural life; and they make use of Hiberno-English, the everyday version of English used in Ireland.
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DiGirolamo, Cara M. Word order and information structure in the Würzburg Glosses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0008.
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This chapter deals with the interface between Syntax and Pragmatics by examining argument fronting in Old Irish non-poetic Glosses. Relying on lexical and contextual indicators of discourse function, three Information Structure patterns can be identified: aboutness topic; contrastive topic; and focus. Aboutness and contrastive topic are often resumed and do not mark relativization on the verb, suggesting that they are left dislocation structures. Focus is most commonly expressed through clefts, although clefts in Old Irish can be morphologically opaque. Modern Irish has all these structures besides a non-clefted focus structure, which is likely derived from interpreting morphologically opaque clefts as topicalization. In sum, this paper argues that Old Irish has a set of productive argument fronting positions with distinct and conventional information structural properties that can be analysed in terms of an articulated left periphery, and that these fronting positions are the direct ancestors of fronting positions in Modern Irish.
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Holmes, Andrew R. The Irish Presbyterian Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793618.001.0001.
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This book considers how one protestant community responded to the challenges posed to traditional understandings of Christian faith between 1830 and 1930. It examines the attitudes of the leaders of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland to biblical criticism, modern historical method, evolutionary science, and liberal forms of protestant theology. It explores how they reacted to developments in other Christian traditions, including the so-called ‘Romeward’ trend in the established Churches of England and Ireland and the ‘Romanization’ of Catholicism. Was their response distinctively Presbyterian and Irish? How was it shaped by Presbyterian values, intellectual first principles, international denominational networks, identity politics, the expansion of higher education, and relations with other Christian denominations? The story begins in the 1830s, when evangelicalism came to dominate mainstream Presbyterianism, the largest protestant denomination in present-day Northern Ireland. The story ends in the 1920s with the exoneration of J. E. Davey, a professor in the Presbyterian College, Belfast, who was tried for heresy on accusations of being a ‘modernist’. Within this time frame, the book describes the formation and maintenance of a religiously conservative intellectual community. At the heart of the interpretation is the interplay between the Reformed theology of the Westminster Confession of Faith and a commitment to common evangelical principles and religious experience that drew protestants together from various denominations. The definition of conservative within the Presbyterian Church in Ireland moved between these two poles.
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Groom, Nick. Draining the Irish Sea. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795155.003.0002.
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In 1722, an anonymous author published Thoughts of a Project for Draining the Irish Channel. This neglected work is a satire on both the South Sea Bubble and Anglo-Irish politics, capitalizing on the craze for speculation, scientific advances in hydraulics, resource management, political arithmetic, and improvement. This chapter accordingly argues that land reclamation was an effective metaphor for Anglo-Irish policy and British imperialism, which in turn raised questions of national identity, regional connectivity, and environmental management. It introduces new evidence to historicize coastal work by blending textual criticism, political and legal analysis, regional folklore studies, and counterfactual history. The chapter provides a history of the Irish Sea and an account of maritime trade and property rights, as well as an analysis of the pamphlet itself (including its connections to the work of Jonathan Swift). It ends with a thought experiment imagining the impact had the channel actually been drained.
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Campbell, Matthew. ‘A bit of shrapnel’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0009.
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In the papers of the Irish poet Dora Sigerson (1866–1918) is an unpublished poem called ‘The Second Wife’, a satirical ballad dating from 1916 to 1918. The poem addresses the marital arrangements of Thomas and Florence Hardy, friends of Sigerson and her husband, Clement Shorter. This chapter examines the poem and the relations between the Shorters and the Hardys in relation to Anglo-Irish literary attitudes to the Irish rebellion against the British in 1916. Shorter also published Yeats, being the first to print ‘Easter, 1916’. Sigerson wrote a number of poems in her last volumes, The Sad Years, Sixteen Dead Men, and The Tricolour, about these events. The chapter considers how these poems reflect not just her anger against the lack of sympathy for the Irish cause in the liberal England in which she was based, but also her extreme imaginative projection on to the sacrifice of 1916.
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Sanders, James W. Public School/Catholic School: 1914–World War II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681579.003.0006.
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Even though Cardinal O’Connell believed that Catholic schooling was the only adequate answer to the education of Catholic youth, he did not come close to fully implementing this conviction. Events in Boston largely took schooling out of O’Connell’s hands. By the 1910s, Irish Catholics had taken over the Boston public schools. Simultaneously, Irish politicians took over the city and a majority of Irish Catholics now controlled the Boston School Committee, appointing an Irish Catholic educator as the city’s school superintendent. By at least the 1920s, the public and parochial schools had taken giant steps toward one another in theory and practice under the leadership of the Catholics who presided over both systems. Though Cardinal O’Connell and his circle continued to preach the need for Catholic children to attend parochial schools, parents, most of whom had attended public schools themselves, knew that the public schools would not undermine their children’s faith.
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O’Leary, Brendan. A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199243341.001.0001.
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O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
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O’Leary, Brendan. A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume II. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830573.001.0001.
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O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
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O’Leary, Brendan. A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume III. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830580.001.0001.
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O’Leary’s authoritative treatment of the history of Northern Ireland and its current prospects is genuinely unique. Beginning with an in-depth account of the scale of the recent conflict, he sets out to explain why Northern Ireland recently had the highest incidence of political violence in twentieth-century western Europe. Volume 1 demonstrates the salience of the colonial past in accounting for current collective mentalities, institutions, and rivalrous animosities, culminating in a distinct comparative account of the partition of the island in 1920. The major moments in the development of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism are freshly treated by this Irish-born political scientist who has spent thirty-five years mastering the relevant historiography. Volume 2 shows how Ulster Unionists improvised a distinctive control system, driven by their fear of abandonment by the metropolitan power in Great Britain, their anxieties about Irish nationalist irredentism, and their inherited settler colonial culture. British political institutions were exploited to organize a sustained political monopoly on power and to disorganize the cultural Catholic minority. At the same juncture, the Irish Free State’s punctuated movement from restricted dominion-level autonomy to sovereign republican independence led to the full-scale political decolonization of the South. Irish state-building had a price, however: it further estranged Ulster Unionists, and Northern nationalists felt abandoned. Volume 3 unpacks the consequences and takes the reader to the present, explaining Northern Ireland’s distinctive consociational settlement, accomplished in 1998, and its subsequently turbulent and currently imperiled implementation. An assessment of the confederation of European Union and the prospects for an Irish confederation close the book, which vividly engages with feasible futures that may unfold from the UK’s exit from the EU.
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Fox, Brian. James Joyce's America. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814023.001.0001.
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James Joyce’s America is the first study to address comprehensively and integrally the nature of Joyce’s relationship with the United States. It challenges the most prevalent view of Joyce as merely indifferent or hostile towards America, arguing that his works show an increasing level of engagement with American history, culture, and politics that culminates in the abundance of allusions to the United States in Finnegans Wake, the very title of which (from an Irish-American song) signals the importance of America to that work. The focus throughout remains consistently on Joyce’s concept of America within the framework of an Irish history to which his works obsessively return. That is, Joyce’s thematic preoccupation with Ireland and its history corresponds to a formal concentration in this study on America’s relation to that specifically post-Famine history. Within that context, it explores first Joyce’s relation to Irish America and how post-Famine Irish history as Joyce saw it transformed the country from a nation of invasions and settlements to one spreading out across the globe, ultimately connecting Joyce’s response to this historical phenomenon to the diffusive styles of Finnegans Wake. This then leads into discussions on American popular and literary cultures in terms of how they appear in relation to or as a function of the British-Irish colonial context in the post-Famine era, before concluding with a consideration of how Joyce incorporated aspects of his American reception into the Wake.
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Patten, Eve. Ireland, Revolution, and the English Modernist Imagination. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869160.001.0001.
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Abstract This book asks how English authors of the early to mid-twentieth century responded to the nationalist revolution in neighbouring Ireland in their work and explores this response as an expression of anxieties about, and aspirations within, England itself. Drawing predominantly on novels of this period, but also on letters, travelogues, literary criticism, and memoir, it illustrates how Irish affairs provided a marginal but pervasive point of reference for a wide range of canonical authors in England, including Wyndham Lewis, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, Graham Greene, and Evelyn Waugh, and for lesser-known figures such as Ethel Mannin, George Thomson, and T.H. White. The book surveys these and other incidental writers within the broad framework of literary modernism, an arc seen to run in temporal parallel to Ireland’s revolutionary trajectory from rebellion to independence. In this context, it addresses two distinct aspects of the Irish-English relationship as it features in the literature of the time: first, the uneasy recognition of a fundamental similarity between the two countries in terms of their potential for violent revolutionary instability, and second, the proleptic engagement of Irish events to prefigure, imaginatively, the potential course of England’s evolution from the Armistice to the Second World War. Tracing these effects, this book offers a topical renegotiation of the connections between Irish and English literary culture, nationalism, and political ideology, together with a new perspective on the Irish sources engaged by English literary modernism.
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Grene, Nicholas. Farming in Modern Irish Literature. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861294.001.0001.
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This innovative study analyzes the range of representation of farming in Irish literature in the period since independence/partition in 1922, as Ireland moved from a largely agricultural to a developed urban society. In many different forms, poetry, drama, fiction, and autobiography, writers have made literary capital by looking back at their rural backgrounds, even where those may be a generation back. The first five chapters examine some of the key themes: the impact of inheritance on family, in the patriarchal system where there could only be one male heir; the struggles for survival in the poorest regions of the West of Ireland; the uses of childhood farming memories whether idyllic or traumatic; the representation of communities, challenging the homogeneous idealizing images of the Literary Revival; the impact of modernization on successive generations into the twenty-first century. The final three chapters are devoted to three major writers in whose work farming is central: Patrick Kavanagh, the small farmer who had to find an individual voice to express his own unique experience; John McGahern in whose fiction the life of the farm is always posited as alternative to an arid and rootless urban milieu; Seamus Heaney who re-imagined his farming childhood in so many different modes throughout his career.
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Cronin, Nessa. Maude Delap’s Domestic Science. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795155.003.0009.
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This chapter explores the gendered practice and cultures of fieldwork through a critical examination of the life and work of the Irish Victorian natural scientist, Maude Delap (1866–1953). Drawing on previously unpublished primary sources such as field notebooks and other archival material from Delap’s scientific laboratory, the chapter offers a critical evaluation of the different registers of Delap’s ‘spaces’ in the study of natural history. In particular, it examines the interplay and crossover between private and public, between ‘inner’ spaces and the official spaces of the ‘built’ environment (from the domestic, laboratory, fieldwork, and international intellectual spheres), with regard to Delap’s contribution to Irish and European maritime cultures through her correspondence with various national and academic institutions, including the National Museum of Ireland, the Royal Irish Academy, and the University of London.
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Mody, Ashoka. Delays and Half-Measures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351381.003.0007.
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This chapter studies the cases of Greece and Ireland in 2010. Amidst the raging global financial crisis, the Greek economy appeared to have held up well. However, every informed observer knew that Greece's statistical data was appalling—and too often deliberately misleading. It was later revealed that Greek debt was above 110 percent of GDP, and, with large deficits, debt was piling up rapidly. The chapter then looks at the Irish crisis, which had been building since late-September 2008. To persuade creditors to continue to fund Irish banks, the government had guaranteed that it would repay their debts if the banks themselves were unable do so. Irish banks had made bad lending decisions and had made huge losses. If not already bankrupt, they were heading to bankruptcy as property prices had continued to fall.
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Barnard, Toby. Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199644636.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the efforts to export Anglicanism to Ireland, with the successes and failures. It considers the extent to which the Irish version diverged from the English one, and the distinctive traits that it developed. It also looks at the Anglican responses to the Roman Catholic Church, which enjoyed the support of over 75 per cent of the population, as well as the growing challenges from Presbyterianism, Methodism, the Quakers, and other Protestant Dissenters. A particularly divisive issue was the attitude to be adopted towards using the Irish language in instruction and evangelization. It concludes that, despite the failure to establish itself as the Church of a majority of the Irish, the Church of Ireland could minister effectively to a minority, composed mostly of those descended from Protestant settlers from England, Scotland, and Wales.
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Scull, Margaret M. The Catholic Church and the Northern Ireland Troubles, 1968-1998. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843214.001.0001.
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This book evaluates the role of the Catholic Church in mediating conflict situations, with the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ acting as a case study. Until surprisingly recently the only accounts of the Irish Catholic Church during this period were written by Irish priests and bishops and were commemorative, rather than analytical, in intent. During the conflict, these individuals often worked behind the scenes, acting as go-betweens for the British government and republican paramilitaries, with the aim of bringing about a peaceful solution. In addition, this study explores the impact of the English Catholic Church on the conflict and provides a broad analysis of key themes in the history of the Catholic Church during the ‘Troubles’. It argues for an entangled approach to this history, maintaining that we must study the actions of the American, Irish, and English Catholic Churches, as well as that of the Vatican, to uncover the full impact of the Church on the conflict. A critical analysis of previously neglected state documents alongside Irish and English Catholic Church archival material changes our perspective on the role of a religious institution in a modern conflict. Author-conducted interviews with leading priests, women religious, bishops, former paramilitaries, community organizers, and politicians add colour and nuance to the debate.
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Holmes, Andrew R. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793618.003.0001.
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The Introduction provides the necessary scholarly and historical context for the five main chapters. Generally speaking, religiously conservative Irish Presbyterians have not received the attention that their numbers and social prominence warrant. This puts Irish history at odds with wider trends. The analysis offered in this book draws upon the upsurge of scholarly interest in evangelical Protestantism to recover the theological thought of conservative Presbyterians. It shows that conservatism did not have to involve a dismissal of the modern and a retreat into anti-intellectualism and fundamentalism. It proceeds on the basis that scholars ought to take seriously the self-confessed religious motivations of believers rather than immediately jumping to explain them away by reference to other factors considered to be of more significance. Presbyterian writers had logical reasons for being conservative that owed much to their Irish experience but to which their conservatism cannot be entirely reduced.
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Hand, Derek. Ireland and Europe after 1973. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0032.
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This chapter argues that the novel form is best suited to giving expression to the multifaceted Irish reality. Ireland, in the modern moment, is a place of incongruity and contradiction: it is at once a site of colonization and post-colonization, as well as simultaneously positioning itself as an integral part of a modern, globalized, economic union. The novel’s being bound to the immediate moment, while also aspiring toward the transcendence of immutable art, perfectly reflects an Irish mood caught between the violent actuality of war and a desire for mundane ordinariness. Indeed, it can be argued that the novel form offers a very human, and humane, lens through which to expose the hidden histories and anxieties of real people. Certainly the Irish novel has consistently done this from the seventeenth century onward, as it has charted the story of Ireland’s complex emergence into modernity.
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Coakley, John, and Jennifer Todd. Negotiating a Settlement in Northern Ireland, 1969-2019. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841388.001.0001.
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The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 ended a protracted violent conflict in Northern Ireland and became an international reference point for peace-building. Negotiating a Settlement In Northern Ireland, 1969–2019 traces the roots and outworkings of the Agreement, focussing on the British and Irish governments, their changing policy paradigms and their extended negotiations from the Sunningdale conference of 1973 to the St Andrews Agreement of 2006. It identifies three dimensions of change that paved the way for agreement: in elite understandings of sovereignty, in development of wide-ranging and complex modes of power-sharing, and in the interrelated emergence of substantial equality in the socio-economic, cultural, and political domains. The book combines wide-ranging analysis with unparalleled use of witness seminars and interviews where the most senior British and Irish politicians, civil servants and advisors discuss the process of coming to agreement. In tracing the processes by which British and Irish perspectives converged to address the Northern Ireland conflict, the book provides a benchmark against which the ongoing impact of Brexit on the Good Friday Agreement can be assessed.
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Hanna, Erika. Snapshot Stories. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823032.001.0001.
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During the twentieth century, men and women across Ireland picked up cameras, photographing days out at the beach, composing views of Ireland’s cities and countryside, and recording political events as they witnessed them. Indeed, while foreign photographers often focused on the image of Ireland as a bucolic rural landscape, Irish photographers—snapshotter and professional alike—were creating and curating photographs of Ireland which revealed more complex and diverse images of Ireland. Snapshot Stories explores these stories. It examines a diverse array of photographic sources, including family photograph albums, studio portraits, and the work of photography clubs and community photography initiatives, alongside the output of those who took their cameras into the streets to record violence and poverty. It shows how Irish men and women used photography in order to explore their sense of self and society, and examines how we can use these images to fill in the details of Ireland’s social history. Through exploring this rich array of sources, it asks what it means to see—to look, to gaze, to glance—in modern Ireland, and explores how conflicts regarding vision and visuality have repeatedly been at the centre of Irish life.
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Sanders, James W. Catholic Schools Triumphant? 1907–1944. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681579.003.0005.
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In 1907, William Henry O’Connell, the Massachusetts-born son of Irish immigrants, was appointed bishop. He had huge churchly ambition and won designation as Cardinal Archbishop of Boston. However, his attempts to develop a complete parochial school system in the city met with limited success. This chapter explores the reasons for the discrepancy between O’Connell’s rhetoric and the reality. The major factors are the Irish community’s lack of a tradition of attending parochial schools, the small numbers of Catholics in Boston from ethnic groups that did support public schools, and the fact that most Boston Catholic parents and parish priests had always attended the public schools and emerged with their faith intact.
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O'Hara, Alexander. The Political Background to Columbanus’s Irish Career. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190857967.003.0003.
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Jonas of Bobbio states that Columbanus’s place of birth was in the region of Leinster, and that he moved to Ulster only when he was a young adult. This chapter explores the political developments in Leinster in the generation before Columbanus’s move to Bangor and suggests that his departure from Leinster may have had more than a spiritual motivation. Columbanus brought with him to the Continent not just a burning zeal for conversion and the spreading of the gospel, but also a deep-rooted understanding of how the worlds of politics and religion were inseparable, not just in his native Ireland but also in the new world in which he arrived in 590–591.
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Gribben, Crawford. The Rise and Fall of Christian Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868187.001.0001.
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This book describes the emergence, long dominance, sudden division, and recent decline of Ireland’s most important religion, as a way of telling the history of the island and its peoples. Surviving the hostility of earlier religious cultures and the depredations of Vikings, evolving in the face of Gregorian reformation in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and more radical protestant renewal from the sixteenth century, Christianity has shaped in foundational ways how the Irish have understood themselves and their place in the world. And the Irish have shaped Christianity, too. Their churches have staffed some of the religion’s most important institutions and developed some of its most popular ideas. But the Irish church, like the island, is divided. The southern state turned to the Catholic church to shape its social mores, until it emerged from an experience of sudden-onset secularization to become one of the most progressive nations in Europe. The northern state moved more slowly beyond the protestant culture of its principal institutions, but in a similar direction of travel. In 2021, 1,500 years on from the birth of Saint Columba, Christian Ireland appears to be vanishing. But after the failure of several varieties of religious nationalism, what looks like irredeemable failure might actually be a second chance.
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Fisher, Samuel K. The Gaelic and Indian Origins of the American Revolution. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197555842.001.0001.
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Abstract The Gaelic and Indian Origins of the American Revolution offers a new way of understanding the American Revolution and the relationship between diversity and revolution in the British empire. Drawing on little-used sources in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, the book shows how people experiencing colonization in the eighteenth-century British empire—Irish-speaking Catholics, Scottish Highlanders, and Indigenous nations of North America—fought back by building relationships with the king and imperial officials. In the process, they created a more inclusive empire and triggered conflict between the imperial state and formerly privileged provincial Britons: Irish Protestants, Scottish Whigs, and American colonists. The American Revolution was only one aspect of this larger conflict between inclusive empire and the exclusionary patriots within the British empire. By putting typically excluded Gaelic and Indian voices at the center of the story and taking a comparative approach that includes Scotland and Ireland as well as North America, the book offers a new account of how empires functioned in the eighteenth century, how they fell apart, and how questions of diversity explain both. In the process it uncovers the British, imperial origins of Americans’ racial dilemmas, showing how these were not new or uniquely American but instead the awkward legacies of a more complex imperial history.
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Sanders, James W. Peace at Almost Any Price, 1846–1866. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681579.003.0003.
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John Fitzpatrick was the third Roman Catholic bishop of Boston. A Boston native and the son of Irish immigrants, he attended public schools, including the prestigious Boston Latin School. He enjoyed acceptance by the best of Boston society but seemed to fear causing offense to the Yankees while serving his struggling Irish immigrant flock, many of whom came to America in the wake of the Potato Famine. Although he privately supported efforts by others in the diocese, such as Father McElroy and the Sisters of Notre Dame, to open parochial schools, he took no action himself to establish a system of parochial schools as an alternative to the Protestant-run public schools. As such, the development of Catholic schooling was neglected in Boston during these years.
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Holmes, Andrew R. The Bible. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793618.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 begins with a discussion of attitudes towards biblical criticism in the 1820s and introduces the Irish career of Samuel Davidson, the first British ‘martyr’ to modern criticism. The next section examines Presbyterian biblical scholarship during the mid-nineteenth century with particular emphasis on biblical commentators and missionary explorers who used their first-hand experiences of the Middle East to defend the plenary inspiration and authority of Scripture. There then follows an examination of the wholehearted opposition of Irish Presbyterians to ‘believing criticism’, especially as it developed in the Free Church of Scotland. The final section describes how believing criticism came to be accepted by a number of Presbyterian writers in the early twentieth century, most of whom either spent their careers away from Ireland or came to the colleges from other churches.
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Fabbrini, Federico, ed. The Law & Politics of Brexit: Volume II. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848356.001.0001.
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This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the withdrawal agreement concluded between the United Kingdom and the European Union to create the legal framework for Brexit. Building on a prior volume, it overviews the process of Brexit negotiations that took place between the UK and the EU from 2017 to 2019. It also examines the key provisions of the Brexit deal, including the protection of citizens’ rights, the Irish border, and the financial settlement. Moreover, the book assesses the governance provisions on transition, decision-making and adjudication, and the prospects for future EU–UK trade relations. Finally, it reflects on the longer-term challenges that the implementation of the 2016 Brexit referendum poses for the UK territorial system, for British–Irish relations, as well as for the future of the EU beyond Brexit.
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Crosthwaite, Paul. Fiction and Trauma from the Second World War to 9/11. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0026.
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This chapter looks at how contemporary British and Irish novelists reflect on the spasms of catastrophic violence that have punctuated the twentieth century and continue to define the twenty-first. These events not only traumatized individuals on a mass scale, but also dealt irrevocable damage to foundational assumptions concerning reason, progress, meaning, and language. Such weighty preoccupations, however, took some time to fully coalesce in the fiction of the post-Second World War period. There were few substantial treatments of the war in its immediate aftermath. When such responses began to appear in the 1950s, and swelled in number in the 1960s, they did so predominantly in the form of conventional social realist narratives concerned with the immediate experience of combat and the impact of the conflict on the structures of British and Irish society.
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Holmes, Andrew R. Confession, Subscription, and Revival, c.1800–1914. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793618.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 considers how Presbyterians in Ireland responded to the challenge of liberal theology and how that changed over time. Though Irish Presbyterianism remained conservative, the meaning of conservatism fluctuated between creedal distinctiveness and general evangelical principles. The discussion begins with the expansion of evangelicalism in the early nineteenth century and how this prompted a return to the Westminster Standards. The second section explores the consolidation of confessional identity in both colleges of the church and how they harnessed the spiritual energy unleashed by the 1859 revival by using the resources of the Westminster Confession and Princeton Theology to meet the challenges posed by British threats to confessional principles and subscription. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether the Irish church suffered what some contemporaries referred to as a theological ‘downgrade’ in the decades before the outbreak of the Great War.
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Holmes, Andrew R. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793618.003.0007.
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A distinctive Irish experience of ministerial education and the commitment of Presbyterians in Ireland to the Union with Great Britain shaped a conservative response to modern criticism. There were a small number of ‘believing critics’ who sought accommodation with aspects of modern criticism, though they maintained their evangelical identity and there was no sustained opposition to them before 1914. Conservatism was also a product of transatlantic evangelicalism, and the significance of this tradition contributed to the exoneration of the ‘modernist’ Davey in 1927. All involved in the trial placed great emphasis on personal religious experience, though they understood experience in different ways. It is suggested that by the end of the century the confessional element in Irish Presbyterianism had been subsumed by non-denominational evangelical religion, the religious equivalent of the submergence of a distinctive Presbyterian politics into a general unionism.
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Anderson, Robert. Tomás Irish, The university at war, 1914–25. Britain, France, and the United States (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), x + 254 pp. ISBN: 9781137409447. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807025.003.0021.
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This chapter reviews the books The university at war, 1914–25. Britain, France, and the United States (2015) and Trinity in war and revolution, 1912–1923 (2015), both by Tomás Irish. In The university at war, Irish argues that the three western allies—Britain, France, and the United States—had a concerted campaign to mobilise academic ideals as a weapon against Germany during World War I, and as a way of strengthening cooperation among themselves. He shows that American universities were engaged in this project from the start. He also examines a number of significant issues, including the anti-war movements in Britain and America, debates on academic freedom in America, and the promotion of student exchanges in a spirit of internationalism. The broad perspectives of Irish’s general study are complemented by his history of Trinity College Dublin.
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Clark, J. C. D. Discourses and their Exponents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816997.003.0004.
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Chapter 3 surveys a number of themes, issues, and campaigns to discern how far Paine fits within each: populist language, universal suffrage based on natural rights, the abolition of poverty, women’s emancipation, anti-slavery, cosmopolitanism, Irish emancipation, and the championing of ‘revolution’ as such. In case after case, it finds that Paine’s position has been exaggerated or misconceived. His language was carefully contrived, and his rhetoric echoed that of contemporary preaching rather than populist politics; his ideas on poverty stemmed from England’s ‘old poor law’, not from future class politics; he disapproved of slavery in private but largely ignored it in public, and was not part of the anti-slavery movement; he was a monoglot exile, not at home in other countries; he did not see the significance of Irish disaffection; and he did not theorize ‘revolution’ as such.
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Tew, Philip. Comedy, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749394.003.0012.
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This chapter studies the comic novel. If British and Irish culture in the post-war decades underwent some radical social and political upheavals, the novel registered and critiqued these transformations in part through the development of a particular comic mode. Comedy in British and Irish novels published from 1940 to 1973 often turned around the difficult intersection of class and nation. Alongside this overarching attention to class and nation, a number of other recurrent motifs can be traced in the comic novel of the period, such as the representation of cultural commodification, the decline of traditional values, and the emergence of new forms of youth culture. In the context of such widespread changes to the narratives that shaped public life, the comic novel expressed an ironic scepticism concerning the capacity of any cultural narrative to offer an adequate account of contemporary identities.
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Covington, Sarah. The Devil from over the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848318.001.0001.
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Of all the historical figures who have haunted the Irish imagination, none have generated more compelling and malignant power than Oliver Cromwell. The Devil from over the Sea: Remembering and Forgetting Oliver Cromwell in Ireland explores the many circuitous channels through which Cromwell’s afterlife was shaped by social memories or acts of forgetting that grappled with the momentous ways in which he affected the country’s history. Remembrances of Cromwell pervaded religious, historical, literary, political, and folkloric narratives, just as they entered into material culture or migrated across the Irish diaspora in the centuries that followed. This book attempts to examine all of these manifestations of memory and forgetting, and the ways in which they affected the course of Irish history in turn. Working from new methodologies and neglected sources, and utilizing recent theoretical approaches, The Devil from Over the Sea presents the first interdisciplinary book-length study of Cromwell’s memory in Ireland, revealing the sometimes surprising and dizzying ways in which he was deployed as a villain or hero by different social communities across time. Cromwell’s absence in some historical accounts is as revealing as his presence in others, including those which extended across oral, print, elite, and popular cultures. As this book argues, it is only by investigating all these dimensions of Cromwell’s posthumous fame that one may come closer to fully understanding the true extent and depth of what he came to mean in Ireland.
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Hewitt, Seán. J. M. Synge. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862093.001.0001.
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This is a complete study of the works of the Irish playwright, travel writer, and poet J. M. Synge (1871–1909). A key and controversial figure in the Irish Literary Revival, and specifically in the Abbey Theatre, Synge’s career was short but dynamic. Moving from an early Romanticism, through Decadence, and on to a combative, protesting modernism, the development of Synge’s drama was propelled by his contentious relationship with the Irish politics of his time. This book is a full and timely reappraisal of Synge’s works, exploring both the prose and the drama through an in-depth study of Synge’s archive. Rather than looking at Synge’s work in relation to any distinct subject, this study examines Synge’s aesthetic and philosophical values, and charts the challenges posed to them as the impetus behind his reluctant movement into a more modernist mode of writing. Along the way, the book sheds new and often surprising light on Synge’s interests in occultism, pantheism, socialism, Darwinism, modernization, and even his late satirical engagement with eugenics. One of its key innovations is the use of Synge’s diaries, letters, and notebooks to trace his reading and to map the influences buried in his work, calling for them to be read afresh. Not only does this book reconsider each of Synge’s major works, along with many unfinished or archival pieces, it also explores the contested relationship between Revivalism and modernism, modernism and politics, and modernism and Romanticism.
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Charles-Edwards, T. M. Property and Possession in Medieval Celtic Societies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813415.003.0004.
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The sources drawn upon for this paper are legal manuals. These come from the seventh and eighth centuries in the case of Ireland and, for Wales, from the thirteenth. Alongside some similarities in the way the two legal traditions handled concepts of property, there were also huge differences. The Irish texts are, on the whole, richer and more detailed. Where they are most rewarding is in the accounts they give of relationships and procedures presupposing distinctions between forms of property and possession: clientship, claims to land, pledging, and distraint. In Welsh law there are some clear parallels, most evidently in the case of claims to land, but the main interest lies in a more elaborate and explicit set of concepts. In Irish law, on the other hand, the main interest lies not in explicit conceptual distinctions but rather in distinctions implied by different areas of law, particularly by legal rituals.
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Strong, Rowan. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724247.003.0001.
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The Introduction looks at the historical context of British and Irish Christianity in the 1840s when the Anglican emigrant chaplaincy began. It also looks at conclusions of historians examining British and Irish emigration in the nineteenth century. Scholars have known for many years that the Victorian period in Britain was one of massive religiosity. Yet, when historians describe emigrants from this highly Christian society arriving in British colonies, the settlers are often described as generally religiously indifferent, unchurched, and even hostile to religion. On this basis it becomes difficult to understand how so many churches were built by British colonists in Australia and other settler colonies; how colonial denominations became established so quickly and effectively; and how sectarianism began, let alone flourished. Finally, this Introduction provides a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the groups of sources that have been used in this study.
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Wheatley, David. ‘Atrocities against his Sacred Poet’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0015.
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In The Midnight Verdict (1993), Seamus Heaney combines extracts from two texts taking the poet into the underworld: Ovid’s description in Metamorphoses of Orpheus’ pursuit of Eurydice and subsequent death, and Brian Merriman’s Cúirt an Mheán-Oídhche (The Midnight Court). As a poet of conflict, Heaney was forced to produce his art amid hostile crossfire. Heaney’s fellow Northern Irish poet Derek Mahon draws heavily on ironized self-sacrifice as a response to conflict in his ‘Rage for Order’ (1979). When Thomas Kinsella attempts to tackle the Northern Irish Troubles by apportioning blame to guilty parties, in Butcher’s Dozen (1972), his response to Bloody Sunday, the results are uneven. In a series of readings centred on themes of gender and the self-representation of the poet, this chapter identifies what redress Heaney, Mahon, and Kinsella find for the ‘the atrocities against his sacred poet’ of which Bacchus complains in The Midnight Verdict.
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Connolly, Claire. The National Tale. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0012.
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This chapter focuses on the national tale. The designation ‘national tale’ was first used in the early years of the nineteenth century by Irish and Scottish novelists who sought, in the context of a centralizing British state, to draw attention to the cultural specificity of the worlds represented within their fictions. National tales more generally display a self-reflexive interest in genres that belong to both private and public worlds: biography, letters, diaries, and anecdotes all address a wider culture of politicized emotions that crosses the four nations. To this extent, the national tale builds on developments in eighteenth-century aesthetics pioneered by such Irish and Scottish thinkers as Edmund Burke, David Hume, and Adam Smith, which connected private responses to universal standards. The language used by these theorists to imagine embodied emotions becomes, in the novels, a way of writing about oppressed national cultures.
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Sanders, James W. Laying the Cornerstone, 1825–1846. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681579.003.0002.
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Benedict Fenwick, the second Roman Catholic bishop of Boston, had a rocky relationship both with the continued influx of Irish peasants and the Boston establishment. His priority was to lay the groundwork for Catholic higher education in Boston rather than establishing a parochial school system. Given that the Boston public schools presented a clear challenge to the faith of the Roman Catholic newcomers, one might expect that there would be a concerted counter-effort to provide a Catholic school alternative. However, the overall parochial school effort in Boston was much less than would have been expected. The major reasons for this “failure” were (1) the nature of the Catholic newcomers, who were overwhelmingly destitute Irish immigrants with no tradition of schooling in their homeland; (2) Bishop Fenwick’s background and personal characteristics; and (3) the policies adopted by the Boston establishment that controlled the public schools.
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Strong, Rowan. Victorian Christianity and Emigrant Voyages to British Colonies c.1840 - c.1914. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724247.001.0001.
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This volume looks at the religious dimensions of the nineteenth-century British and Irish emigration experience, examining the varieties of Christianity adhered to by most British and Irish emigrants in the nineteenth century and consequently taken to their new homes in British settler colonies. It examines a significant aspect of this emigration history that has been overlooked by scholars—the development of an international emigrants’ chaplaincy by the Church of England that ministered to Anglicans, Nonconformists, and others, including Scandinavians, Germans, Jews, and freethinkers. The volume uses the records of this emigrants’ chaplaincy, as well as the shipboard diaries kept by emigrants themselves to give them a voice in this history. Concentrating on the experiences of the emigrant voyages, an analysis is provided of the Christianity of these British and Irish emigrants as they travelled by ship to British colonies. Their ships were ‘floating villages’ that necessitated and facilitated religious encounters across denominational and even religious boundaries. The volume argues that the Church of England provided an emigrants’ ministry that had the greatest longevity, breadth, and international structure of any Church in the nineteenth century. It also explores the principal varieties of Christianity espoused by most British emigrants, and argues their religion was more central to their identity and, consequently, more significant in settler colonies than historians have hitherto accepted. In this way, emigrant Christianity and the Church of England’s emigrants’ chaplaincy made a major contribution to the development of a British world in settler colonies of the British Empire.
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Harrison, Stephen, Fiona Macintosh, and Helen Eastman, eds. Seamus Heaney and the Classics. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805656.001.0001.
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The death of Seamus Heaney in 2013 is an appropriate point to honour the Irish poet’s contribution to classical reception in modern poetry in English; this is the first volume dedicated to that subject, though occasional essays have appeared in the past. The volume comprises literary criticism by scholars of classical reception and literature in English, and has some input from critics who are also poets and from theatre practitioners on their interpretations and productions of Heaney’s versions of Greek drama; it combines well-known names with early-career contributors, and friends and collaborators of Heaney with those who admired him from afar. The papers focus on two main areas: Heaney’s fascination with Greek drama and myth, shown primarily in his two Sophoclean versions but also in his engagement with Hesiod, with Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, and with myths such as that of Antaeus, and his interest in Latin poetry, primarily in Virgil but also in Horace. A number of the papers cover the same material, but from different angles; for example, Heaney’s interest in Virgil is linked with the traditions of Irish poetry, his capacity as a translator, and his annotations in his own text of a standard translation, as well as being investigated in its long development over his poetic career, while his Greek dramas are considered as verbal poetry, as comments on Irish politics, and as stage-plays with concomitant issues of production and interpretation. Heaney’s posthumous translation of Aeneid VI comes in for considerable attention, and this will be the first volume to study this major work.
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Moane, Geraldine. Integrating Grassroots Perspectives and Women’s Human Rights. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614614.003.0005.
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This chapter considers how social psychological perspectives from feminist and liberation psychologies can enhance understandings of human rights activism, using three examples from the Irish context: abortion, poverty, and sexual orientation. The gap between institutional/state structures and grassroots community groups is apparent from the case of abortion and the use of the human rights framework in an Irish context. Possibilities for bridging this gap and for expanded understandings of human rights are considered. Firstly, Links are made between women’s human rights and structures of oppression through examples from community-based education with women living in impoverished communities. Secondly, A case study of community activism involving women from a deprived community demonstrates how a micro-level or bottom-up understanding of social change can be integrated with human rights. Thirdly, The example of LGBT women points to the need to expand individualistic concepts of personhood that underpin human rights to include relational and collective psychological processes.