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Journal articles on the topic 'Irish cattle'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Murphy, T. M., E. P. Power, C. Sanchez-Miguel, M. J. Casey, D. P. Toolan, and J. G. Fagan. "Paramphistomosis in Irish cattle." Veterinary Record 162, no. 25 (June 21, 2008): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.162.25.831-a.

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2

Fu, Rao, Chenguang Li, and Liming Wang. "Market Power in the Irish Beef Processing Industry." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 6, 2021): 6453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116453.

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Irish beef processors and cattle farmers have been involved in a lasting controversy on power asymmetry. This paper estimates the degree of market power in the Irish beef processing industry. The New Empirical Industrial Organization approach is extended for estimation, and the market power is testified by conjectural elasticity with supply and demand functions, indicating that beef processors exert a significant market power on cattle farms. Export-orientation and high subsidies are two outstanding features in the Irish beef industry. Exports and subsidies are shown in this paper to have an insignificant influence on market power. This paper confirms that beef processors can exercise market power on farmers to lower prices below the marginal cost.

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3

Milne, Georgina, Andrew William Byrne, Emma Campbell, Jordon Graham, John McGrath, Raymond Kirke, Wilma McMaster, Jesko Zimmermann, and Adewale Henry Adenuga. "Quantifying Land Fragmentation in Northern Irish Cattle Enterprises." Land 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030402.

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Farmland fragmentation is considered to be a defining feature of Northern Ireland’s (NI) agricultural landscape, influencing agricultural efficiency, productivity, and the spread of livestock diseases. Despite this, the full extent of farmland fragmentation in cattle farms in NI is not well understood, and little is known of how farmland fragmentation either influences, or is influenced by, different animal production types. Here, we describe and quantify farmland fragmentation in cattle farms for all of NI, using GIS processing of land parcel data to associate individual parcels with data on the cattle business associated with the land. We found that 35% of farms consisted of five or more fragments, with dairy farms associated with greater levels of farmland fragmentation, fragment dispersal and contact with contiguous neighbours compared to other production types. The elevated levels of farmland fragmentation in dairy production compared to non-dairy, may be associated with the recent expansion of dairy farms by land acquisition, following the abolition of the milk quota system in 2015. The comparatively high levels of farmland fragmentation observed in NI cattle farms may also have important implications for agricultural productivity and epidemiology alike. Whilst highly connected pastures could facilitate the dissemination of disease, highly fragmented land could also hamper productivity via diseconomies of scale, such as preventing the increase of herd sizes or additionally, adding to farm costs by increasing the complexity of herd management.

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4

Neary, J. Peter, and Cormac Ó. Gráda. "Protection, economic war and structural change: the 1930s in Ireland." Irish Historical Studies 27, no. 107 (May 1991): 250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400010531.

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If I were an Irishman, I should find much to attract me in the economic outlook of your present government towards greater self-sufficiency. (J.M. Keynes)The 1930s were years of political turmoil and economic crisis and change in Ireland. Economic activity had peaked in 1929, and the last years of the Cumann na nGaedheal government (in power since the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922) saw substantial drops in output, trade and employment. The policies pursued after Fianna Fáil’s victory in the election of February 1932 were therefore influenced both by immediate economic pressures and by the party’s ideological commitments. The highly protectionist measures associated with de Valera and Lemass — key men of the new régime — sought both to create jobs quickly and to build more gradually a large indigenous industrial sector, producing primarily for the home market.Political controversy complicated matters. De Valera was regarded as a headstrong fanatic by the British establishment. His government’s refusal to hand over to Britain the so-called ‘land annuities’ — a disputed item in the Anglo-Irish settlement of 1921 — led to an ‘economic war’, in which the British Treasury sought payment instead through penal ‘emergency’ tariffs on Irish imports. The Irish imposed their own duties, bounties and licensing restrictions in turn. The economic war hurt Irish agriculture badly; the prices of fat and store cattle dropped by almost half between 1932 and mid-1935. Farmers got some relief through export bounties and the coal-cattle pacts (quota exchanges of Irish cattle for British coal) of 1935-7, but Anglo-Irish relations were not normalised again until the finance and trade agreements of the spring of 1938, and the resolution of the annuities dispute did not mean an end to protection. The questions ‘Who won the economic war?’ and ‘What was the impact of protection on the Irish economy?’ are analytically distinct, but they are not that easy to keep apart in practice.

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5

O’Connor, J., S. J. More, J. M. Griffin, and E. O’Leary. "Modelling the demographics of the Irish cattle population." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 89, no. 3-4 (June 2009): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.011.

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6

Tratalos, Jamie A., Jamie M. Madden, Guy McGrath, David A. Graham, Áine B. Collins, and Simon J. More. "Spatial and network characteristics of Irish cattle movements." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 183 (October 2020): 105095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105095.

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7

Magennis, Stephen, Michael Meharg, and Ian Montgomery. "Conservation grazing of Irish moiled cattle: does age matter?" Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 120B, no. 3 (2020): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bae.2020.0009.

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8

Mc Parland, S., J. F. Kearney, M. Rath, and D. P. Berry. "Inbreeding and inbreeding depression in Irish Holstein-Friesian cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200019669.

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Inbreeding occurs when related individuals are mated to each other. Inbreeding reduces milk production, and impairs health, fertility and survival; a phenomenon known as inbreeding depression. Smith et al. (1998) reported losses in milk yield of 27 kg per 1% increase in inbreeding in US Holsteins. The objective of this study was to investigate the level of inbreeding in Irish Holstein-Friesian cattle and to quantify its effect on milk, fat and protein production and somatic cell count.

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9

Magennis, Meharg, and Montgomery. "Conservation grazing of Irish moiled cattle: does age matter?" Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 120B, no. 3 (2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2020.21.

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10

Milne, Georgina, Jordon Graham, Adrian R. Allen, Angela Lahuerta-Marin, Carl M. McCormick, Eleanor Presho, Robin A. Skuce, and Andrew Byrne. "Characteristics of Northern Irish cattle herds without bovine tuberculosis infection." Veterinary Record 184, no. 25 (June 6, 2019): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105225.

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BackgroundDespite ongoing eradication efforts, bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in cattle herds in Northern Ireland (NI). This disease has serious implications for the economy, farming and animal welfare. Previous research identified a population of herds which have remained free from bTB infection for 10 years (2004–2014). Understanding the characteristics of these herds may have important implications for eradication efforts, such as spatially targeted interventions.MethodsA cluster analysis and a retrospective case–control analysis was conducted to compare bTB- free herds with herds which experienced prolonged infection (ie, bTB breakdowns lasting more than ≥ 365 days).ResultsOnly small, localised clusters of herds which have remained free from bTB were revealed, thus limiting the potential for spatially targeted interventions. The results illustrated the importance of herd size to disease status; over 27 per cent of the bTB-free herds had up to 10 animals. However, the data also showed that there were no inward movements in the year before the bTB skin test in those herds which remained free from bTB.ConclusionsAttention should therefore be given to the cattle movement network in NI to better understand the risk associated with cattle purchasing.

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11

MacHugh, David E., Christopher S. Troy, Finbar McCormick, Ingrid Olsaker, Emma Eythórsdóttir, and Daniel G. Bradle. "Early medieval cattle remains from a Scandinavian settlement in Dublin: genetic analysis and comparison with extant breeds." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1379 (January 29, 1999): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0363.

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A panel of cattle bones excavated from the 1000–year–old Viking Fishamble Street site in Dublin was assessed for the presence of surviving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Eleven of these bones gave amplifiable mtDNA and a portion of the hypervariable control region was determined for each specimen. A comparative analysis was performed with control region sequences from five extant Nordic and Irish cattle breeds. The medieval population displayed similar levels of mtDNA diversity to modern European breeds. However, a number of novel mtDNA haplotypes were also detected in these bone samples. In addition, the presence of a putative ancestral sequence at high frequency in the medieval population supports an early post–domestication expansion of cattle in Europe.

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12

Pabiou, T., W. F. Fikse, A. Näsholm, A. R. Cromie, M. J. Drennan, M. G. Keane, and D. P. Berry. "Genetic parameters for carcass cut weight in Irish beef cattle 1." Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): 3865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1510.

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13

Wickham, B. W., P. R. Amer, D. P. Berry, M. Burke, S. Coughlan, A. Cromie, J. F. Kearney, N. Mc Hugh, S. McParland, and K. O'Connell. "Industrial perspective: capturing the benefits of genomics to Irish cattle breeding." Animal Production Science 52, no. 3 (2012): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11166.

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Genomics is a technology for increasing the accuracy with which the genetic merit of young potential breeding animals can be determined. It enables earlier selection decisions, thus reducing generation intervals and gives rise to more rapid annual rates of genetic gain. Recently, the cost of genomics has reduced to the point where it enables breeding-program costs to be reduced substantially. Ireland has been a rapid adopter of genomics technology in its dairy-cattle breeding program, with 40% of dairy-cow artificial inseminations in 2010 being from bulls evaluated using genomic information. This rapid adoption has been facilitated by a comprehensive database of phenotypes and genotypes, strong public funding support for applied genomics research, an international network of collaborators, a short path between research and implementation, an overall selection index which farmers use in making breeding decisions, and a motivated and informed breeding industry. The shorter generation interval possible with genomic selection strategies also allows exploitation of the already accelerating rate of genetic progress in Ireland, because elite young dairy bulls are considerably superior to the small numbers of bulls that entered progeny test 6 years ago. In addition, genomics is having a dramatic impact on the artificial-insemination industry by substantially reducing the cost of entry, the cost of operation, and shifting the focus of breeding from bulls to cows. We believe that the current industry structures must evolve substantially if Irish cattle farmers are to realise the full benefits of genomics and be protected from related risks. Our model for future dairy breeding envisages a small number of ‘next generation research herds’, 1000 ‘bull breeder herds’ and an artificial-insemination sector using 30 new genomically selected bulls per year to breed the bulk of replacements in commercial milk-producing herds. Accurate imputation from a low-density to a higher-density chip is a key element of our strategy to enable dairy farmers to afford access to genomics. This model is capable of delivering high rates of genetic gain, realising cost savings, and protecting against the risks of increased inbreeding and suboptimal breeding goals. Our strategy for exploiting genomic selection for beef breeding is currently focussed on genotyping, using a high-density chip, a training population of greater than 2000 progeny-tested bulls representing all the main beef breeds in Ireland. We recognise the need for a larger training population and are seeking collaboration with organisations in other countries and populations.

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14

Cooper, Alan, and Thomas McCann. "Cattle exclosure and vegetation dynamics in an ancient, Irish wet oakwood." Plant Ecology 212, no. 1 (June 29, 2010): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9805-y.

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15

Fusi, Francesca, Valentina Lorenzi, Giorgio Franceschini, Riccardo Compiani, Valeria Harper, Jessica Ginestreti, Giandomenico Ferrara, Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi, and Luigi Bertocchi. "Animal welfare and biosecurity assessment: a comparison between Italian and Irish beef cattle rearing systems." Animal Production Science 61, no. 1 (2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19611.

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Context European beef production is facing fresh challenges on various fronts: increasing public concern on animal welfare; declining EU meat consumption; and, conversely, expected growth in global demand for meat. The Italian National Reference Centre for Animal Welfare (CReNBA) has developed an assessment protocol for collecting information about beef cattle welfare and biosecurity conditions, with the intention of better understanding animal needs and disseminating best practices. Aims The protocol was applied on Italian and Irish farms, and the results were used as a starting point for a specific statistical analysis for comparing animal welfare and biosecurity levels in the two countries. Methods The protocol consists of animal-based measures and non-animal-based measures (management-based and resource-based indicators) and has been designed to determine the major hazards and benefits that can influence cattle health and welfare, including the presence of biosecurity issues. The outcomes of welfare and biosecurity assessments conducted during November 2016–July 2017 of 40 Irish beef herds reared indoors were compared with those of 85 Italian beef units assessed over the same period. Differences obtained within each beef-unit distribution were calculated by the VARNC index (diversity index), and a distance estimate of the beef-unit distribution from a hypothetical ideal condition was calculated by using the distance from ideal (dfi) index. Key results The dfi index revealed that Irish farms were closer to the ideal condition for the measures ‘experience and training of stockpersons’, ‘water provision’, ‘handling facilities’, ‘restraint facilities’, and ‘temperature, humidity and ventilations conditions’. Italian farms were closer to the ideal condition for ‘diet calculation and feed quality’, ‘feeding management’, ‘feeding place dimension’, ‘cleanliness of water points’, ‘cleanliness of floors’, ‘type of floors’, ‘cleanliness of animals’, and ‘integument alterations’. In contrast to the Italian farms, there was particular awareness of the importance of biosecurity on Irish farms. Conclusions The results revealed intrinsic management and housing differences between the two rearing systems, although only few dissimilarities were found in the animal outcomes: in fact, the assessment of the animal-based measures gave very similar results for the two countries, except for ‘cleanliness of the animals’ and ‘integument alterations’. Implications In the face of global challenges affecting the pursuit of farming sustainability, farmers should be encouraged to improve safeguards for animal welfare and reduce the spread of animal diseases. This can be achieved by facilitating knowledge exchange internationally.

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16

Karczmarczyk, Maria, Ciara Walsh, Rosemarie Slowey, Nola Leonard, and Séamus Fanning. "Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Irish Cattle Farms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 20 (August 19, 2011): 7121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00601-11.

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ABSTRACTThis study describes the genotypic characteristics of a collection of 100 multidrug-resistant (MDR)Escherichia colistrains recovered from cattle and the farm environment in Ireland in 2007. The most prevalent antimicrobial resistance identified was to streptomycin (100%), followed by tetracycline (99%), sulfonamides (98%), ampicillin (82%), and neomycin (62%). Resistance was mediated predominantly bystrA-strB(92%),tetA(67%),sul2(90%),blaTEM(79%), andaphA1(63%) gene markers, respectively. Twenty-seven isolates harbored a class 1 integrase (intI1), whileqacEΔ1andsul1markers were identified in 25 and 26 isolates, respectively. The variable regions of these integrons contained aminoglycoside, trimethoprim, and β-lactam resistance determinants (aadA12,aadB-aadA1,blaOXA-30-aadA1,dfrA1-aadA1,dfrA7). Class 2 integrons were identified less frequently (4%) and contained the gene cassette arraydfrA1-sat1-aadA1. Resistance to ampicillin, neomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline was associated with transferable high-molecular-weight plasmids, as demonstrated by conjugation assays. A panel of virulence markers was screened for by PCR, and genes identified includedvt1, K5 in 2 isolates,papCin 10 isolates, and PAI IV536in 37 isolates. MDR commensalE. coliisolates from Irish cattle displayed considerable diversity with respect to the genes identified. Our findings highlight the importance of the commensal microflora of food-producing animals as a reservoir of transferable MDR.

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Mullins, Yvonne, Alan Kelly, David Kenny, and Sinead Waters. "27. Genome wide association study for compensatory growth in Irish beef cattle." Animal - science proceedings 12, no. 1 (April 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2021.03.028.

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18

Mc Parland, S., J. F. Kearney, M. Rath, and D. P. Berry. "Inbreeding trends and pedigree analysis of Irish dairy and beef cattle populations." Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-367.

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O'Brien, Eoin, Marie Garvey, Cathal Walsh, Sean Arkins, and Ann Cullinane. "Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle on Irish farms." Research in Veterinary Science 111 (April 2017): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.017.

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20

Sherwood, Amy. "An Bó Bheannaithe: Cattle Symbolism in Traditional Irish Folklore, Myth, and Archaeology." McNair Scholars Online Journal 3, no. 1 (2009): 189–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mcnair.2009.189.

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21

Galluzzo, Nicola. "Analysis of Economic Efficiency in Some Irish Farms Using the DEA Approach." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (March 3, 2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i2.156-162.1492.

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Irish farms are predominately and highly specialized in crops as cereals, protein crops and in dairy productions. The aim of this research was to estimate the economic efficiency in Irish farms part of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) dataset stratified in function of their own typology of productive specialization since 2004 to 2015 by a quantitative approach such as the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Positive has been the role of inputs as financial subsidies allocated by the Common Agricultural Policy, the first and second pillar, in increasing the economic efficiency of Irish farms. Field crops farms have not had the best results in terms of the economic efficiency even if over the time, in particular during the economic crises 2008-2009, findings have not been stable with significant fluctuations and a sharply decrease of efficiency as a consequence of economic turbulences. Focusing the attention on the research outcomes in all years of investigation comparing also the different typology of farming, mixed farms and farms with animals, such as specialist cattle, sheep, goats and other grazing livestock, have had the highest levels of economic efficiency equal to 100%; by contrast Irish dairy farms have had the modest levels of economic efficiency close to 77%.

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22

Olori, V. E., and B. Wickham. "Strategies for the conservation of the indigenous Kerry Cattle of Ireland." Animal Genetic Resources Information 35 (April 2004): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001796.

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SummaryThe Kerry is the most numerous of the three surviving indigenous breeds of cattle in Ireland. With a total population currently under a thousand animals it is listed as endangered in the World Watch list. Conservation efforts currently focus on bothin situand ex situ conservation. This approach is possible because of the existence of a few enthusiastic pedigree breeders, a breed society and a herdbook with registrations dating back to the 19thcentury. The Kerry cattle population is small with overlapping generations. The main objective in its conservation is to minimise inbreeding and conserve genetic variation. The Irish Cattle Breeding Federation (ICBF) was recently mandated to support and co-ordinate the conservation efforts which are centred around minimum coancestry selection, a mating advisory service, semen and embryo cryoconservation. To this end, a mean relationship system was developed for the routine computation of inbreeding and provision of a mating advisory system. Four bulls are identified annually for semen collection and storage. A second scheme aims to identify 15 cows for embryo cryoconservation over a three-year period. Future conservation efforts will benefit from the collation of Kerry cattle breeding and production information in a central database. This and a study of the dynamics of the Kerry cattle population are future priorities for ICBF in an effort to prevent the extinction of the Kerry cattle.

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23

Madden, Jamie M., Guy McGrath, James Sweeney, Gerard Murray, Jamie A. Tratalos, and Simon J. More. "Spatio-temporal models of bovine tuberculosis in the Irish cattle population, 2012-2019." Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology 39 (November 2021): 100441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2021.100441.

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24

Rubin, Gerry R. "SOME IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCES OF THE WOOLMINGTON RULING (1935): BRITISH COLONIES AND IRISH CATTLE." Journal of Commonwealth Law and Legal Education 7, no. 1 (April 2009): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14760400903195082.

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25

Thomas, K. M., M. S. McCann, M. M. Collery, A. Logan, P. Whyte, D. A. McDowell, and G. Duffy. "Tracking verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, O26, O111, O103 and O145 in Irish cattle." International Journal of Food Microbiology 153, no. 3 (February 2012): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.11.012.

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26

Martell, Jessica. "Food Sovereignty, the Irish Homestead, and the First World War." Modernist Cultures 13, no. 3 (August 2018): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2018.0219.

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At the outbreak of the First World War, George Russell (Æ) published a series of editorials in the Irish Homestead calling for Ireland to secure food reserves against the demands he predicted Britain would make upon Irish agricultural sectors to fuel the war effort. Irish agriculture, Russell writes, is part of a peculiar market shaped by empire: ‘Ireland is a food producing nation’; and yet ‘a machinery of export […] automatically deducts’ Irish cattle, pork, butter, milk, poultry, and eggs, ‘week by week’, while ‘week by week’ bacon, meat, flour, and other goods are imported. The machinery of war, it is implied, could easily disrupt these trade channels and trigger a scarcity crisis. Such an event would not be caused by an actual food shortage but by the unpredictable pressures of wartime markets, in which what Russell calls ‘famine prices’ would deplete food reserves. By analyzing Russell's strategic deployment of the language of colonial economics, this article argues that Russell recirculates the cultural memory of Ireland's Great Famine within Revivalist discourse in order to protest the conscription of Ireland's food reserves, rallying support for co-operatives as a matter of national defense. Co-operation dispels perceptions of Ireland as a quaint backwater of sleepy farms and reveals a competing vision of rural modernity that contrasts sharply with the terrifying military technologies and sense of a traumatic break with the past that typically anchor understandings of modernity in the era. For Russell, securing food sovereignty through self-sufficient, decentralized cooperatives could secure political sovereignty for the modern Irish nation, providing a blueprint for a new social order as geopolitical categories were re-constellated by global conflict.

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27

McKiernan, Fiona, Amie Flattery, John Browne, Jeremy Gray, Taher Zaid, Jack O’Connor, and Annetta Zintl. "The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Babesia divergens in Ixodes ricinus Nymphs Collected from Farm- and Woodland Sites in Ireland." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030312.

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The parasite, Babesia divergens causes redwater fever in cattle and a rare, albeit life-threatening disease in humans. In Ireland, B. divergens has always been considered an important pathogen as the high incidence of redwater fever precluded areas of the country from cattle farming. Moreover a relatively large proportion of human cases were reported here. Red deer (Cervus elaphus), which often harbour babesias that are genetically very similar (if not identical) to B. divergens, are quite widespread. In this study 1369 nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from various habitats were screened for the presence of B. divergens using TaqMan followed by conventional nested PCR. Fragments of the 18S rRNA gene locus (560 bp) were compared against published Irish B. divergens isolates from cattle, humans and red deer. Overall just 1% of I. ricinus nymphs were infected with B. divergens, with similar infection rates in ticks collected from farm- and woodland. Most (90%) 18S rRNA gene fragments derived from woodland ticks were 100% identical to published sequences from cattle and humans. One differed by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as did two isolates from ticks collected in bogland. Two isolates derived from nymphs collected in farmland differed by 2 and 4 SNPs respectively.

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O'Brien, Rory, Orla Flynn, Eamon Costello, Don O'Grady, and Mark Rogers. "Identification of a Novel DNA Probe for Strain Typing Mycobacterium bovis by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 5 (2000): 1723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.5.1723-1730.2000.

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Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovisremains a significant disease of farmed cattle in many countries despite ongoing tuberculosis eradication programs. Molecular typing methods such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and spoligotyping have been used to identify related herd breakdowns in an attempt to identify more precisely the route of infection into cattle herds and to trace the transmission of bovine tuberculosis. A recent geographical survey of Irish M. bovis isolates demonstrated that a significant proportion of isolates (∼20%) exhibit a common strain type, limiting the value of current strain typing methods as an epidemiological tool. We have identified and cloned a region of the M. bovis genome, pUCD, which generates a clear, highly polymorphic banding pattern when used as an RFLP probe on AluI restriction-digested M. bovis genomic DNA and which effectively subdivides this common strain type. When used to type 60 Irish M. bovis isolates, pUCD exhibited greater discriminatory power than the commonly used mycobacterial RFLP probes IS6110, PGRS, and DR and detected an equivalent number of strain types to a combination of these three probes. pUCD also detected significantly more strain types than the spoligotyping technique, while maintaining a high level of concordance between epidemiologically related and unrelated herd breakdowns. The polymorphic element within pUCD remains to be fully characterized, however the potential for this probe to greatly decrease the workload necessary to genotype M. bovis by RFLP analysis is compelling.

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McHugh, N., A. R. Cromie, R. D. Evans, and D. P. Berry. "Validation of national genetic evaluations for maternal beef cattle traits using Irish field data." Journal of Animal Science 92, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 1423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6658.

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30

Mc Parland, S., J. F. Kearney, D. E. MacHugh, and D. P. Berry. "Inbreeding effects on postweaning production traits, conformation, and calving performance in Irish beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 3338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0751.

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31

Brenneman,, Walter L. "Serpents, Cows, and Ladies: Contrasting Symbolism in Irish and Indo-European Cattle-Raiding Myths." History of Religions 28, no. 4 (May 1989): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/463164.

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32

Crowley, J. J., R. D. Evans, and D. P. Berry. "Impact of genetic selection on feed efficiency on carcass traits in Irish beef cattle." Advances in Animal Biosciences 1, no. 1 (April 2010): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470010002827.

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33

Wolfe, Dianna M., Olaf Berke, David F. Kelton, Paul W. White, Simon J. More, James O’Keeffe, and S. Wayne Martin. "From explanation to prediction: A model for recurrent bovine tuberculosis in Irish cattle herds." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 94, no. 3-4 (May 2010): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.02.010.

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34

White, Paul W., S. Wayne Martin, Mart C. M. De Jong, James J. O’Keeffe, Simon J. More, and Klaas Frankena. "The importance of ‘neighbourhood’ in the persistence of bovine tuberculosis in Irish cattle herds." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 110, no. 3-4 (July 2013): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.012.

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35

De Waele, Valérie, Frederik Van den Broeck, Tine Huyse, Guy McGrath, Isabella Higgins, Niko Speybroeck, Marco Berzano, Pat Raleigh, Grace M. Mulcahy, and Thomas M. Murphy. "Panmictic Structure of the Cryptosporidium parvum Population in Irish Calves: Influence of Prevalence and Host Movement." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 8 (February 8, 2013): 2534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03613-12.

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ABSTRACTIn total, 245Cryptosporidium parvumspecimens obtained from calves in 205 Irish herds between 2003 and 2005 were subtyped by sequencing the glycoprotein genegp60and performing multilocus analysis of seven markers. The transmission dynamics ofC. parvumand the influence of temporal, spatial, parasitic, and host-related factors on the parasite (sub)populations were studied. The relationship of those factors to the risk of cryptosporidiosis was also investigated using results from 1,368 fecal specimens submitted to the veterinary laboratories for routine diagnosis during 2005. The prevalence was greatest in the northwest and midwest of the country and on farms that bought in calves. The panmixia (random mating) detected in theC. parvumpopulation may relate to its high prevalence, the cattle density, and the frequent movement of cattle. However, local variations in these factors were reflected in theC. parvumsubpopulations. This study demonstrated the importance of biosecurity in the control of bovine cryptosporidiosis (e.g., isolation and testing of calves before introduction into a herd). Furthermore, the zoonotic risk ofC. parvumwas confirmed, as most specimens possessed GP60 and MS1 subtypes previously described in humans.

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James, Victoria M., Jennifer L. Gill, Maya Topf, and Robert J. Harvey. "Molecular mechanisms of glycine transporter GlyT2 mutations in startle disease." Biological Chemistry 393, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bc-2011-232.

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Abstract Startle disease affects newborn children and involves an exaggerated startle response and muscle hypertonia in response to acoustic or tactile stimuli. The primary cause of startle disease is defective inhibitory glycinergic transmission due to mutations in the postsynaptic glycine receptor (GlyR) α1 subunit gene (GLRA1). However, mutations have also been discovered in the genes encoding the GlyR β subunit (GLRB) and the presynaptic glycine transporter GlyT2 (SLC6A5). GlyT2 mutations have also been detected in Belgian Blue cattle and Irish Wolfhounds, where they have significant economic and animal welfare impacts.

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Monaghan, Patricia. "Calamity Meat and Cows of Abundance." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 19, no. 2 (September 1, 2010): 44–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2010.190204.

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Opposition between evidence-based science and improvable religious belief is assumed in Western intellectual tradition. By contrast, Native American theorists argue that religion constitutes part of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), which this paper argues exists in European contexts. Irish tales of changeling cattle encoded vital data for survival in a specific region; such Local Sanctions describe human difficulties that follow ecologically inappropriate actions. Other narratives are Global Warnings, concerning interconnections whose significance transcends individual health to include threats to the health of the planetary system. This paper urges analysis of European folktales and folk rituals as traditional environmental texts.

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Mullins, Yvonne, Robert Mukibi, Alan Kelly, David Kenny, and Sinead Waters. "26. Genome wide association study for component traits of compensatory growth in Irish beef cattle." Animal - science proceedings 12, no. 1 (April 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2021.03.027.

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Prendergast, D. M., J. J. Sheridan, D. J. Daly, D. A. McDowell, and I. S. Blair. "Dissemination of central nervous system tissue during the slaughter of cattle in three Irish abattoirs." Veterinary Record 154, no. 1 (January 3, 2004): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.154.1.21.

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O’Connor, Sean, Ehiaze Ehimen, Suresh C. Pillai, Niamh Power, Gary A. Lyons, and John Bartlett. "An Investigation of the Potential Adoption of Anaerobic Digestion for Energy Production in Irish Farms." Environments 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8020008.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been recognised as an effective means of simultaneously producing energy while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Despite having a large agriculture sector, Ireland has experienced little uptake of the technology, ranking 20th within the EU-28. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the general opinions, willingness to adopt, and perceived obstacles of potential adopters of the technology. As likely primary users of this technology, a survey of Irish cattle farmers was conducted to assess the potential of on-farm AD for energy production in Ireland. The study seeks to understand farmers’ motivations, perceived barriers, and preferred business model. The study found that approximately 41% of the 91 respondents were interested in installing AD on their farming enterprise within the next five years. These Likely Adopters tended to have a higher level of education attainment, and together, currently hold 4379 cattle, potentially providing 37,122 t year−1 of wastes as feedstock, resulting in a potential CO2 reduction of 800.65 t CO2-eq. year−1. Moreover, the results indicated that the primary consideration preventing the implementation of AD is a lack of information regarding the technology and high investment costs. Of the Likely Adopters and Possible Adopters, a self-owned and operated plant was the preferred ownership structure, while 58% expressed an interest in joining a co-operative scheme. The findings generated provide valuable insights into the willingness of farmers to implement AD and guidance for its potential widespread adoption.

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Hall, S. J. G. "Conserving animal genetic resources: making priority lists of British and Irish livestock breeds." BSAP Occasional Publication 30 (2004): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042105.

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AbstractPrioritisation of livestock breeds for conservation is agreed to depend upon the genetic distinctiveness of breeds, on census data and degree of endangerment, and on other factors relating to the present, future, or past function of the breeds in the livestock industry. How these factors can be combined to yield a prioritised list needs to be considered. An objective framework for prioritisation can be deduced if breeds are compared with each other by plotting genetic distinctiveness against distinctiveness of function. In this paper, the native British and Irish cattle breeds (n = 31 commercial, minority and rare breeds) have been prioritised in this way. Those with highest conservation priority are Chillingham, Gloucester, Guernsey, Jersey, Shetland and Irish Moiled. The 25 native British sheep breeds that are not on the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST) Watchlist were also considered. The structure of the British sheep industry means that functional distinctiveness of breeds is not easily deduced. The only fully comparable characterisation data relate to wool fibre fineness class, so genetic distinctiveness was plotted against distinctiveness of this attribute. The non-rare breeds with highest conservation priority by this measure were Herdwick, Hampshire Down and Clun Forest.

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Berkowicz, Erik W., David A. Magee, Klaudia M. Sikora, Donagh P. Berry, Dawn J. Howard, Michael P. Mullen, Ross D. Evans, Charles Spillane, and David E. MacHugh. "Single nucleotide polymorphisms at the imprinted bovine insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) locus are associated with dairy performance in Irish Holstein-Friesian cattle." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 1 (September 8, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029910000567.

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The imprinted insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (IGF2) encodes a fetal mitogenic hormone protein (IGF-II) and has previously been shown to be associated with performance in dairy cattle. In this study we assessed genotype-phenotype associations between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within the bovine IGF2 locus on chromosome 29 and a range of performance traits related to milk production, animal growth and body size, fertility and progeny survival in 848 progeny-tested Irish Holstein-Friesian sires. Two of the four SNPs (rs42196909 and IGF2.g-3815A>G), which were in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2=0·995), were associated with milk yield (P⩽0·01) and milk protein yield (P⩽0·05); the rs42196901 SNP was also associated (P⩽0·05) with milk fat yield. Associations (P⩽0·05) with milk fat percentage and milk protein percentage were observed at the rs42196901 and IGF2.g-3815A>G SNPs, respectively. The rs42196909 and IGF2.g-3815A>G SNPs were also associated with progeny carcass conformation (P⩽0·05), while an association (P⩽0·01) with progeny carcass weight was observed at the rs42194733 SNP locus. None of the four SNPs were associated with body size, fertility and progeny survival. These findings support previous work which suggests that the IGF2 locus is an important biological regulator of milk production in dairy cattle and add to an accumulating body of research showing that imprinted genes influence many complex performance traits in cattle.

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Fitzgerald, A. M., D. P. Berry, T. Carthy, A. R. Cromie, and D. P. Ryan. "Risk factors associated with multiple ovulation and twin birth rate in Irish dairy and beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 92, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 966–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6718.

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Costello, E., J. W. A. Egan, F. C. Quigley, and P. F. O'Reilly. "Performance of the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test in identifying cattle with tuberculous lesions in Irish herds." Veterinary Record 141, no. 9 (August 30, 1997): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.141.9.222.

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Máirtín, D. Ó., D. H. Williams, J. M. Griffin, L. A. Dolan, and J. A. Eves. "The effect of a badger removal programme on the incidence of tuberculosis in an Irish cattle population." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 34, no. 1 (February 1998): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(97)00067-6.

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46

O’Hare, Anthony, Daniel Balaz, David M. Wright, Carl McCormick, Stanley McDowell, Hannah Trewby, Robin A. Skuce, and Rowland R. Kao. "A new phylodynamic model of Mycobacterium bovis transmission in a multi-host system uncovers the role of the unobserved reservoir." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 6 (June 25, 2021): e1009005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009005.

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Multi-host pathogens are particularly difficult to control, especially when at least one of the hosts acts as a hidden reservoir. Deep sequencing of densely sampled pathogens has the potential to transform this understanding, but requires analytical approaches that jointly consider epidemiological and genetic data to best address this problem. While there has been considerable success in analyses of single species systems, the hidden reservoir problem is relatively under-studied. A well-known exemplar of this problem is bovine Tuberculosis, a disease found in British and Irish cattle caused by Mycobacterium bovis, where the Eurasian badger has long been believed to act as a reservoir but remains of poorly quantified importance except in very specific locations. As a result, the effort that should be directed at controlling disease in badgers is unclear. Here, we analyse densely collected epidemiological and genetic data from a cattle population but do not explicitly consider any data from badgers. We use a simulation modelling approach to show that, in our system, a model that exploits available cattle demographic and herd-to-herd movement data, but only considers the ability of a hidden reservoir to generate pathogen diversity, can be used to choose between different epidemiological scenarios. In our analysis, a model where the reservoir does not generate any diversity but contributes to new infections at a local farm scale are significantly preferred over models which generate diversity and/or spread disease at broader spatial scales. While we cannot directly attribute the role of the reservoir to badgers based on this analysis alone, the result supports the hypothesis that under current cattle control regimes, infected cattle alone cannot sustain M. bovis circulation. Given the observed close phylogenetic relationship for the bacteria taken from cattle and badgers sampled near to each other, the most parsimonious hypothesis is that the reservoir is the infected badger population. More broadly, our approach demonstrates that carefully constructed bespoke models can exploit the combination of genetic and epidemiological data to overcome issues of extreme data bias, and uncover important general characteristics of transmission in multi-host pathogen systems.

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Watkins, Calvert. "‘In the interstices of procedure’." Historiographia Linguistica 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.13.1.05wat.

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Summary “Ancient law is hidden in the interstices of procedure” (Sir Henry Sumner Maine). We examine three Indo-European linguistic and cultural analogs form the sphere of legal language, each illustrating a different approach to comparative Indo-European Law. 1) structural: The forms of oath for the three non-servile castes in Hindu law, satyena, vāhānayudhaih, gobījakāñcanaih (Mn.8.113) reflect the hierarchy of Dumézil’s idéologie des trois functions. Parallels for the second and third are noted in Old Norse, Old Irish, and archaic Latin oaths. 2) lexical: Cretan Greek (peuthen), Germanic (*beudan) and Old Irish (ad-boind) agree in attesting forms of the root *bheudh- in the meaning ‘give legal notice (of), announce, proclaim.’ This meaning is inherited and part of the semantics of Indo-European active transitive *bhunédh-ti (*bhunéddhi). 3) institutional: The ‘Pecularly Roman’ opposition of res mancipi/res nec mancipi reflects a traditional hierarchy in the categories of property which is of Common Indo-European origin: large cattle, man, land. Indian law in the sanctions of false witness (Mn. 13.14–16) and Old Iranian law in the classes of contract (Vd. 4.1–4) both make reference to the identical hierarchy of the categories of property, as a traditional ‘yardstick’. By the tenets of the comparative method, these three traditional hierarchies, all equally arbitrarily within their own culture, require the postulation of a common original.

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Connolly, Stephen M., Andrew R. Cromie, Roy D. Sleator, and Donagh P. Berry. "Predicted carcass meat yield and primal cut yields in cattle divergent in genetic merit for a terminal index." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy129.

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Abstract Several studies have clearly demonstrated the favorable impact of genetic selection on increasing beef cattle performance within the farm gate. Few studies, however, have attempted to quantify the value of genetic selection to downstream sectors of the beef industry, such as the meat processing sector. The objective of the current study was to characterize detailed carcass attributes of animals divergent in genetic merit for a terminal index as well as individual measures of genetic merit for carcass weight, conformation, and fat. The data used consisted of 53,674 young bulls and steers slaughtered between the years 2010 and 2013 in multiple Irish processing plants. All animals had a genetic evaluation as well as phenotypic measures of carcass characteristics. A terminal index, based on pedigree index for calving performance, feed intake, and carcass traits, calculated from the Irish national genetic evaluations, was obtained for each animal. Animals were categorized into four terminal index groups based on genetic merit estimates derived prior to the expression of the carcass phenotype by the animal. The association between genetic merit for terminal index with predicted phenotypic carcass red meat yield, carcass fat, carcass bone, and carcass composition, as well as between genetic merit for carcass weight, conformation, and fat with predicted phenotypic carcass red meat yield and composition were all quantified using linear mixed models. A greater terminal index value was associated with, on average, heavier phenotypic weights of each wholesale cut category. A greater terminal index value was also associated with a greater weight of meat and bone, but reduced carcass fat. Relative to animals in the lowest 25% genetic merit group, animals in the highest 25% genetic merit group had, on average, a greater predicted yield of very high value cuts (4.52 kg), high value cuts (13.13 kg), medium value cuts (6.06 kg), low value cuts (13.25 kg) as well as more total meat yield (37 kg). The results from the present study clearly signify a benefit to meat processers from breeding programs for terminal characteristics; coupled with the previously documented benefits to the producer, the benefits of breeding programs across the entire food production chain are obvious.

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Paraschiv, Paul Mihai. "‘To Speak of Cattle is to Speak of Man’: Anthroparchal Interactions in John Connell’s The Farmer’s Son." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.4.21.

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“To Speak of Cattle is to Speak of Man”: Anthroparchal Interactions in John Connell’s The Farmer’s Son. The present paper intends to build a critique of contemporary farming practices, based on Erika Cudworth’s theory of “anthroparchy.” By exemplifying how anthroparchal interactions function in John Connell’s memoir, I will outline the becoming of a posthuman farmer that awakens certain sensibilities towards nonhuman animals, in ways that compel a rethinking of gendered relations, patriarchy, violence, and capitalist interests. The analysis provides a needed insight into recent developments in Irish rural farming, detailing the position of the human subject in relation to nonhuman otherness and describing some of the changes that need to be made regarding the power relations that are at work within patriarchal systems. To this extent, Cudworth’s theoretical framework and Connell’s memoir are proven to be contributing to the necessary restructuring of farming practices and of human-nonhuman interactions. Keywords: anthroparchy, posthumanism, gender relations, zoomorphism, capitalism, farming

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Windig, J. J., H. A. Mulder, D. I. Bohthe-Wilhelmus, and R. F. Veerkamp. "Simultaneous estimation of genotype by environment interaction accounting for discrete and continuous environmental descriptors in Irish dairy cattle." Journal of Dairy Science 94, no. 6 (June 2011): 3137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3725.

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